Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF REINFORCED
CAPACITY
AND BEARING
CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS
by
Kam Kau
thesis
in
presented
the
Degree
of
WONG B. Sc.
fulfilment
Doctor
of
(Eng.
of
of
the
requirements
Philosophy
at
Department
The
Civil
of
University
August.
Engineering
Leeds
of
1986
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
to
express
opportunity
in
those
some
may
who
In
herein
presented.
the
this
to
study
thanks
to:
a special
like
to
this
take
author
mould
his
to
and
gratitude
all
appreciation
to
the
have
research
work
contributed
individual
their
contribution
recognition
of
like
to
express
author
would
additionally
The
Civil
Department
the
Head
Professor
A. R. Cusens,
of
of
to
the
Engineering,
for
the
opportunity
granting
author
his
this
for
guidance,
supervision,
study
and
undertake
it;
throughout
comments
and patience
given
The
Oversea
this
supporting
and
scholarship;
arrangement
Lawton
the
of
Hr.
preparing
R. Vuxbury,
and processing
Hr.
Hy
developing
Orientated
for
this
their
V.
Research
through
work
his
and
experiments;
Hr.
brothers
their
own
Mathematical
dissertation.
Finally,
the
encouragement
Hiss
S.
word
Council
the
award
technical
Wong,
K. N. J.
processing
Expression
author
would
and supports.
and
Hong
for
preparing
and
Hiss
C.
for
and
package,
Text-formater,
like
to
studentship
research
staff
H. Y. N. Lam
the
photographs;
for
Tetley/Lupton
and
of
thank
Dahl
K. N. H.
for
Flong
COHET
- Customers
particularly
his
parents
for
11
ABSTRACT
Reinforced
ratios
above
capacity
should
usually
the
supports.
deep
of
be enhanced.
The
deep
concrete
by
fail
first
part
crushing
In
order
bearing
beans,
of
this
beans
of
to
study
and
footing
with
concrete
increase
strength
involved
small
in
the
the
around
the
span/depth
bearing
zone
load
carrying
the
supports
investigation
of
blocks.
reinforced
concrete
plain
capacity
of
to
loading
distance,
of
edge
area
ratios,
base
friction
size
effect
and
are
studied
plain
with
Bearing
blocks.
capacities
of
reinforced
concrete
diameter
different
forms,
spacing
of
and
with
investigated.
that
is
found
It
reinforcement
are
also
interlocking
the
at
small
spacing
are
most
effective
stirrups
form
A
failure
for
a concrete
of
reinforcement.
mechanism
best
the
block
in
is
found
to
bearing
and
give
proposed
by
different
other
compared
estimate
as
with
models
bearing
Effects
heights,
concrete
blocks
researchers.
The
is
the
behaviour
of
second
part
concerned
with
deep
beans
with
span/depth
ratios
ranging
reinforced
concrete
These
beans
tested
from
0.7
to
I. I.
were
uniformly
under
It
is
found
is
load
the
top.
that
distributed
crack
at
a shear
joining
inner
the
to
line
the
formed
the
edge
of
along
support
The
the
level
the
bean.
third
top
the
of
concrete
at
point
the
the
block
crack
centre
on the
side
rotates
about
outer
of
is
the
in
Shear
compression
zone.
strength
pressure
of
by
in
the
determined
shear
compression
zone,
aggregate
the
the
interlock
dowel
of
shear
crack
and
action
and
forces
Based
the
of
of
reinforcement
across
crack.
components
in
failure
the
observations,
a
model
of
on these
mechanism
is
in
proposed
which
gives
excellent
results
comparison
shear
with
other
models
proposed.
111
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
................................................
1.1
GENERAL.................................................
1.2
OBJECTIVE
...............................................
1.2.1
BEARING
CAPACITY
OF CONCRETE
1.2.2
DEEP BEAMS
........................................
1.3
OUTLINE
OF THESIS
.......................................
2
BLOCKS ...............
1
1
2
2
3
3
LITERATURE
REVIEW ON THE BEARING
CAPACITY
OF CONCRETE
BLOCKS
......................................................
2.1
INTRODUCTION
............................................
2.2
BEARING
CAPACITY
OF PLAIN
CONCRETE
......................
2.2.1
STRESS DISTRIBUTION
AROUND THE BEARING
ZONE
.......
2.2.2
INTERNAL
FRICTION
THEORY OF SLIDING
FAILURE......
2.2.3
EMPIRICAL
FORMULA
................................
2.2.4
PLASTIC
ANALYSIS
.................................
2.3
BEARING
CAPACITY
OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
................
2.4
SUMMARY
................................................
5
5
6
4
14
21
2b
28
4c)
EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION
ON THE BEARING
CAPACITY
OF
CONCRETE BLOCKS
............................................
3.1
INTRODUCTION...........................................
3.2
PLAIN
CONCRETE BLOCKS
..................................
3.2.1
SERIES
E
.........................................
3.2.2
SERIES
R-H
.......................................
3.2.3
SERIES
S
.........................................
3.2.4
SERIES
B.........................................
3.3
REINFORCED
CONCRETE BLOCKS-SERIES
R
...................
3.4
MATERIALS
& THEIR
PROPERTIES
...........................
3.4.1
MATERIALS
........................................
3.4.2
MIX DETAIL
.......................................
3.5
CASTING
AND CURING
.....................................
3.6
CONTROL SPECIMENS
......................................
3.7
INSTRUMENTS
AND TEST PROCEDURE
.........................
3.8
BEHAVIOR
OF TEST
.......................................
3.8.1
GENERAL
..........................................
3.8.2
SERIES
E.........................................
3.8.3
SERIES
R-H
.......................................
3.8.4
SERIES
S
.........................................
3.8.5
SERIES
B
.........................................
3.8.6
REINFORCED
CONCRETE BLOCK SERIES
R............
44
44
44
45
45
46
46
46
50
5D
50
52
52
53
57
57
58
60
6D
66
69
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
BEARING
CAPACITY
OF CONCRETE
BLOCKS
.....................................................
INTRODUCTION...........................................
4.1
4.2
BEARING
CAPACITY
OF PLAIN
CONCRETE BLOCKS
..............
4.2.1
EFFECT OF EDGE DISTANCE..
....
.....
..........
4.2.2
EFFECT OF HEIGHT
AND LOADING
AREA RATIO
..........
4.2.3
SIZE
EFFECT
......................................
4.2.4
EFFECT OF BASE FRICTION
..........................
4.3
REINFORCED
CONCRETE BLOCKS
.............................
4.4
CONCLUSION
.............................................
74
74
74
74
79
84
85
88
96
iv
4.5
4.6
102
105
105
128
LITERATURE
REVIEW ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS
.......................................
5.1
INTRODUCTION
..........................................
5.2
ELASTIC
SOLUTION...........................
.............
5.3
EXPERIMENTAL
CONCRETE DEEP
ANALYSIS
OF REINFORCED
BEAMS.................................................
5.4
RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR THE DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
DEEP BEAMS
............................................
PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION
5.4.1
[72,19461...........
5.4.2
DE PAIVA
[69,1965]
AND SIESS
....................
5.4.3
RAMAKRISHNAN
AND ANANTHANARAYANA
1737...........
5.5
6
PROPOSED SOLUTION
.....................................
COMPARISON
WITH TEST RESULT
...........................
4.6.1
PLAIN
CONCRETE BLOCKS ....
......................
REINFORCED
4.6.2
CONCRETE BLOCKS
......................
COMITE'
5.4.4
EUROPEEN DU BETON FIP
(17]...........
5.4.5
ACI COMMITTEE
318
...............................
5.4.6
KONG 140,45]
....................................
5.4.7
CIRIA
GUIDE 2 E68,1977]
.........................
5.4.8
AL-NAJJIM
[63]
..................................
SUMMARY
...............................................
EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION
ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH
REINFORCED
CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS
............................
6.1
INTRODUCTION
..........................................
6.2
DESCRIPTION
OF TEST SPECIMENS
.........................
6.3
MATERIAL
AND MIX DETAIL
...............................
6.4
CASTING
AND CURING.
....
..............................
6.5
INSTRUMENTS
AND TEST PROCEDURE
........................
6.6
BEHAVIOUR
OF TEST
.....................................
137
149
149
151
152
154
155
157
158
160
165
OF
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS SHEAR STRENGTH OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS
.......................................
7.1
INTRODUCTION
..........................................
7.2
STRAIN
DISTRIBUTION
ON CONCRETE SURFACE
...............
7.3
STRAIN
DISTRIBUTION
IN REINFORCEMENTS
.................
7.4
DEFLECTION............................................
7.5
SHEAR TRANSFER
BY AGGREGATE INTERLOCK
AND DOWEL
ACTION................................................
7.6
PROPOSED FAILURE
MECHANISM
OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
DEEP BEAMS
............................................
7.7
COMPARISON
WITH TEST RESULTS
..........................
7.8
RECOMENDATIONS
FOR THE DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
DEEP BEAMS
............................................
7.9
SUMMARY
...............................................
CONCLUSION
AND SUGGESTION
FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
............
8.1
BEARING
CAPACITY
......................................
8.2
DEEP BEAMS
............................................
8.3
SUGGESTION
FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
.......................
APPENDIX
A..........
" ....................................
APPENDIX
B
................................................
REFERENCES ................................................
131
131
169
169
169
170
172
175
181
193
193
193
199
202
203
215
223
240
242
245
245
247
249
250
"
300
332
NOTATION
PRINCIPAL
Cross-sectional
Width
of
the
concrete
ai
Width
of
the
loading
Ab
Sectional
area
below
Sectional
area
of
blocks.
plates.
the
of
vertical
Awh
Area
of
horizontal
Breadth
of
the
concrete
bi
Breadth
of
the
loading
by
Apparent
width
Cohesion
of
concrete.
Co
Cohesion
of
concrete
Diameter
of
the
Effective
Df
Dowel
ATs
Loss
wv
web
reinforcement.
web
reinforement.
blocks.
plates.
the
of
plane.
reference
forcement.
main
Area
beam.
the
of
area
modified
at
footing
end-blocks.
pressure,
effective
of
the
concrete
p=O.
blocks.
depth.
force.
of
present
force
tensile
of
towards
the
due
support
to
reinforcements.
vertical
ea
Eccentricity
of
loading
along
the
side
width
a.
eb
Eccentricity
of
loading
along
the
size
width
b.
fa
Aggregate
fb
bearing
f,
Cylinder
interlocking
strength
strength
stress.
of
of
the
concrete
concrete.
blocks.
the
vi
fcu(100)
Cube
strength
of
concrete
obtained
from
100
mm cubes.
fcu(150)
Cube
strength
of
concrete
obtained
from
150
mm cubes.
ft
Tensile
strength
cylinder
tests.
ft(pri.
Tensile
of
strength
concrete
of
by
estimated
concrete
splitting
estimated
by
reference
plane
rupture
tests.
Modulus
Ec
Young
Overall
hb
Depth
Hw
Asw/b-Sh
fL
Restraining
fxx
Direct
stresses
along
the
direction
of
the
x-axis.
fyy
Direct
stresses
along
the
direction
of
the
y-axis.
fxy
Shear
Span.
Lc
Clear
height
of
concrete.
of
the
of
the
specimens.
the
below
section
stress.
stresses.
distance
span;
between
inner
the
of
edges
the
supports.
i
Second
Ib
Second
moment
inertia
of
moment
inertia
of
the
of
of
section
the
beam.
the
of
below
section
the
reference
Ie
Influence
block
factor
width
bearing
of
Bending
moment
Sh
Spacing
of
horizontal
Sv
Spacing
of
vertical
at
of
concrete
loading.
eccentricity
capacity
critical
section
web
web
reinforcement.
reinforcement.
of
the
beam.
vii
Tensile
force
the
of
reinforcement.
main
Shear
force
Shear
strength.
vc
Shear
strength
taken
by
concrete.
vs
Shear
strength
taken
by
steel.
Ultimate
VA
5V
the
at
Effective
Pc
Cracking
load.
Ph
Uniform
horizontal
normal
the
Footing
Wa
Distance
pressure
on
the
pressure
bearing
Ultimate
beam.
below
the
of
section
force.
shear
/(b-S
critical
shear
plane.
the
wedge
the
edge
between
the
along
form
plate.
load.
to
loading
the
of
area
ratio.
loading
from
position
of
the
blocks.
X
Shear
span.
Xc
Clear
shear
the
edge
of
supports.
distances
clear
span;
bearing
plate
and
the
inner
outer
edge
of
Xe
effective
Depth
bar,
from
of the
measured
to the
it
interests
point
where
inside
bearing
blocks
edge
of the
the
outside
edge
of that
at the
top
the
of the
joining
line
the
of the
supports
load ing point.
y0
Depth
from
ahear
of
the
arm
at
span.
compressive
zone
the
beam.
z
Lever
the
which
the
reinforcement
act.
top
of
beam
the
to
the
viii
Yield
strain
Shear
strain.
Txy
Shear
stress.
Angle
of
Semi-apex
loading
E
E
Y
xy
of
internal
angle
% of
Applied
friction.
of
lateral
-b -fc
Coefficient
47
ex
reinforcement.
the
wedge
plate,
Volumetric
AS -fY/a
the
of
direct
friction.
stresses.
steel.
formed
beneath
the
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
1.1
GENERAL
beam
deep
is
depth
the
of
investigators
from
in
difference
of
these
members.
the
that
As
reinforced
concrete
deep
Although
dealing
beam
need
beams
as
this
ratios
subject
less
less
provided
normal
On
used.
the
significantly
basis
the
usually
of
ultimate
other
greater
for
slender
are
nowadays
their
ultimate
behaviour
and
well.
between
does
members
ratios
know
to
is
members
the
on
division
behaviour
continuous
span/depth
a clear
with
span/depth
structural
in
deformations
developed
expressions
designed
is
is
This
significant
beams
are
beams
deep
the
shear
flexure,
reinforcement
using
to
deep
than
rather
is
mambers.
attributed
of
Various
behaviour
flexural
and
whose
span.
elastic
stresses
of
its
as
common
strength
strength
member
structural
the
mainly
predicted
of
deep
is
shear,
there
strength,
strength
more
normal
increasingly
being
the
of
of-magnitude
that
The
shear
as
shown
longitudinal
of
beams.
and
that
by
amounts
than
same
order
vertical
controlled
hand,
be
behaviour
effects
defined
may
have
different
and
than
not
exist,
most
deep
recognizes
2.0
and
1,
2.5
for
However,
respectively.
than
ordinary
its
load
flexural
member
literature
beam
simply
for
carrying-capacity
[457
at
action
supported
beams
with
is
determined
usually
the
of
deep
of
bearing
to
order
beams
thesis
first
part
blocks
strength
of
1.2
the
the
with
the
and
deep
two
with
region
above
less
than
should
be
for
parts
of
is
part
and
behaviour
the
behaviour
understood
first.
strength
investigation
second
beams
shear
supports
into
the
shear.
ratios
divided
deals
concrete
the
span/depth
in
strength
than
rather
above
is
bearing
investigate
with
zones
This
the
112,13,533
supports
In
by
CHAPTER
1,
this
bearing
concerned
span/depth
capacity
the
with
less
ratios
the
purpose,
than
of
shear
1.
OBJECTIVE
1.2.1
BEARING
The
plain
CAPACITY
behaviour
and
OF CONCRETE
ultimate
and
reinforced
is
(1)
Effect
point
of
from
the
the
(2)
Effect
of
footing
(3)
Effect
of
the
height
(4)
Effect
of
the
size
(5)
Effect
friction
of the
the
block.
concrete
(6)
Effect
of
paid
form,
strength
to
the
of
blocks
concrete
attention
BLOCKS
bearing
is
capacity
of
Special
studied.
following:
loading
edge
of
to
position:
the
block
loading
of
of
diameter
area
the
the
position
of
(edge
distance).
concrete
specimen
at
the
and
the
loading
R.
ratio,
block.
(scale
effect).
base
or
supporting
spacing
of
reinforcement
edge
of
used.
Based
for
proposed
1.2.2
the
on
DEEP
Deep
beams
with
is
on
the
investigation
is
Distribution
of
strain
on
the
concrete
(3)
Distribution
of
strain
in
the
reinforcement.
(4)
Vertical
1.1
concrete
on
the
part
For
part
the
about
is
of
covered
2 and
Chapters
capacity
reinforced
the
thesis,
the
is
blocks,
a better
knowledge
crack
width.
surface.
deformation.
of
concrete
of
beams
of
OF THESIS
first
capacity
development
and
horizontal
and
OUTLINE
second
formation
crack
The
of
to
areas:
(2)
bearing
of
concentrated
Surface
deep
0.7
crushing
(1)
1.3
from
ranging
ratios
focussed
The
supports.
following
is
mechanism
blocks.
concrete
span/depth
Attention
the
above
load-bearing
BEAMS
studied.
are
a failure
behaviour
experimental
the
CHAPTER
Chapters
5 are
of
concrete
the
deep
blocks
beams.
to
reinforced
bearing
The
4.
concrete
7.
to
literature
respectively
concrete
to
the
with
Chapters
of
and
understanding
subject,
in
dealt
strength
shear
in
concerned
review
literature
and
a background
provide
of
is
necessary.
review
the
shear
of
strength
the
CHAPTER
Chapters
and
instrumentation
of
Results
of
failure
and
from
together
specimens
beams
deep
and
obtained
4
Chapters
of
both
capacity
respectively.
and
bearing
in
detailed
are
discussion
in
manufacture,
bearing
for
experiments
with
mechanism
the
with
concerned
testing
and
blocks
concrete
6 are
proposed
capacity
model
and
shear
of
this
respectively.
Chapter
investigation
research.
is
with
summary
a
number
of
of
the
findings
suggestions
for
further
CHAPTER
LITERATURE
2.1
REVIEW
BEARING
CAPACITY
slender
beam,
OF CONCRETE
BLOCKS
INTRODUCTION
In
the
design
capacity
is
normally
bending.
Bearing
of
matter
span/depth
force
and
beam
and
from
determined
the
at
bending
moment
bearing
failure
bearing
structures
beams
of
is
to
0.4f'.
It
is
values
in
of
therefore
behaviour
e.
a
by
the
capacity
shear
and
rarely
small
beam),
shear
the
geometry
of
cannot
benefit
serious
problem
The
ratio.
beams,
is
having
deep
considered
capacity
the
of
the
R,
deep
ACI
the
concrete
of
cylinder
when
problem
at
anchorage
keys
in
168]
has
of
zones
composite
be
too
code
(fig.
2.12)
of
to
loaded
have
under
The
limited
the
CIRIA
bearing
by
shown
many
The
conservative.
seems
footing
a
is
concrete
fam.
been
to
ratio
plain
strength
beams
This
necessary
of
beam
shear
points
span/depth
[76,59,65,30]
recommendation
in
strength
becomes
usually
times
design
researchers
low
bearing
bearing
the
capacity
the
(i.
load-carrying
heads.
the
1 and
to
increased
small
more
pile
Normally,
are
concrete
and
between
than
its
loading
for
failure
post-tensioned
for
less
its
and
However,
say
Thus
by
supports
unfortunately,
it.
Guide
ratio,
with
of
of
concern.
dealing
the
ON THE
area
further
a
to
to
be
unsafe
loading
area.
investigation
limited
area
of
and
the
CHAPTER
way
bearing
The
capacity.
from
analyses
elastic
concrete
of
strength
attention
received
of
its
improve
to
the
complexity
researchers
have
different
problems.
The
used
will
2.2
BEARING
2.2.1
methods
CAPACITY
STRESS
The
state
of
exceedingly
complex
distribution
is
influenced
area
over
by
many
which
the
the
cross-section
of
the
for
provided
any
and
properly
first
subjected
or
approach
to
For
to
shear
to
concentrated
zone.
these
below.
sustain
the
the
the
designer,
in
the
size
and
a
bearing
was
based
the
shape
of
knowledge
is
zone
is
steel
stresses,
may
is
and
between
adequate
these
stress
stress,
and
an
of
This
calculation
loads
is
relation
that
stresses
the
ZONE
zone
that
ensure
to
placed
approaching
bearing
nature.
as
stresses
detailing,
of
compressive
applied
unit.
of
bearing
other
The
blocks
the
is
the
bearing
high
such
load
of
the
very
factors,
in
BEARING
dimensional
the
distribution
essential
as
to
behaviour
CONCRETE
in
three
However,
brittle
discussed
AROUND THE
stress
due
ways
be
OF PLAIN
DISTRIBUTION
stress
of
Different
the
by
value
has
concrete
1888.
since
researchers
in
'ced
reinfoi
and
plain
limited
are
and
as
be
present.
of
stresses
on
some
well
in
tests
CHAPTER
by
Marsch
The
stress
distributed
due
preformed
in
1924.
following
The
were
assumptions
made:
<1>
at
load
the
to
to
concentrated
a
distance
equal
uniformly
are
of
width
the
prism.
<2>
The
curvature
the
stresses,
law.
parabolic
distribution
The
deduced
by
figure,
compressive
and
the
trajectories
distributed
being
of
latter
the
Mrsch
remote
the
of
is
stresses
end
the
of
if
tensile
the
rectangular
then
prism
the
the
measured
constructed
distribution.
this
load
cracking
tensile
strength
advises
2.1(c),
correction
and
suggests
that
seen
the
to
for
stress
(2.2)
law
by
Kruger
can
the
of
be
drawn
through
true.
more
stress
three
the
obtain
actual
MGrsch
h,
as
important
he
which
the
found.
block,
is
To
the
Kruger
the
formula,
be
on
but
view
of
it
[20)
his
should
that
based
from
above
depth
is
only,
be
not
material
of
he
tensile
parabolic
curve
to
the
area
according
positions
may
according
of
distributed
representing
assumption
be
can
loaded
3Z/2ab
three
any
the
(2.1)
strain
at
Since
points,
fig.
of
a parabola
It
the
to
is
transverse
strains
According
over
maximum
breath
of
of
uniform
are
the
assumption
measurements
are
trajectories
stress
2.1.
P(a-al)/4H
ft
However,
fig.
stresses
law,
parabolic
in
end-block.
Z=
and
compressive
shown
tensile
to
causes
according
also
shown
in
to
use
04
c0
hri. i7a
925 a
.
tr0.875 a
,
v
a
17
C)i
0
`
a
01-0
0.386a
0.5a
0.675a
1.00
a-
(b)
I a)
Stress
Fg. 2.1.
(c3
4X-
vertscol
stress
di. strt, but: on
1
1
width
transverse
stress
11
I1
I
45; 1
l
shear
stress
l
tenstion
on,
1I
______a______
t al
Ft, g. 2.2
I bl
(a) Structural
model proposed
(b) Transverse
by Magnet.
dt.strLbutt, ons.
CHAPTER
high-strength
amounts
of
the
as
bending
curve
the
of
means
calculated
Similarly,
the
appropriate
boundary
45
of
angle
of
longitudinal
the
principal
the
strength
of
into
the
(81,82]
distribution
assumed
in
the
loading
plate
stress
function
can
also
be
the
one
of
as
units
distribution
a cosine
function
analysis,
the
the
is
as
that
the
shown
transverse,
way,
in
tensile
example
of
by
the
the
Magnel.
theoretical
as
contact
in
an
maximum
well
fig.
as
stress
He
loads.
concentrated
the
this
fail
earlier
capacity
under
the
at
estimated
the
of
area.
distribution
will
an
be
using
In
the
block
on
contact
disperses
beam
2.2(b)
bearing
the
calculated.
reaches
By
can
assumption
The
anchorage
made
problem
be
due
in
stress
beam,
2.2(b).
calculated
the
of
fxx
fig.
cables
found.
Fig.
in
from
the
the
stress
structural
load
be
end
can
of
the
can
the
concrete.
distribution
to
0.5a
of
principal
the
Bortsch
at
at
distributed
transverse
On
anchorages
is
S
as
the
maximum
stresses
that
degree
stress
stresses
approaches
third
that
stress,
force
shearing
by
given
assumed
transverse
conditions.
degrees
condition
stress
shear
under
the
He
stresses
is
beam
2.2.
condition,
be
will
and
the
boundary
and
pressure
M,
of
fig.
AB,
plane
moment
parabolic
in
shown
reference
the
large
employ
tensile
principal
concrete
prestressed
(55,56]
particular
to
of
the
computing
of
method
end
Magnel
to
than
blocks
the
reinforcement.
Another
in
for
concrete
the
area
of
2.3.
From
longitudinal
and
CHAPTER
10
stresses
shear
tensile
stress
area
contact
it
and
is
At
20.
in
Another
the
theoretical
2.4
the
represents
AB
surface
action
on
AB,
In
addition,
does
and
be
to
The
plane
be
CD
small
following
for
the
give
any
values
of
to
the
problem
is
zone
elevation
CD.
They
by
Guyon
the
in
equilibrium
P1
conditions
and
and
must
(26,27].
beam
end
linearly,
with
calculating
of
are
distributed
area
of
with
under
forces
the
P2
as
be
satisfied
resultants.
for
maintained.
to
approximately
stresses
transverse
and
on
the
According
sectional
on
concentrated
experimental
beyond
a
the
St.
Venant
principle
and
by
verification
photoelasticity
distance
from
the
the
certain
end
of
to
the
depth
the
beam,
equal
of
longitudinal,
are
almost
entirely
be neglected.
stresses
can
resultant
of
the
fyy
stresses
along
EF
from
that
beam
the
the
must
be
zero.
<3>
and
Bartsch
.
not
used
10
block,
x/a=1.0
at
can
anchorage
the
forces
of
equilibrium
<2>
theory
approach
in
stresses
bearing
<1>
his
the
the
Magnel,
between
R
of
end
0.055P/a
R>20
by
predicted
for
the
from
unity.
approaching
the
from
of
whether
those
0.3a
to
0.2
of
transverse
maximum
0.45P/a
to
being
values
to
distance
from
1.7a
disapear,
as
0.38
of
of
large
indication
at
different
distance
with
Fig.
is
range
stress
deals
of
yy
The
calculated.
occurs
which
tensile
be
can
The
point
forces
sum
of
the
moments
of
in EF must
equal
acting
on EB and
the
FC.
the
sum
stresses
of
the
fyy
about
moments
of
a
the
11
Ft.g. 2.3
Load- dt.strtbutLon
Ln Bortsch's
theory
C
a
Ft.g. 2.4
tenat.te
0.5p
a
i
0.4p
0.3p
'r
-I-6
0.2p
O. ip
-r---r--I
4-
( b)
Ft,g. 2.5
4(s
q/2
-r- -
--r
-----I-------Ii
yl
t
y
---
-r-
Ca)
tc)
Stress di.strLbutton
--1-
3o/2
tdi
in Guyon' s theory.
2a
CHAPTER
12
<4>
The
of
resultant
the
Considering
as
the
in
forces
the
for
axis
the
are
to
the
the
as
axis
Guyon
under-estimated
as
Bleich
shear
stresses
shown
in
the
2.7.
distribution
zone
the
use
of
2.6,
19]
presented
along
the
2.5(a).
(d).
the
of
and
the
tensile
produced
there
force,
be
will
region
recent
is
It
this
corners;
along
photo-elastic
units
concrete
The
concentration
tension
two
Airy
that
show
He
from
vertical,
the
case
an
two-dimensional
horizontal
of
the
approximate
2.8
fig.
are
formula
which
two-dimensional
modified
the
Bleich's
accurate
and
load
applied
calculated
in
F and
function
stress
the
stresses
shown
condition
developed
the
For
In
tensile
condition.
to
the
an
calculate
the
Sievers
2.5(b)
conditions.
successfully.
fig.
the
stresses.
made
to
of
action
on
fyy
fig.
for
by
caused
in
to
Fourier
tables
six
of
However,
tests
boundary
dimensional
boundary
in
using
degrees
fig.
of
zone.
as
able
shown
line
the
the
was
is
addition
spalling
well
the
he
in
by
fxy
and
variation
in
BEFC.
gives
The
shown
bursting
(5,6)
diffferent
surface
[81,82]
considered
three
the
the
[83)
fig.
for
to
applied
fxx
ai/a
that,
the
as
tests
problem,
of
along
near
to
zone.
are
note
block
tensions
referred
fyy,
force
interesting
in
stresses
contours
applied
deep
Guyon
the
equal
must
conditions
function,
value
stress
stresses,
boundary
anchorage
various
tensile
of
of
calculation
fxy
forces
above
stress
shear
horizontal
the
of
resultant
series
the
solution
in
shown
for
the
satisfied
stress
with
the
13
P
2b1t
I
I
(a)
Ft. g. 2.6
C.
(b1
theory.
0.7
IiI
0.6
1I
I1
0.5
0.4
II__
- -1_
1I
.O"
-1
61
1-
-L
-I-
1-
-I-
--L
-I-
c 0.3
-II-
--I
I-
-1-
-I--1-1---i--t-L--I-
0.2
IIIIII1I
--I--t
0. i
lg-1
-1-
--1
iI11
1--I-i-
--
-1-L-I-
d. 9
.
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Ot.etance
Ftg. 2.7
Tensile
stress
1.2
1.0
0.8
fron
1.4
1.6
1.8
anchorage end
--
Ft.g. 2.8
SLevers's
2.0
three
d4 --]
dwmensi.onaL model.
CHAPTER
14
following
<1>
assumptions:
The
the
inner
actual
beam
two-dimensional
The
at
stresses
taken
equal
the
apparent
end
are
having
end-block
<2>
distance
to
those
of
width
from
(a-x)
of
in
b=bx
a
modified
obtained
by
analysis.
apparent
width
the
of
is
end-block
modified
given
by
bx
<3>
The
applied
distributed
It
tests
been
that
this
FRICTION
generally
fails,
pressure,
by
photoelastic
fairly
well
The
splitting
the
have
the
with
the
or
failure
the
shear
for
bearing
magnitude
along
condition
relation
carried
indicate
results
on
FAILURE
been
investigate
depending
by
OF SLIDING
THEORY
to
The
represented
uniformly
dimensional
agrees
tests
of
rock.
and
surfaces.
three
by
(2.3)
be
to
considered
ai. bx
formula
E59,1953]
concrete
area
confirmed
number
Meyerhof
is
(i+2.5nq)
distribution.
INTERNAL
(b-bl)
load
on the
has
experimental
2.2.2
= b1
-O. Birn
eq
the
of
strength
that
the
of
the
one
or
can
approximately
shearing
by
out
material
confining
several
strength
rupture
be
C,
of
the
material.
C=
where
Co = shear
resistance
Ca +p
per
unit
(2.4)
-tan'r
area
for
p=O.
CHAPTER
15
p=
-e
effective
= angle
of
Consider
material
is
semi-apex
angle
as
found
equilibrium
of
horizontal
pressure,
uniformly
distributed
splitting
the
prism
shown
in
fig.
a,
half
of
the
Ph
stress,
fb
be
co
simplified
ratios
differentiating
by
that
The
the
block
is
horizontal
(2.5)
tensile
the
in
= 2C
-cotes
to
obtain
2H/a1-cotta
horizontal
Eq.
to
stresses
splitting
the
2.5,
unconfined
(2.6)
the
" ft.
ultimate
bearing
cota
(2.7)
(OH/ai-cota)
of
-f'
H/al
fb/fc
By
the
2-C0-tans,
of
produced
-=i+
f"
large
Substituting
fb
For
as
fb2"tan2a
f'
can
with
considering
the
of
is
strength
which
wedge
footing
of
wedge.
distribution
2.9(a).
assuming
splitting
the
obtained
moment
failure,
By
and
on
concentrically
the
2.9(b)..
the
causing
be
can
On
wedge
plane.
shear
acting
2.9.
fig.
along
bending
fig.
ai
the
beneath
to
triangular
pressure,
width
equal
Ph
resist
of
on
immediately
pressure
assuming
pressure
friction.
load
strip
block
concrete
normal
internal
Eq. 2.7
=1+
with
ft-H/(4Co-al)
respect
(2.8)
to
a,
the
minimum
value
CHARTER
16
of
fb/f
be
can
obtained
as
fb/f'
is
lower
strength
ratio.
It
can
surface
footings
is
directly
thickness
to
results
that
show
somewhat
difference
due
material
had
which
H/D,
be
to
been
the
(fb/f),
tends
present
analysis
increased
less
than
the
by
theory.
for
out
a footing
by
result:
increases,
failure
limiting
on
Muguruma
bearing
bearing
of
capacity
particularly
24
times
the
1657
decreases
as
for
with
those
mass
of
height
small
by
the
If
the
is
blocks
premature
is
material
the
cylinder
indicate
the
of
the
However,
of
strength
given
estimated
size
the
blocks,
degree.
the
be
solid.
Niyogi
is
account
the
with
this
ratios
prism
of
small
of
large
w=45
of
can
the
of
the
with
on
capacity
and
base
which
splitting
a semi-infinite
0627
capacity
Where
value
(H/D);
to
estimate
rapidly
diameter
the
is
blocks
mass
confinement
capacity
shearing
block
experimental
For
of
of
of
for
analysis.
value
ratio
estimates
lateral
on
limiting
bearing
the
the
bearing
theoretical
increases
the
by
in
splitting.
It
approaches
footing
to
the
the
of
cylinder
capacity
Moreover,
restraint
the
the
prevented,
to
for
is
failure
the
bearing
to
theoretical
explained
of
the
capacity
the
rejected
width
that
bearing
frictional
ratio
seen
to
strength
H/ai.
thickness
may
bearing
(2.9)
-fl)
proportional
than
block
of
be
for
width
the
greater
ratio
bound
footing
(ai
I5H-ft/
=2+O.
the
which
from
the
block
and
strength
tests
the
of
values
carried
opposite
block
the
of
the
CHAPTER
17
ratio
the
(footing
distribution
non-linear
height
Tests
the
block
the
of
16
(series
B)
width
failure,
at
block
split
concrete
be
can
fig.
plate,
square
splitting
combined
a
stress
tensile
Based
Again,
direct
can
tension
distribution
stress
with
Ph
pressure
force
at
be
calculated.
and
bending
top
shown
of
the
it
in
block
the
the
was
of
is
not
assumes
loaded
with
Eq.
the
the
2.5
uniform
horizontal
force
produces
block
concrete
be
the
of
block
of
2.10(e).
can
were
He
This
fig.
were
proposal,
wedge,
in
of
splitting
is
assumption
the
sliding
blocks
pyramid.
Meyerhof's
the
the
deformation
of
as
on
to
bottom
large
inverted
along
as
the
an
of
the
that
depth
diagonally
split
2.1O.
obtained.
horizontal
of
will
the
and
top
formation
the
at
from
series
pyramids
indicate
resulting
formation
block
the
first
This
plate
B,
clear-cut
no
appeared
base
the
after
half
or
in
due
series
cases,
most
the
at
splitting
in
upward.
the
was
started
those
pressure
the
the
from
A)
that,
found
reached
was
usually
radial
for
enough
that
in
and
under
It
which
load
progressed
by
caused
to
determine
(series
full
indicating
For
Cracks
and
as
R ranging
with
either
block.
crack
pyramid.
observed.
sides
the
maximum
radially
Ph
to
[6,7,19603
blocks
to
downward
inverted
an
stresses,
Au
concrete
vertical
The
Tung
equals
of
progressed
failure.
by
of
depth
with
due
increase.
capacity
and
tensile
of
conducted
were
bearing
to
area).
area/loading
is
this
Probably
The
computed
with
maximum
as
re,
LqJ
Ph
-4
14_Ph0/2octo
18
P-
ft'+OOcc!
lye 0+"12
octal
ur-
Ifs
c a)
c bi
c ai
Myerhof.
by
model proposed
Structural
FLg. 2.9
wii19
IIN
PH
y01
II
0
t b)-
l o)
02/2
10
(c)
1
direct
a,
stress
bendLn8 stress
-bendi.
Ftg. 2. i0
ng stress
Tung
Au.
by
model proposed
Structural
tb'h
Co i__
2stnoC
F0
2st. nO(
(a)
Ft. g. 2.11
StructuraL
model, proposed
(b)
by Hawkins.
CHAPTER
19
ft
= Ph/K*coto
(2.10)
where
a1Z
''
cotoc
a1/6
1y-
(2.11)
Y
k4A
and
A=
area
wedge,
y=
I=
position
second
axis.
By
to
the
of
diagonal
of the
neutral
inertia
of
moment
in
substituting
cylinder
found
was
from
19
from
to
25
to
sensitive
Eq. 2.12
pressure,
the
becomes
non-linear
Eq. 2.12
only
provides
A
Hawkins
degs.
an
130-32].
criterion
For
factor
For
regions
subject
for
due
principal
regions
is
to
assumed
angle
the
a,
sliding
along
The
high
the
of
block
Therefore,
empirical
it
constants.
is
maximum
to
tensile
limiting
tension,
stress.
is
failure
compression,
planes
by
adapted
essentially
be
from
Nevertheless,
concrete
subject
are
at
applies.
the
for
results
depth
the
varies
and
Moreover,
relating
to
cots
solution.
essentially
stress.
strength
(2.12)
both
of
longer
to
neutral
bearing
apex
justify.
no
the
-cots
half
value
approximate
basis
failure
of
')
along
2.1O
the
except
as
As
the
to
Eq.
and
governing
direction
the
the
distribution
stress
be
2.5,
-* K-ftIf
in
scattered
rational
to
top,
the
A about
obtained
that
changes
the
assumed
from
area
approximately.
gives
dual
and
be
can
experiment
too
2.9
block
the
of
axis
of
2C0/f
=t
small
are
Egs.
ratio
strength
fb1f
It
section
inclined
stress
to
the
on
the
20
failure
is
plane
taken
again
specimen
fig.
2.11.
the
crack.
of
failure
For
F0
force
to
the
assume
ABC
depends
formed
of
the
(2.13)
by
offered
Lenschow
and
the
11.8M0
Wa +
/Wa
. -f
'c.
is
the
2.11(b).
magnitude
of
measure
Mo
is
Mo
depends
approximately
the
moment
on
about
the
position
-Wa2
Eq. 2.14,2.15
substituting
crack
the
/2H
= fc
into
length
line
crack
of
in
shown
spalling
DE.
The
crack
FG.
2.13
fb -a12/a
(2.15)
gives
-Wa-f/T-1.49a12-fc/Wa
if2.41ft-Wa+5.9a1
fb
a-t,
by
given
Mo = fb -ai
By
the
of
4R%
7.84
is
521
that
l1.8L/W
Mo
block
Sozen
"Q
fig.
into
wedge
crack.
2.41ft,
where
in
shown
down
punched
and
resistance
the
of
penetration
is
as
2Fo-cotm/al
+
the
upon
loaded
section
equilibrium
=
(2.4)
p-tan'
rectangular
fb
The
Co
wedge
the
as
C=
Consider
CHAPTER
+al
(11.
GL/Wa+7.84)tanm/2-5.9Wa/T+1.49a1/Wa
(2.16)
At
the
collapse
length
Eq. 2.13
L equals
gives
rate
the
of
change
tensile
in
the
strength
force
ft.
F0
with
Differentiation
increase
in
of
CHAPTER
21
d (fb)
tans-
_d (L)
Differentiation
Eq. 2.17
give
WT
-tanoc
a1-fc
2.41+5.91
+ 0.291
T can
of
W
a
l a/2
Shelson
the
area
to
relatively
has
and
loading
low
W
a
(2.19)
> a/3
in.
tests
out
carried
base
steel
a mild
bearing
maximum
> a/6
FORMULA
through
1.41,2.0,2.93
(2.18)
W < a/3
a
1a
E76]
loaded
cubes
\Wa!
1-0.664
1
T=i
....
EMPIRICAL
2.2.3
14.5
T=i
....
load
(a1\2
W < a/6
a
SW
a
ecc.
the
which
by
estimated
` 3W
load
-1.48(-)
T-ft
sym.
for
L/Wa
W -tans
For
and
for
expression
into
substitution
0.25a1
Wa
value
w. r. t.
quadratic
aa
The
a1
is
root
positive
d (L)
Eq. 2.16
(2.17)
tans
a1
of
2ft
(Fo)
2d
increased
area
increased
value
of
R,
twenty-one
in.
thick
He
respectively.
square
pressure
1/4
on
as
the
as
shown
bearing
the
in
fig.
capacity
and
2.12.
1.0,
that
found
of
ratio
Bin.
footing
For
increases
22
considerably
ratio
bearing
of
have
the
as
limit
of
with
comparable
ACI
Code
with
Code
provides
ratio
of
R,
5,
corresponds
factor
more
but
for
low
margin
of
safety
is
formula
has
been
of
safety
than
has
from
obtained
to
loading
of
together
plotted
of
not
that
safety
which
good
more
by
higher
in
common
A
enough.
proposed
the
the
at
are
the
of
indicates
It
R,
of
of
the
specifications
4.
margin
values
case
been
the
of
ample
the
tends
strength
to
2.12
larger
R becomes
compressive
design
reasonable
Fig.
curve
the
practice,
(fig.
to
which
As
the
capacity
footing.
semi-infinte
incrased.
ratio
CHAPTER
Shelson
more
1767
as
2.12)
T
fb/fc
It
follows
Code
the
values
of
R,
plate
the
have
distance
(edge
loaded
the
by
the
distance,
the
quite
with
found
square
the
width
bearing
Wa).
by
out
curve
Code
the
ACI
provides
and
for
but
conservative
root
Kriz
[49],
different
that
tensile
concrete
of
this
end,
than
closely
more
with
remains
carried
He
to
influenced
lower
accordance
been
sizes.
the
the
curve
specimens
proportional
curve
(2.20)
a
higher
certainly
improvement.
an
Tests
concrete
in
stress
represents
to
At
requirement.
permissible
failure
actual
F7 .3
= 0.25
edge
the
of
bearing
plates
Splitting
the
the
failure
strength
was
is
related
strength
of
plain
and
plates
edge
39
distances
turn
Bearing
bearing
from
in
which
strength.
of
through
and
the
occurred
was
by
the
specimen
when
the
CHAPTER
23
distance
was
failure
along
inner
a
edge
than
more
inclined
an
the
of
mm.,
plane
bearing
formula
proposed
40
to
used
there
extending
outward
For
plate.
was
otherwise
was
the
calculate
shear
the
from
concrete
plain
specimens,
bearing
strength
as
fb=5.73
To
investigate
bearing
in
capacity,
two
250
150
with
five
I
was
block
b,
applying
from
effect
150
mm,
Specimens
having
distributed
in
the
results
these
to
400
the
square
An
in
adopted
II.
series
plate
that
so
thickness
plate
the
of
was
formula
empirical
500,250
of
were
mm,
throughout
out
rectangular
mm section
rectangular
had
heights
II
load.
of
100
with
series
concentrated
200
from
uniformly
while
different
200
loaded
were
upon
carried
were
Series
three
block
concrete
of
tests
[627.
heights,
specimens
height
loading
with
(2.21)
(Wa/al)1/3
of
Muguruma
different
Series
load
by
mm.
f'0
c
concentrated
series
section
and
the
for
used
was
derived
tests,
7.61H/a-3.54
16.44H/a-6.65
fb
This
1/(6.67H/a-2.91)
empirical
bearing
capacity
strength
about
becomes
important
It
is
is
equation
of
suggested
It
the
of
was
value
by
) -ft-R
to
applicable
concrete
40N/mm2.
as
+ 0.71
Niyogi
the
that
R become
[65,66]
prediction
high
relatively
noted
of
(2.22)
the
of
the
compressive
effect
of
height
smaller.
that
the
bearing
CHAPTER
24
of
capacity
<1>
The
(a)
(b)
(c)
<2>
The
<3>
<4>
Mix
Size
block
condition,
and loading
loaded
of
surface
of the
plate,
of bearing
defined
as ratio
of specimen
loading,
as
expressed
of
proportions
the
of
strength
The
and
specimen.
of
rectangular
unaxial
it
is
seen
underestimates
somewhat
Fig.
2.13
that
seen
increasing
square
on
by
that
the
the
bearing
gives
for
a
R
plot
of
less
height
than
the
of
the
<2>
and,
than
of
greater
This
strength.
increased
concentration
specimens,
leading
to
from
top
bottom.
and
Finally,
the
as
was
It
the
at
localized
height
to
of
had
lower
caused
the
bottom
loading
ratio
with
due
probably
be
can
decreased
perhaps
reaction
and
loading.
strip
blocks
shallow
tests,
loading
experiment.
was
with
considerably
strength
the
concrete
block
of
for
the
8,
equivalent
the
square
friction
vertical
conducted.
of
result
for
from
load,
were
concrete
This
base
and
varied
formula
bearing
reduction
of
an
the
As
specimens.
increased
specimen
size
effect.
both
loading
of
the
the
bearing
capacity
strength
reduced
with
bearing
strength
The
But
plates,
results
e/a
eccentric
and
cube-root
<1>
influence
load
bearing
the
overestimates
H/a,
dimensions
with
load.
eccentric
specimen
concrete,
strip
investigated
biaxial
and
blocks
eccentricity
also
was
of
under
and
of
effect
block
100
over
24x8x24ins,
to
with
by
influenced
the
geometry
of
dimensions
the
to those
relative
height
relative
eccentricities
e/b,
bearing
area,
Tests
0.5x8x4
is
a specimen
of
condition
the
bearing
by
of
25
6
11111111
--y-t--I
r5
p
r
p4
Test curve
I
J.
F 'T -F
3
11
L
z
ii
Pro Deed
-wt th softy factor B4
ACI Code T
20
40
60
4
i
80
100
Ft,g. 2.12
Bearing strength
to area ratio.
Shelson.
3.0
R-16
2.5
R-12
2.0
R-8
R-6
1.5
R-4
!. 0
R-2
0.5
0
( a)
Ft. g. 2. i3
0.5
1.0
1.5
H/a
( b)
2.0
2.5
3.0
11
tof
FLg. 2. i4 Coulomb's
tbl
fat Lure hypothesis.
CHAPTER
26
load
the
to
capacity
compressive
block
concrete
fb
cylinder
be
can
The
/a
influence
of
block
concrete
be
can
/e
[ 0.83
= 2.36
by
eb, 2
ka
b/
+ 5.06
capacity
influence
the
10.5
(2.23)
bearing
the
on
represented
I
ie
\a1
eccentricity
10.5
b1
-)
b1/
(--
+-+11-0.291
b1
jL
[a1
concentric
by
estimated
[abi[
-=0.421fc
of
strength
the
of
factor
Ie
eb
ea
44 (b)-1.15
a
)j-.
(2.24)
2.2.4
PLASTIC
ANALYSIS
Coulomb's
which
it
failure
was
the
internal
the
sliding
hypothesis
that
assumed
by
can
For
uniaxial
be
hypothesis
constant
normal
and
on
pressure
was
formulated
Co
(2.25)
p-tanw
as
in
shown
2.14(a)
fig.
compression
fc
Coulomb's
the
assumption
diagrammatically
represented
is
in
1773,
as
C=
and
to
This
(1882)
Mohr
in
presented
cohesion
proportional
21].
surface
mathematically
internal
the
is
friction
was
-failure
(the
= 2CQ"cot'
where
hypothesis
can
failure
separation
failure
surfaces
move
failure
section,
provided
away
be
from
the
a=
45-w/2
biggest
by
supplemented
hypothesis)
each
(2.26)
other
tensile
in
another
to
perpendicular
stress
the
which,
is
the
equal
27
to
the
can
be
also
in
narrow
II
and
in
fig.
an
making
per
zone
2.15.
p
length
unit
height
of
angle
in
homogeneous
plane
Part
to
the
between
II
moves
of
line
f'-V(1-sing)/2
two
crack.
I f'-V(1-sinp)/2
wedge
of
with
loading
surface,
it
Splitting
failure
vert.
crack
an
by
found
External
done
work
the
equating
f.
fb
minimum
work
o>e
by
the
internal
[1-sin'r,
2m is
the
to
(2.27)
in
fig.
along
vertical
load
and
/2
2.16(a).
beneath
formed
the
the
surface.
crack.
the
(2.28)
= 2f-V(H-ai-cot(K/2)-sin(p+v)
(2.29)
is
ai.
V. cos(a+v)
external
+ ft-sin(a+,
work
r)
(2.30)
we find
[2H-since/a1-coso
(2.31)
=
sins
For
is
(1-sines)/2
We = fb.
By
shown
sliding
along
corresponding
Wie
as
angle
apex
W.
= f*-V-ai
ILW
is
internal
....
load
strip
fails
is
work
is
The
part
sins-sine
+ ft-V-
with
material
wedge
to
1-sine
loaded
The-internal
relation
marked
oe<e
L
is
occurring
parts,
.....................
W=i
A block
rigid
discontinuity
of
hypothesis
field
in
fb
2.14(b).
fig.
deformation
direction
the
along
This
of=ft.
diagrammatically
represented
Consider
i. e.
ft,
resistance
separating
CHAPTER
- cos((X+w)
CHAPTER
28
10.5
2H-cosw/al
= tans
cots
+ secaI1
-1-
L
fb
f'(1-sin(x)/2f
t-sin'r"
ft(2H-tan(2p+v)/a1
1)
(2.32)
(min)
If
loading
the
fails
by
is
plate
shearing
Similarly,
by
too
the
off
(min)
to
CAPACITY
Shizuo
Ban
investigate
cracking
and
in
length
an
anchorage
assumed
as
splitting
was
7.1
by
0.5
of
1/3
of
tests
of
6x12
the
tensile
in
two-dimensional
its
in
ins.
thick
stress
for
capacity
anchorage
ultimate
plate
of
concrete
load)
larger.
was
from
2x2
in
particularly
initial
in
inches
tension
was
tensile
reinforcement
based
found
way
ins.
with
by
Spiral
region
20.8
6x4
determined
effective
approximately
to
the
upon
loaded
concrete
was
The
specimens
blocks
cross-section,
overstress
most
eighteen
mortar
cylinders.
It
becomes
(2.33)
of
strength
ins.
obtain
we
reinforcement
used
ins.
tensile
the
was
tests
He
solution.
reinforcement
the
4.75
permissible
arranged
bearing
loads.
work,
+a1)/2a1
transverse
of
2.16(b).
fig.
CONCRETE
performed
effect
plate
The
has
ultimate
and
plan.
OF REINFORCED
C9]
the
it
specimen
in
shown
external
and
f'-(2W
c
the
of
edge
as
internal
considering
BEARING
the
corner
fb
2.3
to
near
on
Bleich's
that
spiral
to
increase
as
the
cracking
proportional
the
size
load
to
of
(not
the
29
1
II
p;
TI
I
z':
Ft.g. 2.15
oc
a -90
( b)
ta)
Ft.g. 2.16
1.4
'
1IIi
P-
1.2
Pa - ULti. nate Load of
PLa. n concrete.
1
1I
e
a
i
a
1.0
1I1
0
0.2
0.4
1
0.6
% of rei. ntorceeent
Fi. g. 2.17
Effect
0.8
1.0
--
of reLnforcement
on bearing
strength
Muguruma.
CHAPTER
30
cylinder
fC
strength
For
the
Muguruma
[62].
The
increase
of
losing
the
spiral
little
increase
failure
sliding
failure
of
percentage
in
effective
to
Niyogi
E67]
All
reinforced
sizes
or
part
also
tests
with
bearing
were
either
were
used
depth
of
with
spiral
of
the
large
cubes.
shear
The
plate.
to
The
steel
capacity
the
use
was
as
of
more
well
circular
as
spiral
square
spiral
cracking.
tests
performed
be
2.17.
than
and
because
would
Moreover,
effective
the
with
expected,
of
load
ultimate
more
fig.
was
However,
proportion
diameter
load.
resist
in
there
reinforcement
base
in
shown
smaller
the
was
reinforcement
spiral
cracking
reinforcement
blocks.
with
be
by
larger
load.
the
under
as
but
there
increased
increasing
initial
the
just
became
spiral
or
tested
comparison
to
was
place
reinforcement
reinforcement
spiral
the
capacity
capacity
having
were
in
inside
take
specimens
cracking
smaller
spiral
block,
reinforcement
initial
A"
concrete
bearing
ultimate
became
would
the
of
A'
cube
of
concrete
capacity
of
the
bearing
of
200mm
bearing
in
area
of
reinforcement
diameter
area
sectional
concrete
full
of
the
ultimate
increase
obvious
when
on
spiral
effects
capacity
tests
percentages
the
obtaining
bearing
loading
concentrated
no
of
the
on
different
concrete.
purpose
reinforcement
with
of
in.
in
reinforced
concrete
steel
or
and
small
The
concrete
cubes
which
mesh.
Two
extending
to
reinforcing
diameter
numbers
of
were
turns
for
the
CHAPTER
31
spirals
were
provided
to
hold
for
steel
of
volume
specimens
the
lateral
below,
strength
in
against
diameter
(S, SH)
specimens
against
specimens
with
did
by
bearing
increase
the
in
the
effective
With
in
increase
induced
concrete
bearing
strength
of
of
In
general,
bearing
plain
compressive
by
of
concrete
the
the
spirally
of
steel
similar
p=
volumetric
K may be taken
lateral
% of
as 55 for
=1+
all
steel,
variation
to
with
in
R.
ratio
the
increase
concrete
the
over
due
was
load.
of
result
confined
be
increase
load
may
of
volumetric
the
under
quality
n(reinft)/n(plain)
where
the
the
reinforced
the
loads
probably
of
small
of
particular
the
strength
lateral
of
than
concentrated
reinforcement
spiral
more
influenced
was
was
strength
of
Spiral
higher
for
of
be
to
reinforcement
greater
reinforcement
provision
were
the
the
spreading
concrete.
the
provision
the
cracking
Cracking
the
cubic
in
resistance
cracking.
plates
by
capacity
the
the
the
that
forms.
other
total
of
shown
appeared
increase
steel
of
the
BH)
bearing
lateral
of
percentage
volume
are
with
than
not
basis
noted
(B,
initial
plates.
smaller
is
spiral
cracking
the
reinforcement
It
larger
extent
of
improved
Large
effective
the
lateral
of
percentage
on
against
2.1B.
general
reinforcement.
that
types
fig.
The
calculated
steel
was
reinforcement
vertical
steel.
was
Different
diagram
The
lateral
the
the
specimen.
lesser
Nominal
varied.
to
of
core
Thus,
the
to
compared
expressed
K-p
as
(2.34)
of
R.
32
Q0 0
QoQ
29t
-aI
8-Type
S-Type
BH-Type
SH-Type
GS-Type
DG-Type
0oDD
BS-Type
BSH-Type
Ft,g. 2.18
^-
4&-bs'.
-1
1---
---
szone
by Ni. yogi.
.
tReference
Pone
X
P
(c)
Mo
(V I
Y,
( b)
Pz
Ya
V
1
V,
"e
tot
H0
Ft.g. 2. i9
(d)
Loadtng
CHAPTER
33
C52]
Lenschow
concrete
distribution
beam
of
referred
to
tensile
stress
of
and
shown
shown
fig.
2.19(b)
According
to
is
inserted
the
maximum
bursting
stress
fbc
The
at
the
force
the
of
surface
concrete
a single
of
neglected
The
prismatic
load
maximum
(d).
and
concrete
the
of
spalling
and
beam.
stress
(2.36)
= Mo/b-hb2
spalling
was
(2.35)
"hb2
is
transverse
of
concentration
the
anchorage
2.19(c)
parts
outer
-Mo/b
-2 "d
f=
and
the
concentrated
figs.
called
is
section
rectangular
was
the
the
analogue,
(d).
a
in
beams
the
of
physical
to
represented
deflection
the
the
for
was
transverse
plane
to
2.19(b)
subjected
by
represented
springs
the
fig.
in
The
load
the
while
analogue
physical
in
cuts
the
of
longitudinal
other
any
the
stresses.
axis
stress'
The
is
in
resisted
'bursting
across
beam
Fictitious
for
the
the.
deflections
longitudinal
transverse
of
to
parallel
The
the
the
across
stress'.
be
could
to
The
zone
anchorage
2.19(a).
fig.
the
load.
acting
across
stress
as
'spalling
beam
inserted
tensile
transverse
load
in
related
were
the
in
stress
pictured
springs
beam
zone
is
for
mechanism
concentrated
concentrated
axis
fictitious
the
transverse
to
subjected
the
to
subjected
of
longitudinal
proposed
block
failure
zone
expressed
with
as
tensile
reinforcement
strength
of
CHAPTER
34
Fo
r11
1
-M
L
where
Ec
= Young
Ib
Second
= Sectional
hb
= depth
advisable
in
the
be
expressed
200
the
splitting
200
400
direction
the
plane.
reference
tensile
be
can
strength
the
of
terms
fo
= Mo (1-ft/fb)
force
of
bursting
crack
It
reinforcement.
close
at
(2.38)
the
on
position
in
2]
(b "ft/Mo)
Ib/K-
stirrups
The
spacing.
length
unit
per
force
f0,
can
vertical
He
failure.
load
the
the
with
sides
line.
as
of
an
lightly
reinforced
made
number
reinforcement
in
fig.
of
the
By
considering
wedge
bound
upper
This
mechanism.
in
observed
(2.39)
problem
failure
mm blocks
/hb2
the
considered
using
of
along
the
the
frequently
as
occurred
along
has
Cab]
is
Ec.
light
use
below
reinforcement
with
plane,
as
[1-
Fo
solution
failure
the
as
Jensen
known
F0
reinforcement
plastic
below
section
reference
concrete
transverse
to
is
the
of
the
section
modifying
drastically
varies
inertia
below
the
of
of
effect
the
of
F1
The
concrete,
of
area
effect
by
3W/Mo
"G -
y/Ab
plane,
Ab
recognized
of
moment
reference
The
(2.37)
9Ec - Ib
Modulus
type
of
blocks
and
tests
on
of
to
perpendicular
2.20.
and
a
the
sliding
separation
external
failure
failure
work
done
35
-I
V2
V2
0
(b)
(a)
faLLure
Ft,g. 2.20
q_j
r-
7A, f
Fg. 2.2i
for
a.
I-1
A, fu
AA
c/2
(b)
(a)
Ftg. 2.22
concrete
CHAPTER
36
by
the
load
reinforcement,
be
could
the
and
the
the
bearing
in
expressed
angle
internal
and
capacity
terms
in ternal
of
friction
the
the
of
the
of
and
concrete
block
reinforced
degree
reinforcement
of
w as
4.1-sin(+')
fb
by
work
(1-sinv')
-sing
(2.40)
f'
2cos(p+')
-sin
where
11
tang
For
high
+ 4"j1-cosy/(1-sinn)
(2.41)
the
sin', ']
0.5
4"/(1-sin")
above
+ cos'r
be
can
equation
by
estimated
a straight
line
fb/f'
Nielsen
164]
block
quarter
reaction
maintained
in
load
It
tensile
and
can
be
He
with
that
that
the
the
the
with
strength
of
Al-Nijjam
[63)
some
modifications.
the
proposed
load
the
and
transverse
steel
load
light
can
t=
and
the
near
as
in
be
expressed
fig.
2.21.
as
(2.43)
the
provided,
compressive
uniformly
2As-fy/bi-hi
reinforcement
the
of
block,
original
compression
ultimate
on
equilibrium
horizontal
where
depended
capacity
tensile
in
of
= t-bi-hi/(a-ai)2
concluded
carrying
the
forces
calculated
Pu
by
(2.42)
vertical
mid-height
equilibrium
1.2
rotational
by
on
at
the
considered
acted
distributed
= 2.6.1
strength
and
not
concrete.
a model
Fig.
2.22(b)
based
on
shows
Nielsen's
the
model
state
of
37
internal
forces
vertical
load
AA at
on
block
mid-height
capacity
2.22(b)
a triangular
of
the
by
Nielsen.
limit
upper
of
the
When
the
the
of
bearing
as
fb/f
was
lighter,
be
could
instead
block,
original
an
di stribution
stress
proposed
expressed
bearing
the
cases
and
reinforcement
fig.
of
top
the
with
system
equilibrium
reinforced,
be
could
the
an
stress
heavily
was
When
the
distribution
uniform
as
assumed
at
CHAPTER
1/3
(a/a1)
the
maintained
capacity
(2.44)
be
the
to
related
for
and
a2<a
with
could
conditions
equilibrium
these
reduced
dimensions
to
Referring
fig.
these,
a`
in
substituting
Therefore
4th
degree
the
It
is
(a/a2)
= e/z
(a2/b-a1/4)/z
(2.45)
= 2A
12z-As-f
(2.47)
/P
-f
5yu
/P
(2.46)
+ 3a1/2
(2.48)
Eq. 2.45
[12z-As-f
fb/f
the
bearing
/(a12-bi
capacity
can
"f b)
be
+ 3/2]1/3
(2.49)
in
expressed
form
of
polynomial.
(fb/f
with
cote
also
Equating
By
fb/f'
2.22.
cote
and
1/3
limitation
noted
that
')
c
4-
fb/f'
the
influence
3fb/2f'
<
=1
(12z/al
(2.50)
Ca/a111/3
of
reinforcement
(2.51)
at
a distance
38
than
greater
from
the
by
bearing
Kriz
different
Group
II
The
very
were
and
small
forms
of
185
of
made
be
may
neglected
columns
reinforced
across
their
width
were
divided
into
specimens
through
steel
seven
groups
reinforcement.
4
of
reinforced
no. 5 bars
with
The
reinforcement
grade.
vertical
to
8 ins.
centre
no. 2 ties
with
spaced
top
the
The
lateral
of
centre.
at
reinforcement
two
the
with
column
consisted
grill
of
a welded
2,3,4
lateral
bars
bar
5
cross
as shown
and
or
in
fig.
2.23(a).
pecimens
intermediate
tied
was
-Vertical
no. 11
Group
III
Group
IV
Group
Group
VI
Group
VII
colum
with
bars
were
-Ties
-Both
omitted.
Two
were
to
-Ties
column
three
and
reinforcement
fy = 90,000psi.
layer
of
lateral
2
of
bent
as
with
spacing
bars
are
failed
along
plain
concrete
under
the
reinforcement
the
behaviour
with
an
bearing
inclined
in
of
the
group
specimen.
were
fig.
and
2.23(c).
laterally
two bearing
the
at
II
VI
by 5
no. 4
plate
as in
edge
to
to
plates.
II
reinforcement
ins.,
fig.
2.23(b).
and
similar
Group
bearing
the
were
in
plates
plane
specimens.
ties
reinforcement
reinforced
were
-Specimens
deformed
bars
to
welded
fig.
2.23(d)
.
Specimens
of
consisted
omitted.
vertical
provided
concrete
is
distributed
plates.
1493
loads
to
subjected
Group
load
calculation.
Tests
with
from
a/2
CHAPTER
VI
of
those
failed
modifications
had
only
Omitting
of
column
observed
by
The
the
crushing
made
a small
ties
effect
or
vertical
in
of
in
on
39
SomeStag Bawrl
8
Saga Sza B
li"
w"
!. 5'
E----12'--I
L
Group I. Wetded
Lateral. Rei.nt
(b)
(a)
1
1=7
C1
(c)
iI
'
Ti
i/4'x2 HR
3/2'
I
42'-
-!
I
Butt
Wetd
5/8
Ti... 8'cc
5Bars /
5Bars/
( d)
Ft. g. 2.23
Forms of reLnforcement
(e)
tested
by Kri. z.
40
bars
in
resulted
layers
additional
in
cracking
top
distance
was
the
fb
no
less
tests
the
of
effect
The
columns.
40
of
cracks,
the
lateral
bearing
the
reinforcement
the
when
strength
Empirical
mm.
while
contained
reinforcement
on
than
to
propagation
lateral
of
the
had
apparently
from
increased
CHAPTER
formulae
edge
derived
were
be
= 5.73f'0.5_(Wa/a1)1/3.11+0.198C1(As1/b)H/V](1/16)
c
(2.52)
where
F0.....
Wa < 40mm.
c1=1l2.5
Wa > 40mm.
.....
This
H=
Horizontal
V=
Ast
Vertical
force,
= Cross-section
agreed
force,
the
with
lateral
of
area
steel.
experimental
results
with
slight
under-estimation.
2.4
(1)
SUMMARY
Magnel
155,567
block
anchorage
was
(2)
as
found
shown
Bartsch
in
[81]
distribution
of
0.2
in
the
fig.
2.2b.
the
loading
0.3a
tensile
from
the
distribution
stress
direction
transverse
to
the
assumed
on
maximum
that
of
plate
loading
and
occurred
surface.
force
anchorage
function
cosine
stress
the
of
found
at
Tensile
an
of
load
the
that
a
distance
stress
41
diminished
gradually
(3)
Guyon
[26,273
fig.
made
2.5a.
He
calculation
(4)
further
distribution
stress
Bleich
(82]
distribution
introducing
an
Bleich's
of
the
series
to
(Eq.
width
for
the
2.7.
Sievers
By
modified
three-dimensional
for
solution
the
find
fig.
2.3),
in
shown
to
in
stress
conditions.
functions
anchorage
obtain
as
loading
plate.
tables
six
stress
two-dimensional
loading
zone
different
under
apparent
the
anchorage
constructed
Airy
of
Fourier
of
stress
used
from
away
use
also
of
CHAPTER
used.
(5)
Based
the
on
assumption
of
pressure
blocks
that
stated
to
capacity
however
indicated
non-uniform
Au's
presence
opposite
distribution
[6,77
formula
out
this
result;
of
tensile
only
gives
by
is
with
his
small
H/a
which
had
calculations,
to
Muguruma
probably
stress
than
greater
friction
proportional
[6,7]
concrete
was
From
carried
Au
Meyerhof
blocks
base
analysis.
directly
Tung
reinforced
in
of
splitting
and
strength
the
and
respectively).
especially
tests
the
of
bearing
the
is
[59]
2.10
and
2.4
horizontal
model
2.7
the
in
neglected
bearing
Tung
(Egs.
due
ratio,
failure
Eq.
concrete,
tleyerhof
wedge,
estimates,
ratios,
of
distributed
experimental
theoretical
(6)
the
their
out
bearing
strength
uniform
along
worked
been
shear
height/width
and
due
Niyogi
to
the
Ph.
approximate
bearing
CHAPTER
42
blocks,
concrete
of
strength
because
the
of
variation
of
a.
(7)
failure
Dual
was
sliding
of
W)
block
Empirical
162]
be
takes
which
Eq.
by
Shelson
by
account
2.16.
Kriz
E76],
the
of
shear
strengths
Muguruma's
(65,66].
Niyogi
Bearing
E30-323.
used
and
separation
estimated
were
and
one
only
Hawkins
can
solutions
Muguruma
tensile
of
by
adopted
concrete
the
mode
(49],
formula
is
of
the
height
specimens.
(9)
Plastic
of
Egs.
work,
(10)
by
concrete
(11)
smaller
the
to
(12)
of
(62]
152]
blocks
solution
calculated
for
and
(65-67]
stated
that
and
the
loading
to
concentrated
maximum
by
to
way
spiral
increase
the
spiral
reinforcement
with
comparable
is
area
an
with
inside
area
way
effective
capacity.
a failure
the
external
blocks.
proposed
subjected
strength
energy
that
steel
to
bearing
bearing
internal
effective
concrete
of
reinforcement
improve
most
suggested
diameter
Lenschow
be
the
capacity
Myguruma
Niyogi
and
is
reinforcement
bearing
the
the
2.33.
and
19]
find
to
used
equating
2.32
Ban
Shizuo
be
can
analysis
Eqs.
2.35
spalling
and
mechanism
for
load
arrived
and
2.36
and
bursting
respectively.
concrete
stresses
at
to
Forces
43
on
the
transverse
CHAPTER
reinforcement
are
given
by
Eqs.
2.37
and
2.38.
(13)
Nielson
the
E64]
and
equilibrium
Al-Nijjam
of
E63]
internal
proposed
a model
stresses
in
the
(Eq.
is
based
based
on
bearing
blocks.
(14)
Kriz's
tests
and
149]
of
amount
empirical
large
of
solution
number
reinforcement.
of
specimens
2.52)
with
different
on
the
forms
44
EXPERIMENTAL
CONCRETE
3.1
INVESTIGATION
BEARING
OF
CAPACITY
BLOCKS
this
investigation,
blocks.
concrete
an
factors
the
experimentally
Experiments
concrete
blocks.
3.2
CONCRETE
BLOCKS
PLAIN
The
bearing
dependent
capacity
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
The ratio
footing
of the
The height
to width
ratio
Size
blocks,
of the
Effect
friction,
of base
Strength
of the
concrete.
effect
the
of
Twenty
concentrated
load
first
distance.
(series
was
six
two
to
made
bearing
blocks
edge
study
capacity
of
plain
and
phases;
concrete
is
to
the
nearest
area
of
to
the
the
loaded
area,
blocks,
H/a,
mainly
not
of
the
concrete
blocks
concrete
their
full
block
tests
were
divided
was
designed
the
block
R,
second
to
group
the
on
bearing
investigated
specially
over
E)
the
of
and
applied
The
In
load
strength
blocks
experiments.
plate.
the
Wa),
of
the
of
bearing
plain
been
on:
The
distance
distance,
(edge
capacity
the
comprised
of
(1)
The
has
attempt
affecting
reinforced
edge
OF THE
INTRODUCTION
In
The
CHAPTER
were
these
to
subjected
breadth
into
investigate
(series
in
by
four
the
R-H),
steel
groups.
effect
specimens
of
45
to
explore
and
the
bearing
and
base
were
used
H/a
size
the
fourth
3.2.1
series
length.
bearing
steel
50
mm.
of
the
block.
100
SERIES
mm.
They
were
Edge
blocks
were
different
sizes
breadth.
The
widths
101.6
mm.
and
3.94
effects
(series
third
blocks
with
depth,
mm.
vertically
mm.
of
S)
and
Wa
100
twice,
varied
30
400
mm.
1260
loaded
to
mm.
with
long,
mm.
once
from
constant
and
and
width,
loaded
was
constant
Their
2.5.
7.87
block
cast.
and
and
50.8
of
with
1.0,2.0,
50.8
The
on
280
and
each
edge
mm.
R-H
mm.,
and
1000
placed
distance,
1000
800,
three
of
thickness,
Each
Sixteen
the
R and
ratio
respectively.
mm.
plate
thick.
3.2.2
B)
blocks.
by
studied
consisted
100
overall
were
(series
the
of
the
SERIES
dimensions,
between
relationships
capacity
friction
group
This
the
CHAPTER
which
of
respectively.
heights
bearing
the
bearing
give
values
and
varied
to
loaded
were
steel
which
were
corresponded
They
of
width
with
H/a
thickness
200,400,
ratios
of
concentrically
plate
across
plates
of
were
R
as
0.5,
with
their
6.35,25.3,
62.99,15.81,
full
CHAPTER
46
3.2.3
SERIES
blocks
Concrete
series
with
so
mm.
average
The
the
height
by
the
testing
and
thickness
1000
mm.
bearing
the
placed
3.3
were
to
ratio
three
blocks
to
200
50
mm.
mm.
R equal
They
were
12.7
to
For
7.87.
to
tested
were
this
square
from
size
plate
constant
the
and
taken.
was
base
200
101.6
reduced
the
bottom
mm.
by
CONCRETE
of
They
but
8 blocks
were
to
were
and
6.35
a
using
had
mm.
dimensions
at
two
The
2.4
it
of
sizes
of
friction
at
thick
PTFE
mm.
was
mm.
tested.
BLOCKS-SERIES
reinforced
heights
width.
when
400
width,
with
of
sheet
ratio,
demonstrated
different
loaded
strength
area
were
constant
two
specimen
with
loading
effects
with
They
the
of
footing
They
mm.
bearing
ultimate
These
blocks.
mm.
was
the
blocks.
the
upon
(1)
on
the
of
REINFORCED
cast.
mm.
12.5
bearing
load
depend
100
A series
the
of
plate
at
specimen,
of
and
base
100
in
included
were
to
(2)
from
from
ultimate
effect
believed
give
the
SERIES
3.2.4
to
their
of
sizes
varied
with
as
of
size
each
different
thicknesses
concentrically
25.4
is
They
corresponding
loaded
of
tests.
of
two
1260
corners
1000
with
100
different
mm.
CHAPTER
47
forms
of
reinforcement.
separately,
the
with
3.1.
R1/2
In
repestively.
RI
as
block
R1
arrangement
50
with
was
used
one
mm.,
each
loaded
was
R8
to
between
represent
similar
100
distinguish
to
to
used
were
101.6
block
the
of
denoted
were
order
corner
plate
steel
Blocks
other.
fig.
Each
as
after
shown
in
R1/1
and
end,
END
1 and
for
the
END
other
blocks.
RI/1,
R1/2
the
investigate
bearing
if
R3/1
as
R3/2
and
in
R2/1.
steel
had
almost
They
were
were
and
Forms
of
of
effect
and
to
the
stirrups
the
spread
placed
same
cross-sectional
bearing
were
of
studied
to
and
R4/1
was
the
of
the
in
steel
thinner
spacing
of
block
of
spaced
the
the
surface.
area
capacity
reinforcement
the
the
to
as
on
how
closely
how
way
stirrups
closer
with
showed
was
study
the
the
of
R2/2
reinforced
such
blocks.
R4/2.
investigated
The
by
R5/1
R5/2.
The
eccentricity
strength
of
already
been
concrete,
concrete.
it
unreinforced
the
the
used
affected
reinforcement
diameter
concrete.
reinforcement
in
reinforced
the
the
of
the
were
of
effect
capacity
behaved
R2/1
and
reinforcement.
done
was
in
of
loading
For
plain
investigated
order
concri
blocks
with
to
El
by
gain
did
an
to
blocks
idea
ate,
the
bearing
had
experiments
E3.
R6
of
the
affect
For
to
reinforced
R8.
effectiveness
RO/1
was
of
48
N
N
t0
1
tD
Ip
0
co
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cc
I
111
Cu
cc
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to
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to
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to
cr
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to
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50
3.4
MATERIALS
3.4.1
MATERIALS
Ordinary
British
Coarse
Aggregate
Portland
Specification
North
quartzite
gravel
10 mm.,
'irregular'
maximum
size
of
'smooth'
texture
and
surface
as
by
British
Standard,
BS 812.
Aggregate
The
Air-dried
grading
in
Fig.
sand
aggregate
zone
the
for
curve
Although
in
practice,
were
measured
deformed
bars,
A typical
properties
MIX
The
gave
20
first
mm.
factor
value
using
mix
water/cement
fine
shape
classified
the
same
quarry
was
used.
to
BS
according
and
coarse
the
as
It
882.
was
aggregates
are
deformed
bars
were
commonly
used
bars
plain
round
mild
steel
their
be
chosen
as
strain
can
If
easily
and
more
accurately.
bar
is
instead
used
of
plain
ba safer
structure
will
resulted.
stress-strain
curve
and
strength
in
fig.
3.3.
are
shown
DETAIL
i:
weight
from
with
3.2.
Reinforcement
3.4.2
to the
cement
conforming
throughout.
was used
Notts
coarse
classified
shown
PROPERTIES
& THEIR
Cement
Fine
CHAPTER
El
specimen,
2.68
3.85
a V-B
slump,
of
with
0.885.
ratio
of
time
by
0.54.
cast
using
water/cement
The
proportions
was
of
rest
weight
Average
mix
ratio
of
secs.
of
the
specimens
1:
1.96
values
and
of
by
proportions
0.65.
This
compacting
were
2.83
125
mm.
cast
with
slump,
51
100
90
80
""
".
te
-/
1.
..
_..
70
60
c
"
.
50
a
bt
Zone 3
40 ----t-
/.
-"
30
-. - F6ne
" /
'
Coarse
"
Aggregate
.
. ".
". _
. .
A89r'eeoe_
r/........
/. /.
. ".
,.
Zone3
20
!0
---i
_ .,.
--1,
150
300Nn
600}u
__.,.
-".
1.18mm
St.evee Sze
fine
%-
2.36mm
1.
"
5mm
10mm
20mm
600
500
(E 400
E
2
300
4
L
v
N 200
100
!23456789
!0
Stra. n
It
12
CHAPTER
52
V-B
time
1 second
than
less
factor
compacting
and
0.96
of
were
obtained.
3.5
AND CURING
CASTING
In
the
along
to
order
height
test
specimens
1260
were
obtained
which
were
100
by
on
Control
compacted
on
humidity
specimens
were
constantly
and
3.6
in
the
covered
then
specimens
100
100
cubes,
x
provided
500
by
damp
to
prisms.
100
mm.
150
also
the
from
C.,
degs.
for
relative
The
days,
test
watered
room.
five
150
and
stripped
curing
mm.
mix
were
casting.
hessian
Compressive
cubes,
specimens
after
the
blocks
the
20
mould
specimens
wooden
each
at
of
steel
with
were
hours
consisted
300
with
room
24
with
six
mm.
All
They
transferred
Control
mould
cast
curing
percent,
oiled
the
all
Smaller
clamps.
table.
vibrating
SPECIMENS
mm.
was
were
CONTROL
150
by
specimens
95-100
of
the
table.
placed
and
moulds
An
concrete
(24)),
1983,
throughout.
partitioning
firmly
(Besser
used
was
of
strength
horizontally.
vibrating
of
variation
specimen
cast
mm.
held
compacted
the
of
were
1000
the
avoid
100
mm cubes,
five
cylinders
and
three
strength
mm.
cubes
of
concrete
and
three
53
cylinders
tests
splitting
prisms.
One
Modulus
and
In
the
to
the
the
specimens,
Control
3.7
Demec
the
local
they
were
6
rosette
of
transverse
stains
Demec
45
for
made
control
casting
the
at
and
time
when
in
the
of
in
the
BS
with
concrete
were
E,
series
in
compression
50
with
mm.
gauge
the
under
points
accordance
1881.
fixed
were
to
to
order
zone
of
length
were
bearing
by
measured
obtain
used
At
plate.
create
test
the
and
each
a rectangular
degrees.
strain
at
the
of
PROCEDURE
concentrated
test
For
around
gauges
more
position,
tested
were
specimens
strain
were
strength
on
applied
concrete
tested.
surface
For
Demec
tests
control
were
the
was
the
tests
two
3.1
of
from
of
Young's
The
Table.
in
by
the
concrete.
given
tests
obtain
indication
procedure
AND TEST
on
gauges.
blocks,
specimens
was
rupture
to
listed
are
concrete
used
the
of
test
specimens
Strains
also
a better
The
INSTRUMENTS
and
have
blocks
relevant
cylinders
ratio
same
both.
on
of
specimens
each
in
strength
was
prisms
Poisson's
order
concrete
curing
the
of
three
the
of
of
properties
tensile
the
while
CHAPTER
in
specimens
along
mid-height
series
R-H,
the
line
of
of
the
specimen
loading
B.
and
and
were
the
only
the
compressive
measured.
In
54
co
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a
while
100
gauge
length
mm.
gauge
CHAPTER
56
for
used
was
length
for
used
was
transverse
the
vertical
strain.
For
reinforced
while
on
strain
Load
gauges.
magnifying
When
the
the
curing
and
into
and
in
introduced
the
bottom
had
layer
position.
bearing
plate
and
concrete.
These
between
steel
and
concrete.
The
vertically
position
100
load.
Strain
KN.
The
mechanism
and
loads
measurements
of
loading
it
of
white
dried.
of
the
of
Demec
at
each
hand
taken
out
of
means
test,
coat
it
after
surface
for
thin
by
and
by
ink.
ready
was
measured
increments
observed
with
marked
room
5OkN
were
specimen
the
on
painted
fixed
cracks
glass
in
by
measured
a data-logger,
by
was
surface
concrete
was
steel
recorded
and
increased
was
loading,
of
stage
the
the
of
strain
gauges
resistance
electrical
from
blocks,
plaster
specimen
were
is
a
was
made
shown
at
in
between
good
contact
then
was
the
area
for
checked
steps
of
increment
each
Fig.
were
paris
and
in
applied
points
of
specimen
was
emulsion
Demec
allowed
were
was
3.4.
50
or
of
CHAPTER
57
I-Bean
Hydrauti
Roll,
Steel Bear
Bedded wt.th
PLaster of Ports
I-
3.8
Bernur
Ft..g. 3.4
BEHAVIOR
OF TEST
GENERAL
3.8.1
The
behaviour
was
characterized
their
failure
A wedge
was
which
formed
of
by
the
was
beneath
majority
of
the
suddenness
often
unreinfarced
and
the
bearing
explosive
by
accompanied
plate
specimens
an
with
nature
audible
an
report.
apex-angle
of
58
from
ranging
30
Reinforced
they
cracked
subsequent
SERIES
The
the
was
edge
distance
In
with
the
As
top
was
originated
at
by
failed
with
specimens
of
vertical
at
about
two
with
the
failure
modes
of
of
block
halves
small
point
failure
the
distance
edge
is
are
E3/2,
along
which
by
was
penetrating
to
100
specimen,
angle
3.5.
apex
an
failed
the
axis
of
Wa,
the
the
3 times
about
from
to
lOOkN,
degs.
to
the
off
the
corner,
bottom
a crack
observed
loading
edge.
horizontal
the
the
of
was
the
from
mm.
as
the
(c)).
angle
below
ranging
below
the
the
from
immediately
audibly
cracks
SOmm
90
formed
wedges
shearini
almost
increased
was
an
and
(a)).
(Fig.
failure
pyramid-shaped
formation
the
increased
These
the
load
of
load
manner;
then
and
exception
loads
3.5.
E3/2,
cracks
the
beyond
cracks
propagated
controlled
more
load
of
into
For
up
block
This
All
With
(Fig.
vertical
of
vertically
lifted
specimen.
at
3.5.
plate.
block
line
cracks.
patterns
split
bearing
in
Fig.
specimens
the
the
of
general
in
shown
behaved
along
widening
degrees.
specimens
usually
3.8.2
40
to
CHAPTER
the
top.
loaded
loaded
30
area
to
after
surface.
40
were
degs.
the
This
59
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1
1
WW
UU .x
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CU
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elm!
O
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60
3.8.3
figs.
halves
of
patterns
3.6.
to
R3-H1
specimen
3.6(d)
and
R4-H2,
the
from
On
the
beam
supporting
Except
for
cracking
larger
with
sudden
3.8.4
and
SERIES
Crushing
subsequent
of
failure
cracks
associated
figs.
the
in
the
3.6(c),
blocks,
usually
settlement
the
of
this
of
of
slender
bottom.
the
shallow
away
Failure
loud
of
specimens,
took
specimens
further
top
splitting
to
small
blocks,
shallow
bending
plates.
with
mode
a
deep
from
place
the
these
loaded
specimens
noise.
of
splitting
of
bearing
for
comparatively
originated
for
in
shown
due
into
usual
the
in
shown
resulting
R<63,
the
of
the
and
hand,
creating
over
was
from
as
is
at
blocks
sides,
parts
other
loads
Cracks
two
plates,
failure
and
This
loading
simultaneously.
is
high
the
large
e.
occurred
their
the
bottom.
at
i.
are
However,
specimens.
bearing
initiated
which
surface
into
of
plate
splitting
block
failure
of
bearing
of
on
larger
and
occurred
the
plates,
3.7(d).
and
h/a<O.
block
bearing
modes
splitting
of
terminated
of
and
majority
of
and
splitting
axis
the
size
R4-H1,
cracks
Vertical
the
for
relative
of
3.9.
along
failure
R-H
SERIES
The
CHAPTER
Series
the
beneath
concrete
of
the
block
S specimens.
into
the
two
Although
bearing
halves
failure
plate
was
the
took
and
mode
place
61
(a
(b
(c)
(d)
F i. g. 3.6
62
RI H2
(a)
(b
ccI
(d)
Fi.,g. 3.7
63
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7"
cc)
Fi, g. 3.8
Pf
7)
(d)
64
(a)
(b
cc)
(d)
F i, g. 3.9
65
.
Cn
(v)
-)
L
m
N
C
N
U
0
U
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lb
66
immediately
almost
more
controlled
loud
noise.
The
failure
patterns
of
observed.
was
cracks
of
formation
the
after
CHAPTER
failure
and
vertical
cracks,
They
failed
mode
are
without
shown
in
of
Series
Fig
3.10.
3.8.5
SERIES
Fig.
3.11
For
no
in
effect
the
block
concrete
82,
as
B2.
while
split
the
Fig.
3.12
shows
The
PTFE
at
compressive
into
two
bearing
3.11(c)
PTFE
of
similar
(d)).
and
had
little
or
specimens.
blocks,
H1
was
was
and
a different
mode
that
with
specimen
B1,
without
crushing
of
obvious
halves
B2,
plate
(Fig.
3.11(a)).
from
the
bottom
instead
mode
of
For
of
from
the
specimen
the
top
R4-H4.
specimen
the
sheet
these
of
It
occurred
failure
of
(Fig.
the
of
shallow
was
mode
them.
under
respectively
presence
observed.
the
H4
and
failure
of
PTFE
of
R4-Hi
was
under
type
sheet
behaviour
with
splitting
in
B3
the
the
on
failure
and
that
However,
of
with
R1-Hi
show
the
blocks
deep
those
These
indicates
tested
specimens
to
two
struts.
the
halves
the
bottom
of
of
the
Failure
for
splitting
the
specimen
of
these
was
block
concrete
blocks
Bi
specimens
acting
behaved
were
taking
as
and
a tie
as
two
place
67
(a
(b
....,
r
114
Ft.,g. 3.11
(d)
68
as
the
two
tie
of
in
shown
with
(block
pieces
surface
functioning,
ceased
it
fig.
loud
Bi)
(block
3.12(c).
or
by
either
by
B2).
All
CHAPTER
the
the
sliding
The
mechanism
specimens
breaking
of
the
struts
the
of
in
PTFE
the
this
on
into
the
failure
series
is
failed
noise.
SpUttmg
Crack
Compresswe
400
400 X
),. 200
(b)
BLock Bi
conPreasi. ve
strut
Block 82
conPreaatve
strut
\-TLe
(cl
Ft.g. 3.12
69
3.8.6
All
the
of
bearing
at
reinforcement
Fig.
this
3.13
reinforcement
crack
plate
and
This
crack
angle
of
edge
of
plates,
in
downward
cracks
degrees
cracks
bearing
plate
failure
flakes
of
be
seen
concrete
in
The
bearing
loading
increased.
was
150
edge.
from
mm.
downward
the
at
an
horizontal.
which
originated
downward
photographs
as
by
predominantly
spalling
the
the
radiated
was
of
amount
the
of
load
appeared,
and
in
similar.
extended
the
the
of
and
were
around
to
local
specimens
form
the
the
and
the
all
from
mm.
in
failed.
centre
appeared
radial
can
the
as
plate
Finally,
as
in
100
about
70
with
compression
for
failed
presence
it
patterns
was
bearing
increased.
The
as
crack
at
the
R)
differences
appeared
loads,
(Series
patterns
their
approximately
ductility
crack
the
the
higher
the
the
spalling
of
SERIES
load.
block
propagated
edge
loading
the
originated
inner
load
gave
which
Occasionally,
from
concentrated
used,
first
At
the
Despite
blocks
reinforced
shows
series.
BLOCK
CONCRETE
REINFORCED
CHAPTER
local
below
off
in
fig.
the
the
3.14.
70
\MP
56
-46
so
48
4
's
bo
so
46
so
45
Block
49
p5'
55
2
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63
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A6
81
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62
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BLock R7
FIG. 3.13a
END2
EN
BLock AS
Crack
of series
R.
71
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rr-
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R.
74
EXPERIMENTAL
4.1
the
previous
CAPACITY
chapter,
in
more
detail,
concrete
experimental
and
behaviour
failure
is
The
OF CONCRETE
steel,
BLOCKS
analysed.
drawn
up
and
of
cracking
BEARING
4.2
in
EFFECT
4.2.1
The
finite
OF EDGE
deflected
element
280
mm.
seen
failed
are
that
by
the
shearing
Pc,
in
and
specimen
proposed
model
of
theories.
existing
and
this
discussed
and
affecting
dimensions
load
ultimate
material
Pu
are
properties
3.1.
OF PLAIN
CONCRETE
BLOCKS
DISTANCE
of
(FEM)
method
in
with
In
distributions
factors
load
shapes
given
shown
strain
Finally,
the
table
CAPACITY
and
compared
with
be
the
of
described.
will
the
and
be
specimens
been
stress
will
together
the
the
behaviour
general
has
results
as
values
tabulated
tests
the
such
the
chapter,
during
specimens
be
BEARING
--
INTRODUCTION
In
of
RESULTS
CHAPTER
fig.
specimen
off
4.1(a)
with
the
the
with
and
specimens
distances
edge
(b)
of
30
It
respectively.
load
concentrated
corner
by
analysed
as
near
result
the
and
can
the
edge
of
less
75
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,
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1
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f
I_.
,
30mm.
edge distance
2
1
1
'
1
I. .. .
shape of blocks
with
edge dtstonce
= 280mm.
CHAPTER
76
confinement
However,
specimens
splitting
the
The
line
experimental
followed
by
blocks.
occurs
tensile
at
From
Demec
gauge
stress
distributions
recorded
Demec
tensile
280
mm.
indicate
detect
that
small
High
blocks
points
stresses
E2
close
and
to
obtained
E3
the
edge
creating
130
at
due
to
loaded
experimentally
the
stress
the
not
the
use
of
sensitive
experimental
given
difficulties
are
with
from
to
the
with
block
by
stresses
surface.
larger
blocks
a
is
stresses
compressive
edge
obtained
due
the
of
with
in
mm
However,
the
surface,
in
which
the
each
tensile
surface
length,
follow
still
varies
probably
strains.
of
splitting
stresses
is
mm gauge
discrepancies.
in
but
trends
zone
loaded
This
50
with
to
three
mm.
fluctuate.
enough
with
30
of
A. 1-3
to
the
stresses
blocks,
transverse
maximum
below
of
distance
fig.
tend
mm
distance
edge
edge
tests
30
the
from
The
the
causes
The
the
loaded
the
the
A. 1-3.
three
to
near
fig.
general
all
tension
away
zone.
around
small
large
further
by
along
with
the
in
which
the
of
in
given
that
zone
zone
depth
loads
deeper
the
tension
is
similar
edge.
failed
depth
with
together
seen
compression
The
distance,
be
can
E3
plotted
are
high
contains
It
distributions
stress
FEM.
by
distance
stress
to
are
stresses
analysed
and
El
blocks
the
near
halves.
two
transverse
of
in
concrete
edge
into
block
concrete
the
larger
with
variation
loaded
by
side
one
on
higher
FEM
were
in
At
the
high
than
not
putting
loads,
those
77
by
estimated
micro-cracks
Stresses
the
bottom
the
FEM
Fig.
4.2
shows
block
concrete
while
the
dimensionless
the
meet
each
other
distance
of
smaller
than
loss
dramatic
leads
to
than
90
increase
higher
is
FEM
generated
to
assumed
in
decrease
be
decrease
in
the
bearing
the
hand,
mm,
the
the
confinement
in
increase
by
is
strength
block
with
edge
the
under
concentrated
edge
in
result
distances
distance
will
strip
the
of
greater
steadily
concrete
bearing
which
strength
edge
The
the
concrete
surrounding
obtained.
they
distances
edge
will
surrounding
be
can
to
distance
edge
It
as
lines,
with
the
other
5ai.
corresponds
that
the
of
plotted
straight
by
confinement
On
which
suggested
are
Wa/O.
two
of
strength
values
against
5a1=3.5
is
It
large
concrete
by
are
bearing
the
composed
Wa/O.
mm,
of
bearing
tension
suggested
which
of
analysis.
as
experiment
the
of
fb/f
is
mm.
block.
concrete
the
distance;
edge
at
90
is
beam
variation
graph
90
in
supporting
ratios:
that
recorded
analysis.
with
seen
were
presence
FEM
the
compression
stresses
the
in
blocks
the
by
explained
considered
the
of
of
in
be
can
not
tensile
deflection
fixed
the
are
The
the
two
which
experiment
analysis.
by
This
the
at
during
FEM.
CHAPTER
and
capacity
load
a
of
can
be
by
estimated
fb
0.12Wa/al
1.16
Wa/0.5a.
> 3.5
(4.1)
=i
fl
0.47W
/al
+ 0.55
Wa/0.5a1
< 3.5
78
2.0
1.9
1.8
- 1.7
a
1.6
L
r
1.5
1.4
a
1.3
!. 2
i. 1
1.0
0.9
0.8
(30)
0.7 -t
0
(80)
(130)
(180)
(230)
123456789
10
Effect
(mm.
)
A-3.94
R-7.87
R-
it
i2
W,/0.5a,
FIG. 4.2
(280)
i5.7
of series
R-
63.0
H-
1000
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.96
H-
800
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
H-
400
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.98
H-
200
1.57
1.62
1.64
1.64
Table 4.1
E.
79
EFFECT
4.2.2
Fig.
mid-height
values
gauge
of
that
immediately
size
of
Again,
the
tensile
maximum
the
loading
25.3
and
to
specimens
with
is
zone,
at
the
from
bursting
bottom
two
large
bearing
of
plates
strains
is
they
particularly
are
actually
important
zone
for
those
with
this
tensile
are
mm below
surface
mm for
especially
These
plate;
10
loaded
region
zone.
bursting
below
specimens.
is
101.6,50.8,
with
300
and
the
with
bearing
and
the
top
zone
This
mm below
the
bursting
the
of
be
can
at
vary
the
plates.
specimens,
Firstly,
this
as
respectively
unstressed
the
zone
compression
Nevertheless,
shallow
sources.
zone;
350
increasing
it
sizes
Demec
thus
100,50,25,
at
loaded
of
plates.
For
specimens.
this
size
bearing
width
virtually
the
figures,
Their
the
on
depth
bearing
smaller
with
compression
described
when
mm
a
well
used
the
plate.
occurs
surface
extended
the
because
is
mm
Below
depends
strain
6.35
have
usually
size
with
agrees
observing
plate.
tension,
region
in
loading
the
bearing
the
of
the
across
together
fluctuation
100
specimens
below
platted
data
length,
Again,
the
are
less
with
gauge
all
They
experimental
and
sensitivity.
seen
vertical
distributions
strain
I
strains
FEM analysis.
values
larger
the
RATIO
AREA
transverse
and
the
general,
theoretical
the
specimen.
by
obtained
In
the
line
the
of
both
show
loaded
the
along
AND LOADING
OF HEIGHT
A. 4-19
CHAPTER
bursting
for
are
believed
the
for
high
recorded
to
tail
come
of
specimens
the
CHAPTER
8p
bearing
large
with
specimens
extends
by
caused
a bending
the
large
load;
increased
tensile
larger
at
zone
the
of
the
of
load
more
bottom
the
stresses
magnitude
takes
usually
plates
creating
tensile
the
with
are
thus
specimens,
A. 16-18.
4 ig.
Compressive
FEM
by
estimated
Modulus
Young's
R4-H3
and
same
high
demec
of
in
from
This
points.
to
the
should
be
R3-H3
from
cast
the
a
in
the
a
recorded
middle
of
ignored
of
R2-H3,
R1-H4
presence
those
estimation
were
around
the
than
R1-H3,
this,
strain
due
fact
the
they
as
Apart
compressive
is
this
specimen,
discrepancy
A. 12-15,
smaller
to
Blocks
specimen.
this
be
due
probably
concrete.
of
particularly
pair
the
of
exhibit
batch
is
This
FEM.
to
to
according
fig.
tend
strains
that
with
exceptions
circumstances,
some
compressive
experimental
few
with
well
agrees
mid-height
analysis
In
A. 4-19.
fig.
at
strain
by
obtained
is
these
they
this
beam,
consequent
and
for
zone
Secondly,
supporting
bottom
the
at
bearing
a
producing
the
of
Settlement
strains.
and
bursting
depth.
greater
settlement
moment
as
plates,
to
the
of
crack
the
across
this
reading
figure.
As
shown
at
uniform
As
the
height
increasingly
is
obvious
in
fig.
for
mid-height
of
A. 4-7,
the
high
specimen
more
concentrated
in
specimens
compressive
specimens
decreases,
below
with
strain
with
was
1000
compressive
the
load
position.
200
or
400
almost
mm height.
is
strain
This
mm
height
81
(fig.
A. 12-19).
Moreover,
height,
the
higher
concentration
Table
4.1
line
to
the
with
of
tabulates
the
average
the
within
loaded
one
CHAPTER
two
bearing
a smaller
compressive
ratios
compressive
vertical
the
others.
loaded
at
the
all
equal
had
plate
stress
for
stress
of
than
strain
the
of
specimens
sixteen
specimens.
The
is
strength
fig.
ratio
4.3.
plotted
It
height
there
is
due
probably
of
the
by
the
base
of
higher
bearing
estimated
in
graph
ratio,
the
the
fig.
4.3.
4.4
can
for
estimates
Fig.
It
become
shows
the
all
are
unsafe
how
the
as
the
force
which
bearing
118]
are
the
ratio
shown
values
of
high
a
of
with
others
This
by
the
the
falls
bearing
is
base
specimen
delays
the
thus
and
ratios
on
Kriz's
area
not
height,
strength
loaded
for
is
mm in
line
that
of
conservative
this
zone
of
The
other.
height.
bottom
recognized
values
200
with
each
but
loaded
in
ratio
specimens
tension
the
Kriz
area
to
in
compressive
along
crushing
comparison
greater
at
be
the
close
in
of
and
all
with
results.
E23
loaded
specimens
but
specimen
to
strength
strength
cylinder
bearing
restraint
strength
Shelson
very
disturbance
contributes
by
R but
for
in
The
conservative
Shelson's
higher
condition
specimen.
splitting
are
to
for
come
mm
increase
loading
similar
footing
results
Thus
30%
200
have
specimens
significant.
the
that
noted
to
strength
against
than
very
of
is
other
Shorter
bearing
of
the
same
estimates
ratio
while
loading
area
below
to
13.
cylinder
82
9
Hl a-0.5
---
Hl a-1.0
H/ a-2.0
V --
X --H/a-2.5
/
f
7
a'
1 30% Lncr.
1
d
.3
30% incr.
co
5
L
SheLson : tp/PQ -3
/
30%
/
C
m
cr.
/
3
//
2
Knz : fp/te
- 5.73
Joy /
fe
10
20
40
30
Footong to Loo&ng
FLg. 4.3
Bearing
strength
area rat*. q
50
60
R.
70
83
i
9'
Expt.
Mugurumo
-------
R=
R=
63.0
15.8
R=
7.9
7i
.J
V
CD
c
5
m
L
_. -
W
c
4
1\\
\\
--_
--
-_
0.5
1.0
HeL.ght to width
Ft.g. 4.4
Bearing
strength
2.0
1.5
ratio.
2.5
3.0
H; a of the blocks.
ratLo
vs height
to width rat
o.
CHAPTER
84
that
seen
the
the
bearing
to
for
height
with
height
the
more
rapidly
with
the
bottom
of
in
increase
in
strength
the
he
appears
with
specimens
those
under-estimating
specimens
bearing
to
bearing
of
(8I
are
also
trend
found
as
the
at
ratio
less
and
vertical
of
in
the
the
over-estimate
area
than
ratio
16
and
63.
than
greater
distributions
Sf-S3
blocks
coincident
similar
then
and
is
Muguruma
gives
to
this
EFFECT
SIZE
The
(fig.
short
However,
experiments.
4.2.3
with
slowly
values
by
also
unchanged
concentrated
The
be
can
Below
mm.
This
mm.
is
estimated
Muguruma
4.4.
400
4.1).
ratio
600
increase
force
(table
specimen
fig.
than
compressive
strength
shown
less
to
is
ratio
than
begins
It
specimens.
strength
higher
strength
that
way
the
of
cylinder
heights
at
the
height
specimens
bearing
cylinder
for
with
varies
strength
of
are
A. 20-22).
very
They
transverse
to
similar
well
agree.
those
in
those
with
of
strain
R-H
series
FEM
by
obtained
analysis.
The
C(1974),
the
of
He
the
R remained
the
was
effect
(19)].
size
ratio,
with
size
increase
stated
specimen
constant,
in
size
first
that
is
the
introduced
bearing
increased.
the
bearing
according
capacity
to
falls
strength
If
table
Niyogi
by
the
loading
would
4.2.
as
area
decrease
AI-Nijjam
CHAPTER
85
((1981),
(23)]
dependent
that
stated
a factor
on
a'
of
his
test
how
bearing
specimens.
It
was
found
their
On
the
figure
increases
strength
in
bearing
an
decrease
in
size
the
as
in
more
aggreement
this
gentle
It
decreases.
For
by
suggested
as
has
size
bearing
which
obtained
specimens.
adequate
nature.
in
what
of
size
specimens
exponential
way
with
the
of
the
larger
is
there
size
estimation
for
phenomena
in
along
strength
suitable
more
the
as
the
with
varies
4.5)
Al-Nijjam's
increase
scale
that
the
plotted
investigation.
strength
(fig.
with
is
Al-Nijjam,
specimen
increases
strength
same
(4.2)
results.
shows
decreases,
is
concrete
1/4
a'/a
original
4.5
Fig.
fact
the
width
to
according
the
of
strength
of
(
where
bearing
the
this
in
range
the
with
is
of
following
expression
fb/f'
where
EFFECT
4.2.4
In
specimen,
has
the
width
proportional
a=
k=
been
the
=k
OF BASE
mode
described
(4.3)
+ 0.9]
in
measured
mm.
FRICTION
of
of
-a/(30
the
specimen
constant.
of
presence
the
[1.45
a sheet
failure
in
chapter
for
of
PTFE
blocks
3,
splitting
at
81
the
and
bottom
B2
occurs
of
changed.
from
the
As
the
2.7
2.6
'
2.5
2.4
2.3
r
2.2
2.1
2.0
c-)
0
co
1.91.8
i. 7
1.6
1.5
1.4
! 00
Block
Ft.9.4.5
300
200
atze
a ma.
X of size Lncrease
X of decrease Ln
bearing strength
3.0
25
2.0
!5
1.5
12
1.3
TobLe, 4.2
400
St.ze effect
suggested by Ni.yogi
(i9)
CHAPTER
G7
bottom
the
of
specimen
place
without
plate.
This
is
in
block
recorded
it
fact,
bottom
of
the
of
the
of
from
this
well
with
is
discrepancy,
not
zero
strains
at
the
base
4.3
decreases
is
reduction
a
(22%)
specimens
depend
strength,
especially
because
the
needed
for
It
failure;
the
settlement
thus
the
th
of
bottom.
Apart
agrees
(fig.
A. 23-26).
transverse
Tensile
specimen.
tension
the
adversely
theoretical
of
that
PTFE
force
for
is
in
needed
understandable
plate
high
loaded
with
more
likely
is
means
loads
that
can
bearing
large
a higher
produce
large
that
short
their
bearing
bearing
plates,
extend
value
larger
This
with
gain
to
strength
friction.
in
to
of
strength
loaded
is
friction
the
base
specimen
when
zone
the
a short
base
bearing
that
seen
of
This
on
the
affects
be
can
reduction
tension
bearing
A larger
how
Bi).
(block
the
FEM analysis
bottom
the
from
base.
shows
with
by
crack
distribution
strain
that
indicate
blocks.
concrete
plate,
at
the
restrain
Table
tensile
note
from
specimen
value
to
is
the
the
theoretical
strain
to
the
presence
base,
the
In
coming
the
with
at
strain
because
experiment,
dominant
bearing
expected.
Moreover,
(PTFE)
of
interesting
order
included.
material
cracking
the
the
is
more
than
strain,
of
becomes
the
tensile
the
tensile
The
larger
much
stage
specimen
A. 23.
took
specimens
below
concrete
fig.
very
purely
early
softer
affecting
was
not
support
layer
It
Bi
the
at
by
confirmed
these
of
the
crushing
actually
was
occurring
failure
and
to
of
the
base.
load-
settlement
is
of
CHAPTER
88
the
beam
supporting
B2
Blocks
strength.
of
14
is
loaded
16%
and
loaded
strength
height
H3
further
show
is
b4,
loaded
hardly
the
tension
zone
much
bending
of
4.3
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
BLOCKS
The
crack
patterns
for
shown
in
had
been
In
idea
an
gives
this
the
how
of
the
the
small
the
all
is
high
it
bcause
bearing
and
bearing
plate.
reinforced
in
so
the
that
is
there
not
blocks
concrete
fig.
but
has
plate
bottom,
Fig-3.13b
3.13a.
width
varies
with
load.
of
each
test,
the
crack
compared
and
short,
reduction
in
distributions
strain
strength
crack
behaviour
discussed
smallest
chapter,
maximum
and
widths
be
previous
the
crack
will
with
The
small
reach
block
the
section,
patterns,
steel
can
in
B3
block
is
bearing
although
and
This
8%.
with
H2,
block
plate.
only
the
reductions
plate
bearing
also
similar
bearing
in
reduction
because
small
block
in
and
and
larger
is
thus
respectively,
with
with
and
with
concrete
each
and
others
in
detail.
RI/1,
Blocks
of
6,10
failed
with
(table
3.1b).
from
but
arrangement
similar
steel
RI/2
each
and
similar
other,
and
with
8 mm
load
Although
they
are
reinforced
different
their
of
These
three
600,590
and
crack
loads
believed
to
with
diameters
respectively.
of
are
R2/1
620
are
come
kM
transverse
specimens
respectively,
different
quite
from
steel
two
sources:
of
CHAPTER
89
<1>
of
differences
the
presence
crack
Blocks
these
a tension
occasionally,
the
of
ineffectiveness
of
transverse
reinforcing
can
be
transverse
it
R2/2
upward
has
Apart
the
of
form
bars
by
at
then
and
in
the
but
indicated
reinforcement
remainder
This
the
loading
yielding
of
one
have
not
the
suggested
In
vertical
reducing
followed
region,
the
the
the
loaded
strain
bottom
the
to
owing
the
unstressed
from
the
The
compressive
specimen.
of
dependent
have
reinforcement.
of
buckling
be
brittle
They
the
R2/1,
to
mm below
Strains
Block
improved
300
at
more
these
between
steel
lack
fact,
of
two
restraint.
between
spacing
the
steel.
Block
higher
recorded
A. 27-28.
plate
an
the
along
along
large
is
similar
reinforcement.
fig.
around
beam.
this
by
failed
in
zone
failure
specimens
steel
is
in
the
strain
to
one
have
loading
A. 35-37.
fig.
after
even
This
the
tension
stirrup
particular
yielded
below
supporting
in
shown
are
than
have
the
considered
shown
strain,
tension
bending
are
of
this
is
concrete
extending
zone
Below
surface.
again
recognition
They
test.
R1/2
and
rather
specimens
immediately
top
crack
is
which
distributions
the
vital
transverse
of
similar
the
R1/1
properties
concrete
during
the
<2>
and
properties
most
R2/1
than
for
by
cracks
line.
distributions
line
of
the
behaviour
the
concrete
patterns,
loaded
on
in
tension
a
lower
the
employs
so
that
region.
ultimate
it
has
idea
pushing
stronger
However,
load
of
the
at
the
transverse
result
590
kN
is
than
the
in
reinforcement
not
encouraging:
620
kN
in
R2/1.
CHAPTER
90
R2/2
a
has
central
crack
extending
low
to
similar
transverse
to
crack
At
specimen.
are
larger
is
reinforcement
left
the
in
Therefore,
line
has
been
fig.
A. 28.
is
an
400
but
kN),
extends
the
of
fig.
A. 38,
this
the
transverse
The
transverse
and
the
it
although
region
unreinfarced
lower
and
strain
Most
high,
within
width
crack
the
region
spacing.
still
of
than
yield,
top,
bottom
transverse
of
the
at
has
of
top
too
It
the
the
placed
kN.
to
-(larger
does
its
on
which
large
to
loaded
confinement
below,
load,
effectiveness
R2/2
effective
high
580
mm at
top
specimen,
depends
reinforcement
is
along
the
confined
the
reinforcement
an
the
that
suggested
has
of
bottom
At
not
1.12
distributions
the
R2/1.
Block
strain
the
from
load
to
up
width,
tension
zone.
has
load
ultimate
resulted.
Blocks
R3/1
in
reinforcement
They
R1/2.
used
stirrups
R3/2
used
stirrups
R3/1
has
R3/2
respectively,
400
diameter
and
steel
the
specimen
are
spread
and
fails,
more
and
is
590
kN
fig.
in
of
load
higher
much
closer
radially
load
ultimate
block
spacing
3.13b.
rather
R1/2.
increases
Cracks
than
in
steel
closer
26
mm spacing,
650
and
520
the
The
the
these
concentrated
in
as
spacing.
while
Block
mm spacing.
of
than
of
but
52
and
transverse
of
area
steel
ultimate
and
and
cross-sectional
8 mm diameter
load
amounts
6 mm diameter
of
which
of
similar
diameter
smaller
crack
have
of
of
a crack
has
values
terms
use
R3/1
R3/2
and
770
kN while
and
643
kN
corresponding
use
of
smaller
ductility
two
as
specimens
along
the
CHAPTER
91
loading
line
have
and
is
the
reinforcement
the
whole
reinforced
loading.
As
of
the
concrete
R3/2
loading
that
is
an
the
concrete
not
by
the
R4/1
fig.
reinforcements,
enclosed
all
the
further
away
from
stirrups
and
has
four
enclosing
their
compare
each
stirrups
shown
in
fig.
the
two
than
770
R4/2
the
bearing
the
has
crack
top,
have
phenomema
spaced
capacity
of
R3/1
is
in
but
by
sliding
block,
fact
because
R3/1
of
should
long
R4/1
R2/1
two
patterns
stirrups
has
vertical
position
to
designed
were
has
vertical
are
ones
smaller
loading
which
of
which
two
the
They
block
forms
enclosing
stirrups.
their
and
the
different
below
stirrups
enclosed
R3/1
line
block
line
loaded
which
R3/1.
closely
block
while
stirrups
with
in
kN.
Block
larger
lesser
these
more
speaking,
on
loading
all
of
strain
at
halves,
rear
3.1.
performance
of
into
block
block
and
of
have
vertical
3.13,
failure
R4/2
the
block
the
thinner
and
vertical
in
to
increasing
of
towards
load
zone
Above
Strictly
higher
is
those
next
and
with
the
but
in
line
the
R1/2
stirrups
to
stresses
of
especially
bottom
errors.
Block
the
of
Moreover,
plate
block
that
in
distribution
tension
line,
way
of
up
A. 29,
to
the
concentrated
significantly.
block.
withstand
most
effective
splitting
setting
than
the
reinforcing
bearing
distributing
similar
the
quite
stressed
suggested
of
the
at
in
fig.
in
that
Those
yielded.
steel
is
shows
along
been
in
shown
especially
A. 39-40
width.
rather
area
indicates
This
crack
effective
surface
magnitude
Fig.
smaller
only
small
As
stirrups.
slightly
different
CHAPTER
92
from
each
only
in
formed
they
and
fig.
steel,
stirrups
resisting
bearing
stresses.
greater
than
kN,
620
the
load
this
and
If
concrete.
Pu-Pc
the
largest
in
block
kN
effective
in
resisting
by
smaller
be
Block
and
two
R5/1
has
more
bearing
as
and
lateral
and
block
has
smaller
R4/2,60
stirrups
can
restraint
kN.
are
large
than
crack
R2/1
becomes
small
stress
more
distribution
the
simplest
designed
were
form
on
reinforcement
each
of
Block
side
at
the
to
the
of
stirrups.
one
of
R5/2
the
horizontal
reinforcement,
row
that
concluded
load
block
that
in
R4/1,
properties
load
this
in
confirming
the
ultimate
smallest
this
ultimate
in
and
steel,
block
of
low
found
kN,
loop
more
stirrups.
be
provided
stirrups.
with
R5/2
be
explained
Blocks
strength
be
the
small
kN,
rather
of
can
and
load
in
effective
more
difference
Pu -Pc=174
R4/1,130
can
can
it
the
R4/2,600
differences
difference,
it
the
are
Strain
in
ultimate
stirrups
cracks
the
is
the
plate.
generated
has
to
considered,
are
Therefore,
This
R2/1
the
more
when
block
of
due
R2/1,
stirrup
of
that
be
may
is
The
block
However,
idea.
this
of
is
kN
680
form
As
that
stress
this
that
suggested
higher
used
line.
loading
indicate
A. 37,41-42
are
and
pattern,
crack
simplest
loading
the
from
radiate
the
R4/1
blocks
in
size,
has
the
along
crack
single
decrease
R4/2
Block
other.
of
compare
fig.
reinforcement,
two
arrangement;
R5/1
the
bottom.
has
one
loading
They
bearing
the
more
line
are
3.13.
vertical
bay
of
and
one
used
to
93
their
compare
bay
of
more
reinforcement
row
28
it
similar,
is
in
All
the
considered,
R5/2,
block
which
had
Failure
was
It
width
block
at
do
Blocks
reinforced
this
as
load
is
increase
to
the
brittle
the
matrix
wide
is
the
R2/1.
are
again
in
block
before
the
are
found
applied
plain
in
of
the
at
the
concrete.
below
concrete
the
of
mode
of
block
of
reinforcement
is
R5/1,
capacity
As
plate.
only
R5/2
whether
failure.
of
loading
there
bearing
on
characteristic
the
as
and
bottom
of
the
blocks
the
failure
separation
with
decide
to
of
wedge
A. 31
patterns
of
the
concerned,
between
difficult
reinforcement
by
that
least
magnitude
therefore
of
one
and
found
point
load
block
blocks,
at
mode
if
as
failed
recommended
ultimate
in
It
is
crack
transferred
in
R5/2
yield
in
load
line.
R5/1,
their
and
strain
stirrup
as
fig.
A. 37,44-45,
reached
followed
concrete
the
different
is
loading
therefore
as
not
formation
the
of
further
one
line
From
blocks
one
failed
matrix,
have
of
its
and
to
plain
is
should
far
due
R5/1.
in
difference
loading
figs.
stirrup
reinforcing
the
distribution
However,
is
horizontal
all
the
had
others
matrix
the
block
has
which
the
of
than
yielding
there
bottom
along
side
similar
failed.
reinforcing
R2/1
reinforcement,
that
block
concrete
very
the
except
R2/1.
each
that
seen
surface
strains
the
on
be
can
block
with
reinforcement
of
concrete
The
performance
CHAPTER
and
wider
of
the
slight
R2/1.
It
spread
of
concrete
stage.
R5/1,
with
R6/1,
the
same
R6/2,
amount
R7/1,
and
R7/2
form
of
and
RB/2
reinforcement
were
but
CHAPTER
94
with
different
were
designed
to
transverse
line.
In
agree
strain
block
the
is
which
the
experimantal
to
plain
the
loading
More
cracks
fig.
the
show
can
with
be
that
to
correspond
this
than
can
be
of
small
shearing
with
as
that
soon
the
smaller
Blocks
as
the
with
block
is
reinforcement
corners
exhibit
distance
edge
distance
edge
at
distance
edge
as
to
it
can
cause
edge
distances,
is
failure.
cracks
to
plotted
ultimate
the
and
blocks.
larger
than
180
It
(PLL Pc)
mm
which
distances
larger
Therefore,
effective
prevent
below
of
4.6
of
FEM
increases.
edge
cracked.
more
by
zone
between
Wa
the
Similar
tension
Fig.
of
discrepancy
formation
earlier
the
load,
given
small
distance
edge
Wa/0.5a1=3.5.
failed
said
the
and
high
distance
edge
of
supporting
At
the
difference
the
the
decrease.
with
the
bottom
those
distances.
edge
smaller
blocks
blocks
loaded
values
This
of
the
the
bottom
analysis.
than
depth
of
between
"Pu-Pc)
seen
for
value
because
of
distances
as
for
small
relation
load
crack
is
This
blocks
with
increases
developed
bending
cracks.
edge
distribution
the
the
the
on
theoretical
at
FEM
of
the
the
along
near
greater
the
as
blocks,
are
the
presence
loads
plate
3.13.
are
the
concrete
to
They
mm.
distance
show
except
330
to
surface
during
rigid
edge
recorded
due
strains
lower
at
is
of
and
load
strain
tests
to
concrete
low
80
A. 32-34
experimental
at
assumed
due
analysis
happens
the
tensile
during
beam
the
from
effect
Figs.
on
other
each
Higher
block.
the
blocks.
general,
with
varying
investigate
concrete
reinforced
of
distances
edge
with
the
Strains
it
a
block
block
from
in
the
140
120
100
19
80
Y
60
a
40
20
0
s
Ft,g. 4.6
Wa/O.5a1
W0.
2.0
1.9
1.8
10,
.
s- 1.7
a
,c
1.6
1.5
rp/r, -0.12W0/a,+1. ss
1.4
vr
1.3
v
fp/to
I0
Load
ul.t.
.-Ptai. n
uLt. Load %R6nf
t.
crack Load
1.2
4)
co
I
i. i
m
X
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
i23456789
10
FIG. 4.7
Effect
11
Wa/0.5as
12
CHAPTER
96
are
reinforcement
plotted
of
cracking
distance
to
half
Wa/O.
and
the
fails.
block
is
strength
cracks
the
conclusion,
agrees
corresponding
Foi r
Wa/O.
5ai>3.5,
of
Eq. 4.1,
its
as
strength
cracking
the
by
cracking
Eq. 4.1.
block
concrete
be
can
fb/f
Wa/0.5a1<3.5
+ 0.55
t 0.47Wa/a1
0.12Wa/a1
1.16
(4.4)
plain
r Wa/4.5a1>).
L 0.22Wa/a1
1.41
reft.
CONCLUSION
The
can
In
by
estimated
4.4
for
that
seen
with
soon
estimated
edge
well
as
that
than
higher
be
can
is
4.7
against
ratio
It
ratio.
strength
block
Fig.
A. 43,45-49.
strength
width
cracking
concrete
figs.
cylinder
bearing
concrete
plain
to
the
Sa1<3.5,
in
shown
be
behaviour
by
summarized
(A)
PLAIN
<1>
Specimens
CONCRETE
specimens
by
spliting
the
the
bearing
pressure
following:
load
concentrated
failed
with
under
BLOCKS
with
Wa/4.5a1<3.5,
blocks
concrete
of
larger
concrete
by
shearing
edge
block
the
off
distance
into
the
near
corner
Wa/O. 5a1}3.5
two
halves.
edge
while
failed
97
<2>
depth
The
increased
<3>
The
tension
the
of
the
as
bearing
load
strip
When
loading
region
in
<6>
Wa/4.5a1
> 3.5
the
splitting
of
the
at
this
than
the
specimens
size
a
the
of
increase
with
mm have
the
at
mm in
bottom
The
specimen.
height
is
similar
condition
similar
trend
their
force
a compressive
the
of
300
restraint
contributes
200
is
zone
the
zone
below
plate.
shorter
of
immediately
Both
plate,
compression
bursting
by
specimens
top
< 3.5
bearing
zone).
heights
This
with
bearing
the
Wa/0.5a1
loaded
the
confined
corresponding
in
is
and
specimen.
strength
under
by
estimated
+ 0.55
Below
of
size
zone
delays
blocks
concrete
1.16
(bursting
with
tension
be
generated
zone
Specimens
the
is
tension
compression
<5>
can
Wa/ai
plate.
of
increase
plain
block
zone
compression
the
plate
(4.1)
concrete
loading
=j
L 0.47
<4>
the
increased.
of
Wa/a1
r 0.12
fb/f
below
zone
distance
edge
capacity
concentrated
CHAPTER
30%
which
bearing
higher
but
of
than
greater
height.
Muguruma
bearing
E59]
describes
strength
with
the
over-estimte
area
greater
ratio
than
less
63.
a
short
than
16
but
specimens
for
strength
and
specimens
to
of
he
with
under-estimete
increase
in
appears
to
a bearing
those
CHAPTER
913
<7>
Kriz's
of
loaded
for
unsafe
the
as
Reducing
the
strength
high
value
the
known
(63]
Al-Nijjam
effect).
strength
the
of
is
concrete
(a'
<9>
A1-Nijjam's
estimation
bearing
as
strength
the
experiments,
the
to
proportional
<10>
Bearing
friction.
The
smallest
with
with
(B)
REINFORCED
<1>
Similar
CONCRETE
a more
of
expression
e
a/80+
with
the
corresponded
present
(4.3)
is
found
high
base
the
of
(block
to
be
to
0.9
(227.. )
plate
more
found
a reduction
reduction
is
and
is
in
increase
gentle
From
following
large
bearing
a factor
increases
capacity
(block
plate
strain
size
(07.. )
reduction
a small
the
the
scale
(4.2)
bearing
largest
loaded
specimens
/a)
1.45
(or
effect
by
bearing
1/4
has
become
its
that
increased
decreases
strength
size
specimens.
fb/f'
but
increase
stated
[63]
larger
for
suitable
the
has
are
13.
can
as
values
(76]
R
ratio,
below
specimen
the
all
estimates
area
R falls
is
this
and
loading
of
of
size
Shelson's
while
for
conservative
are
ratio
area
conservative
<8>
1491
estimates
with
Bi)
short
the
while
blocks
loaded
B4).
BLOCKS
distributions
are
obtained
in
reinforced
99
blocks
concrete
<2>
<3>
The
bearing
not
dependent
on
the
diameter
be
Lack
zone
concrete
the
reinforcement.
in
maintained
of
the
in
reinforcement
in
result
may
reinforced
of
blocks.
concrete
the
of
should
zone.
tension
plain
capacity
Reinforcement
tension
in
as
CHAPTER
large
crack
block
whole
any
the
of
part
widths
is
the
of
lower
and
strength.
<4>
Closely
spaced
in
effective
thick
steel
tensile
with
crack
crack
The
use
than
of
restraint
a
can
From
the
the
distribution
the
as
present
capacity
matrix
wide
of
as
the
the
and
it
in
the
loading
place
is
because
small
interlocking
is
difficult
should
plate
by
the
of
better
spread
Radial
cracks
of
single
to
It
have
prevent
effective
lateral
stirrups.
any
is
more
more
to
has
blocks.
reinforcement
stirrup,
of-reinforcement
of
more
width.
by
provided
spaced
buckling
block.
stirrups
long
more
reinforcement
provide
found
crack
widely
the
surrounding
much
reinforcement
prevent
are
tests,
of
vertical
interlocking
single
be
can
large
with
the
stages
widths
small
using
bearing
to
stress
small
vertical
early
than
form
to
This
at
force
this
provided
stirrups.
vertical
<6>
be
can
horizontal
<5>
With
is
reinforcement
bearing
resisting
reinforcement.
restraint
of
diameter
smaller
tell
whether
effect
on
recommended
its
brittle
width
at
failure
the
that
least
of
100
block
the
<7>
Reinforcement
is
distance,
Wa/O.
shearing
<8>
<9>
the
off
The
cracking
with
Wa/O.
of
plain
In
general,
blocks
can
the
below
more
estimated
can
block
can
the
of
be
of
small
blocks
prevent
bearing
reinforced
estimated
using
cracking
edge
from
Eq.
by
the
bearing
of
reinforced
strength
4.1.
strength
strength
block
concrete
of
plain
concrete
concrete
blocks
by
10.47Wa/a1
fb/f
it
as
blocks
with
corners.
concrete
the
effective
5a1<3.5
5a1<3.5
and
be
reinforcement.
strength
the
CHAPTER
=j0.12Wa/a1
+ 0.55
+
1.16
2Wa/a1<3.5
(plain)
)
r 2W/a1>3.5
L 0.22Wa/a1
1.01
(reinft.
(4.4)
101
Stock
no.
fp He
8i
1.30
X of reductt, on
in strength
22 X
R1-H4
1.67
B2
7.45
14 X
R4-H4
8.41
B3
0.98
16 X
Ri-HI
1. i6
B4
5.72
ex
R4-Hi
Tobte 4.3
6.22
Pu /2
01/4
F!
z
2-
F2
zi-0.4a
z3 - 0.75a
02/2
02/4
Pu /2
Fi. g. 4.8
StructuraL
model of a concrete block
subjected to concentrated Load.
102
4.5
Consider
4.8a
and
to
subjected
its
at
the
across
bottom,
top
full
vertical
concrete
4.8b
shows
as
through
surface
b of
block
the
is
steel
width
block.
supported
its
along
plate,
concrete
in
shown
force
compressive
thickness
the
(axbxH)
block
concrete
plain
line
centre
SOLUTION
PROPOSED
fig.
CHAPTER
the
At
its
over
al
entire
surface.
Fig.
and
its
have
bearing
is
stresses
rather
is
there
tension
and
reasons
of
distributed
to
is
the
bearing
then
an
unstressed
distributions,
the
it
is
dependent
on
the
showing
figs.
A. 4-19,
the
are
width
of
the
it
to
below
the
is
top
according
is
the
of
by
observed
to
be
line.
As
bearing
at
For
linearly
in
compression
plate.
experimental
transverse
is
to
reasonable
of
described
the
of
block
region
assumed
the
of
of
bottom.
depth
line
the
the
is
enough
the
It
region
that
it
made
followed
splitting
noted
are
at
plate
they
simplicity,
all,
distribution
experiments.
zone
the
along
graphs
assumptions
below
4.2.2,
section
and
compression
the
splitting,
the
from
a1/4
of
during
made
immediately
zone
complex
observations
that
line
halves
there
splitting
distance
rigid
two
immediately
after
at
of
and
distribution
acting
the
Along
splitting.
to
Pu/2
First
thick
Therefore,
plate.
force
resultant
is
into
split
considered.
plate
stress
rectangular
steel
are
bearing
the
that
block
concrete
forces
internal
assumed
the
assume
According
stress
that
the
103
compression
zone
Below
surface.
and
this
figs.
the
on
A. 4-19,
occurs
at
where
this
tension
before
it
zone
below
the
loading
surface.
for
and
high
distribution
bottom
the
of
the
where
behaviour
This
Furthermore,
the
the
tensile
concrete
as
Fig.
distribution.
base
their
to
block
stress
by
4. Gb shows
The
the
resultant
are
the
be
is
splitting
the
forces
model
and
B3
was
RI-H1
for
in
to
the
and
B4,
R4-H1,
blocks
this
fail
at
released,
and
high
tensile
and
their
the
as
soon
strength
assumed
centres
is
model.
stress
of
as
of
test.
cylinder
proposed
rectangular
blocks
ignored
reaches
0.75a
distributed
blocks
assumed
assumed
asumed
base
small
considered
is
therefore
the
at
can
concrete
75
by
of
is
distance
counterparts
friction
the
estimated
is
rather
of
A. 4-11.
demonstrated
therefore,
and
maximum
figs.
the
at
that
H/a>O.
is
it
stress
stress
As
similar
suggests
negligible
base,
block.
was
blocks
at
position
tail
However,
of
stress
it
long
help
The
and
usually
compressive
compressive
friction
distinct
ends
higher
only
the
of
surface.
effectively
blocks,
along
uniformly
loading
zero.
the
tensile
maximum
is
stress
With
this
is
tension,
of
tensile
loaded
the
region
plate.
not
become
tension
moment,
is
there
finally
the
the
the
as
that
At
bearing
ends
zone
is
maximum
that
below
determine
to
the
assumed
a1
the
from
0.4ai
of
zone
of
of
is
depth
difficult
stress
position
width
it
depth
compression
the
similarly
dependent
at
ends
CHAPTER
action
104
have
been
calci
ilated
block
and
they
are
taking
= F2
+ F3
F`
= ft-
(ziz
FT
= ft-
(z3-z`)
F4
=0
Pu-(ate
/2
position
diagram
Although
many
[2z2.
al)/8
= 4[4z2-F2
a,,
root
)/2
body
free
the
considering
+2
F2
(z
researchers
large
the
of
concrete
zi
= O. 4a1
z2
z3
= O. 75a
z4
=H
of
the
resultant
in
fig.
4-8b
aal
(4.5)
force
FI
and
(z3-z1+2z2)F3]/3
(4.6)
z1+2z2)F3]/3Pu
+ ai
(6,7,32,49,76]
adopted
the
cube
been
has
to
demonstrated
of
values
= R1/3
4.3).
(fig.
be
bearing
capacity
footing
to
of
the
the
loading
should
be
related
size),
a2
for
a2<a.
to
conservative
appears
formula
concrete
for
especially
that
reduced
(4.8)
for
block.
ratio
area
the
(4.7)
= R1/2
appropriate
a more
be
It
fb/f
would
L-ss
formula
fb/f.
this
thickni
unit
F4
the
at
moments
on
follows:
as
F1
By
based
CHAPTER
a/a1
dimensions
the
estimation
The
ratio
in
and
(or
this
effective
the
of
R
the
is
case
block
Therefore,
fb/f'
(a2 /a1)
1/2
(4.9)
it
105
Eq. 4.9
Substituting
(fb/f
Pu
since
')
c
r3
the
to
For
at
ends
the
with
by
using
of
the
width
the
Eq.
2Wa,
bearing
the
that
the
the
can
also
in
used
with
amount
loaded
of
block
Therefore,
the
loaded
eccentrically
zone
blocks
similar
for
the
tension
distance.
edge
be
0.75,
for
concentrically
as
strength
has
side
bearing
of
than
Moreover,
edge
obtained.
less
ratio
(4.11)
=O
ratio
be
can
specimen.
twice
4.11
f'
the
assumption
near
to
4.11)
width
corresponding
equal
a=
(Eq.
to
the
the
as
confinement
on
of
loading,
eccentric
1+2z2)
(4.10)
+1
-ai
+ fb/f
-F J, /3a1
strength
height
based
bottom
1+2z2)
-F3]/3a12-fb
splitting
with
is
calculation
therefore,
equation
cylinder
-F31 /3Pu
fb/f,
(z J-z
-F2+8
cubic
blocks
r=
(z3-z
[16z2
-r-
solving
strength
[16z2'F2+8
(z, -z
1+2z2)
+S
-F`
let
and
estimation
concrete
blocks.
4.6
COMPARISON
PLAIN
4.6.1
All
the
WITH
CONCRETE
test
4.6,
into
[16z2
= ai"fb
r2
By
2=
CHAPTER
TEST
RESULT
BLOCKS
results
available
from
various
sources
106
E32,49,62,653
and
are
also
(65]
Niyogi
4.4
table
for
for
all
the
of
the
group
Fig.
4.1O-18
are
plotted
with
different
table
4.4
and
Hawkins's
27.5
internal
the
and
Meyerhof's
degs.
which
angle
in
recommendated
Jensen's
gain
the
an
overall
table.
In
the
is
literature
with
the
data
bearing
of
deviation
calculation
values
be
(6,7,36]
when
37
to
assumed
Hawkins
to
with
m is
of
assumed
are
experimental
standard
the
by
suggested
conjunction
which
and
cylinder
calculation
values
mean
formulae
friction,
on
ratio.
to
how
of
for
width
the
in
idea
an
calculation
bearing
calculated
each
is
to
read
the
deviation
from
line,
to
of
the
be
from
by
standard
those
4.5
comparison,
obtained
of
in
table
and
easy
height
can
(62],
(14).
degs.
The
as
calculated
is
with
model.
It
can
Heyerhof's
0.98
of
end
and
to
Muguruma
presented
obtained
ratios
diagonal
equal
at
the
to
as
Furthermore,
shown
same
They
the
be
would
the
experiment
so
about
strength.
be
4.5,
mean
with
formulae.
distributed
values
with
from
For
capacity
the
[62],
specimens
values
with
data
obtained
strength
bearing
Meyerhof
are
specimen.
corresponding
of
results
loaded
of
together
tabulated
each
are
values
to
experiment
The
loaded
eccentrically
ratios
are
all
by
method
proposed
(49],
Kriz
concentrically
the
of
given
method
136].
Jensen
and
light
(76],
Shelson
132],
the
the
with
compared
Hawkins
in
analysed
CHAPTER
for
be
equation
all
the
seen
can
specimens
from
give
fig.
a
with
4.10
fairly
height
and
good
to
table
value
width
4.4d
of
ratio
the
that
mean,
greater
107
than
but
with
large
is
height
same
H/a
standard
reasonable
for
to
Muguruma's
using
=2
tends
Meyerhof
to
block
fig.
4.10).
1.224
the
with
It
but
block
of
the
height
Hawkins
with
H/a>1
of
Meyerhof.
0.888
Meyerhof,
the
standard
specimens
with
H/a>1
the
mean
under-estimated.
for
all
With
and
0.158
specimens
Hawkins'
has
considered
the
of
concrete
the
decreasing
the
as
for
is
formula
especially
the
width.
comparison
for
mean
good
is
than
as
the
smaller
all
specimens.
good
the
with
results
those
with
all
specimens
0.98
much
the
for
block
less
in
H/a<0.33.
accurate
concrete
of
increased
blocks
short
not
the
is
strength
very
result
deviation
of
specimens
with
height
not
and
decrease
Although
is
4.4b
method
is
their
obvious
(table
the
and
his
of
better
gives
by
calculated
have
which
specimens
blocks
becomes
capacity
for
strength
respectively.
Meyerhof
bearing
with
With
formula
bearing
of
estimation
has
specimens
high
all
the
trend.
fact,
except
Meyerhof's
Generally,
with
in
the
of
for
bearing
wrong
but
it
width
0.406.
strength
blocks
decreasing
the
instance,
data
its
mean
of
the
bearing
height
overall
on
with
phenomenon
than
the
specimens
strength
This
deviation
gives
calculation
with
less
height
of
effect
height
an
standard
and
ones.
However,
of
for
line
0.24.
Niyogi's
the
diagonal
of
for
0.08
and
and
lower
has
group
4.4),
over-estimate
for
under-estimate
for
each
0.04
only
of
the
around
deviation
(table
ratio
width
deviation
standard
scattered
of
value
deviation
rather
are
values
CHAPTER
by
given
for
0.101
at
Moreover,
only
are
5.4%
similar
108
to
those
obtained
trend
of
increasing
ratio
decreases.
bearing
bearing
to
due
the
the
the
decreasing
in
improvement
an
there
is
of
with
an
0.242,
(fig.
four
there
is
is
result
formula
empirical
207.
of
for
all
specimens.
for
under-estimation
His
Shelson's
with
of
0.387
the
gives
formula;
and
0.325
and
it
for
all
borne
the
gives
deviation
standard
the
on
if
has
best
only
a
graph
blocks
slightly
smaller
deviation
of
safest
estimate
which
even
has
the
in
empirical
scatter
specimens
is
result
of
It
developed
formula
and
an
be
should
somewhat
the
is
strength
Shelson
improved
0.958
splitting
over-estimation.
Niyogi
obvious
considered:
of
of
1.005
of:
the
height
estimation.
it
formulae,
mean
mean
over
deviation
these
are
over-estimating
percentage
its
to
in
bearing
but
and
probably
represents
Meyerhof's
estimation,
to
area
equation
with
Muguruma
is
reduction
the
in
test
cross-sectional
of
certain
overall
The
H/a>1
Kriz's
of
although
4.12).
with
those
Amongst
the
(mean
of
width
decrease
increased
weakening
Hawkins
comparison
Kriz,
formulae.
the
estimation
means
Shelson,
result
as
in
acceptable
that
mind
specimen
the
blocks
concrete
in
height.
with
has
Further
result
to
This
0.81).
height
data
which
decreases.
may
of
to
equal
is
there
sudden
Niyogi's
with
force,
height
specimens
strength
recorded
strength
the
H/a<0.33
with
restraining
as
maximum
is
is
strength
calculated
of
However,
the
as
under-estimation
that
in
formula,
Meyerhof's
from
CHAPTER
H/a>1
with
scattered
more
an
overall
specimens
0.208.
has
257.
and
than
standard
with
H/a>1.
CHAPTER
109
the
considers
effect
(mean
H/a<1,
with
specimens
becomes
is
the
for
particularly
Niyogi's
with
0.244.
of
the
mean
The
mean
those
becomes
the
good
blocks
Shelson
gives
including
those
even
estimator
upper
bound
Jensen's
In
of
but
a
are
0.329.
estimation
H/a>1
with
H/a<1,
at,
it
cannot
reasonably
specimens
bearing
model
with
good
used
blocks
specimens,
the
deviation
Muguruma's
for
of
blocks
all
is
it
concrete
with
for
and
is
formula
capacity
formula
H/a<1
all
but
estimate
Kriz's
standard
deviation,
standard
bearing
with
can
H/a<1.
specimens
the
be
safest
used
capacity.
is
based
on
and
the
concrete
when
general,
be
mean
large
for
considered
the
overall
over-estimates
0.946
good
H/a<1.
with
for
which
at,
specimens
respectively.
block
with
equation
the
The
0.368
4.4b),
his
all
for
capacity
(table
that
over-estimates
and
bearing
0.33
nearly
one
improved
with
worse
for
is
estimate
shows
concrete
H/a>1.
reasonable
H/a<1.
and
results
with
of
the
of
specimens
4.14
of
which
for
H/a
another
0.889
good
with
with
seriously
1,
including
an
is
reasonably
estimation
strength
0.751
capacity
gives
Fig.
formula
He
H/a?
block
are
capacity
deviation.
specimens
deviation
bearing
his
acceptable.
not
over-estimates
standard
to
and
for
negative,
which
0.121),
fails
formula
his
However,
bearing
the
gives
=
formula
empirical
on
This
deviation
0.915,
only
height
of
blocks.
concrete
the
is
formula
Muguruma's
the
equilibrium
of
internal
as
CHAPTER
110
blocks
H/a>1
with
(mean
less
formula
his
mean
standard
is
plots
the
in
the
tests
to
0.5%
and
The
to
values
number
beside
each
the
If
(test)
to
come
in
from
b=0.657
(cal
to
The
overall
represents
of
0.098
are
also
mean
decrease
and
in
bearing
of
the
is
H/a
capacity
proposed
model
to
height
the
number
This
shows
that
as
H/a
symbol
following
the
all
Moreover,
corresponding
of
the
decreases.
equation:
1.15H/a+
0.9
(4.12)
.)
bearing
three
the
H/a<1
by
exponentially
leads
with
ratio
group.
relevant
which
the
obtained
its
analysis
increase
the
of
mean
overall
for
deviation
with
In
respectively.
respectively.
increase
against
in
fb
good.
specimen
an
with
small
has
H/a<1.
with
1.005,
0.181
and
increases
Regression
so
he
the
results
specimens
data
of
group
under-estimate
believed
of
1.072
4.9
involved
The
mean
not
seems
ratio.
blocks
that
all
0.374
and
excellent
if
Fig.
each
width
only
are
under-estimate
obtained
for
has
result
deviation
ratio.
gives
of
results
0.884
deviation
shows
those
all
However,
the
considered,
the
strength
are
it
of
4.17).
standard
the
concrete
standard
4.16
scattered
model
H/a>1;
with
fig.
Fig.
deviation
under-estimate
(see
0.205).
gives
proposed
specimens
large
the
of
strength
under-estimated
and
general,
The
with
he
calculation,
of
method
bearing
over-estimated
H/a>1
and
and
deviation
0.643,
or
with
an
the
over-estimates
seriously
more
work.
external
and
energy
his
With
strength
sources:
for
shorter
blocks
is
CHAPTER
111
<1>
<2>
As
the
is
disturbed
zero
at
the
bottom
will
increase
the
The
vertical
will
not
be
or
distributed
linearly.
base
of
the
been
It
vertical
block,
increase
the
in
the
base
block.
the
to
stress
at
force
restraining
becomes
blocks
strength
dominant
the
of
stresses.
compressive
bearing
block
change
of
horizontal
high
forces
of
will
be
not
will
concrete
distribution
of
ignored
the
at
zone
restraining
the
of
trapezoidal
even
stress
These
strength
stress
the
will
block.
tension
the
of
end
tensile
compressive
rearrangement
this
the
bearing
the
had
transverse
of
With
which
the
shorter,
the
and
triangular
<3>
become
blocks
and
concrete
block.
The
the
solving
complexity
stress
the
restraining
of
analyse
systemtically.
improved
the
by
bearing
result
will
This
deviation
means
be
modified
of
standard
and
Moreover,
deviation
tension
it
the
Eq. 4.12.
Using
from
is
by
the
to
the
variable
to
difficult
quite
this
the
due
and
proposed
by
blocks
shorter
zone
However,
can
model
still
to
equation
proposed
modify
model,
the
considerably.
proposed
0.984
respectively.
the
calculated
improved
for
However,
force,
of
capacity
improved
problems.
in
of
source
be
three
above
be
can
model
proposed
model,
0.085
it
1.072
gives
for
all
the
improves
to
a mean
the
1.010
and
specimens
overall
and
4.191
standard
with
mean
to
H/a>1
and
0.137
112
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114
S. i
V
465
4.
C
L
p
3' 5
"a
0x
0f
5VAOO
0A+p
Of+
!Yf
y Dee
xo
oa
W
1. s/O
rox
O
t.
w.
P1.41
lats".
"
"
Mir"lle
x v
does
N5ir..
"o b. e
0.3
1.0
1.5
2.0
F ig.
4.1
0.
Expt.
LO
33
1.0
b.
wr.. dwe
4.3
5.0
beer
ve
ca Lou Let ed
'a
(Meyer-hof
formu
La)
I ng
strength.
izo
0
M
a
L
t'
V
"
L
v
t7
C
0.5
1.0
1.3
2.0
2.5
F19.4.1
1.
Expt.
&0
i ng
ei rwngt
55
h red
ca Lcu let ed
ve
formula)
(Hawkins'
4.0
4.5
5.0
bear
I ng
at rangt
h.
I1I
1.0
1. S
2.0
C. Loul.
FIg.
4.1
2.
Expt.
2.5
tod
b. wrtng
30
otr.
bS
ngsh
4.0
4.3
10
rssto
boor
ve
ca lcu Lat ed
(She Leon 'a
formu
La)
t ng
et rongt
h.
I ',Lz
ds
1.0
1.5
10
CatouLas.
Ftg.
4.13.
Expt
2.5
d b. wtna
30
3S
. trorVsh
lcu lat
ca
va
.
(Kr iz 'a
formu
4.0
4.5
so
res to
ed
la)
bearing
at rongt
h.
ILS
1.0
1.5
2.0
C. Loulot od
F19.4.1
4.
Expt.
25
bow-Ing
lcu
vs
ca
(Mugurums
's
LO
strength
33
rot
4.0
4.5
%0
to
Lat ed
bearing
formu
La)
st rangt
h.
c114
0
c
r
U!
0.3
1.0
1.5
10
C. Lou l. t.
FIS.
4.1
S.
Expt.
33
2.5
d b..
ve
(N I yog
-1 ng
.0
at r. ngs h rOt
Lcu
Lat
ed
ca
formula)
I 's
4.0
4.3
5.0
10
bearing
strength.
1
-5
4L9
Ftg.
4.1
1.0
6.
1.5
Expt.
2.0
2.5
C. Leu L. o. d
b. w
6o
9ng
.sr.
as
ng
4.0
4.3
so
r-. s to
beer
ve
cs Lcu let ed
's
(Jansen
mods L)
t ng
at rngt
h.
%2b
1.0
1.3
10
is
L0
Fiq.
4.17.
Expt.
as
4.0
4.5
5.0
hr -as c
ce lcu let ed
vs
(Proposed
model)
bearing
strength.
1z7
so
--1
V
+
4. 1+
0
p
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5,
aCi
i
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OOX
Z s
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+o
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.
Oea
epe
oa
al
pe
1. D.
0.5.
0.5
1.0
1.3
2.0
C. Lou Let .d
Fig.
4.1
8.
Expt.
(Modified
vs
Zs
bow
cs
o
Ing
proposed
w. 41
"
Ti
tt
"
"
v mil"mame'sAMID
&5
atr.
lcu
W0>1
lst
ngsh
sd
res
4.0
Krrs'"
M.
utrml Is does
wn..
n 4..
4.5
5.0
to
bearing
modal)
strength.
CHAPTER
128
Fig.
respectively.
in
factor
Eq.
4.18
4.12,
shows
most
the
of
after
data
by
multiplication
are
congested
around
the
estimation
of
the
the
line.
diagonal
Furthermore,
table
(test/cal.
capacity
the
that
the
that
the
bearing
capacity
of
REINFORCED
4.6.2
Table
sound
standard
compared
is
with
concluded
estimation
of
method
shows
for
and
mean
it
both
It
all
results
when
of
concentric
under
and
C49]
result
tested
with
the
and
Al-Nijjam
C63]
formula.
Al-Nijjam
have
They
of
the
strength
to
the
theory
and
itself,
have
calculated
the
reinforced
it
is
by
possibly
around
standard
However,
due
both
capacity
277.
of
and
deviations
7%
of
over-estimation
block
to
using
that
seems
bearing
concrete
reinforced
values
It
similar
respectively.
the
all
the
blocks
both
0.129
of
of
over-estimated
concrete
respectively.
0.130
BLOCKS
the
reinforced
around
blocks
CONCRETE
blocks
and
the
best
Therefore,
concrete
tabulates
4.6
concrete
Kriz
good
the
for
loading.
eccentric
Kriz's
produces
respectively
is
model
and
C30,49].
has
bearing
models
available
formulae.
other
proposed
It
0.140
and
from
estimations
that
blocks.
0.945
of
also
model
loaded
deviation
formulae
specimens
proposed
eccentrically
different
with
loaded
eccentric
tabulates
4.5
the
may
not
ineffectiveness
be
due
1'29
Na
Spec.
Kr. z
ft
r
e
(NIan 1 IN/nn )
Ast
tb/to
Eq.2.54
L-Ntjjan
GA8Ycot
tb/to
C88YCoL
cesyco,,
tb/to
no.
(on.)
(ma.)
R1/i
Ri/2
180
180
226
628
45.3
46.6
3.37
3.63
1.80
2.28
0.72
1.59
0.82
1.22
1.07
0.55
1.89
0.66
1.14
1.10
R2/i
180
402
46.0
3.70
2.04
0.65
1.61
0.83
1.21
1.10
R2/2
180
402
46.0
3.70
2.04
0.62
1.44
0.88
1.21
1.04
R3/i
R3/2
180
622
43.4
603
0.74
0.63
1.77
1.76
1.45
1.21
180
402
2.02
0.70
0.83
0.88
1.21
1.21
R4/i
43.4
47.0
2.35
2.33
0.99
180
3.50
3.50
3.45_
1.19
1.19
R4/2
180
402
47.0
3.45
2.02
0.68
1.61
0.86
1.19
1.16
R5/i
180
301
45.9
3.77
1.90
0.73
1.47
0.95
1.21
1.15
R5/2
180
301
R6/i
301
3.77
3.29
1.90
1.84
0.72
0.72
1.39
1.50
0.99
0.88
1.21
1.08
1.13
1.22
R6/2
130
80
45.9
39.5
301
39.5
3.29
1.56
0.83
1.50
0.87
0.97
1.34
R7/i
R7/2
280
230
301
45.3
2.22
0.73
1.47
1.11
1.48
1.10
301
45.3
3.36 3.36
2.08
0.75
1.47
1.06
1.33
1.17
R8/i
180
3.29
1.02
1.15
1.14
1.03
1.27
0.99
R8/2
330
301
463
463
3.29
2.32
0.75
1.47
i. 18
1.60
1.07
mean
standard
devi. att. on
-1.61
0.729
0.926
0.130
0.129
Table 4.6
I\
O 40
L
C
m
I
ii 30
1
I
cc
,
.
cI'I'11
ip
m
11I11II111I1
IIIIIIIIIII111
i
1
(NI
cu
+I
.
..
..
1,
1
i
NI
,
Ft.g. 4.19
/I
II1IIIII1
II111
I
I\
11I1IIIiIIII1
II,
II
1II,
IIII
cvl
I
2.
NI
cil
I
.,
vl
cul
QI
I
..
NI
I
..
t1
NI
1
. +I
nl
cvl
NI
ml
NI
m1
for various
130
of
forms
some
formula
which
test
to
On
consisered
to
this
it
stage
reinforced
Table
used
4.6
tabulates
also
The
indication
ratio
bearing
the
found
extra-ordinary
increase
in
Fig.
gives
4.19
reinforcement
investigation.
as
if
to
strength
are
the
is
the
plot
of
for
thy?
all
This
form
which
presence
percentage
the
specimens
for
plain
of
can
bearing
give
an
reinforcement,
of
to
by
concrete
values
of
R3/1,
Al-Nijjam
estimated
were
10
at
calculation
of
table.
presence
is
which
or
capacity
mostly
block
with
Kriz's
each
good
bearing
R1/2,
calculated
of
Therefore,
they
the
on
to
one
bearing
test
there
due
block
means
the
effectiveness
that
strength
most
the
of
tabulsted
also
of
is
model
is
calculated
whether
as
with
which
reinforcement.
generally
blocks.
to
for
obtained
concluded
concrete
is
capacity
it
be
cannot
0.99
test
ineffective
proposed
.
and
is
0.66
have
modified
blocks.
hand,
block
of
reinforcement,
of
A1-Nijjam's
strength
effective
capacity
other
of
be
can
model
with
the
ratio
capacity
have
bearing
calculated
result.
to
said
bearing
the
estimates
be
may
instance,
For
reinforcement.
successfully
R3/1
the
of
CHAPTER
20%
increases
The
reinforcement.
has
more
of
reinforcement.
increase
in
in
in
than
the
strength
present
457.
131
LITERATURE
REVIEW
CONCRETE
5.1
DEEP
as
used
OF REINFORCED
STRENGTH
BEAMS
is
depth
a
to
as
of
the
deep
beam
for
account
and
the
deep
different
beam
They
previous
research
stresses
the
beam
deep
not
is
carried
need
beam
understand
the
stresses
whose
stresses
theory
induced
by
does
by
the
not
applied
deformations.
from
to
are
predicted
significantly
out
and
The
stresses
shearing
derived
is
on
basis
the
than
greater
beams.
simple
a
The
of
As
ultimate
behaviour
ultimate
beams.
of
a
new
techniques
results.
normal
deep
investigation
various
simple
expresions
of
is
because
often
beams
as
span.
as
from
are
works
defined
be
can
magnitude
for
panels
engineering
radically
is
concrete
civil
of
nor
of
there
The
beams.
vertical
design
strength
in
order
supports
increasingly
strength,
members
differ
using
predicted
reinforced
theory
strength
shear
span
same
beam
deep
ordinary
loads
short
structural
referred
and
SHEAR
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays,
in
ON THE
CHAPTER
investigation
on
deep
this
chapter,
beams
ultimate
Different
subject.
of
In
and
is
researchers
and
an
presented.
strength
have
overall
arrived
review
of
have
at
of
CHAPTER
132
5.2
SOLUTION
ELASTIC
Dischinger
the
[22,1932]
by
represented
to
later
investigation
of
conditions
and
principle
of
the
vertical
the
differential
and
presented
direct
single
span
deep
beam
by
another
span
deep
that
from
His
He
can
presence
photoelastic
a
simply
of
that
of
trajectories
give
web
some
beams
openings.
analysis
supported
for
to
deep
In
accurate
Uhlman
number
[80,1952]
a
single
equations
and
loading
of
for
discussion
1954,
the
of
Caswell
investigate
beams.
for
approximations
guidelines
with
solved
form
differential
successive
the
In
at
differences
investigate
to
governing
of
He
produce
beam.
period
the
solved
deep
concrete
the
not
the
left
tubular
and
could
boundary
stress
finite
of
the
by
function.
graphical
of
the
function
normal
method
Chow
two
of
of
one
stress
the
in
method
stress
solution
reinforced
by
cross-sections
beam.
the
computed
first
However,
researcher
the
elimate
the
results
Richardson's
using
to
work
the
superimposing
stress
another
Portland
the
function
but
all
were
undertook
stress
satisfied
constructed
design.
all
the
used
equation
at
was
in
118]
stress
results
by
pamphlet
Chow
virtual
in
a
1951,
then
the
His
condition.
in
constructed
In
beam
edges
use
results
boundary
He
deep
he
loading
periodic
with
[72].
functions.
continuous
of
beams
into
looking
researcher
and
graphically
Association
stress
deep
series
the
satisfy
published
Cement
the
in
Fourier
first
the
was
distribution
stress
function
stress
comparing
the
[16]
cases.
design
of
effect
of
made
use
distribution
the
fringe
133
'patterns
a
from
close
loading
was
small
deep
the
gradual
of
beams
agreed
beams
with
2.0
deep
ratio
beams
the
used
design
of
purpose
in
method
but
equation
of
with
that
He
discovered
the
mid-span
but
Hendry
[74,75]
and
load
central
large
used
They
summarized
and
made
direction
use
finer
much
or
tensile
the
of
face
the
simply
load.
gravitational
to
the
virtual
the
principal
work
to
the
simulate
in
results
In
figures
present
In
of
deep
beams
the
latter
method
at
not
1961,
Saad
of
series
with
either
case,
they
loading.
gravitational
Holmes
stress.
Chow.
occurred
showing
the
also
than
support.
supported
for
differential
grid
results
and
[25,1960]
stress
the
deep
1.5
form
the
solve
and
on
to
Geer
to
greatest
centrifuge
[3].
their
correction
tabular
computational
reported
on
cases
equal
in
paper
differences
near
of
of
later
finite
the
tests
photoelastic
the
but
with
ratios
of
Archer
loading
these
presented
Chow,
1 together
span/depth
solution
Later,
eight
stress
of
deep
very
Their
results
to
equal
with
They
respectively.
of
flexure
in
state
agreement.
solutions
span/depth
for
factors
good
linear
work.
the
on
recognized
constructed
virtual
with
in
not
the
summerized
of
well
were
stresses
Kitchen
means
He
1957.
stress
simple
experiments
simple
[4,1956]
to
subjected
in
steel
the
Kitchen
by
stress
shear
and
estimates,
performed
non-linear
and
directly
beams
[37,38]
from
highly
theoretical
with
deep
aluminium
departure
Archer
bending
Kaar
of
to
function
in
stress
obtained.
relationship
beam.
analysis
photoelastic
estimate
CHAPTER
the
and
in
magnitude
Mason
solving
[34]
the
134
problems
of
single
shearing
forces
loading
condition
the
around
does
for
generated
general
displacements
series
and
results
of
a
stress
Fourier
technique
uniform
loading
distribution
for
those
Barry
at
boundary
conditions
were
pure
(1)
differences
and
of
lost
functions
pure
Fourier
(3)
finite
in
analysis
beams
power
multiple
beams
to
maps
have
all
stress
of
regions
the
within
Method
5.1
finite
with
elastic
by
three
of
However,
fig.
They
fields.
stress
replaced
under
the
of
apearance
mentioned
theory.
the
order
(2)
his
spans
beam
in
(FEM),
of
three
edge.
the
the
bottom
technique.
been
deep
or
technique,
have
E11]
of
with
deep
fall
above
Bhatt
condition
applied
the
compression
the
element
elementary
illustrated
series
and
by
Contour
Photoelastic
value
beams
edge
analyses
computer,
some
of
stress
elastic
categories:
invention
top
be
However,
deep
EiO]
the
might
comprised
supported
either
and
and
Previous
simply
safisfied.
presented
tension
the
functions.
Ainso
as
much
magnitudes
solution
obtained
and
to
three
superimposed
method
hyperbolic
(1983),
Recently,
His
from
1973,
The
this
pressure
continuous
imposing
of
from
as
In
solving
by
support.
series
little
differed
have
the
at
by
theory
supports.
determined
were
Since,
differ
not
parabolic
bearing
high
a
did
for
procedure
edges.
proportions.
indeterminate
reactions
of
create
deep
of
vertical
beam
by
supported
results
shallow
beams
statically
field
not
their
by
beam
the
at
supports,
expected
in
applied
obtained
results
deep
span
CHAPTER
the
analyses
the
powerful
shows
the
135
4r*
T
1
in
O
a.
vL
y
C
CD
L
0
'4-
Ne
to
to
.4
0
C
.o
C
O
a.
.D
L
to
'O
N!
(0
w
L
a.)
U,
v
1
U,
DD
LL.
13(0
I
CL
.C1
a.
3
to
E
O
L
O
4to
to
O
C
O
x
W
LL
.a
C
0
y
7
Z
CL
L
y
Co
'O
to
(A
w
L
U,
N
0,
lt.
CHAPTER
137
horizontal
supported
beam
by
It
FEM.
with
Fig.
decreases.
the
to
equal
principal
vertical
together
tension
and
The
implies
prime
importance
in
stress
distributions
the
of
onset
of
failure
which
extensive
concrete
deep
are
summarized
Paiva
and
investigating
the
(span/depth
beams.
ratios
The
important
in
have
main
for
in
the
this
[69,1965]
shear
strength
2 to
variables
been
longer
of
beams
light
on
For
carried
decades.
of
to
up
the
modes
the
above
on
reinforced
Some
of
these
section.
Siess
from
deep
no
most
information
design.
two
past
no
gives
sheds
BEAMS
into
is
analysis
it
DEEP
analysis
concrete
also
the
of
5.2b).
CONCRETE
only
reinforced
and
are
It
ratio
span/depth
(fig.
state
elastic
experiments
beams
limit
at
contours
stress
OF REINFORCED
design.
cracking
stresses
of
in
reasons,
tests
compression
it
analysis;
distribution
with
the
with
that
FEM
of
5.2)
ratio
span/depth
stress
(fig.
introduction
codes
national
beam
ANALYSIS
gradual
result
horizontal
along
one,
the
the
analysis
dirtribution
stress
as
simply
4.0,
to
0.5
the
theory
also
and
EXPERIMENTAL
5.3
beam
is
5.2
sections
various
how
of
centre
from
ratio
clearly
elementary
the
at
span/depth
illustrates
from
deviates
gives
distributions
stress
were
and
6)
deep
involved
early
behaviour
reinforced
in
the
researchers
of
moderately
deep
concrete
study
were
the
CHAPTER
138
amount
of
to
span
depth
supported
to
and
main
span
to
give
at
load
at
the
constant
points
types
of
The
of
presence
load
for
the
smaller
this
deep
supported
(x/d)
the
at
beams
square
and
1600
mm,
leaving
beams
strip
from
up
the
tests
From
loaded
that
are
thick.
of
mm.
tensile
in
shown
600
ratios.
the
cracking
to
span
However,
for
increase
in
x/d
shear
tended
tests
All
was
mm from
stresses
0.9.
to
increased
the
in
was
tested
were
dimensions
In
one
by
bottom.
the
were
length
specimens
5.4.
simply
They
bearing
load;
fig.
five
of
of
The
top
area
concrete
load.
ratio
1440
of
results
reinforcement
span/depth
of
the
of
shear
3.
the
mm
on
with
reported
bearing
height
effect
plate
was
the
such
dimensions
large
a
Web
distributed
the
a
is
ultimate
100
details
to
it
than
load.
with
span
uniformly
(WT4),
and
beam
greater
cracking
mm
reinforcement
mm long
no
there
value,
1600
under
of
[53,54,19667
Leonhardt
bearing
used.
had
capacity
deflection
the
reduce
The
the
178
and
in
varied
area.
indicates
reinforcement
ratio
beyond
capacity
5.3
reinforcement
shear
than
were
4,3
of
ratios
and
from
in
that
the
concluded
an increase
but increasesthe
failing in flexure
shear strength
beam
low
particularly
at
span/depth
web
depth
effective
101
were
mm long
varied
was
beams
the
of
Fig.
they
tests,
the
has no effect on the beam
the
of
strength
n
depth
cross-sectional
points.
and
The
711
the
and
strength
were
span/depth
reactions
and
third
specimens
widths
beams
mm.
effective
The
concrete
the
610
of
three
mm with
respectively.
way
All
ratios.
on
330
reinforcement,
web
It
main
and
of
these
transverse
was
reinforcement
found
133
-1 iui
t--w
178 t
330
i78 t
330
610 --
lUl
t-
rTrr
'1ITrr1
11111
IIIII
iiltI
11111
JIILL
__J11LL
6t O ---+
178
33C
1
178
33C
i7
F..g. 5.3.
FIG. 5.4.
610
rf----
610
(1966).
CHAPTER
140
do
decrease
not
beams
but
remains
the
constant
almost
anchorage
provide
that
suggested
main
bars
from
weakening
the
reduced
fracture
deep
rectangular
span
of
mild
steel
Details
686
mm
under
concentrated
height
received
1968,
dimensions
fig.
5.5.
Different
in
their
investigation.
26
have
specimens
381
to
and
of
of
to
2.
and
two
constant
Plain
mm.
beams.
all
the
beams
failure
shear
They
in
reinforcement
span
1
762
reinforcement
modes
rods
single
point
as
up
"Ramakrishnan
single
used
were
Diagonal
and
tension
failure
fracture.
sudden
For
occurs
along
a line
loading
point.
For
is
along
nearest
a
third
as
classified
line
span
concentrated
joining
uniformly
joining
point.
by
characterized
the
support
distributed
either
support
a clean
loads,
and
are
were
follows;
ti)
up
hand,
bent
of
from
bent
other
ratios
All
and
the
span/depth
(at
the
compressive
on
varied
were
that
stressed
On
in
used
experiments
loads.
bars
the
of
reported
having
and
round
in
beams
be
through
In
to
order
Leonhardt
should
reinforcement
presented
distributed
and
points)
shown
tested
were
loops
purpose.
load.
(73]
Ananthanarayana
They
main
In
reinforcement,
He
no
slender
ordinary
supports.
mainly
serve
the
of
the
supports.
reinforcement
main
therefore
and
stresses
to
hook
the
in
as
main
horizontal
at
the
support
the
of
long
reinforcement
the
towards
it
the
loads,
it
with
the
CHAPTER
141
(2)
Diagonal
compression
formation
of
nearly
along
The
points.
first
one
beam
was
the
beam
Kong
in
reinforcement
types
of
the
web
from
span.
1972,
and
the
to
The
bearing
and-
length
the
of
the
of
by
zone
major
Kong
of
both
the
of
tests
et
on
the
in
mm,
normal
forms
of
loads
web
5.6.
762
mm
ratios
at
or
web
The
beams.
fig.
span/depth
support
with
presented
deep
concrete
point
reinforced
different
of
915
beam.
[29,44]
al
shown
the
tension
different
with
with
two
before
experiments
are
tested
steel
diagonal
out
length,
with
tensile
but
collapse
weight
overall
loaded
the
effectiveness
used
were
compression
the
and
normal
an
the
included
reinforcement
They
width.
mm
45
had
specimens
caused
on
to
portion
suddenly
This
study
experimental
the
yielded
carried
1970
Failure
Although
concrete
In
parallel
crack.
and
beams.
reinforcement.
of
flexure,
lightweight
and
weight
in
load
and
characterized
zone
considerably
139-47]
al
et
deep
concrete
had
developed
cracks.
inclined
developed
cracks
support
support.
fracture
fail
could
the
of
two
failure
beam
the
the
compression
the
of
one,
formed
the
with
first
destruction
these
the
is
to
closer
vertical
top
The
one
involved
joining
second
of
the
of
76
line
Flexure-shear
(4)
an
the
between
clear
at
cracks.
by
Splitting
the
two
but
concrete
(3)
failure
Each
of
and
span
varying
their
third
loading
point
1412
381
to
762
381
to
762
813
11
T
381
to
762
381
to
762
Rg. 5.5
76.2
T
254
to
762
Sen. es 4
Seri. es 2
Seri. es 3
Seri. es 5
Sert. es 6
C------
C------
Sert. es 7
Ftg. 5.6
Seri. es S&0
(1968).
CHAPTER
143
76
was
Anchorage
mm.
blocks
steel
(L/H)
depth
and
Xc/H
bottom
the
of
than
the
strength
inclined
web
near
the
(>3)
was
more
preferable
the
beams.
may
in
best
could
also
However,
they
and
reinforcement
L/H
L/H
was
the
of
low
higher
deflection,
and
the
for
reinforcement
widths
ultimate
that
out
reinforcement
web
crack
while
effective
web
Inclined
controlling
in
was
reinforcement
web
on
For
ratios.
the
that
dependent
(Xc/H)
depth
found
was
were
widths
horizontal
vertical
others.
pointed
span
to
specimen
(>0.7)
increase
crack
only
ratios,
Xc /H
and
clear
and
It
beams.
the
by
provided
was
reinforcement
main
of
ends
deflection
strength,
and
of
the
at
the
be
uneconomical
construction.
Fong
Robins
and
lightweight
concrete
[39,44]
They
most
widths
was
beams
deep
beams
to
with
deep
form
effective
and
found
were
in
that
the
not
that
of
deflection
tests
with
dimensions
with
normal
bars
were
inclined
used
as
web
higher
produced
formulae
for
normal
and
for
for
types
reinforcement.
weight
normal
the
was
crack
controlling
strength
of
concrete
weight
weight
for
suitable
necessarily
supported
reinforcement
in
reinforcement
and
simply
on
conclusions
similar
beams
those
deformed
except
arrived
concrete
reported
similar
reinforcement
beams
(42]
as
It
well.
deep
concrete
lightweight
concrete
beams.
Further
has
been
investigation
carried
out
on
by
Kong
lightweight
and
Singh
concrete.
(47].
deep
Results
beams
were
144
for
obtained
508
but
mm,
with
L/H
varying
ratios
as
types
in
fig.
Inclined
web
reinforcement
Xe/H
the
ratio,
horizontal
but
amounts
crack
all
ranges
next
higher
the
estimate
but
de
ultimate
Paiva
not
the
was
X /H
c
the
the
of
io
ratio
beams.
form
effective
of
For
tested.
the
bottom
web
vertical
formula
low
was
the
of
beam
reinforcement.
be
could
lightweight
for
as
were
reinforcement
Siess's
accurate
to
0.23
reinforcement
rat
to
of
tested
from
that
weight
to
used
deep
concrete
normal
depth,
were
ratios
load
Xc/H
strength
so
They
most
close
and
mm.
effective
it
ratios
ultimate
was
and
placed
Xc/H
The
Generally,
reported
most
constant
web
was
of
with
Xc/H
and
of
was
reinforcement
for
beams,
and
reinforcement
for
1 to
It
1524
to
from
the
beams
508
5.7.
affected
critically
from
span
ranged
shown
deep
rectangular
Different
0.7.
used
45
CHAPTER
concrete
beams.
Reinforced
loadings
were
heights
of
76
508
and
They
diagonal
(Xc/H
web
controlling
strength
the
762
mm
beam.
Kong
and
was
reducing
de
et
Paiva
[48].
al
mm span
and
3
It
clear
was
the
still
deflection
and
had
Siess
repeated
All
the
two
different
3
were
ratios
with
0.55).
to
subjected
(span/depth
loaded
reinforcement
width,
beams
1524
were
0.25,0.4
crack
of
by
mm thickness,
respectively).
ratios
tested
also
were
tested
deep
concrete
shear
found
most
and
design
beams
and
span/depth
that
inclined
effective
increase
formula
in
shear
was
05
{ f-76.2
T
I
50.8
50 to 152 -. -i
Series
iB
Serves iC
Sert. es IA
Series
2A
Sert. es 2B
Series 2C
Sert, es 4A
Sert. es 4B
Serves 4C
Sen. es 5A
Series
Serves 5C
Series
5B
6A
Ft.g. 5.7
CHAPTER
146
more
for
accurate
load
Repeated
of
number
(within
had
the
Amongst
Splitting
(2)
Crushing
(3)
Penetration
zone
from
resulting
block
bearing
of
which
the
reported
no
due
failure
to
of
exception
by
clear
reinforcement
reinforcement
the
of
conclusion
span/depth
were
was
of
had
vertical
stiffening
suitable
load
ribs,
to
Kong
et
al
with
prevent
with
the
of
them
most
he
However,
147]
and
while
beams
fact,
supports;
horizontal
effective
to
ribs
stiffened
the
were
Amongst
reinforcement.
with
above
others
horizontal,
In
for
supported
the
supports.
ratios,
more
reduced
at
simple
the
similar
the
reinforcement;
web
concrete
beam
the
of
and
inclined
specimens
concrete
in
24
of
and
at
the
concrete
reinforcement,
forms
bearing
crushing
a
arrived
cracks.
mode).
tests
web
different
beams,
tested
the
crack.
diagonal
concrete
of
failure
(63]
orthogonal
vertical,
Crushing
crushing
had
the
follows
as
failure
and
four
diagonal
into
crack
of
are
two
plate
crushing
139-47]
Kong
by
between
bearing
and
shear
ultimate
They
two
diagonal
(4)
with
reinforced
small
(true
Al-Najjim
failed
near
zone.
compression
the
load
of
the
by
reported.
concrete
level
beams.
tested
into
history.
loading
on
deep
beams
beam
of
by
mean
effect
were
the
of
compression
deep
the
of
range,
overall
failure
of
repeated
concrete
the
all
(1)
no
with
tested
reinforced
modes
principal
beams,
the
cycles)
of
strength
beams
deep
in
diagonal
vertical
larger
that
for
web
web
clear
CHAPTER
147
span/depth
ratios.
Smith
with
the
of
beams
had
from
0.23
forms
of
to
that
concrete
in
inclined
crack
the
with
It
beam.
at
was
also
reinforcement
increased
deep
an
beams
exceptionally
Besser
(12,13]
concrete
corresponding
panels
to
zone
that
the
effectiveness
the
influence
at
carried
depth
span/depth
the
low
clear
tests
out
from
ranging
ratios
from
the
0.25
of
to
web
strength
strength
of
ratios.
deep
720
the
vertical
span/depth
could
horizontal
shear
on
and
load
Concrete
shear
the
of
Xc/H
of
ultimate
of
cracks
ultimate
decreased.
was
inclined
the
ratio
of
It
head
smaller
reduce
The
crushing
the
the
the
ranging
by
along
has
in
having
them
5.9.
fig.
at
concrete
Xc/H
Five
of
caused
and
parts
with
was
and
span/depth
respectively.
in
Increasing
as
important
beams
reinforcement
found
reinforcement
shown
of
failure.
rest
1.25%
are
fracture
clear
percentages
to
compression
web
diminished
played
the
deflection
the
increase
used
by
the
0.31
tested
were
respectively.
reinforcement
from
reduced
or
2.01
and
of
the
mm thickness
They
mm in
1470
deep
All
102
mm,
mm.
reinforcement,
and
failure
damage
to
web
0.91%
Beams
less
web
reinforcement
reported
crack.
no
vertical
and
2080
to
813
356
52
on
loading.
point
of
0.77,1.01,1.34
(Xc/H)
horizontal
1420
from
varying
two
depth
from
tests
presented
under
constant
lengths
spans
ratios
of
had
tested
E77]
beams
concrete
varying
and
Vantsiotis
and
reinforced
beams
reinforced
to
1.0.
2880
All
mm
the
vart, es
P-
148
v-t. es
6mm nomi,aL dta. att. rrupe
Hort. zontat spacing 152 mm.
Vertt. cat spaci. ng 76 mm.
508
or
762
T
J@f'{.
6S
Serves B
Ft.g. 5.8
Lai
LAj
LU
Ft.g. 5.9
Type
used by Smith
(1982)
CHAPTER
149
had
specimens
span
thickness,
the
They
reinforced
were
which
ends
of
with
arranged
dimension
panel.
5.3
mm plain
was
increased
as
span/depth
thereafter
they
specimen
failure
Bearing
by
failure
to
by
the
the
support
to
equal
is
of
the
to
1,
failure
specimen
0.25
the
in
were
1/3
and
For
panel.
was
support
points.
the
specimens
0.67.
However,
in
0.28
at
shown
to
depth
and
main
loads
from
as
of
crack
dominant
from
the
of
specimen
load
was
ranging
buckling
Detail
equal
joining
ratios
bars.
diagonal
40.
to
orthogonal
was
decreased
ratio
the
ratios
span/depth
the
ratio
line
at
span/depth
with
that
span/depth
the
along
the
mm
blocks
steel
external
steel
of
unaffected
were
bars
reinforcement
mild
reported
with
shearing
Web
the
10
mm diameter
by
72
and
mm
from
varied
10
anchored
were
It
four
reinforcement
and
5.9.
fig.
ratios
with
872
length
overall
mm,
depth/thickness
reinforcement
the
720
to
was
reported
(height/thickness
RECOMMENDATIONS
DEEP
ratio
equal
5.4.1
the
DESIGN
OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
BEAMS
A brief
for
FOR THE
summary
design
PORTLAND
of
of
reinforced
CEMENT
various
documents
concrete
ASSOCIATION
deep
C72,1946]
providing
beams
follows;
by
with
40).
5.4
guidance
150
This
not
is
the
on
results
reinforced
not
beams.
is
it
(p=H/L)
They
based
be
can
load
tests.
with
the
supported
Design
charts
are
two
parameters:
ratios
the
of
is
used
as
the
height
applicable
to
the
(L/H)
ratio
2.5
and
to
loading
for
design
of
method
to
width
to
and
beams
support
according
It
span
(E=a1/L).
span
and
ratios
supporting
follows;
r of/L
continuous
0.5
-{
I
a1/2L
U. D. L.
beams
(simple
load
point
f H/L
beam)
(simple
(5.
beam
continuous
(5. ib)
I HI2L
in
terms
Thus,
chart.
values
of
total
of
the
area
load
the
of
Ast
f5
is
suggested
placed
as
Shear
the
allowable
that
the
main
close
as
possible
stress
in
the
v=
where
from
and
be
can
found
from
longitudinal
main
5.1,
eq.
steel
tensile
design
can
be
by
calculated
where
beam
simple
the
obtaining
force
la)
beam)
p=i
After
analysis
elastic
span/depth
simply
calculated
as
conditions
beams
the
on
for
on
ther
and
ultimate
deep
1.25
exceeding
based
method
of
concrete
continuous
and
design
CHAPTER
v=
shear
stress
= T/fs
(5.2)
working
longitudinal
to
beam
8V/7b-d
of
the
steel.
reinforcement
the
lower
should
<
in
stress
be
(1+5H/L)v
beam
edge
limited
c
/3
of
It
should
the
was
be
beam.
by
(5.3)
CHAPTER
151
force
shear
shear
stress
V=
applied
vc = allowable
5.4.2
DE PAIVA
AND SIESS
Previously,
shear
Laupa
strength
of
where
v=
V=
151]
V/b-H
nominal
shear
cylinder
shear
force,
H=
depth
of
b=
thickness
f'
had
derived
an
+ 0.188f'
strength,
lb.
the
(5.4)
+ 21300Pt
psi.
compressive
strength
beam,
for
expression
beams;
concrete
= 200
the
beams.
slender
169.19651
reinforced
v=
for
of
concrete,
psi.
inches
of
the
beam,
Pt
= AS (1
inches.
and
in
which
As
= Total
sectional
Angle
m=
De
by
strength
inclination
the
beam
and
degress.
experimental
shear
Paiva's
Eq.
and
span/depth
5.4,
is
concrete
for
for
expression
deep
linear
load
Xc/H
was
crossing
point
of
should
and
reinforcement
be
not
data
to
relationship
such
)/V(cal.
computing
beams
steel
obtained
support.
to
the
greater
shear
between
found
with
the
= O. 8(1-0.6Xc/H)
0
and
ultimate
as
axis
than
clear
that
way
between
the
varied
a vertical
calculate
was
It
values.
in
ratio
valid
of
experimental
calculated
V(expt.
and
the
of
of
62.7
Using
area
between
section
(5.5)
+ sing)/b-H
follows.
(5.6)
1.
load
Therefore,
of
reinforced
an
CHAPTER
152
= 2-b-H-v
Pu
to
According
that
found
failure
of
mode
test,
results
equations
for
The
concrete.
of
the
Consider
beam
the
an
as
figure.
failure
of
the
This
splitting
to
the
predict
beams
deep
splitting
of
was
mode.
cylinder
concrete
strength
based
of
strength
ft
concrete
be
can
F/K-A
shown
It
strut
can
be
will
(5.8)
force.
the
splitting
splitting
eccentric
single
in
fig.
be
seen
5.
force.
test.
load
acting
at
resolve
it
according
point
lOa
and
that
the
force
splitting
the
top
to
the
of
to
equal
F=
Pu-cos4/sin
(5.9)
(e++)
4>e
where
area
the
resisting
substituting
concrete
deep
Eq. 5.8-10,
beams
force
splitting
A=
By
developed
evaluation
splitting
tension
of
reinforced
F=
Maximum
splitting
A=
Area
resisting
for
K=1.57
cylinder
where
The
diagonal
were
ft=
the
it
experiments,
as;
expressed
of
their
that
equations
strength
of
to
similar
was
shear
ultimate
in
failed
therefore,
and
the
the
beams
most
[73]
AND ANANTHANARAYANA
RAMAKRISHNAN
5.4.3
on
(5.7)
6Xc/H)
1.6(200+0.188f'+21300Pt)(1-O.
failed
is
(5.10)
b"H-cosec+
the
in
ultimate
diagonal
load
tension
of
will
the
reinforced
be
CHAPTER
153
For
central
load
concentrated
failureload
tension
+ tane-cat+)
= K(1
pu
loaded
two-point
and
the
resisting
the
as
fig.
in
shown
5.10b,
the
is
force
(5.14)
b-H-cosece
load
ultimate
(5.13)
-cosecs/2
splitting
A=
Therefore,
(5.12)
beam
deep
area
diagonal
ultimate
2K-ftb-H
F=P
the
the
is
force,
splitting
thus
be
will
Pu
For
(5.11)
-ft"b-H
e=+,
a deep
for
beam
two-point
with
is
load
P
For
distributed
uniformly
(fig.
5.10c),
as
superimposition
it
throughout
a
reached
= 2-b
the
load
of
the
can
series
of
maximum
the
when
the
of
span
total
the
load
ultimate
The
the
method
derivation
used
K can
of
for
for
all
of
lie
a
the
the
crack
on
beam
it
considering
integrating
and
The
splitting
plan
was
force
defined
by
beam
is
by
given
(5.17)
"b -H
the
value
(5.16)
the
between
tested
above
beam.
= 2K-ft
accessing
Generally,
concrete.
bound
value
by
loads
point
the
of
= 3H/L
Pu
Pu
top
found
be
diagonal
tans
and
the
on
load
ultimate
(5.15)
"H-K-ft
1.0
tensile
of
1.12
beams.
expression,
1.57
and
depending
strength
splitting
is
'reasonable
Moreover,
the
of
lower
the
during
effect
on
of
web
154
has
reinforcement
had
author
little
conclusion
for
beams
tool
to
deep
beam.
CEB-FIP
2
web
for
that
be
main
largest
bending
defined
as
FIP
beams
with
designed
deep
beams
in
the
concrete
1171
span-depth
deep
and
In
with
top
load
should
be
calculated
this
section
discussed.
are
from
lever
the
using
beams
continuous
beams.
span,
less
ratios
one
to
0.8
+ 2H)
I<
of
cracks
employed.
to
support
the
distributed
facilitate
bL
L/H
L/H
reinforcement
times
measured
<2
(5.18)
10.
from
the
arm,
z=i
main
follows:
f O. 2(L
The
be
provided
reinforced
beams
as
reinforcement
moment
of
supported
simply
supported
of
strength
DU BETON
it
However,
no
can
equations
the
Therefore,
these
whether
cr, acking
should
area
to
by
out
carried
reinforcement.
reinforcement.
EUROPEEN
2.5
and
simply
The
with
web
as
recommended
respectively
only
made
the
COMITE'
than
be
estimate
5.4.4
no
tests
and
neglected
or
can
used
been
CHAPTER
the
others
maximum
uniformly
from
the
anchorage
and
crack
Anchorage
be
should
and
force
the
of
with
It
depth
the
support
width,
by
without
anchored
face
at
extended
calculated.
over
lower
<1
means
of
a force
should
deep
beam.
limit
diameter
bars
vertical
hooks
be
(<0.2L),
In
the
equal
also
0.25H-0.45L
and
small
reduction
order
to
development
should
is
be
not
155
recommended
it
as
to
tends
CHAPTER
promote
in
cracking
the
anchorage
Zone.
For
top
loaded
stirrup
of
the
reinforcement
on
5.4.5
to
note
the
findings
of
COMMITTEE
318
ACI
The
that
proposed
Requirements
most
on
ACI
to
effective
be
reinforcement,
vc,
is
when
the
of
and
vs,
the
so
nominal
nominal
that
where
is
bars.
the
is
It
has
less
deep
strength
section
mambers
of
strength
provided
is
clear
loaded
The
shear.
be
will
with
5 and
beams,
Code
they
and
than
for
are
Building
to
shear
shear
smooth
(53,54].
beams
applicable
concrete
The
recommendations
E2]
designed
vertical
318-63:
deep
of
of
for
Walther
ACI
use
beam.
between
CEB-FIP
(Lo/d)
ratio
reinforced
composed
concrete,
Code
0.0025b.
bar,
and
of
design
face
the
of
the
Leonhardt
depth
compression
strength
of
the
the
of
spacing
of
revised
or
the
the
The
span
is
Concrete
here.
faces
by
Reinforced
briefly
discussed
consisting
high-bond
revision
for
recommendations
to
and
both
given
for
proposes
web,
on
is
beam
the
of
interest
O. 002b.
or
CEB-FIP
the
bars
horizontal
thickness
top
in
and
bar
round
based
beams,
reinforcement
orthogonal
area
deep
at
shear
believed
provided
by
by
shear
CHAPTER
156
v=v+v
Regardless
the
of
is
strength,
shear
by
limited
k=
The
the
nominal
the
following
nominal
expressions
(5.20)
0.5
-f,
the
Lo/d
<2
(5.21)
where
reinforcement,
vu
and
web
k- v
v=
ra
(5.19)
c5
of
amount
capacity
shear
factor
reduction
stress,
Lo/d
<5
is
taken
concrete
is
2<
2(1O+Lo/d)f'0.5/3
by
carried
vc
and
as
0.85
calculated
by
vc
(3.5-2.5M/V-d)
< 2.5
< 6f*
M, V
where
the
fc
The
remaining
and
it
can
v=
sc
(5.22)
-V -d/M)
0.5
c
design
the
500p
bending
setion
of
ratio
main
moment
respectively.
and
As
reinforcement
of the
concrete
section.
strength,
= compressive
cylinder
shear
be
is
stress
to
the
at
the
area
bxd
psi.
by
carried
force
shear
the
web
reinforcement
by
calculated
V-V
=f
where
"'+2
(1.9f
critical
p=
(1.9f'0.5+2504p"V-d/M)
+f
y-Awv(1+La/d)/(12Sv-b)
A=
wv
area
of
distance,
Awh
= area
of
distance
fy
= specified
vertical
(5.23)
y-Awh(11-Lo/d)/12Sh-b)
shear
reinforcement
within
reinforcement
within
Sv
horizontal
shear
Sh.
yield
strength
of
reinforcement,
psi.
157
However,
irrespective
cross-sectional
be
less
not
5.4.6
KONG [40.45]
Kong
has
ultimate
both
shear
normal
for
with
span/depth
The
Pu
where
Pu
than
strength
of
reinforced
concrete
concrete.
The
ratio
does
formula
is
ratio
load
and
splitting
for
be
used
can
3
the
if
the
clear
0.23
range
to
(5.24a)
-y"sin2a/H]
beam.
1.4
for
normal
weight
concrete
concrete.
to
130
and
deformed
bars
strength,
300
N/mm
for
plain
respectively.
N/mm2.
thickness
beam,
of the
mm.
depth
overall
of beam,
mm.
depth
from
top
of bar,
measured
of beam to the
point
it
interests
the
line
joining
the
inside.
where
edge
the
bearing
blocks
to the
of
at the
support
outside
loading
edge
of that
at the
point.
a=
angles
n=
numbers
of
that
cross
block.
between
bars
reinforcement.
Longitudinal
the
bending
also
moment
the
and
line
described
including
the
main
line
between
support
bars,
the
have
that
beams
b=
H=
y=
Recommendations
so
to
equal
bars
round
= cylinder
deep
lightweight
C2 = coefficient
from
+ C2 EA
the
of
equal
for
deep
than
widely
the
calculate
formula
greater
c/H)ft-b-H
C1 = coefficient
to
follows:
as
= 2[C1(1-0.35X
1.0
formula
not
depart
not
reinforcement
O. 25%b. d respectively.
L and
design
lightweight
the
stress,
horizontal
and
0.15%B.
shear
of
= ultimate
ft
vertical
span/depth
and
values
proposed
and
beams
0.7.
of
areas
should
the
of
CHAPTER
been
made
main
will
for
the
reinforcement
not
exceed.
above.
reinforcement
and loading
design
should
of
flexural
be
added
158
6As-fy-H/ym
M<O.
Since
the
beams
is
amount
small
and
reinforcement,
it
does
CIRIA
5.4.7
is
for
A
for
for
span
brief
use
of
web
as
conservative
gives
comprehensive
used
single
supports.
formula
wasteful
act
also
deep
reinforcement.
E68.1977]
most
be
can
can
above
to
available
It
the
recommendations
members.
lead
not
GUIDE
This
than
the
in
required
reinforcement
although
results,
reinforcement
main
(5.24b)
O. 6As-fy-L/rm
or
flexural
of
CHAPTER
the
design
beams
with
less
or
summary
set
of
rules
deep
of
span/depth
than
the
of
2.5
design
and
flexural
less
ratios
for
continuous
is
method
listed
below.
(a)
Design
The
for
area
flexure
of
reinforcement
main
can
be
by
calculated
AS = M/O. 87fy-z
M=
where
fy
Design
=
z=
bending
yield
strength
lever
given
arm
by
4.2L
at
moment.
the
of
which
+ 0.4H
(5.25)
reinforcement.
the-reinforcement
single
span
acts
L/H
<2
(5.26)
z=1
L O. 2L
For
reinforcement
simply
is
and
+ (). 3H
supported
should
be
L/H
continuous
single
distributed
span
deep
uniformly
< 2.5
beam,
over
the
a
depth
main
of
159
O. 2H
in
the
at
the
and
must
force
ultimate
of
of
span
bars
Design
(b)
beyond
should
For
defined
anchor
for
loaded
has
load.
than
more
clear
Xe.
beams
span
The
should
be
Vu
ri
the
face
of
beyond
a point
beams,
tl he
clear
to
develop
the
support.
0.21
curtailed
not
80%
of
maximum
Twenty
from
estimated
the
the
be
taken
of
case
total
for
effective
shear
50%
of
strength
percent
support.
shear
of
span
for
or
4.25L
than
more
the
top
loaded
1.3b"H-ri
weighted
effective
clear
which
uniformly
reinforced
but
none
of
average
shear
concrete
span,
deep
(5.27)
-fcu
for
normal
1.0.32
for
light
weight
concrete
=j
weight
1.95
N/mm2
for
deformed
0.85
N/mm2
for
plain
concrete
bars
r2 =1
load
by
f 0.44
Xe
load
one
bars
is
span
for
the
shear,
as
clear
= rl"b-H(1-0.35Xe/H)-fcu+r2-E100A5-y-sin2oa/H
<
where
In
50%
shear
can
anchored
than
more
distributed
be
the
either
contributes
is
Reinforcement
shear
top
as
beam.
the
bottom
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
160
Bearing
(c)
capacity
CIRIA
and
Guide
length
length
bearing
al
Al-Naijim
is
regarded
O. 4f'
the
of
actual
There
are
beams
with
a numbers
of
failure
of
model
of
web
without
and
they
and
assumptions
are
below:
listed
is assumed
a tie
and
(1)
Steel
develop
(2)
Steel
yield
(3)
is
Steel
assumed
the
bar
original
(4)
the
The size
compressive
of
the
by
of
yield
resistance
local
conditiona
at supports.
(5)
The struts
between
loads
and suports
are
the
For
presence
web reinforcement.
of
the
deflected
is
in parabolic
strut
steel,
(6)
The force
supports
stirrups.
(single
to
strut
is
assumed
fy
stress,
163]
Al-Najjim
with
to
stress
lesser
the
as
structural
deep
concrete
reinforcement.
bearing
(63)
proposed
reinforced
maximum
O. 2Lc.
and
AL-NAJJIM
5.4.8
the
limited
bearing
the
point,
different
in
and
be properly
action.
to be
in tension.
perfectly
to carry
direction.
only
the
this
presented
his
two
and
types
point
of
web
uni-axial
model
has
stress
in
uniformly
reinforcement.
many
along
is
determined
tension
steel
either
or by
by
web
deflected
uniform
form.
decreases
the
presence
to
as
and
plastic
strut
the
main
steel
is due
to
so
anchored
towards
the
of vertical
loading
distributed
To
conditions
load)
be
brief,
and
only
161
beams
two-point
load
dimenmsions
There
Failure
By
of
the
taking
following
Vu
yo
where
and
to
as
follows:
point
of
maintain
the
load
of
one
the
(point
A)
the
of
centre
and
struts,
+ 0.9d-Zw-H
+ 0.9d-NW
d-y0/2
&
AT
)/X
(5.28)
ATS)/(b-ft2-f
ZW = 0.45d
(5.29)
(5.30)
ya/2
Hw = Asw/b-Sh
w
Ts
ATs
y0
sv
/b -S
= Tensile
= Loss
force
of
yielding
Eqs.
of
tensile
presence
= Depth
of
Combining
where
the
shows
obtained.
are
(TS
of
equilibrium
(Ts -z
z=
V=A
the
direction
horizontal
equatons
and
failure
intersecting
the
at
the
with
the
of
modes
5.12
forces
the
and
under
and
steel
tie
moments
strut
Fig.
here.
notation
two
are
the
of
considering
the
beam,
the
web
orthogonal
discussed
are
of
equilibrium.
(A)
distributed
uniformly
with
CHAPTER
main
force
reinforcement.
towards
the
of vertical
reinforcement.
the
compressive
zone
at
5.28-30,
the
of
the
Vu
= Ts (d-K')/X
K'
the
tie
(TS
shear
strength
due
support
the
of
top
the
of
deep
to
the
beam
the
beam.
with
is
+ 0.9d-Hw(O.
0.9d-H
w-ATs)/2b-p2-fc
45d-K')/X
(5.31)
CHAPTER
162
Failure
(B)
the
of
Vu
Vert.:
By
in
force
tensile
the
solving
the
equation
/X2
B=4.73Hw
"d3/X2
ATs`
After
can
by
found
be
is
the
noted
by
forces
main
taking
from
+ H-T
0.9K-d
(5.34)
of
magnitude
Ts'
be
can
the
by
found
(5.35)
+C=0
the
"b -p2-fim/X
Hty2/X2
of
TS',
to
mid-span
and
mid-span
that
both
A
the
ATs
(fig.
to
main
5.12)
can
(5.313)
be
in
tension
the
support)
web
and
and
Integrating
support.
found-by
beam
thus
Eq. 5.28,
(decrease
from
at
the
of
strength
0.9Hw-Zw"d}/X
ATs
of
value
Hw"K-b"p2"f*/X
shear
into
back
assuming
the
2d -Ts
4.41d2.
{Ts'-z
moments
reinforcement
5
the
5.34,
reinforcement
substituting
reinforcement
main
determined
yield,
values
that
(5.33)
+1
Vu
It
'2
ss
+ 0.16d4.
the
getting
into
"sin(2e)/2
-p2-fc
below.
A=0.81d2
C=
(5.32)
(1-sin2(2e)]
main
A-T
where
[1
5.32,5.33
Eqs.
substituting
= K-b
-cose
singe
since
support.
= K-b-p2-fsin`s
-pL-f'
= wo-b
the
of
one
at
equilibrium
= wo-b-p`-f'-sine
TS-ATs
Hor.:
strut
the
Consider
solving
force
of
can
be
reinforcement
all
considering
it
the
along
equation
the
fF'S
720
to
2880
Fi. g. 5.10
(1984).
a -j X I-"
T
1
Ft.g. 5. i2
(1972)
by
Kong
model, proposed
.
Structural,
Vu
vu
TI
Zw
vu
FLg. 5.13
Structural
by
AL-Nojjtm
model proposed
(i981)
CA
Pu
Pu
fI
PU cos
cos(et0
Pu Cate
cot9+coto
P. cot$
cote+coto
/n
Pd2
Fi. g. 5. ii
P core
cos(et
/e
PU
P/2
0
seoo.
cot
P
cot0+cote
coto. aec8
cote+cot
2=
Coto
PU
cosecs
2=
cosece
Coto
CHAPTER
165
below.
2b -d -p2 "f '-TS
6T52+(
5.5
(1)
4.9d
-HW
)6Ts-b
-/12-fim
(5.37)
=0
-X2
SUMMARY
Early
distribution
(2)
stresses
of
three
into
beams
deep
on
research
finite
of
(3)
and
falls
technique,
series
differences
the
and
structures
Fourier
(1)
categories
method
the
within
finding
on
concentrated
photoelastic
technique.
(2)
With
invention
the
of
method
(3)
The
the
all
above
introduction
behaviour
of
in
of
elastic
extensive
experimental
deep
beams
during
Paiva
and
web
with
increases
strength
Concrete
strength
low
span/depth
presence
from
ratio
non-linear
of
their
has
cracks
to
lead
has
concrete
the
but
>3
capacity
flexural
but
ratios.
span/depth
shear
deep
of
strength
ratios
clear
that
experiments
on cracking
smaller
increases
the
reinforced
span/depth
with
virtually
decades.
effect
clear
and
This
on
two
no
and
analysis.
concluded
had
large
the
past
E69]
reinforcement
beams
with
Siess
design
analysis
the
element
techniques.
state
concrete
value
introduced
been
limit
finite
the
computer,
mentioned
of
the
limited
(4)
has
analysis
replaced
the
of
slightly
strength
is
CHAPTER
166
unaffected.
(5)
do
reinforcement
ordinary
of
tie
(6)
bars
bent-up
Ramakrishnan
different
(3)
splitting
(2)
(4)
flexural-shear
found
He
reinforcement
for
vertical
of
failure
crack,
(3)
crushing
failure,
zone
tests
they
and
the
estimate
and
tension
diagonal
the
to
able
four
diagonal
(1)
were
their
= 2K"f
ultimate
the
t.
shear
on
also
pointed
out
web
low
crushing
of
most
that
was
(1)
of
concrete
in
splitting
along
the
of
span/depth
web
reinforcement
than
effective
different
along
the
and
inclined
more
Four
ratios.
reported;
clear
form
reinforcement
concrete
the
effective
span/depth
deflection
strength,
dependent
the
(5.12)
b-H
were
were
(2)
they
in
model
that
was
horizontal
and
strut
observed
compression
common
most
widths
ratios.
the
as
E39-47]
crack
weakening
of
(73]
However,
Pu
Kong
anchorage
any
failure
in
as
suport
compression
the
a failure
load
the
and
failure.
the
was
to
diagonal
of
constructed
"
(7)
important,
failure
of
modes
failure
very
main
beam.
failure,
mode
is
Ananthanaarayana
and
tension
stressed
lead
the
that
also
may
the
of
system
the
ti awards
He
reinforcement
main
to
owing
and
beams.
in
stresses
decrease
not
slender
the
tensile
that
found
Leonhardt
the
diagonal
compression
modes
diagonal
cracks,
zone
and
CHAPTER
167
(4)
crushing
the
experimental
the
estimation
deep
163]
horizontal
web
the
failure
the
can
be
the
strut
after
can
found
by
Eq.
its
where
the
shear
by
on
for
up
concrete
5.31,
shear
Kong's
the
affect
at
the
exception
shearing
tested
crushing
of
specimen
was
concrete
only
5.35.
the
failure
shear
strength
failure
found
by
The
of
Eq.
5.36
predicted
lesser
those
of
one
observed
with
strength
beams
deep
of
(L/H=1),
crack,
C12,13]
the
concrete
ratios.
diagonal
above
similar
strength
specimen
Besser
conclusions
that
added
shear
the
by
Eq.
at
span/depth
of
along
(L/H<1)
arrived
They
clear
be
of
methods.
ultimate
low
be
will
[77]
suggestion.
by
(1)
compression
can
beams
models
on
its
which
and
for
suitable
based
(2)
Ts'
of
two
above
more
strength
value
inclined
Structural
in
and
strength
the
(5.24a)
that
proposed
system
Vantsiottis
and
With
by
reinforced
ratios.
were
tie
especially
(10)
for
were
span/depth
and
obtained
to
drawn
was
conclusion
reinforcement
strut
ultimate
the
at
mechanism
obtained
Smith
arrived
clear
small
with
(9)
loads
ultimate
of
formula
empirical
Based
zone.
= 2[C1(1-0.35Xc/H)ft-b-H+C2EA5-y-sin2a/H,
Al-Najjim
of
data,
bearing
the
beams.
Pu
(8)
in
concrete
of
were
supports.
specimen
which.
failed
the
others
all
by
dominated
Buckling
having
of
the
L/H=4.25
CHAPTER 5
168
height
and
(11)
to
thickness
Recommendations
on
the
for
by
beams
deep
charts
tensile
steel
and
limited
the
be
should
the
span
calculated
lever
with
(13)
area
ACI
Code
the
CIRIA
Guide
is
design
of
deep
the
force
is
is
not
Eq.
5.18.
Shear
0.002b-s
and
is
with
reinforcement
0.0025b"s
in
moment
for
respectively.
taken
beams.
The
area
Eq. 5.21
be
to
concrete
of
and
by
shear
Eq. 5.23.
comprehensive
most
by
up
contribution
by
obtained
by
stress
shear
The
A=
sy
z
to
reinforcement
set
of
main
of
rules
reinforcement
for
the
can
by
calculated
where
5.3.
main
by
defined
stress
be
design
of
bending
web
Eq. 5.22.
can
reinforcement
help
the
(5.3)
largest
maximum
shear
by
calculated
be
the
limited
evaluated
(14)
bars
deformed
and
Eq.
of
area
the
equal
of
estimation
the
by
based
were
(1+5H/L)vc/3
orthogonal
cross-sectional
plain
<
arm,
by
controlled
the
stress
from
C72]
with
the
that
recommended
concretre
Association
required
shear
40.
reinforced
of
involved
8V/7b-d
v=
CEB-FIP
design
They
of
to
equal
Cement
Portland
analysis.
elastic
amount
(12)
ratio
is
the
limited
recommended
lever
arm
by
Eq. 5.27
to
M/0.87f
is
and
exceed
and
0.4f'.
given
bearing
c
by
and
Eq. 5.26.
bearing
Shear
stress
169
INVESTIGATION
EXPERIMENTAL
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
In
to
order
structural
DEEP
SHEAR
OF
STRENGTH
BEAM
of
than
are
the
using
redistribute
uniformly
low
with
(chapter
3)
this
are
put
made
into
the
region
beam's
predicted
its
to
special
usually
of
prevent
deep
of
1.1)
particular,
forms
to
that
strength
(0.7
failure
rather
failure.
shear
In
the
deep
of
before
top.
on
Special
this
of
the
because
ratios
bearing
ratios,
supports.
with
for
beams
takes
place
reinforcement
it
from
failing
mode.
DESCRIPTION
The
force
load
span/depth
the
internal
span/depth
distributed
around
beams,
been
has
different
with
slender
span,
longitudinal
than
greater
have
shear,
of
hand,
new
beams
and
by
amounts
other
significantly
deep
depth
controlled
the
buildings,
and
in
normal
On
for
Investigation
beams
that
expression
to
capacity
usually
used.
is
strength
frames
proportions
is
provided
reinforcement
shear
beams
in
spans
of
their
of
deep
flexure,
large
consisting
Because
strength
for
cater
systems
evolved.
6.2
OF THE
INTRODUCTION
6.1
in
CHAPTER
test
OF TEST
specimens
SPECIMENS
consisted
of
beams
with
different
varying
spans
1260
1000
length
100
central
the
over
which
beams
were
reinforced
6.1),
dimensions
in
varied
leaving
load
distributed
uniformly
section
tfig.
beam
the
same
5 mm which
of
a step
of
span
the
had
All
mm.
for
mm except
to
according
1100
to
700
from
CHAPTER
170
a
be
to
was
applied.
All
Main
longitudinal
bars
reinforcement
10
with
in
placed
layers,
The
spacing.
arrangement
of
diameter
plain
on
mild
steel
Vertical
spacing.
plain
mild
steel
Beams
D82
to
the
above
and
reinforcement
problems,
DB6
welded
6.3
MATERIAL
Basically
to
had
mm in
were
mild
were
placed
alternatively
(fig.
6.1).
In
form
AND MIX
similar
closed
mm
at
in
main
They
were
four
bearing
resist
6
around
the
avoid
the
zone
mm
nominal
horizontal
anchorage
all
stirrups
link.
DETAIL
materials
were
used
as
for
mm
mm spacing.
bearing
reinforcement,
mm
centre
was
66.7
bars,
to
50
orthogonal
to
centre
the
to
as
steel
order
was
support
each
diameter
so
steel
at
an
beam.
100
beams
plain
for
by
stirrups
the
of
the
above
mild
stirrups,
provided
of
plain
steel.
reinforcement
closed
with
additional
particularly
were
bars,
stirrups,
They
diameter
faces
both
reinforcement
supports
stresses.
was
reinforcement
bars
of
consisting
web
This
diameter.
nominal
mm
of
consisted
of
amount
similar
with
the
bearing
'7'
d
'
in
90
Cb
43
to
C0
m
Cl
5a
O
A.)
m
C
to
E
O
CD
.0
cc
m
A.)
ti-
0
O
JJ
'O
0
to
cu
M
C
m
E
m
U
L
O
C
m
L
CO
a
0
.C
(0
v
L
Co
E
O
w
C7
C6
0,
U..
o
u
N
EC
t0
172
capacity
Specification
British
North
was
BS
812.
Air-dried
was
882.
fig.
in
was
the
plain
as
as
zone
and
10
of
mm,
by
classified
as
quarry
fine
round
curve
concrete
in
specimens,
and
mild
the
coarse
to
according
coarse
aggregatea
bars
steel
strength
properties
so
mix
in
120
of
values
CASTING
placed
designed
mm
factor
compacting
The
that
weight
and
are
was
can
1:
shown
designed
V-B
time
less
with
give
the
tests
a
more
congested
gave
than
six
concrete.
2.03,
to
through
get
the
all
of
1.96
Workability
zone.
slump,
of
It
for
strengths
were
concrete
bearing
the
similar
0.54.
of
identical
was
obtain
by
ratio
workable
steel
to
proportions
mix
used
mix
order
water/cement
6.2,
classified
for
size
3.3.
The
6.4
same
aggregate
3.2.
stress-strain
fig.
The
maximum
texture
the
was
curves
Reinforcement
typical
with
surface
from
it
and
grading
in
shown
are
'smooth'
sand
used
The
gravel
and
Coarse
to
confirming
cement
throughout.
used
quartzite
shape
aggregate
BS
was
Notts
'irregular'
Portland
Ordinary
blocks.
CHAPTER
average
sec.
and
0.95.
AND CURING
reinforcing
in
cover
cage
position
for
was
on
the
the
prepared
mould
reinforcement.
as
and
shown
adjusted
An
oiled
in
fig.
to
steel
6.1
give
and
the
mould
X73
F L,g. 6.2
FLg. 6.3
for
deep beams.
t abL e.
174
1260
on
1000
side
each
thick
(fig.
of
the
beam
were
strength
all
the
test
mix,
all
the
mm
depressions
The
throughout.
on
strip
1631,
by
provided
In
the
mould.
of
concrete
with
specimens
were
of
a5
attaching
mm
to
avoid
the
height
of
the
order
horizontally
cast
6.3).
For
the
350
each
kN
dry
15
weight
The
ensure
mould
and
mm
100
unform
10-0
compacted
from
the
on
moulds
The
3
and
days,
test
of
three
cast
in
mm
three
two
and
together
the
for
each
They
were
curing
percent,
were
covered
and
the
cubes,
95-100
constantly
to
order
table.
table.
placed
of
into
poured
cylinders
vibrating
of
in
100
mm
for
over
quantity
vibrating
specimens
watered
required
of
mixer
turned
then
on
were
humidity
relatively
for
curing
They
3 minutes
was
150
mm prisms.
casting.
hessian
300
also
C.,
layers
eight
500
It
consisted
specimens
stripped
after
two
the
for
mixed
into
were
of
weighed
were
fed
materials
mix.
in
materials
being
addition
workable
cubes,
degs.
the
were
compacted
and
mix
The
materials
Control
15C)
before
capacity.
before
secs.
water.
constituent
proportions
required
about
the
used
of
specimen
20
was
plastic
variation
in
100
CHAPTER
at
room
24
hours
damp
with
to
transferred
then
room.
Compressive
strengths
150
mm cubes
and
was
assessed
from
four
four
100
100
x
x
were
obtained
150
mm cylinders.
150
mm cylinders
three
by
Tensile
by
the
100
strength
splitting
and
CHAPTER
175
test
cylinder
Similar
and
the
strength
were
were
according
listed
in
6.5
when
E+S 1881.
on
Demec
TEST
the
surface
100
not
was
gauge
particular
to
1
section
Sections
1()
beams
of
to
concrete.
the
of
curing
indication
The
control
tested
and
specimen
are
were
each
the
centre
and
measure
were
the
mm gauge
horizontal
the
to
and
-3 were
the
beam
strains
were
the
beam
20
mm
the
and
vertical
sections
200
from
mm
respectively.
below
the
They
respectively.
at
and
both
vertical
they
support,
the
mm
1 was
reinforcement
obtain
sections
5()
twelve
on
the
edge
Section
of
of
the
length,
measured
line
by
measured
near
6.4).
of
horizontal
of
(fig.
that
centre
bottom
the
100
as
except
the
of
except
level
so
were
were
beam
the
concrete
length
a
the
Sections
section
mm above
to
relevant
the
for
horizontally
and
4
the
better
specimen.
gauge
at
made
strains.
similar
have
test
Strains
along
and
horizontal
mm
of
were
vertically
used
of
and
properties
of
used.
section
measurements
was
the
PROCEDURE
available
sections
vertical
The
AUD
with
is
space
the
by
6.1.
table
gauges
where
chosen
the
to
Strains
and
at
time
to
prism
prism
casting
as
in
INSTRUMENTS
Demec
so
mm
ratio
for
concrete
made
remaining
applied
of
500
Poisson's
and
specimens
100
The
were
control
tests
one
Modulus
Young's
procedures
tests
100
test.
rupture
the
obtain
of
and
of
modulus
from
top
and
top
were
bottom
7'C
Spec.
Span
SPA
dept h
no.
ratio
(an. )
Present
Con reseLve
tou(00) fo_Uso)
Tenst. Le
ft(oU.. )
fo
Young's Poast. on
tt(pm. ) Modulus
ratt. o
N/mn2
2
N/ ne
N/mat
N/ mat
N/mm2
Ii'/nn
Pu
IN
tnveatt. gatton
081
1000
1.0
67.5
62.7
46.9
3.57
4.06
34.2
0.149
1415
D82
1100
1.1
70.1
58.8
45.4
3.36
3.98
31.3
0.150
1400
083
1000
1.0
74.6
66.2
50.9
3.57
4.06
34.9
0.169
1700
084
900
0.9
69.9
59.4
50.2
4.03
4.53
34.9
0.175
1960
D85
800
0.8
71.4
62.8
47.5
3.82
4.24
35.4
0.173
1975
086
700
0.7
68.1
65.6
49.8
3.77
5.62
32.5
0.158
1980
Notes
T abL e 6A i
Concrete
1260mA b-
i00na
h-
i000ma.
beams (OBI-0B6)
20
span/3
Sectton4
-"
I\//
200 ne
\On
ioo
cu
'6
cn
0I
Um
ml
mN
C)
cn
tnl
wN\\
N
Sei
r\
m\
\\
00
e
Section
or%
T
5/
span
FLg. 6.4
to
177
Spri
test
specLnen
;teal bean. ng
)Late
F i, g. 6.5
Loading
ng mechant sm of tests
176
wr
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179
of
the
was
pointed
failures
tie
and
deep
of
loaded
the
and
Strain
the
of
section
12
Strains
were
the
Strain
gauges
and
was
measured
the
centre
reinforcement.
6-9
strut
the
support
mm
tensile
and
the
steel
by
recorded
in
of
three
the
the
centre-line
beams
with
bearing
and
was
in
of
steel,
the
strain
to
the
mm inside
and
centre
of
the
across
the
strut
passed
was
different
at
by
along
the
centre
parallel
and
so
the
in
compressive
resistance
the
the
end
of
was
strut.
also
main
steel
line,
centre
at
to
as
positions.
reinforcement
was
support.
electrical
Strain
web
the
100
a data-logger.
strut
and
the
measured
positions;
the
through
10
strains
compressive
Strain
along
along
the
of
6,7,8
from
was
the
to
measured
idea
an
lying
section
outside
both
measured
of
11
while
50
was
give
mm respectively
Section
beam.
to
were
Sections
were
the
designed
strains
to
as
10-12
between
of
specially
and
so
line
top
strut
uniformly
perpendicular
strain.
800
the
were
strut
strut.
compressive
give
were
Sections
of
centre
6-12
and
support.
direction
on
compressive
100,200,400
the
point
the
of
of
at.
span
for
the
on
163]
the
of
that
suggested
lies
sections
Al-Nijjam
and
failures
strut
compressive
direction
fact
the
Sections
this
of
distribution
of
on
[73]
in
were
had
third
this.
direction
along
beams
beams,
measurements
investigate
Ramakrishnan
Ramkrishnan
system.
support
by
out
distributed
were
specimens.
It
that
CHAPTER
measured
along
the
main
measured
For
those
at
the
180
measurements
the
curing
coat
of
into
positions.
of
emulsion
in
the
beam.
the
have
plaster
of
spreader
beam
The
base
and
horizontal
and
mechanism
increments
the
of
widths
it
gauges,
100
kN.
At
of
the
observed
cracks
beam
were
were
I-section
was
put
is
shown
for
noted
of
the
on
at
measured
and
between
plates
in
6.5-6.
figs.
vertically
both
in
readings
and
of
a hand
initial
constant
gauge
surface
under
deflection
the
applied
by
the
bearing
taking
end
In
concrete,
measuring
the
top
load.
adjusted
loading,
the
on
position,
was
stage
marked
was
two
two
After
load
each
by
the
mm,
span
underneath
surfaces
and
50
put
steel
for
respectively.
the
was
on
placed
the
of
all
cracks
and
checked
were
back
movement
recorded,
which
gauges
the
loading
of
then
on
to
on
correct
distributed
between
specimen
was
at
of
readings
The
The
dial
and
the
at
the
were
uniformly
applied
and
beam
verified
was
the
supported
contact
100
thin
fixed
were
placed
140
beam
from
out
A
points
give
roller
spreader
an
taken
carefully
to
were
A
was
each
half
strain
specimens.
plates,
they
better
then
was
and
obtain
it
Demec
applied.
floor.
paris
concrete.
control
position
and
to
specimen
to
the
bearing
roller
the
on
with
appropriate
plates
placed
order
were
bearing
beams
and
an
test,
specimen
Two
rig.
for
7.
chapter
ready
was
The
placed
the
of
white
was
together
room
testing
were
specimen
in
the
of
positions
individually
shown
are
When
the
Detailed
positions.
appropriate
CHAPTER
the
the
load
crack.
microscope
CHAPTER
lei
with
magnification
the
of
procedure
then
removed
final
crack
from
6.6
BEHAVIOUR
The
shown
at
the
order
to
obtain
crack
of
In
height
cracks
was
it
photographed
to
record
tested
were
specimens
in
Fig.
for
and
6.7-12.
figs.
be
should
kN.
load
load
in
the
6.13
three
middle
of
bottom
well
the
middle
the
the
on
their
crack
The
numbers
by
multiplied
the
shows
types
of
900
10
in
development
flexural,
crack;
of
support
with
the
bottom
edge
diagonal
direction
crack
at
an
of
than
angle
those
observed
of
imaginary
68
degs.
at
to
and
specimen,
the
in
Cracks
were
upwards,
the
of
was
the
beam
extended
quickly
more
the
cracks
increased.
was
was
flexural
more
They
extending
the
kN,
appear
of
section
beam.
extended
a
bottom
load
to
crack
the
as
kN,
first
500
to
mm above
beam
At
hand
the
gradually
the
supports.
6.7,
increased
500
of
widened
fig.
around
As
cracks
agrees
test
shown
in
load
DB1,
crack
M.
right
the
of
with
beam
observed
a
are
the
mm.
bearing.
flexural
400
ends
width
and
shear
the
of
failure
after
0.02
failed,
specimens
control
of
width
TESTS
DURING
appearance
patterns
and
scale
eyepiece
specimen
the
rig
The
pattern.
day.
test
the
crack
until
repeated
was
same
to
the
in
graduation
and
corresponded
microscope
This
40
of
near
the
above
the
which
compressive
182
strut
the
with
rapidly,
finally
specimen
at
formed
to
the
crack
diagonal
the
vertical
fell
away
more
load.
The
as
considered
Beam
specimen.
the
right
At
hand
in
shown
began
to
extend
again
in
the
when
In
presence
found
support
and
the
in
bearing
this
kN,
of
the
audible
to
DB1
was
further
was
cracks)
beam
were
slowly
than
took
pieces
which
an
crack
rapidly
that
could
report
reached
specimen
near
as
the
around
500
550
mm above
the
place
as
of
concrete
not
substain
and
this
was
of
shown
too
edge
near
mm above
less
vertical
in
fig.
to
were
the
found
and
is
and
strut,
the
support.
However,
uncontrolled.
kN.
which
cracks
edge
at
support
degs.,
6.8.
of
1000
at
compressive
600
the
at
vigorously
the
70
of
bottom
width
near
of
kN
was
found
was
stages
the
crack
its
angle
steel,
was
at
predicted
height
bearing
support,
first
crack
an
the
a
the
cracking
at
of
in
increased
flexural
length
direction
cracks
more
the
of
extended
bearing
this
Shear
end
of
even
vertical
a
and
6.13.
the
above
900
its
it
stopped
length
to
extended
and
the
at
Their
formed
crack
support
fig.
formed
This
with
load
(bearing
support
similarly
beam
As
much
top
failure.
bearing
behaved
the
of
failed
beam
the
widened
diagonal
similar
of
so
hand
flexural
the
as
DB2
loading.
bottom
widened
and
mm below
cracks
failure
right
length
support.
increased
cracks
the
supports.
Finally,
from
kN,
hand
width
cracks.
200
point
vertical
two
its
extended
1000
kN,
the
At
left
1300
above
but
M.
the
above
formed
to
coming
1300
increased
It
horizontal.
CHAPTER
of
the
were
the
beam
These
CHAPTER
183
bearing
cracks
bearing
zone
the
of
the
Beam
in
behaved
cracks
mm
gradually
and
an
the
specimen.
the
major
had
more
less
the
6.13).
form
to
mm
above
of
0.27
bearing
those
the
The
shear
the
(0.04
mm
at
the
used.
full
DB3,
(fig.
They
occurred
crack
beam
DB3
took
region
DB1
inclined
agreed
bearing
in
by
height
of
cracks
was
were
more
shows
the
With
this
at
more
DB3
or
remained
extensive
whereas
in
100
of
Beam
widths
beam
well
strut
6.9).
place
cracks
the
This
the
but
13DkN
beam
support.
steel
in
bearing
in
in
and
the
kN
900
and
was
and
to
of
DB1
mm)
flexural
compressive
cracks.
beam
kN
of
widened
of
cracking
almost
DB1
height
and
400
of
flexural
formation
horizontal
behaviour
in
as
concentrated
while
loads
to
specimen
The
It
zone.
of
upward
the
at
reinforcement
formation
predicted
bearing
Moreover,
and
of
extended
constant
up
edge
the
off
slid
bearing
the
the
with
extended
between
load
that
in
these
the
It
controlled
same
DB1
with
of
difference
widening
200
degs.
the
stability
it
but
except
support
DB1.
However,
approximately
support
beam
(73].
DB1
observed
direction
the
short
70
of
Ramakrishnan
(fig.
in
failed
increased.
was
was
as
the
to
load
the
kN,
abandoned.
the
near
1400
at
affecting
actually
to
bottom
cracks
angle
with
was
Again,
the
respectively,
at
DB3
kN.
as
shear
not
similarly
above
and
identical
beam
400
at
had
test
was
rather
distorted
DH2
and
DB3
added
widening
totally
rig
Beam
700
is
beam.
testing
was
were
that
quickly
so
DB1
beam
DB3
remained
the
mm above
widely
effectiveness
reinforcement,
spread
of
to
the
the
CHAPTER
184
bearing
above
zone
DB3
was
then
this
specimen
the
centre
failure
of
behaved
which
appeared
the
of
section
(fig.
beam,
they
with
failed.
At
inner
the
later
edge
support
the
and
by
either
side
and
stages
crack
of
DB6
and
was
of
failed
with
test,
This
in
as
similar
both
to
shown
loads
0.02
mm until
around
1800
height
two
in
fig.
of
until
concrete
6.10-12.
1960,1975
kN
the
of
a
height
of
As
load
was
to
1200
did
not
beam
the
1900
to
vertically
a
the
1000
widths
directions
the
of
to
direction
crack
at
and
of
Around
was
originating
shearing
crack,
at
formed.
extending
the
but
the
700
gradually.
remained
span
specimen.
emerged
support,
vertically
the
middle
length
the
rising
increased
of
the
first
the
The
DB6
and
bottom
at
in
of
width
kN.
with
strut,
bottom
dowel
DB5
the
appeared
approximately
cracks
load
vertical
failed
DB5
crack
bearing
increase
new
the
the
kN,
cracks
compressive
above
increased,
1600
inclined
were
600
to
decreased
Shear
of
the
general,
in
crack
cracks
crack
buckling
DB4,
In
other.
500
the
with
beams
flexural
of
kN.
1700
each
failure
the
with
span,
around
flexural
inclined
mm
at
6.10-13).
suggested
900
was
beam
these
of
width
to
similarly
Loads
along
together
at
in
finally,
and
beam
and
6.9b).
(fig.
strut,
reinforcement
unit
one
concrete
support,
differences
very
crack
the
kN
the
of
compressive
above
main
Despite
and
the
of
steel
vertical
shearing
as
bearing,
1415
beyond
by
was
in
failing
increased
be
held
was
support
from
prevented
could
in
the
kN,
the
above
600
mm above
the
beams
blocks
Beams
and
1980
on
DB4,
kN
CHAPTER
185
With
respectively.
specimens
failed
quite
the
exception
gently
with
of
beams
a reasonably
D81
and
audible
DB2,
report.
all
I8&
Lam. 2. -
1i :.
'
1. I
DB1
Vk load
Ito
100
k2o
90
90
10
60
srK
,p
ao
to
y\
50
.I
\
7b
is
4w
FLg. 6.7
Crack pattern
of beam D61.
"
IPI
P B2-
l
k A(
pct. ord = I4ooo
..
40
'7
..
a9
it
Tw-i
1
F t,g. 6.8
Crack pattern
of beam DB2.
i Stz
ii
IA
1d$
i.
(a)
I
L
:'.,
_
.-- ---
.
r
( b)
Ft.g. 6.9
Crack pattern
DB3.
beam
of
IF-S
DB.4..
:;
load
lt,
v
[so
i6o
100
tip
, 40
Ado
1,10
90
00
4t
Ito.
Ft,g. 6. i0
kto
100
Crack pattern
OW
of beam DB4.
%90
Al
A's
DB.5.
toad.
itt.
ti
k
&l.
= /976
r
..
-All
FLg. 6. it
Crack pattern
of beam DB5.
191
Ft,g. 6.12
Crack pattern
of beam DB6.
19-2
Laxurca
SFaar
B.
sr
-
crc
trat
t ng
or-.
Boom
DB I
Boom
DB2
B. sm
DB3
Boom
D64
Boom
DBS
Bsm
D196
a k
in
lfm
Im
Z
12
in
"
0
J
600
0
2M
0
to
tim
Imm
Z
4
tip
in
v
J"
i01
201
i
is
161
140
Z 120
Y
In
v
U
oN
f0
ZO
of
Fig.
6.13.
c3
Crso
c1
kwt
Load
C5co,
ds h
/
(mm. )
ega i nst
o-j,
01
crack
PI
02
cd
03
05
Cr. o k width
width
in
C6 c7
(mm. )
beams
oh
ny
DB 1 -OB6
193
EXPERIMENTAL
CONCRETE
7.1
SHEAR
STRENGTH
OF
REINFORCED
on
the
surface
BEAMS
DEEP
INTRODUCTION
In
this
concrete
the
RESULTS
CHAPTER
in
and
the
deflections
discussed
model
loads
both
are
STRAIN
values
behaviour
be
will
8.1
Fig.
section
beams.
In
by
discussed
in
the
tested
the
beams.
as
the
the
strain
Vertical
support
is
failure
are
shown
in
plotted
together
loads.
section
the
on
figs.
B. 1-18.
the
with
Details
analysis.
their
of
paragraphs.
distribution
strain
for
support,
distributions
the
all
are
compressive
approached
other
SURFACE
vertical
above
failure
from
measuring
later
proposed
predicted
every
FEM
and
and
formulae
and
are
obtained
6.4),
general,
6.4)
chapter,
and
tests
graphically
experimental
ON CONCRETE
for
shows
(fig.
the
distributions
strain
theoretical
model
with
(fig.
surface
Experimental
gradually
compared
up
the
of
the
shown
the
of
drawn
proposed
distributions
concrete
end
is
DISTRIBUTION
Strain
the
the
be
will
the
mechanism
by
researchers
7.2
At
during
measured
specimens
detail.
failure
strains
reinforcement
the
of
in
of
the
chapter,
and
six
tested
in
similar
all
increases
strain
have
in
maximum
at
CHAPTER
194
100
point
point,
the
Strains
obtained
the
figure
than
FEM
in
the
action
of
seen
well
for
regions
near
of
this
the
loads
beams.
At
than
predicted
the
supports.
in
wedge
compressive
wedge
the
strains
concrete
of
on
that
small
large
and
lines
the
larger
formation
the
to
dotted
of
is
slightly.
be
section
strain
plate
two
the
top
the
an
At
beam.
100
recorded
at
Analysis
from
over
in
maximum
mm above
shows
occurs
the
zero,
increases
FEM
strain
compressive
mm from
top
200
the
their
vertical
tensile
of
the
results,
the
and
top
then
beam
a
of
decreases
the
of
the
of
In
maximum
depth
beam,
tensile
the
bottom
of
strains
(DB3
maximum
the
but
1.
vertical
towards
similar
mm
has
magnitude
bottom
at
strain
bottom
are
beams,
section
the
the
and
test
in
towards
gradually
Occasionally,
the
all
compressive
becomes
and
with
in
distributions
distribution
100-200
strain
emerges
and
vertical
position
vertical
strain
the
distributions
strain
Strain
the
decreases
and
vertical
sections
from
3,
and
the
show
respectively.
different
sections
beam.
these
are
constant
can
agree
upper
bearing
B. 3
and
and
in
similar
the
the
B. 2
sections
the
the
in
plotted
values
maximum
block.
Figs.
at
It
due
the
to
concrete
they
B. 1).
particularly
above
correspond
(fig.
experimental
probably
concrete
are
on
the
analysis
is
This
kN)
BOO
loads,
higher
analysis
this
decreases
strain
FEM
theoretical
and
experimental
by
by
Below
plate.
compressive
vertical
same
(less
above
mm
bearing
the
were
DB6).
and
vertical
it
beam,
more
or
is
less
195
linearly
with
vertical
compressive
200
position
bottom
the
compressive
the
beam.
from
varies
250
to
100
the
3,
the
mm from
the
position
the
at
the
the
at
the
on
which
of
span
region
the
of
2,
mm from
constant
bottom
compressive
depends
larger
100
vertical
constant
have
spans
rapidly
a point
section
becomes
strain
Larger
until
In
constant.
section
more
Thereafter,
beam.
becomes
stress
decreases
bottom
the
In
beam.
the
of
strain
mm from
the
of
depth
the
CHAPTER
which
beam.
.i
horizontal
The
in
shown
figs.
B. 4-6
distribution
in
transverse
strain
bearing
(fig.
plate
and
then
distance
occurs
at
strain
gradually
the
bearing
tensile
strain
identical
cracks
and
B. 5
100
the
diminishes
that
in
wedge
at
and
strains
in
region
200
mm above
beam.
For
the
section
section
the
are
the
very
bottom
below
and
this
with
maximum
100
region,
the
It
This
kN)
tensile
tensile
from
mm
have
FEM
due
formation
be
the
approach
mm below
strain
900
can
of
from
seen
horizontal
zero
the
the
tensile
The
at
to
tensile
analyses
with
This is again
values..
to
the
maximum
A
and
of
surface.
zero
800
the
close
surface.
to
to
chapter
maximum
that
than
small
in
region
zone.
(less
strain
line
discussed
loaded
are
similar
loading
the
comes
bearing
load
low
the
loading
Theoretical
plate.
is not so high as the experimental
that
the
results
except
a
very
zone
from
mm
from
horizontal
compression
assumption
al
is
been
tension
the
with
has
high
at
well
8.4)
along
which
has
occurring
agrees
fig.
blocks
It
strain
(fig.
distribution
A. 27-34).
bearing
1-3
sections
The
respectively.
section
concrete
in
distributions
strain
top
strains
for
of
the
the
were
196
recorded
This
measured.
the
for
and
at
creating
large
strains
middle
section
tensile
strains
were
loads
greater
is
strains
of
strain
and
beam.
At
the
to
the
formation
top
In
affected
Fig.
8.7
shows
top
of
compressive
with
strain
tensile
is
compressive
tensile
found
than
over
the
strain
supports
over
strains
at
the
It
distribution
values
while
are
smaller
the
than
the
of
were
region
across
that
seen
between
two
the
compressive
beam.
Slight
However
supports.
distribution
and
supports
the
a rapid
beams
supports
are
experimental
the
of
most
In
supports.
between
the
be
the
flatter
the
the
for
of
the
over
span
horizontal
can
of
tensile
strain
beams
centre
the
strains
horizontal
six
between
strains
predicted
the
all
FEM produce
compressive
experimental
the
at
cracks
these
well
4).
parabolic
from
horizontal
agree
for
tensile
of
on
large
beam
experimental
of
in
3,
these
compressive
and
(section
flexural
small
1-3
found
of
the
in
the
of
dependent
distribution
were
results
strains
cracks.
a maximum
analytical
in
by
was
strains
increase
section
beams
the
There
beam,
in
bottom
magnitude
theoretical
the
strain
supports.
larger
the
general,
not
is
line
section
presence
the
beams.
strain
In
of
region
of
is
which
The
Therefore
distributions
strain
the
kN.
large
to
the
the
of
strain-measuring
beam.
at
800
affected
the
recorded.
recorded
beams.
the
bottom
the
of
than
due
the
correspond
which
section
behaviour
flexural
intercept
loads
higher
However,
the
to
strains
compressive
above,
section
due
is
CHAPTER
tensile
corresponding
197
theoretical
in
shown
8.8.
fig.
800
in
changes
rapid
analysis
which
It
was
beams
behaviour
in
was
6.4).
compressive
that
the
at
maximum
DD4-6,
beams
50
Fig.
B. 9-12
strut
in
of
further
mm to
the
6-9
respectively.
the
compressive
to
a sudden
left
800
section
is
zero
decrease
of
the
in
in
strut;
the
from
the
6-9
seen
dramatically
In
the
6,
section
of
centre
the
strut
In
centre.
strain
is
this
be
can
falls
compressive
support
across
It
are
measured
the
strain
mm from
this
of
system.
being
support.
150
at
mm
strain
found
tie
Sections
compressive
strain
FEM
investigate
strains
the
by
failure
and
to
strut.
from
that
strut
the
show
away
falls
and
However,
recorded
1737
transverse
100,200,400
loads.
practice.
designed
strut,
compressive
gradually
of
compressive
this
magnitude
sections
failure
this
to
in
between
made
are
Ramaskrishnam
specially
were
positions
(fig.
fact
be
support
unreasonable
by
suggested
of
perpendicular
be
to
flexural
of
higher
at
the
around
strain
seem
6-12
Sections
values
strain
existence
cannot
higher
At
experimental
the
comparison
analytical
and
experimental
to
due
Therefore,
cracks.
the
has
FEM.
by
kN),
400
supports
values
kN),
than
the
is
5)
(section
beam
(less
between
analytical
fluctuates
distribution
at
the
the
of
loads
small
than
(greater
bottom
strain
to
similar
load
and
At
tensile
magnitude
the
at
strain
experimental
at
values.
Horizontal
deep
CHAPTER
believed
is
found
to
be
198
by
affected
the
distribution
similar
smaller
the
of
the
strut
left
to
the
to
recorded
Sections
these
strain,
distribution
it.
of
line
9
and
are
much
of
strain
have
less
is
are
of
beams
DB3-5.
the
little
shear
found
compressive
magnitudes
high
crack
strain
was
shear
crack
strut
with
of
comparatively
the
7.
and
The
uniform
due
to
is
compressive
sections
is
It
no
or
the
present
left
at
but
in
the
is
of
than
at
cracking,
right
similar
with
in
in
the
decrease
sharp
Therefore,
of
depressions
occasionally,
the
and
presence
of
cracks.
shear
Figs.
6.13-15
is
at
similar
1600
to
increase
Below
Transverse
11-12
1 but
with
there
point
strain
have
compressive
distributions
the
along
700
micro-strain,
(fig.
at
100
strains
sections
as
the
mm
from
begin
10-12
10
section.
of
magnitudes
occurs
in
section
a distribution
larger
a maximum
strain
In
around
strain
is
6.4).
recorded
magnitude,
compressive
and
this
in
longitudinal
of
(fig.
was
Sections
section
of
approached
strain
small
M.
distributions
respectively
compressive
Compression
the
show
10-12
sections
uniform
even
the
found
are
left
shear
but
the
has
found
mm to
strut
to
dividing
the
actually
in
that
note
strains
compressive
the
of
is
100
at
6,
by
section
strain
zero
section
affected
the
interesting
beam.
to
in
maximum
Section
cracks.
as
becomes
Similar
to
mm
the
and
strain,
shear
strains
Again
strut.
compressive
100
of
magnitude.
centre
of
presence
CHAPTER
strains
8.1).
support
the
to
are
An
is
support.
decrease.
shown
in
199
figs.
B. 16-18.
three
zero
begin
to
strain
kN.
from
the
linearly
mm from
the
bars
of
these
The
distributions
in
figs.
B. 19-24.
given
by
figs.
B. 25-29.
marked
drawn
drawn;
on
the
the
together
IN
of
in
On
and
the
below
to
hold
block
main
back
the
in
recorded
is
not
rotating
10.
section
REINFORCEMENTS
in
main
in
strains
direction
and
variation
and
the
figure,
each
reinforcement
with
block
four
of
were
concrete
strain
The
position
the
strain
strain
help
strains
the
concrete
presence
which
rotating
DISTRIBUTION
shown
are
but
the
to
small
that
showing
sections
STRAIN
due
the
in
transverse
of
diameter
Only
11-12
sections
decrease
than
from
mm
increase
of
tensile
greater
300
rapid
and
strains
in
loads
bearing
every
numbered
strain
steel
are
details
strain
beside
in
are
steel
reinforcement
of
of
web
it.
each
is
gauge
is
It
gauge
with
loads.
Gauges
1-4
were
mounted
all
slowly
increases
point
movement
is
support
block.
concrete
This
The
larger
for
tensile
with
to
rotational
crack.
shear
Rapid
10
top
decrease
Transverse
section
decreases.
then
the
at
strains
point.
in
found
are
support.
this
increases
indicates
steel
7.3
mm from
recorded
and
actually
strains
compressive
below
emerge
It
support
900
at
are
800
along
These
sections.
become
300
Compressive
CHAPTER
on
the
reinforcement
in
the
centre
200
of
the
beam.
At
around
400
to
increased
strain
cracking
cracks,
rate
the
gauges
kN.
fail
not
main
beam
similar
rate
of
bearing
gauges
were
actually
They
Gauge
early
is
to
at
they
all
edge
small
the
end
of
the
bottom
anchorage
increase
strain
at
cracks
at
the
shear
the
except
main
problem
four
from
to
of
it
strain,
10
is
the
above
the
those
in
yielded
believed
Gauge
it
main
DB2,
virtually
support.
reinforcement,
enhanced
beam
is
the
gauges
an
In
characteristic
distance
the
reinforcement
characteristics
gauge
DB2,
exception
reinforcement
but
the
main
loads.
highest
of
the
demonstrated
main
which
With
These
plate.
this
Db2,
and
yielding
beams,
most
have
in
DB1
show
the
kN)
direction
of
beams
with
recorded
(400
again
on
different
outstanding
the
the
bearing
This
from
monitor
11
the
strains.
the
in
had
of
placed
strain
stage
unstrained.
stem
and
in
DB3-6.
an
of
of
the
In
are
none
along
gauges
larger
that
noted
in
of
all
9-12
increase
plate.
beams
exception
at
remains
reinforcement
formation
position.
edge
strains
9-12
gauges
the
flexural
of
rapidly
is
beam,
flexural
the
presence
It
main
They
exhibits
outer
have
at
steel
the
above
this
beam.
placed
shear,
the
the
of
span
indicates
more
the
after
the
in
D82,
In
of
were
and
in
load.
strut.
With
reinforcement
of
yielding
before
800-1000
This
the
of
5-8
rate.
increases
failure
compressive
rates,
that
at
the
on
linearly.
increased
strain
depending
strain
Gauges
upper
faster
shows
imaginary
did
beam
until
position.
two
kN,
course,
of
this
1000
at
the
of
increased,
is
load
As
CHAPTER
is
designed
reinforcement.
to
34
CHAPTER
201
Strain
in
there
is
this
the
two
in
cracking.
DB2
has
In
beam
not
failed
DB1
gauges
14-17
at
in
strain
at
Gauges
steel.
Bearing
is
in
either
strains
are
DB2-6
beams
the
above
side
the
B. 25-29).
(figs.
supports
stirrup
in
of
support
the
recorded
form
to
of
21-26
gauges
while
stirrups.
in
the
near
before
the
below
the
higher
bearing
are
compression
plate.
In
gauges,
stirrups
failure
beam
above
on
placed
27-29
steel
crack.
shear
bearing
web
web
interlocking
small
prevent
Gauges
central
the
near
steel
vertical
and
reinforcement
reinforcement
the
rapid
originates
imaginary
the
of
web
but
in
in
loads,
cracking
reinforcement
In
found
occurs
shear
shear
found.
are
higher
at
yield
installed
of
is
crack
Generally,
that
main
this
kN,
show
others
unstrained
strains
and
direction
the
steel
inserted
place.
were
in
at
recorded
was
taking
suggests
the
found
Compression
700-900
shows
formation
shear
no
the
virtually
are
small
strain
18-20
along
again
and
and
below
the
above
the
after
strain
13
gauge
all
while
14-17
shear
larger
This
point
and
only
is
fails.
specimen
in
loads
has
load
gauges
DB3-6,
and
bottom
the
DB2,
in
that
found
tensile
show
gauges
the
in
is
It
strain
with
before
increase
beams
increase
strain
reinforcement.
strut.
all
that
accepted
reinforcement
web
Compressive
increase
of
13,
gauge
of
is
main
compressive
reinforcement.
stages
horizontal
suggested
exception
constant
as
the
of
the
with
were
the
of
the
in
it
therefore,
low,
anchorage
good
direction
in
gauge
13-17
Gauges
is
and
the
30-32
DB2,
especially
the
centre
on
are
only
small
for
202
gauges
steel
corner
to
close
the
bearing
by
because
the
of
sliding
the
in
one
or
fact
prevent
concrete
failure
premature
the
around
first
the
indicates
This
steel.
too
strains
in
stirrups
more
is
larger
have
off
plate
position
DB3-6
bearing
bearing
the
supporting
beams
the
of
of
bearing
of
in
ineffectiveness
of
yielding
can
steel
that
beam
the
of
support.
DEFLECTION
7.4
Deflections
fig.
B. 30.
the
tests
for
shown
the
failure
of
beams
DB1
these
two
beams.
larger
patterns.
of
the
some
of
DB2,
no
lines
are
dial
the
the
larger
deflection
FEM
are
analysis
Both
figure.
same
show
during
gauges
by
results
in
shown
results
results
on
has
span
beams
experimental
Theoretical
theoretical
and
The
of
and
dotted
experimental
deflection
similar
the
at
middle
beam.
the
Horizontal
is
beams,
distortion
as
the
movement
shown
Beam
DB1.
beam
the
to
in
bottom
at
Due
shown
are
off
beam
layer
crushing
of
by
Gauges
show
secondary
or
fails
corner.
usually
and
the
of
the
shows
DD2
beam
and
the
This
10-12.
CHAPTER
DB2
in
has
around
described
test
rig.
fig.
recorded
B. 31.
in
chapter
Limited
zone
6,
did
horizontal
taken
was
horizontal
bearing
line
centre
No measurement
extensive
the
the
along
due
movement
above
not
the
fail
movement
of
in
beam
to
the
This
support.
in
shear
is
the
but
recorded
slid
in
203
beams
DB3-6
thickness
7.5
no
and
From
the
is
past
following
INTERLOCK
failure
believed
by
determined
of
in
behaviour
it
is
review
BY AGGREGATE
TRANSFER
investigation,
deep
the
in
this
dowel
is
this
deep
of
strength
and
area
in
beams
shear
interlock
aggregate
(dowel
two
by
or
the
interdependent
action.
in
discussed
the
important
in
parts
aggregate
interlock
not
to
shear
is
increased
the
diagonal
crack
the
rotation
and
shear
displacement
crack
tensile
meets
taken
leads
by
up
to
Therefore,
the
reduced.
action
force
Houde
taken
and
of
the
of
concrete
the
increases
shear
part
the
of
and
the
dowel
Mirza
crack
1353
the
force
shear
by
lengthened
and
the
beam.
the
shear
When
the
This
level
a
stated
the
of
higher
rate.
is
interlock
aggregate
that
the
resistance
reinforcement.
at
an
plays
external
width
by
action
interlock
at
up
dowel
During
widened
of
reinforcement,
splitting
reinforcement
As
is
reinforcement
and
aggregate
the
(aggregate
crack
separate.
resistance.
by
crack
tensile
of
easy
the
of
action
formation,
crack
of
across
surfaces
dowel
and
stage
transmitted
rough
However,
action).
initial
be
can
between
interlock)
further
to
depth
of
that
researches
forces
interaction
is
these
paragraphs.
Shear
are
for
observed
was
ratios.
SHEAR
beams
buckling
CHAPTER
for
beam
204
without
reinforcement
web
interlock,
aggregate
action
are
the
of
Some
main
as
them
of
effect
eliminated
the
across
in
had
been
dowel
action
crack.
the
crack
and
that
the
shear
dependent
the
seven
Paulay
and
under
constant
specimen
crack
width
size
of
Loebar
or
is
and
shear
carried
factor
affecting
Houde
with
et
mortor
in
resistance
no
ranged
was
mainly
the
square
it
the
concrete.
in
carried
variable
was
the
similar
at
size,
noticeable
shape,
an
effect
The
test
The
aggregate
largest
width
by
widths
crack
arrived
interlock.
was
out
forces.
the
found
was
However,
was
They
that
had
It
to
restraining
7.3.
across
stress
used
and
the
interlock
interlock
aggregate
shear
applied
concrete.
constant
fig.
al
was
the
and
restraining
proportional
aggregate
variable
cement
by
of
applying
block
measured.
of
was
and
by
by
aggregate
magnitude
of
in
shown
to
conclusions
by
aggregate
(70]
force
was
strength
tests
Twenty
Shear
(35]
reinforcement
the
of
maintained
7.2.
The
the
of
was
of
the
Mirza
and
introduced
ends
carried
cylinder
independent
either
N/mm`.
the
on
of
stress
Houde
was
of
action
investigate
absence
displacement
shear
1.2
to
0.5
the
the
then
and
crack
width
They
respectively.
separate
action
tensile
fig.
to
made
with
dowel
[79].
parameters.
on
in
shown
20%
and
by
and
zone
compressive
7.1,
dowel
force
crack
as
specimen
fig.
various
with
predetermined
hardness
shown
and
tensile
direct
root
was
interlock
the
50,30
steel
attempts
aggregate
in
carried
shear
cracking,
after
concrete
distributed
from
and
CHAPTER
of
the
single
a
crack
X05
Conpresai. on zone
Shear etreae by
aggregate interlock
( 50% )
Cracked
regt, on
Shear stress by
dowel. oct i, on
( 20%)
Fi.,g. 7.1
__^
11
II
L
___=_
Ret.nforcenent
to prevent
fLexurol. & dkagonot crocks
_====J
Crack formed
by Cens. on
mLLd steel
Crock open. ng
AdJustobLe
IIII
IIII
et. de roLLer
J3
c=--==
g"Load
Ft,g. 7.2
Aggregate LnterLock
test
cell,
dt.o. bars
TensLon crack
along shear plane
3-3/8'
dLa.
etLrrupe
FLg. 7.3
Aggregate
L nt erL oc k test
Shear surface
CHAPTER
206
across
shear
which
to
the
was
stress
forces
restraining
shear
Typical
considerable.
regression
relationship
obtained.
be
could
approximated
by
the
ACI
an
within
the
160,617.
crack
diminished
associated
initial
was
with
that
shear
that
sliding
model.
to
the
is
cannot
is
The
resisted
be
reinforcement
on
effect
by
represented
of
and
across
decreased
also
was
which
the
size
sensitive
Furthermore,
combination
by
the
as
stiffness
displacement
plane.
either
Millard
shear
was
the
of
stiffness
of
recommended
the
both
stress
regardless
stress
with
applied
shear
shear
crack
the
by
the
shear
was
testing
Crack-widening
width.
7.4.
following
action
placing
increased.
crack-widening
fig.
the
mean
Dowel
of
shear
in
width
(7.1)
p=1.4
employed
increasing
normal
believed
friction
width
crack
stiffness
and
ultimate
crack
and
force
that
angles
corresponding
while
method
found
the
with
line
shear
was
They
and
crack
initial
This
right
shown
the
C1].
with
(psi)
by
and
at
performed
straight
eliminated
interlock
are
p=1.7,
Tests
constant
purposes
Code
crack.
aggregate
Johnson
duct
oversize
the
of
side
by
of
be
can
acting
fa1.03
design
Building
reinforcement
force
was
for
friction
of
coefficient
transfered.
results
= 0.473
that
suggested
be
maintain
analysis
fL
was
to
required
Logarithmic
It
the
that
showed
plane
to
were
of
a
of
the
to
the
it
was
crushing
conventional
1200
ti7%
1000
a
"
i7
800
c
U
600
m
c
if
400
LfL
)
(Pet.
cr
)1.03
0.473
,
Se
0
L
rL - 0.582r,
0
.-
200
200
400
fL Hestroi. rn.ng stress
Ft g. 7.4
800
600
Shear vs restratning
(p.)
stress
by Paulay.
"N/:
dId
1
I.
V -
'f-
1
IL.
Plo-v
Hi
'l-VN
SHEAR
/j3
V-A,;
FLEXURE
211
34
V.
Ft.g. 7.5
KINKING
V-A,
coed
------------
and
Load ceLL
1
1
-1
Load
f
cell
--------
Load
ceLL
Ft. g. 7.6
Dowel, action
test
CHAPTER
208
Dowel
flexure
of
(2)
(3)
the
the
shear
kinking
across
of
mechanisms
are
with
the
the
shear
the
shear
and
161]
keyed
surface
across
the
is
force
kinking
shearing
reinforcement).
are
the
principal
two
Thirty
Houde
and
Mirza
be
tensile
not
(35]
contradict
proportional
determine
The
bar
influence
any
with
to
the
size
total
finding
in
of
7.6
steel.
the
dowel
the
of
shear
and
the
as
is
strength
with
combined
loads
were
the
and
The
pull-out
did
This
load.
dowel
which
found
concrete
length
embedment
cracking
by
tested
were
dowel
width
the
and
to
reinforcement.
action
beam
dowel
area
the
cracking
the
on
Pauley's
the
smooth
action
ultimate
dowel
Dowel
on
fig.
by
reinforcement
of
in
the
or
forces.
dependent
dowel
diameter
tested
that
the
the
of
(square
infers
of
shown
alone
strength.
have
the
that
area
of
of
reinforcement
of
steel
flexure
of
to
pull-out
directly
total
specimens
acting
predetermined
to
cube
beam-end
dowel
under
the
from
found
was
This
by
were
amounts
large
strength
strength
preparation
mechanisms
produced
yield
of
are
the
specimens
It
diameter
dowels
by
the
type
the
the
to
than
surfaces.
to
the
associated
the
of
determined
different
of
proportional
is
surface
three
and
force
dowel
varied
with
terms
when
7.5
fig.
in
in
push-off
proportional
diameter
illustrated
rather
Thirty
reinforcement.
and
reinforcement.
dowel
concrete
surrounding
Pauley
the
bars,
However,
a
of
capacity
sources:
reinforcement,
the
strength.
three
from
come
expressed
strength
its
be
to
the
the
shear
bar
action
(1)
These
the
believed
is
is
force
farces
CHAPTER
209
had
no
the
shear
on
effect
dowel
the
the
of
capacity
capacity
Df
Similar
interlock
by
smoothed
casting
two
with
resulted
It
in
increase
in
the
on
effect
the
action
increase
the
if
considered
in
by
to
axial
to
the
cracks
override
tension
concrete
in
of
also
causes
force
in
for
tendency
damage
and
and
dowel
more
in
instance,
dowel
by
interlock
the
widening
the
in
and
concrete
aggregate
suppressed
force.
reinforced
For
only
force
interlock
aggregate
to
crack
stiffness
localized
tension
axial
ultimate
had
increased
the
of
axial
shear
separately.
which
in
some
effect
elimination
smooth
faces
due
between
combined
tests,
artificially
crack
interaction
makes
than
is
the
an
were
The
smooth
O\
with
was
separating
and
the
lower
duct
diameter
for
increase
an
in
sheeting.
stiffness
of
but
in
concrete
shear
strength
and
stages
the
tendency
together
This
However,
complex
the
stress
widening.
of
the
resulted
shear
action
be
surfaces
polythene
higher
two
increasing
behaviour
reinforcement
softening
that
show
increased
also
An
crack
may
C60]
no
shearing
in
thin
of
time
this
The
Johnson
and
that
specimen
layers
reinforcement
ultimate
of
(7.2)
Millard
except
each
results
stress.
by
reinforcement.
experimental
the
load
cracking
207.
1/3
used
tests,
the
surrounding
small
dowel
= 40-b-fc'
were
specimens
aggregate
widen.
The
beam.
exceed
not
by
expressed
them
did
which
tendency
of
the
reinforcement
for
crack,
and
210
reduction
in
aggregate
interlock
of
an
the
by
and
dissimilar
for
Hofbeck
be
combined
Their
action.
parallel
reinforcement
of
the
shear
diameter
spacing
and
the
linear
relationship
force
Vu.
yield
plateau
in
(1)
The
7.8,
stress
component
sides
of
reinforcement.
(2)
The
the
relative
in
the
high
yield
displacement
or
uncracked
is
found
did
not
that
affect
ultimate
shear
and
small
A structural
observed
mode
model
failure
of
shown
assumptions:
f
reinforecment,
of relative
the
shear
It
the
dowel
inclined
strength
resistance.
the
following
and
some
and
or
reinforcement
a
two
presented
interlock
7.7.
p. fy
shear
to
according
with
the
fig.
is
stiffness.
cracked
in
width
width
orthogonal,
initially
with
higher
give
included
between
Reinforcement
constructed
fig.
of
have
are
these
shear
aggregate
plane
crack
Crack
[33,57]
of
apecimens
the
was
effect
test
along
concrete
Mattock
and
widths
surface
similar
axial
provided
therefore
have
means
between
the
crack
same
interlock;
to
bond
stiffness
reinforcement.
expected
al
the
with
unbonded
shear
internal
the
aggregate
et
the
on
specimens
of
the
Also
and
cannot
specimens
tests
underestimate
two
factor
prime
thus
In
by
action
lower
could
action.
local
the
This
concrete.
dowel
of
removed
and
bonded
with
also
dowel
the
of
elimination
interlock.
aggregate
but
tests,
duct
reinforcement
stiffness
stiffness
shear
oversize
CHAPTER
displacement
plane
at
in
ultim
is
proportional
of
the
concrete
direction
ate,
Su
is
on
constant
to
the
the
of
two
the
and
3/e di.a.
i.
rrupi
a
vanes n
ord in no.
nd size of
Lupe
Shear
Plane
Shear
PLone
stLmips
1.5ms dL a.
Lo
P%.
yvv
Ft,g. 7.7
Push-off
test
F,
A
i"ia
yN%
"I
Hofbeck.
and
IFT
_
'
..
N.
by Mattock
cty
I
Y/
'1 (xy
I
Cr"
ro
0
rt
of
1F
F.
Ft.g. 7.8
ppv
Ft. g. 7.9
212
that
to
equal
During
in
tests
the
cracks
at
another
occurs
diagonal
cracks.
C=
where
therefore
were
halves
fs
can
be
across
the
specimen
the
of
the
strain
t
C
Total
force
steel
shear
to
relative
in
one
between
strut
Es
plane.
the
reinforcement
at
is
plane
Es
= C-Su*Cos
and
when
(9+a-e)
e+90,
(7.3)
cs=may
(7.4)
seca"cos(90+m-e)
expressed
fy.
=j
the
concrete
as:
r -fy
fs
the
diagonal
specimens,
formed
of
E=E
sy
stress
in
cy
strain
plane.
Therefore,
constant
uncracked
rotation
shear
produce
initially
two
by
the
to
angle
shear
intervals
the
of
the
on
short
Movement
to
necessary
reinforcement
CHAPTER
O<0<2m-90
secm.
2a-90<e<90
cos(90+(K-e)
fy
(7.5)
90<e<180
perpendicular
and
to
parallel
the
crack
are
respectively
At
plane
externally
as
F=
AS f
Fv
= AS -fs
failure,
the
direct
a result
of
the
direct
stress
stresses
(7.6)
(7.7)
-sin(2(3)
stress
aex
oaa
-sin
2e/Sb
ox
in
acting
the
across
reinforcement
the
shear
and
any
is
= F/b-d
+ aex
(7. A)
CHAPTER
213
b=
d=
where
Thus
Txy
can
be
can
plane
plane.
shear
shear
the
by
tensile
and
force
the
the
of
found
be
compressive
shear
of
width
length
Mohr
the
of
of
K-T
crack
faces
which
to
the
in
and
hence
when
The
separate.
assumed
(shear
crack
be
to
in
the
of
movement
two
The
plane).
slip
the
occurs,
displacement
relative
a direction
at
angle
(7.10)
'r" = arctan}t
= coef.
taken
using
at
the
similarly
the
angle
e to
crack
the
assumptions,
an
stress
the
Es
= C2-Su-cos(e+'")
at
ultimate
of
crack
faces,
strain
at
is
given
Es
ultimate
by
(7.11)
the
reinforcement
at
angle
is
crack
I -f
fs
friction
between
()f=38.7)
0.8
of
as
foregoing
the
reinforcement
e to
is
place
xy
crack,
where
Thus
takes
to
the
along
rough,
forced
were
ultimate
(7.9)
specimens,
was
was
The
given
0.84
cracked
crack
with
as
as
specimen
the
faces
taken
7.8)
concrete.
of
strength
estimated
initially
For
halves
be
may
(fig.
circle
V=F+
uv
where
=i
-f
L
O<e<90-2w
y
y.
fy
cosecw-cos(e+w)
90-2v<e<90
90<e<18O
(7.12)
214
It
has
reinforcement
shear
transfer
taken
as
been
proposed
crossing
C58]
crack
strength
CHAPTER
that
right
at
for
may,
the
u = 200 + O. ep-fy
first
The
term
for
value
is
the
of
action
force
Eq.
7.13
by
force
dowel
force
shear
to
perpendicular
Dowel
is
force
sine
times
Combining
steel
Eqs.
the
and
e. )
Df
strength
Eq. 7.13
is
dowel
bound
the
crack
reinforcement,
the
dowel
e. )
(7.14)
stress
dowel
force
in
is
the
direction
to
proportional
k"sine-fs
(7.15)
7.15,
"sin2e
=k
to
modified
(7.16)
-f
give
the
mean
value
of
shear
as
Vu
where
lower
times
sine
(i.
by
sine
steel
(i.
Vu
Therefore,
-D f'
thus
crack,
stress
7.14
=k
by
produced
to
perpendicular
to
be
design,
along
the
to
reinforcemment
Vu
the
force
shear
proportional
the
ultimate
transfer
gives
perpendicular
is
of
of
c7. i3)
shear
this
Since,
the
purpose
the
But
purpose.
to
angle
case
< 0.3fc'
represent
reinforcement.
design
resisted
therefore
in
the
for
F=
= 404b-h-sin2e
A5-h-fs-sin
ze
&
+ 0. OF +F
Fv
= -As-h-fs-sin(2e)
(7.17)
215
7.6
PROPOSED
FAILURE
MECHANISM
CHAPTER
OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
DEEP
BEAMS
Consider
reinforcement
fig.
It
crack
shear
edge
was
the
of
Equilibrium
the
strength
of
are
they
(1)
are
any
analysis,
as
follows:
A crack
is
the
supporting
free
the
diagram
certain
formed
the
along
plate
line
the
and
the
along
in
7.1Ob.
have
joining
the
outer
by
interlock,
and
fig.
plate.
maintained
acting
assumptions
inner
loading
crack
forces
body
the
aggregate
the
the
that
were
zone,
Various
the
of
in
-shown
joining
crack
across
reinforcement
of
the
along
as
line
edge
compression
concrete.
by
shown
purpose
the
in
of
forces
orthogonal
experiments
the
outer
with
loading
from
along
the
and
beam
point
observed
formed
usually
the
shear
stresses
been
had
support
of
two
to
subjected
7.1Oa.
deep
concrete
reinforced
edge
been
inner
the
of
tensile
the
crack
For
the
made
and
of
edge
loading
plate.
(2)
Movement
of
centre
of
movement
of
the
direction
is
the
block
by the
concrete
rotation
about
forces
in
the
(point
A)
compression
zone
the
is
along
crack
each
point
perpendicular
of the
crack.
(3)
Strain
the
in
to
proportional
the
(4)
(5)
of
direction
Ultimate
reinforcement
the
displacement
the
reinforcement.
displacement
that
A reinforced
ultimate
concrete
displacement,
bottom-most
of
main
two
to
neccessary
the
of
between
to
equal
reinforcement.
deep
the
across
concrete,
concrete
produce
beam is
Su
has
reinforcement.
the
crack,
said
taken
surface,
yielding
to
fail
place
cs
Su
the
and
to
is
along
Su
is
of
the
when
at
the
the
>i(o
vu
vu
11
ca
Yu
I+1
-1 -, I-
lotto+ta,
X
I dh
6u
rL
al. nO
61-1
ro,
ducoseeb
rLh
I_
.
ca
Yu
(
FIg. 7. i0
Proposed faLture
mechanism.
217
As
angle
in
shown
fig.
3-5
assumptions
when
above,
we
degs.,
e=90
shear
may
is
crack
horizontal
Esh
if
the
7.10b,
the
with
CHAPTER
and
formed
at
an
to
according
the
write
k-Su-sine
(7.18)
Esh-Eyh
Eyh=k-Su
thus
Esh
Eyh-sine
(7.19a)
similarly,
Esv
Eyv'Cosa
(7.19b)
and
fsh
fyh'sine
(7.20a)
fsv
= fyv'Cosa
where
= Strain
Esh'Esv
Eyv
Eyh,
fyv
fyh,
in
respectively.
Yield
in
stress
about
the
(point
A).
centre
and
horizontal
and
vertical
vertical
vertical
the
of
rotation
force
in
the
the
of
in
compression
in
stresses
the
the
block
concrete
compression
reinforcement
zone
be
can
as
Th
Tv
where
of
and
vertical
respectively.
from
Tensile
calculated
the
distribution
resulting
reinforcement
and
respectively.
the
horizontal
reinforcement
triangular
horizontal
respectively.
in the
horizontal
reinforcement
Assuming
(7.20b)
the
reinforcement
= Yield
strain
reinforcement
in
= Stress
fsh'fsv
Th, Tv
d'
= Ash 'f
(yh-d
sh
= Ash . fyh -sine
= Asv -f
(H-Xv.
') / (d-d
')
(yh-d')
/ (d-d')
tane-d
sv
= Asv-fyv-cose(H-Xvtane-d')/(d-d')
= Tensile
reinforcement
= Depth
of
force
in
the
respectively.
the
centre
') / (d-d'
(7.21a)
)
(7.21b)
horizontal
of
compression
and
vertical
in
the
compression
beam.
= Depth
yh
X=
v
inner
Total
H=
Stresses
the
due
crack
to
the
of
top
of
Distance
the
from
A)
horizontal
beam.
of the
edge
height
the
(point
zone
CHAPTER
218
reinforcement
reinforcement
vertical
of
the
from
the
from
the
top
the
the
support.
beam.
of the
of
perpendicular
reinforcement
to
parallel
and
are
fLh
= Th-sine/(b-Sh.
cosece)
Ash-fyh-sin3a
yh-d'
(7.22a)
d -d '
b- Sh
fph
= Th -cose/
(b -Sh'
coseas)
Ash"fyh-sin2e"cose
yh-d'
(7.22b)
d-d'
b "Sh
fLv
= Tv"sine/(b"Sv-secs)
A
sv
-f
H-X
yv-cos'
-tans-d'
(7.22c)
b -S
fpv
d-d'
= Tv-sine/(b"Sh-Seca)
A
sv
-f
yv-cos2e-sine
where
fph
= Stresses
-tans-d'
(7.22d)
b -S
fLh,
H-X
d-d'
and
perpendicular
due
crack
respectively.
to
horizontal
parallel
to
reinforcement
the
219
fLv'fpv
Stresses
in
shown
from
0.7H
tensile
figs.
the
this
Below
reasonable
tensile
tensile
perpendicular
the
be
can
crack
r ft
ft'
is
in
the
the
to
assume
at
the
the
that
tip
zero
above
concrete
in
it.
of
maximum
the
of
and
assumed
depth
crack.
triangular
Therefore,
direction
the
as
written
)y<0.7H
(D. 7H-d'
-y/
to
is
reinforcement
extended
stress
stress
stress
to
is
to
parallel
vertical
cracks
concrete
the
of
tensile
the
is
the
point,
distribution
flexural
It
in
stress
to
due
6.7-12,
top.
and
perpendicular
crack
respectively.
As
CHAPTER
(7.23)
=1
L0y>0.7H
where
ft'
= Tensile
stress
ft
direction
= Tensile
of the
strength
Distance
y=
Stresses
taken
from
as
the
maximum
fL
Two
They
considered.
(2)
shear
MODE 1-
(fig.
the
7.1Ob)
concrete
along
the
(i.
ft
fLh+fLv,
crack
e. )
(7.24)
deep
concrete
failure
be
should
along
beams
are
crack
and
the
crack.
failure
Splitting
the
and
ft
and
splitting
the
the
beam.
of
reinforced
(1)
are
failure
Consider
of
the
of
direction
= max(
failure
of
modes
top
the
(fLh+fLv)
of
to
perpendicular
crack.
of concrete.
the
to
perpendicular
concrete
of
of
rotation
failure
block.
of
By
the
taking
the
block
concrete
beam
is
moments
due
about
to
point
about
the
splitting
A,
thus
point
A
of
220
r
Vui
fL'b
-cosec
Xc
Vu1
= Clear
=
Ultimate
the
of
the
the
the
of
by
reinforced
failure
concrete
1.
mode
the
components
in
stress
and
dowel
vc
= Shear
fa
Shear
fd
Shear
the
stress
in
stress
due
be
can
the
of
the
aggregate
By
reinforcement.
shear
strength
found.
interlock
to
of
zone,
aggregate
due
zone,
the
compressive
to
stress
the
forces,
beam
the
forces
of
of
these
deep
direction
compression
action
of
concrete
the
along
acting
equilibrium
reinforced
where
forces
stress
considering
capacity
estimated
shear
interlocking
(7.25)
span,
include
reinforcement,
')
failure
They
crack.
X-d'-cote
shear
beam
Shear
Consider
- (y-d
d(y)
shear
deep
MODE 2 --
2a
=I
1Q
where
CHAPTER
effect,
dowel
action
the
reinforced
of
the
reinforcement,
Vu2
= Ultimate
deep
However,
shear
beam
estimation
of
capacity
Shear
the
shear
stress
recommendation
estimated
of
a deep
in
of
capacity
the
fa
vc,
beam
of
by
failure
and
fd
can
compressive
ACI-318
(2),
be
mode
is
concrete
2.
necessary
before
the
found.
zone
Eq. 5.22.
can
be
estimated
by
22L
(3.5-2.5M/V
vom' _
< 61f
(stress
stress
It
stress
perpendicular
Paulay
by
suggested
was
stress
Eq.
7.1
k=
proportional
may
be
Paulay
of
strength
the
and
rt
Leber
5300
psi.
is
shear
of
that
recognized
happen
in
the
stress
the
the
of
crack).
that
(7.1)
(psi)
that
the
aggregate
the
square
root
interlocking
the
of
cylinder
shear
region
of
= k-, /fr,
(7.27)
the
stress
loss
much
= 0.582
[701
in
where
in
be
should
can
stress
# - (fLh+fLv)
C:
interlock
the
has
crack
the
effective.
concrete
concrete
cube
therefore,
the
taken
be
as
k=0.165
estimated
as
/O. 582
aggregate
is
concrete
average
experiment,
constant
the
to
accuracy
(7.28)
an
their
= O. 165&/f
of
fa
used
interlocking
aggregate
fa'
It
1'03
without
modified
proportional
appropriate
Thus,
170]
restraining
constant.
fL
Since
the
direction
Loeber
to
fa'
where
the
on
concrete
of
strength
to
stated
proportional
also
was
dependent
and
[24]
Paulay
and
(5.22)
-d/M)
is
= 0.473fa'
fL
Fenwick
'
+ 2500-V
c'
interlocking
Aggregate
9&/f
(I.
-d)
(1.9f
< 2.5
CHAPTER
(7.29)
effect
formed,
the
only
only
otherwise
Therefore,
and
can
the
aggregate
sum
222
interlocking
stress
interlocking
aggregate
Eq. 5.22
in
stress
be
should
fa+vc
Stresses
to
proportional
0.45
constant
is
suggested
of
130N/mm2
296N/mm.
Kong's
for
of
the
horizontal
fv
= Stress
of
the
vertical
fd
= Dowel
stress
capacity
of
2 can
The
be
shear
of
the
reinforced
capacity
of
minimum
of
7.26.
In
the
case
deep
load,
the
the
beam.
edge
used
stress
estimated
of
as
(7.31)
cos20)
reinforcement,
reinforcement,
reinforcement.
31
into
Eq. 7.26,
deep
the
beam
with
shear
failure
found.
the
inner
+ f.
He
yield
be
the
constant
5.23).
with
can
concrete
be
the
the
and
should
shear
fd
sin2e
= Stress
(Eq.
be
between
angle
proportional
bars
steel
stress,
= 0.45(fh.
7.22,30
to
considered
the
of
formula
plain
dowel
Eqs.
sine
e. )
(7.30)
are
7.16).
fh
Substituting
mode
the
(Eq.
by
(i.
shear
vc
action
of
crack
Therefore,
fd
where
square
the
and
reinforcement
of
the
fa'
= max(
concrete
crack,
the
of
maximum
the
or
the
of
dowel
to
due
Eq. 7.29
position
any
the
to
equal
in
stress
in
CHAPTER
of
crack
of
the
is
the
reinforced
the
values
beams
assumed
support
and
to
the
deep
concrete
by
obtained
with
uniformly
form
along
third
span
beam
Eq. 7.25
and
distributed
the
line
on
the
joining
top
of
223
7.7
COMPARISON
Test
WITH
by
given
proposed
Paiva
and
Ananthanarayana
(73],
effectiveness
of
168]
CIRIA
in
the
to
tests
during
as
given
values
Figures
with
calculated
values
are
given
45
degrees
line
values
the
Among
It
depth
to
in
have
higher
was
none
of
the
beams
CP110
and
most
of
its
estimates
much
the
better
three
of
1.706
and
CP11O,
experimental
a
design
capacity.
than
results
codes:
value
CIRIA
600kN
with
standard
guide
and
loads
varies
the
more
most
with
calculated
beams
with
of
lie
within
The
CIRIA
in
fact
ACI-316.
and
0.3G.
conservative
and
by
50kN
a
design
it
is
It
the
gives
7.12
results
high
shear
Fig.
British
range
even
gives
best
an
7.11
Code
guide
shear
Fig.
small
safety.
ultimate
of
conservative
6.5
of
over-estimated
calculated
deviation
gives
guides
the
factor
factor
CP110,
CIRIA
to
obtained
together
the
gives
safety
that
those
are
design
7.11-18
Generally,
4.4.
(19],
results
load
ultimate
represents
CP110
shows
for
figs.
The
ones.
average
of
ratio
different
which
guides,
an
gives
by
The
ultimate
experimental
design
deviation
standard
span
the
to
equal
results.
of
the
and
CP11O
guides;
of
experimental
methods
(63].
discussed.
also
ratios
with
Al-Najjim
and
are
are
Ramakrishnan
design
formulae.
diagonal
169],
(45]
C1]
7.1
compared
and
Siess
different
table
(44,42,47,73,69]
sources
method
Kong
ACI-318
and
presented
various
the
with
analysed
RESULTS
TEST
frort:
results
CHAPTER
among
average
strength
shows
for
of
that
higher
224
strength
for
beams
and
the
beams
except
all
Ananthanarayana's
in
flexure
2.054
with
It
Code.
CIRIA
the
Paiva
a
than
shear.
slight
the
guide
Siess's
deviation
beams
beams
Ananthanarayana's
(standard
deviation
0.316).
An
ultimate
shear
strength
standard
deviation
of
beams
the
k=1.57
cylinder
splitting
strength
of
concrete.
1.007
in
strength
of
0.103
of
deep
is
shear
the
beams,
it
is
the
This
can
the
the
ACI-318
than
only
gives
standard
Kong's
predict
loads
and
by
36%
those
with
deviation
to
0.671
is
of
calculated
(corresponding
obtained
their
with
respectively.
Ananthanarayana's
and
based
on
estimation
formula
of
but
reasonable
Ramakrishnan
in
ratio
and
flexure
and
test
average
(standard
0.127)
and
with
used
on
experimental
and
with
Ramakrishnan
117.
0.969
of
the
under-estimates
of
of
calculation
formula,
value
ratio
in
failed
which
In
average
by
safety
7.13.
formula
and
load
distributed
uniformly
in
concentrated
0.068)
failed
results
over-estimates
with
of
fig.
with
and
this
it
but
in
and
obtained
scattered
formula
2.27.
of
beams
strength
which
factor
deep
shown
beams
are
more
Generally,
well
quite
0.995
of
as
of
0.215.
of
of
empirical
over-estimation
deep
average
shear
Ramakrishnan
of
An
slightly
design
and
loaded
design
gives
few
deviation
for
recommendations
for
point
standard
the
under-estimates
single
rather
and
Design
it
deep
CHAPTER
experimental
standard
gives
an
to
the
use
of
the
tensile
excellent
calculated
deviation
is
the
of
mean
shear
high
at
225
0.26.
The
advantages,
estimate
of
be
should
and
therefore,
the
shear
strength
the
be
can
of
is
one
beams.
taken
primary
into
account
later
adopted
it
the
on
great
However,
reinforcement
na t
its
of
for
used
deep
of
effect
beams
deep
of
it
strength
that
n oted
is
formula
this
of
simplicity
CHAPTER
shear
by
this
formula.
The
with
modifications,
deep
beams
fig.
introduced
formula
It
7.16.
calculated
has
curved
strut
inside
reinforcement
Al-Najjim's
a
fig.
high
7.17
greater
theory
lie
in
than
the
of
and
its
therefore,
has
suggested
concrete
deep
no
explanation
beams
after
and
to
and
of
38%
of
except
for
shear
good
is
of
of
cracking.
the
of
table
web
7.1,
under-estimation
points
in
ultimate
load
is
Paiva
and
a few
of
This
region.
is
strength
can
be
rather
obtained,
However,
value.
behaviour
and
the
of
results
limited
in
this
outside
ultimate
present
Most
one,
fall
compression
shown
experimental
use
an
As
0.354.
particularly
practical
7.1
experimental
the
where
which
the
the
by
average
of
estimated
assessing
complicated
an
region
data
Ramakrishnan's
method
the
concrete
table
of
CIRIA
under-estimate)
on
beams.
deviation
standard
(3.7%
deflected
the
gives
in
shown
based
was
was
which
reinforced
values
1.037
by
0.208.
of
theory
Al-Najjim's
as
of
deviaton
for
average
overall
strength
shear
standard
modest
an
and
tool
results
good
gives
design
as
Kong
by
of
reinforced
it
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L
a"
X
4l
100
200
300
C. Lou l. t.
Ftg.
7.1
1.
Expt.
va cal.
(CP11O
400
d . hNr
sheer
design
500
600
strength
700
e00
900
(kN)
strength
guide)
of
deep
beam.
a37a
c
v
"
t
"
"
"
J
S
Y
100
200
300
Cs Lou Lst od
Fig.
7.12.
Expt.
wo
wh.
Soo
r
vs os 1. shear
(CIRIA
design
600
"t r. nge h
700
ow
h of
deep
wo
(kN)
st rongt
guide)
bs. m.
133
a
z
r
v
a
C
L
Y
"
L
"
"
i
S
J
S
M
a"
X
W
t00
200
300
C. Lou L. t.
F 19.7.13.
Expt.
400
d
. hMr
vo aal.
ahoor
(ACI
design
90D
600
wt rongt
no
900
of
deep
boom.
(kM)
strength
guide)
700
.>-14
z
i
C
"
L
n
"
L
"
"
1
"
J
"
Y
C
"
E
"
too
200
300
C. Lou L. t.
Ftg.
7.14.
Expt.
400
d
ve cu L.
(Ps t vs
&St
SIX
sh. w
cheer
ess
.tr.
600
ngt h
700
900
900
(kN)
strength
's
formu
of
Ls)
deep
beam.
236
z
v
c
"L
v
"
L
a
"
t
"
J
S
Y
"
E
L
"
$00
200
300
C. Lout.
Fig.?.
15.
Expt.
400
t.
d "hesr
500
"tr.
600
ngth
700
e00
900
(kW
va ca L. sheer
strength
(Rams kr t ahnen
's
formu
of
La)
deep
beam.
z36
C
"
L
Y
"
L
"
"
t
"
J
"
p
E
L
"
100
200
300
C. lou
F 1!9.7.16.
Expt.
vs
400
Letal
. h. v-
90D
.tr.
600
ngs h
700
000
400
MM)
os 1. shear
strength
(Kong
'$
formu
La)
of
deep
beam.
- 37
z
rp
C
L
p
"
"
"
r
"
J
100
200
300
C. Loutotod
F IS. 7.17.
Expt.
400
. hNr
600
500
. tr.
1.
ve os
sheer
(A l-Nej
J1m 's
ngth
Too
800
900
(kN)
strength
modal)
of
deep
boom.
z36
z
r
r
C
"
L
V
"
"
t
L
"
IL
x
w
100
200
300
C. Lou L. t.
FIg.
7.18.
Expt.
400
d . h. sr
L.
ve ca
*hour
(Proposed
500
.tr.
600
ngt h
TOD
800
900
(kM)
strength
mode L)
of
deep
boom.
239
900
2000
x
X
1900
eoo
1000
7Do
ADD
Z
v6
Do
v
W
"
L
DO..
"
O+D
-H*e
L
"
"
"
CA
pO
4 Do
"
ve,
00
0
o
2 Do
mL - a".
v
0
I DO
V
"
f
0
+ Kong'sdata (19701
xR
saw4 dots,
0
100
200
300
Cs Lou L. t.
Fig.
7.19.
Expt.
400
d
vs os 1.
(Proposed
. h. w
*hoar
dos
500
"tr.
600
ngth
700
wo
900
of
deep
boom.
(km)
strength
Igm
guIdo)
240
The
proposed
calculation
in
of
the
of
(3.47
best
for
results
those
over-estimates
those
good
in
series
of
the
C.
and
reinforcement
beam
is
This
and
a
in
apparent
main
lack
these
FOR THE
RECOMENDATIONS
to
0.8`/,
method
be
due
proper
two
series
DESIGN
of
0.181
which
of
0.966
The
conservative
for
ratio;
beams,
it
under-estimates
fails
analysis
Ananthanarayana's
to
the
large
failure
diameter
to
anchorage
to
beams
premature
a
is
7.1.
depth
and
reinforcement:
of
average
concrete
and
could
the
of
anchorage
This
Ranamkrishnan
for
results
10'%.
an
load
more
span
by
action
table
give
weight
Xc/H=4.23
by
in
to
shear
normal
with
7
Xc/H=g.
with
large
Kong's
with
formulae
seems
of
shear
dowel
of
deviation
different
with
results
the
on
the
and
ultimate
standard
analysis
beams
instance,
7.8
of
method
proposed
give
the
good
calculated
and
among
interlock
gives
to
experimental
over-estimate)
the
the
This
based
involved
which
crack
aggregate
reinforcement.
ratio
main
zone,
is
analysis
the
along
compression
the
of
of
method
shear
CHAPTER
the
of
end
of
beams.
of
OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
DEEP
BEAMS
As
shown
mechanism
for
estimates
appropriate
in
the
previous
reinforced
of
factor
the
deep
concrete
ultimate
of
safty,
the
proposed
beams
gives
sections,
By
strength.
Eqs.
7.25
and
7.26
failure
excellent
introducing
can
be
the
used
for
241
the
design.
factors
Material
for
both
tensile
for
the
yield
Therefore,
factor
interlocking
the
for
the
calculation
beams
respectively.
will
The
for
ratios
against
the
exception
by
the
of
design
in
splitting
7.18
is
the
design
are
the
main
the
of
for
the
the
due
reinforcement.
from
the
and
in
modes
Eqs.
design
7.25
strength
tabulated
are
experimantal
be
can
are
seen
that
estimated
the
of
Ramakrishnan
other
previous
with
safely
of
the
in
ultimate
out
premature
The
used
beam.
Four
discussed
to
values
rest
be
reinforced
failure
beams
It
series
of
calculated
method.
in
aggregate
can
shear
the
of
7.4).
(7.32)
7.26
and
deep
all
(fig.
7.32
strength
to
As
is
over-estimation
7.25
strength.
design
Eq.
Paulay's
the
to
added
of
5e2}f1.17
strength
plotted
beams.
of
lesser
values,
nine
177.,
and
concrete
beams
Anathaanrayana's
anchorage
the
experimental
proposed
over-estimated
their
of
design
the
of
Fig.
7.1.
strength
Eq.
reinforced
various
table
be
within
become
to
factors,
the
Again,
from
fLh+fLV/o.
16s.
deep
7.29
1.15
and
Estimation
taken
be
should
Eq.
above-mentioned
concrete
7.26
in
[o.
bounded
1.17
of
strength
fa'
is
(703
datas
experimental
With
strength
1.5
as
concrete
reinforcement.
of
strength
taken
are
of
strengths
compressive
and
CP114,
by
recommended
interlocking
aggregate
and
CHAPTER
nine
and
section,
failure
over-estimated
of
the
242
beams
DB1
are
because
over-estimated
crushing
of
due
supports
an
to
average
factor
0.256,
which
70.6%
check
Eq.
bearing
4.11
proposed
is
web
reinforcement.
the
less
to
larger
used
diameters
in
than
3.5
widely
of
is
than
be
of
also
span.
by
estimated
closely
spaced
Edge
appropriate.
be
should
diameters,
small
and
average
greater
where
DB1
gives
supports
can
added
the
0.38.
the
form
of
deviation
an
of
in
and
formula
standard
height
with
supports;
beams
with
are
steel
design
of
steel
be
should
distortion
found
supports
bearing
advised
than
rather
of
the
guide
strength
beams
bearing
deviation
standard
the
of
and
CIRIA
for
2Wa/ai
is
bar
and
stirrups
it
than
bearing
4)
1.375
of
better
the
with
Moreover,
safety
and
(Chapter
distances
(1)
the
strength
interlocking
7.9
Generally,
especially
neccessary,
of
are
of
on
result
They
at
lack
distances
over-estimate
the
to
as
failure
edge
small
respectively.
of
The
beam
investigation.
present
bearing
due
the
of
the
of
concrete
instability
DB2
in
DB2
and
CHAPTER
avoided.
closely
spaced
steel
spaced
as
main
or
SUMMARY
A shear
crack
is
formed
edge
of
the
support
plate
in
the
case
With
uniformly
of
distributed
along
and
the
deep
beams
load,
the
line
outer
joining
edge
with
of
the
loading
the
loads.
concentrated
a shear
crack
inner
is
formed
243
at
(2)
Aggregate
interlock
the
shear
not
separate
Aggregate
interlock
is
The
restraining
width
force
to
found
was
fL
It
was
found
dowel
action
square
shear
that
of
mechanisms
the
cylinder
of
aggregate
independent
to
required
be
maintain
function
of
dowel
of
the
crack
and
= 0.473
shear
of
light
sine
the
Based
strength
on
aggregate
of
f1.03
constant
crack
interlock
aggregate
(psi)
The
the
interlock
reinforced
"sin2e
and
concrete
principal
between
the
the
by
provided
to
proportional
times
reinforcement
=k
stress
is
angle
the
are
shear
reinforcement
of
(7.1)
kinking
and
action.
vu
(7)
and
(70]
stress
(6)
of
width
hardness.
and
shape
crack
on
root
is
beams.
other.
dependent
It
parts
interdependent
are
each
square
concrete.
of
size,
the
to
proportional
from
mainly
deep
concrete
action
them
important
the
of
edge
play
action
dowel
and
inner
the
reinforced
of
to
from
dowel
and
strength
easy
strength
(5)
degrees
interlock
Aggregate
is
70
of
plate.
and
(4)
angle
supporting
in
(3)
an
CHAPTER
the
direction
steel
of
stress.
(7.16)
"fs
dowel
deep
the
action,
beams
shear
can
be
244
the
by
estimated
lesser
CHAPTER
the
of
values
Eq.
by
given
7.25
and
7.26.
(8)
(9)
Among
the
shear
strength
safety
factor
The
design
of
with
reasonable
use
as
primary
(10)
The
model
proposed
to
gives
shear
(11)
By
more
span
depth
introducing
concrete,
interlocking
calculated
beams.
for
strength,
the
design
7%
of
its
enables
shear
best
of
strength
of
(3.4%
result
0.181).
for
results
It
beams
seems
large
with
ratio.
appropriate
1.15
the
deviation
conservative
to
the
gives
standard
over-estimation,
beams.
deep
concrete
reinforced
average
0.26)
of
of
with
0.38.
of
(an
deviation
estimate
beams
of
Ananthanarayana's
and
accuracy
standard
under-estimation,
estimate
deviation
standard
Ramakrishnan
of
best
deep
concrete
a
and
the
gives
reinforced
1.7
of
simplicity
formula
CIRIA
guides,
factors;
material
steel
Eqs.
strength
and
7.25
1.17
and
of
for
7.26
reinforced
1.5
the
can
for
aggregate
be
concrete
used
to
deep
245
CONCLUSIONS
9.1
the
of
AND SUGGESTION
REARING
CAPACITY
Hearing
capacity
anchorage
zone
reinforced
footing
the
to
of
loading
cube
Eq.
that
the
The
4.7
square
and
those
has
formula
fb/fc
=k
affecting
the
to
value
be
be
to
R.
of
more
the
adopted
shown
large
would
R;
value
have
been
in
as
supports
factor
is
with
root
the
researchers
it
but
such
at
prime
blocks
Most
for
especially
found
beams.
ratio.
area
cases,
beam
concrete
formula,
root
conservative,
is
deep
strength
many
post-tensioned
concrete
bearing
the
in
RESEARCH
FOR FURTHER
important
is
of
CHAPTER
It
appropriate
Eq. 4.8.
Restraint
the
affect
bearing
frictional
between
specimens
and
(H/a<0.5)
there
are
shown
effects
have
been
Muguruma
(621,
specimens
H/a<l.
by
with
Specimens
the
condition
base
the
of
has
the
is
have
H/a>1
with
of
a 30%
He
but
by
was
able
base,
away
shorter
in
many
seriously
larger
the
increase
because
from
plates
estimate
are
larger
the
base.
the
These
researchers
to
also
specimens
strength.
over-estimated
bearing
be
the
at
further
but
effect
can
can
steel
area
neglected
Eq. 2.22.
restraint
and
loading
lesser
to
,
concrete
block
concrete
This
strength.
force
Higher
base
the
at
(4.8)
-JR
except
well
for
those
with
affected
loading
more
area
246
deeper
generates
the
The
base.
tension
size
zone
in
effect
fb/f
Closely
interlocking
of
bearing
the
can
intercept
easily
investigation
in
found
is
to
extended
least
at
width
as
the
should
be
avoided.
to
be
the
ultimate
and
be
below
and
loading
preferably
cracking
strength
of
of
concrete
strength
to
distances
plain
form
concentrated
maintained
Edge
in
effective
under
the
of
mm diameter
most
plate.
loading
general,
(10
blocks
concrete
width
(4.3)
the
provide
should
the
0.9
diameter
small
(0.75a
zone
a/80+
stirrups
Reinforcement
tension
In
mm)
reinforcement
loads.
blocks
this
1.45
(30
spaced
practice)
of
thus
and
to
proportional
form
CHAPTER
the
depth
surface)
and
to
the
with
twice
2Wa/a1<3.5
reinforced
concrete
block
be
can
by
estimated
t 0.47Wa/a1
fb/f
"1
+ 0.55
0.12Wa/a1
1.16
2Wa/a1<3.5
i
(plain)
(4.4)
2Wa/a1>3.5
L 0.22Wa/a1
The
bearing
capacity
r3
where
model
proposed
of
plain
[1672
-rF1
= FZ+F3
of
1.01
failure
concrete
(reinft.
mechanism
blocks
z1
suggested
can
-F,,
be
13a12.
= 0.4a1
calculated
f .
that
the
by
(4.11)
CHAPTER
247
F2
)/2
= ft"(z2-z1
F=
ft-(7
F4
)/2
t2
=0
and
gives
(H/a>1);
of
H/a
in
as
Eq.
(average
of
8.2
DEEP
After
inner
are
formed
Eq.
full
range
crack
is
of
the
shows
decreasing
with
0.657
an
ratio
e-1.15H/a+a.
this
of
4.11,
the
factor
to
modified
(4.12)
height
of
the
model
1.67.,
of
of
bearing
gives
all
good
deviation
standard
an
angle
plate.
reinforced
concrete
and
dowel
and
of
After
deep
action
70
the
outer
loaded
degrees
from
the
cracking,
beams
along
the
along
distirbuted
uniformly
at
formed
support
supporting
interlock
it
the
specimens.
line
joining
BEAMS
For
plate.
deviation
standard
(H/a<1),
over-estimation
shear
edge
0.5%,
specimens
reciprocal
from
the
for
0.085)
=
(cal.
the
multiplying
estimates
higher
all
under-estimation
(test)
obtained
=H
blocks
/fb
capacity
a1
4.12.
fb
By
z4
of
shorter
increasing
exponentially
= O. 75a
for
under-estimation
For
0.098.
of
z,
results
excellent
average
fb/f'
r=
This
z2
is
the
edge
beams,
the
shear
loading
shear
inner
maintained
crack.
the
of
the
edge
cracks
of
strength
by
aggregate
the
of
248
The
interlocking
aggregate
dependent
the
on
reinforcement
is
and
cylinder
strength
of
is
action
sine
the
of
restraining
stress
proportional
to
to
be
on
between
the
the
splitting
deep
concrete
square
be
by
root
the
of
the
of
the
the
the
square
reinforcement.
(7.16)
findings,
a
is
beams
failure
The
orthogonally
by
calculated
for
mechanism
proposed.
for
be
can
to
and
strength
beams
k"sin2e-f
deep
ahear
and
the
ai'03(psi.
crack
two
above
concrete
reinforced
to
provided
proportional
V=
us
Based
found
ultimate
reinforced
Eqs.
7.25
and
7.26
respectively.
I'
Vu
b -cosec2o
L.
xc
(fpm
ultimate
found
(average
among
by
(y)
7.25
(7.26)
sine
be
will
and
over-estimation
different
-cosecs
_'d
strength
Eqs.
(7.25)
d'-cots
fph+vc+fa+fd)
J
The
')
(y)
Vu2
- (y-d
=Id
rN
concrete.
taken
angle
is
strength
fL=0.473
Dowel
CHAPTER
formulae
7.26.
the
lesser
This
of
3.4%,
by
recent
gives
standard
researchers.
the
of
the
deviation
two
best
values
result
of
0.181)
249
By
introducing
the
for
can
be
The
appropriate
taken
certain
used
1.17
as
(fig.
recommended
by
for
The
steel.
effective
with
standard
deviation
which
supports
due
4
and
factor
to
of
beams
design
the
anchorage
factors,
as
of
1.375
out
of
formula
failure
is
to
proved
beams.
strength
concrete
safety
9
premature
have
for
been
Only
by
strength
are
has
0.256.
of
1.5
as
equation
average
in
over-estimated
of
design
an
taken
material
and
1.15
be
very
and
the
problems
with
friction
on
152
(table
of
7.26
and
deep
concrete
The
E70]).
are
7.25
interlocking
aggregate
7.4,
CP11O,
reinforced
of
for
Eqs.
factors,
material
design
factor
CHAPTER
are
7.1),
bearing
at
the
main
reinforcement.
8.3
SUGGESTIONS
The
capacity
of
effects
of
complicated
in
connections
investigated.
height
nature
of
and
on
deep
beams
base
and
need
further
interlock
aggregate
knowledge
RESEARCH
blocks
concrete
of
mechanisms
limited
FOR FURTHER
need
the
to
effects
and
this
bearing
investigation.
and
be
the
studied
of
subject
dowel
The
action
further.
openings
should
are
There
and
be
is
wall
further
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in t oro-&t
strain
in
Boot
rm
3000
1n
Ion
2.
Expt.
--
FEM
== ----
`t
9m
E
E
L
0
a
a
"
"
0
"
v
m
i
Boom
D81
-1
600
kN
1 200
kN
------
800
kN
------
400
kN
1
1
Boom
DB2
Boom
DB4
Seem
DB6
800
700
Id
SOD
4m
3m
i ,\\
200
11
1
1
100
1\
0
400
E
E
L
0
a
a
"
"
0
Boom
DB3
Boom
DB5
X11
m
700
600
500
400
"
1
"
200
100
0
`' \1
E
E
v
I.
0
700
CL
IL
2
"
"
0
"
y
X
600
500
400
am
200
`_
Soo
1OD
0
-500
1500
mIoro-*,
F1g.
B. 6.
2X0
Sm
3mo
t rstn
Horizontal
500
lm
mtoro-.
strain
in
1500 M
tr.
section
230
In
3.
Expt.
FEM
-------
1600
kN
-------
1200
kN
-------
800
kN
-------
400
kN
DB2
Boom
DB I
Boom
100
0
C
-100
.V=om---
Y
E
0
L
E
-QQ
Boom
Boom
DB3
DB4
100
VII
a
C
-100
L
v
"
0
L
-200
-3m
-SM
Boom
DB5
Boom
DB6
l00
0
C
iL
-100
-mo
_4m
_900
-600
Ftg.
-400
From
-200
contra
B. 7.
0
of
200
bnm
Hortzontml
400
(mm. )
69600
strain
-400
From
-200
o. ntr"
to
0
of
200
boom
section
400
(mm. )
4.
600
_900
0
C
sm
10110
ism
2W
3m
3500
4000
_500
0
c
"
500
t000
1500
re
M
_500
0
c
10110
1500
c
0
2OX
E
w
In
w
-600
Flg.
-400
From
8.8.
-200
o. r+t re
200
0
of
b..
Horizonts
400
(mm. )
60600
L strain
-400
From
-200
o. nt r.
to
200
of
seat
b..
1on
400
(mm. )
5.
600
-900
c
0
"
-2000
-ism
-Iwo
-
0
500
1000
-3000
-00
[
i
-2000
L
_t50o
"
-1000
0
E
-0
0
500
1=
-M
-zim
c
i
I
-2000
-ISO
-I=
0
9w
0
sm
I= 4.-m
_2
-IX
-150
From
FIg.
-50
oastr-o
B. 9.
of
50
at rut
IN
150
-150
(mm. )
Transverse
From
strain
-100
-50
o. rtra
In
of
50
strut
section
IN
150
tmm. )
6.
-----------
1600
kN
1200
kN
800
kN
400
kN
Boom
DB I
Boom
D82
B..
DB3
Boom
DB4
-MM
-M
C -ice
I
N
-1500
"
0
E -
0
Soo
m
-ooo
c -M
Y
-1500
"
a
-1=
E -
AM
6B5
Boom
B..
6B6
-3000
-am
[ -iaoo
-ism
U
i
-1000
0
E -
I
sm
104JAN
Ftg.
-m
from
-2m
-1m
oantre
of
B. 1 0.
o
strut
200
tm
(mm. )
Tr-ensverss
-300
from
st ra
-2m
-100
oansra
of
1nIn
0
strut
sect
im
loo
(mm. )
Ion
7.
kN
1600
!
Bourn
----
-1
200
k^!
900
kN
400
kN
13B2
Boom
D91
-00
c -2000
-ISM
"
L -1000
0
c
100D
Bourn
Bourn
DB3
DB4
-0D
c -2000
L Ism
"
0 -1000
E -
--
--
_ --msz--
500
1000
Boom
Bourn
DB5
DB6
-3000
-o0
c -2000
i
L
-1
"
-IlIM
E -
500
1100
4m
-
Ftg.
4m
From
-M
-100
oonsra
B. 1 1.
of
100
at rut
20
(mm. )
Trsnsvers"
20
-M
From
st r.
-M
-100
cons
InIn
re
of
100
strut
sect
200
(em.
I on
8.
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-oo
i
L
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"
-lam
0
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0
sm
in
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C -M
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L
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0-100
0
E -
500
ION
Boom
B..
DBS
DB6
_]DOp
c -2000
i
L
-i50D
"
O-1D00
0
D500
1000
-100
Fig.
-100
-2
-m
From
o. ntr"
B. 1 2.
0
of
100
strut
100
300
(mm. )
Transverse
strain
in
0
of
100
strut
section
30
200
(mm. )
9.
-------
...
--
-
-------
Boom
D91
Boom
DB3
cx
1600
kN
1200
kN
800
kN
400
kN
Boom
DB2
Boom'
D64
10D
Y
L
7m
0
IL MID
3
" 5m
0
L
MID
"0
3m
C
2m
U
92 1m
0
9m
E
am
L
0
a 611
IL
L IAN
0 NO
v
"
2m
tm
Boom'
DEiS
PM
f
1
L
0
7M
IL ON
a
"
0
C
"
O
IN
0 i-
Ftg.
.
-0
-r
-0D
B. 13.
I-r
-1m0
-20m -ism
mIono-st
rain
-500
Longitudinal
ooo
strain
-2500 -aw
-1500 -in
mIoro-.
sreIn
in
section
-Soo
10.
---------------
1600
kN
1200
kN
800
kN
400
kN
Boom
D91
Beem
DB2
B..
DB3
Bourn
DI4
DB5
Berne
DEi
9m
ow
UL
0
0.
0.
2
" 5m
E
L
400
"
300
C
"
v
"
2m
10D
0
400
E
E
E
w
40
C
"
100
Boom
Im
L
0
IL
700
im
1'oa
"
0C
"
O Ira
-
Fig.
-00
B. 14.
Longitudinal
-500
-m
strain
-m
-tom
-500
mtoro-atratn
to
-loon
section
-5L0
1 1.
Boom
--
DB 1
Boom
1600
kN
1200
kN
800
kN
400
kN
1392
900
E
v
L
0
70
"
40
"
0
C
i
20
"
100
0
Boom
DB3
Boom
OB5
B4,
900
E
L7
L
0
IL
AL
3
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E
0
L
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0
200
"
100
Boom
DB6
II
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dm
joe
C
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v
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'OD
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Fig.
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500
-?
-2000 -1500 -1000
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micro-.
B. 1S.
Longitudln.
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L strain
-oo
in
sect
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Ion
12.
\
----
..
E
--
1600
kN
1200
kN
800
kN
400
kN
BOOM
DB 1
BOOM
Dg2
Boom
D63
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DB4
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DB6
900
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700
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n
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is
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FEM
1600
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-------
1400
kN
-------
1200
kN
-------
1000
kN
800
kN
400
kN
-------
-------
-------
DB
200
,
0
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100
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im
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ri
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oenl
1 on
of
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r"
the
of
170
b .m
370
(mm. )
beam..
-------------------
-------------------
---
DB 1
Bosm
1800
kN
1600
kN
1200
kN
1000
800
kN
kN
600
400
kN
kN
200
kN
Bsm
DB
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1500
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100
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332
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
t
11
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