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Coefficients
Expanded form
0
1
2
1
ab
1
1
4
5
1
2
10
15
3
6
a2 2ab b2
1
10
20
a3 3a2b 3ab2 b3
5
15
1
6
Binomial Theorem
For any positive integer n, we have,
1.
2.
Properties:
i.
ii. The index of a in the first term is same as the index of a b . In succeeding terms, the index of a
decreases by 1 and in the term, it is 0.
iii. The index of b in the first term is 0. In succeeding terms, the index of b increases by 1 and in the
term, it is same as the index of a b .
th
iv. The term n Cr a n r br is known as r 1 term or general term in the expansion and is denoted by
tr 1 .
v. The sum of the indices of a and b in each term is same as n, the index of a b .
vi. Since n Cr n Cn r , the coefficients equidistant from either end are equal.
E.g.: n C0 n Cn ; nC1 n Cn1; nC2 n Cn2 , etc.
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Here a 2 x, b y, n 5
2x y
2 x 5 C1 2 x
5
51
y 5 C2 2 x
5 2
y 2 5 C3 2 x
5 3
y 3 5 C4 2 x
5 4
y 4 y5
5 4
y 4 y5
25 x5 5 24 x 4 y 10 23 x3 y 2 10 22 x 2 y 3 5 21 x1 y 4 y 5
32 x5 80 x 4 y 80 x3 y 2 40 x 2 y 3 10 xy 4 y 5
2. Expand 2x y
a 2 x, b y, n 5
2x y
2 x 5 C1 2 x
5
51
y 5 C2 2 x
5 2
y 2 5 C3 2 x
5 3
y 3 5 C4 2 x
25 x5 5 24 x 4 y 10 23 x3 y 2 10 22 x 2 y 3 5 21 x1 y 4 y 5
32 x5 80 x 4 y 80 x3 y 2 40 x 2 y 3 10 xy 4 y 5
3. Expand 1 2x
1 x n 1 nC1x nC2
x 2 n C3 x3 ....
5C1 5
5C2
5 4
10 5C3 5C2 10 5C4 5C1 5
1 2
1 2 x 1 5 2 x 10 4 x 2 10 8 x3 5 6 x 4 1 25 x5
5
1 10 x 40 x 2 80 x3 80 x 4 32 x5
10000
or 1000.
1.110000 1 0.110000
110000 10000C1 0.1 10000C 2 0.1 Positive terms
2
10000
1000.
5. Expand 1026
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6.
a b a b
4
3 2
3 2
a b
4
a b
a 4 4 C1 a 3 b 4 C2 a 2 b 4 C3 a b3 b 4
a 4 4 C1 a 3 b 4 C2 a 2 b 4 C3 a b3 b 4
a b a b
4
2 4 C1 a 3b 2 4 C3 a b3 8a 3b 4ab3 8ab a 2 b 2
3 2
3 2
2 8
8 3 2 3
6 3 2 40 6
Note:
i)
1 x
ii)
1 x
8n 9 9 1 8n C 8 C 8 ... 8n 9
9 72n 9 C 8 9 C 8 ... 8n 9
64n 9 C 8 9 C 8 ...
n
9n 1 9n9 9 1 8 9 1 nC1 8 nC2 82 nC3 83 ...
9n 1
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n
LHS 3r . nCr 30.n C0 31. nC1 32. nC2 ... 3n. nCn
r 0
|| 30 1, nC0 nCn 1
4n RHS
th
i)
n
If n is even, then 1 term is the middle term (only one middle term).
2
ii)
n 1
n3
If n is odd, then
and
are the middle terms (two middle terms).
2
2
th
th
NOTE: The following example will help you to clear the idea.
12
3
Find the general term, 4th term, coefficient of x6 and the term independent in the expansion of x
.
x2
General term:
3
Here a x, b , n 12
x2
tr 1 nCr a nr b r
12
12 r
3 12
r 12 r 1
2 Cr 3 x
2
x
x
Cr x
r
tr 1 12Cr 3 x123r .............(1)
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12 1110
27 x3 220 27 x3 5940 x3
1 2 3
6
2
3
2
t21 12C2 3 x123(2)
t3
12 11
9 x6 594 x6
1 2
t5
12 11 10 9
81x0 495 81 40095
1 2 3 4
12
Middle term 1 term 7th term
2
r 1 7 r 7 1 6
6
t61 12C6 3 x123(6)
12 11 10 9 8 7
729 x 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
673596
924 729 x 6
x6
t7
Problems:
1.
a x ,b 3 ,n 8
t r 1 n Cr a n r .br
8 Cr x8r .3r
t r 1 8 Cr .3r .x8r ................(1)
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t 31
8 C3 .33 .x83
8 7 6
27 x 5
1 2 3
56 27x 5
1512x 5
coe. of x 5 1512
2.
12
a a, b 2b;n 12
t r 1 n Cr a12r 2b
12 Cr .a12r 2 .b r
r
t r 1 12 Cr 2 .a12r .b r ...............(1)
r
12 C7 2 .a 5 .b7
7
792 128 a 5 b7
coe. of a 5 b7 101376
|| 12C7 12C5
x2 y
12 11 10 9 8
11 72 792
1 2 3 4 5
a x 2 , b y, n 6
The general term tr 1 n Cr a n r .b r
nr
6 Cr . x 2
y r
6 Cr 1 .x122r . y r
r
x2 y 2
12
,x 0
a x 2 , b yx, n 12
The general term , tr 1 nCr a nr .br
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12Cr x 2
tr 1
12r
yx r 12Cr
x 242r 1 y r x r
r
5.
x 2 y 12
b 2 y, n 12
tr 1 nCr a nr br
3
tr 1 12C3 x123 . 2 y
12C3 .x9 . 2 . y 3
3
220 x9 8 . y 3 1760 x9 y 3
|| 12C3
12 11 10
2 11 10 220
1 2 3
18
6.
1
term in the exp ansion of 9 x
, x 0?
3 x
th
Find the 13
1
a 9x ,b
, n 18
3 x
tr 1 n Cr a n r b r
12
1812
3 x
t121 18C12 . 9 x
t13 C6 . 9 x .
112
18
312
18C6 96 x 6 .
12
1
6 6
9 .x
t13 18564
_________________________________
18 17 16 15 14 13
18C6
1 2 3 4 5 6
112 1
12
12
1
x2
312 32
7.
1
12
x2
x6
96
x3
Find the middle terms in the exp antion of 3
th
7 1
Here n 7 (odd ). Hence, there are 2 middle terms . They are
term and
2
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7 1
1 terms. i.e., 4th term and 5th term .
x3
a 3 ;b ; n 7
6
tr 1 nCr a n r .b r
7 3
t31 C3 3
35 34.
x3
6
x9
63
35 81 x9
216
105 9
x
8
Again
74
t41 C4 3
x3
6
7 C3 33
7 C3 33
x3
6
x12
4
3 2
765
35
1 2 3
35 12 35 12
x
x
3 16
48
10
8.
10
Here n 10 even , there is only are middle term and middle term 1 th 5 1 th 6th term.
2
x
a , b 9 y , n 10
3
tr 1 n Cr a n r . b r
105
x
t51 C5
3
10
252
x5
5
9y
95 y 5
3
252
x5
5
. 310 y 5 252 35 x5 y 5
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m n
m n
Coe. of a m m nCm
m n !
m! m n m !
m n !
m! n!
Coe.of a
m n
Coe. of a
Cn
m n !
n ! m n n !
m n !
n! m!
m n !
m! n!
and coe.of a n are equal.
10. The coefficient of the r 1 , r th and r 1 terms of x 1 areintheratio 1: 3: 5. Find both n and r
th
th
th
th
Let the coe.of r 1 , r th and r 1 terms be nCr 2 and nCr 2 , nCr 1 and nCr in that
n
Cr 2
Cr 1
1
3
and
Cr 1
Cr
3
5
n!
2
!
n
r 2 ! 1
n!
3
1
!
n
1
!
n!
r 2 ! n r 2 ! 1
n!
3
r 1! n r 1!
r 1! n r 1! 1
r 2 ! n r 2 ! 3
r 2 ! r 1 n r 1! 1
r 2 ! n r 1! n r 2 3
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and
and
and
and
n!
1
!
n
r 1 ! 3
n!
5
r ! n r !
n!
r 1! n r 1! 3
n!
5
r ! n r !
r ! n r !
3
5
r 1! n r 1!
r 1!r n r !
3
1
!
n
r
!
n
1
5
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r 1
1
3
n r 2
3 r 1 1 n r 2
3r 3 n r 2
3r 3 n r 2 0
and
r
3
n r 1 5
and
5r 3 n r 1
and
and
5r 3n 3r 3
8r 3n 3 0 ...............(2)
4r n 5 0 ...................(1)
1 3 4
12r 3n 15 0
8r 3n 3 0
( ) ( ) ( )
4r
12 0
4r 12
12
r
3
4
in 4
8 3 3n 3
3n 3 24 3n 21 n 7
You should practice example questions as well as miscellaneous for the preparation of entrance
examinations.
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