Pecutan Akademik B. Ing. Pt3 2016

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MODULE WRITERS
1.
Pn. Roziah Binti Mohd Ali

SM Sains Tengku Muhammad Faris Petra, Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan
2.
Pn. Wan Azizah Binti Wan Ali

SM Sains Pasir Puteh, Pasir Puteh, Kelantan
3.
Pn. Siti Sara

SMK Tumpat, Tumpat, Kelantan
4.
En. Ong Seng Choo

SK Kemumin, Kota Bharu, Kelantan
5.
En. Wan Rozuhan Bin Wan Setapa

SM Sains Machang, Machang, Kelantan
CONTENTS
Directed Writing
Summary Writing
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Literature Component Novels
94
Students Companion
132
DIRECTED WRITING
In Writing, You Must Know;
The Sentence
+ A group of words joined together to express a complete thought.
+ It always begins with a CAPITAL LETTER and ends with a fullstop (.), a question mark (?) or
an exclamation mark (!)
I like to read books.
Is this your key?
Oh, I am afraid!
A sentence may contain only:

+ Subject (a person or thing is either a NOUN or PRONOUN involved in the action)
+ Verb (the action)
Fathin dances.
In the above example,

`dances` is the ACTION/VERB
`Fathin` is the SUBJECT
The Sentence with an Object

+ A sentence may also have an OBJECT (a person or thing receiving the action)
+ The object is also a NOUN or PRONOUN
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Fathin sings a song.

`sings` is the action
`Fathin` is the subject
à song` is the object
The Sentence Which Has No Action

+ Sometimes a sentence has no action
+ There is only a SUBJECT and a DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBJECT
It is wonderful.
Ìt` is the subject
Ìs wonderful` is a description of the subject
The Negative Sentence
+ When a sentence says that something DOES NOT happen, HAS NOT happened or IS NOT,
so, it is called a NEGATIVE SENTENCE
Here are some examples;
i.
My father does not smoke.
ii.
Farhah has not eaten yet.
iii.
She does not want to study.
iv.
Her husband is not old.
The Question
+ A sentence may also ask something
+ Then it is called a question
Here are some examples;
i.
When is your birthday?
ii.
Did you see the accident?
iii.
Is it raining now?
iv.
Have you returned the books?
Expanding A Sentence With Adjectives

+ A sentence may be expanded and made more informative and interesting by adding
ADJECTIVES to it.
+ These are words which tell us more about the nouns and pronouns in the sentence
In the example below, à` is a simple sentence and `b` is the same sentence expanded with the
use of an ADJECTIVE (underlined). The adjective describes the noun `boys`
a. The boys broke a window.
b. The naughty boys broke the window.
Expand A Sentence With Adjective Phrases

+ A sentence may also be expanded with ADJECTIVE PHRASES which also tell us more about
the nouns and pronouns in the sentence
An adjective phrase may begin with either;

A PREPOSITION (from, in, over, behind, under, near, of, from, etc)
A PARTICIPLE (taken, spoken, called, painted, being, standing, etc)
In the example below à` is a simple sentence and `b` is the same sentence expanded with the
use an ADJECTIVE PHRASE (underlined). The adjective phrase describes the noun `boys`
a. The boys broke a window.
b. The boys in my class broke a window.
You can expand further by adding a phrase to the noun `window`.
The boys in my class broke a window beside the door.
Expanding a Sentence with Adjective Clauses

+ An adjective clause may also be used to expand a sentence in the same way an adjective or
an adjective phrase is used
It usually begins with WHO, WHICH, WHOM, WHERE, WHY, WHEN and THAT.
In the example below, à` is a simple sentence, `b` is the simple sentence expanded with the
use of an ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (underlined). The clause tells us more about the noun `boys`
a. The boys broke a window
b. The boys who were kicking a ball in class broke a window
You can expand further by writing;

+The boys who were kicking a ball in class broke a window that was near the door.
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Expanding a Sentence with Adverbs

+ Just as you can expand a sentence with adjectives, adjective phrases and adjective clauses,
you can do the same with ADVERBS
+ Adverbs modify or add to the meaning of verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
Examples;
i.
They arrived yesterday.
ii.
We went everywhere.
iii.
The players shouted joyously.
iv.
He always works hard.
v.
The footballer is extremely skilful.
vi.
I am definitely correct!
vii.
Hanani missed the bus and so she was late.
Expanding a Sentence With Adverb Phrases

+ ADVERBS PHRASES, too, can be used to expand a sentence and make its meaning more
exact.
+ Such phrases act like adverbs
Here are some examples. The ADVERB PHRASES are underlined.

i.
They finished ten minutes ago.
ii.
We enjoy swimming in the pool.
iii.
Ramli fought like a champion.
Expanding a Sentence with Adverb Clauses

+ An adverb clause acts like an adverb and is also used to expand a sentence
Examples;
i.
Do not talk while you are eating.
ii.
You may sit wherever you wish.
iii.
I am tired because I ran up the hill.
iv.
We eat so that we may live.
v.
I will help you if I can.
vi.
She went to work although she was sick.
vii.
Even if you gave me a million dollars, I would not do it.
Connecting sentence
+ When writing a number of sentences together, it is necessary to arrange them in such a way
that one sentence leads smoothly in another.
+ A good way of doing this is to use CONNECTING WORDS or PHRASES. These may be used
to show SEQUENCE, RESULT and CONTRADICTION or to STRENGTHEN THE MEANING of
what is written.
In the following examples, the sentences under `B` use CONNECTING WORDS or PHRASES
(underlined). The original sentences are under À`.
A.
1. The baby learns how to crawl. He learns how to walk. He
learns how to run and jump.
2. My cousin did not do her work. She was punished by her
teacher.
3. Amin collects stamps. He also collects coins.
B.
1. Firstly, the baby learns how to crawl. Next, he learns how
to run and jump.
2. My cousin did not do her work. As the result, she was
punished by her teacher.
3. Amin collects stamps. In addition to that, he also collects
coins.
3. Amin collects stamps. He also collects coins.
Ways To Write Better Sentences.
Simple sentences
Compound sentences (sentences with joining words)
for variety sentence
Complex sentences (longer sentences)
structures
Sentences with different beginnings
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Adjectives to nouns
Adverbs to verbs
Phrases
Clauses
Direct speech
Figurative language
for vivid and interesting sentence
Idiomatic expressions
Proverbs
Similes
Pairs or words
Guidelines to better paragraph writing

Definition
A Topic Sentence (TS)
+ is a sentence that tells what a whole paragraph is about
+ it gives a gist of the whole paragraph
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A Paragraph
+ is a group of sentences dealing with one main idea in a piece of writing.
+ this idea should be simply and clearly expressed in a topic sentence (TS) which is usually the
first sentence in a paragraph.
+ the following sentences should expand and develop the idea.
Planning The Paragraph In A Composition

Introduction- paragraph 1
+ introduce the topic in an interesting way
+ should be brief
+ should consist one, two or a few sentences only
Topic + Elaboration- paragraph 2

Topic Sentence + Elaboration- paragraph 3
Body/ Middle (Contents). Explanation Of
Topic Sentence + Elaboration- paragraph 4
Topic Sentences
Conclusion- paragraph 5
+should be brief
+purpose is to bring the account to close
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Elaborate the Topic Sentence (TS)

Expansion of notes
Add details (add adverbs to verbs)
Add extra relevant information
Passage A (no expansion-poor / wrong approach)

Topic sentence: Consumers are people who buy or use any product.
Notes: buy-food-other things
Consumers are people who buy or use any product. They buy food and other things.
Passage B (write expansion-good / right approach)

Who are consumers? Consumers are people who buy or use any product. This means you and
I are consumers. We buy food, clothing, books and other things. Consumerism is a term which
means consumers are actively involved in making sure that they receive good products at
reasonable prices.
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Topic sentence (TS)

Cameron Highlands is a popular tourist resort.
Supporting point (SP)
It is popular not only with Malaysians but also foreigners, especially
Singaporeans, who visit during holidays.
Elaboration (E)
It is no wonder that hotels are fully booked and restaurants crowded.
Further elaboration (FE)
A friend recalled she had to wait for an hour before getting a table at a
restaurant.
Example (EG)
Because of the waiting crowd, they could only order from a limited
menu; the waiters decided for them what they should eat!
Concluding sentence (CS)
We should always take effective and prompt actions to make
Cameron Highlands one of the most popular resorts in Malaysia.
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We can simplify it by following this diagram
SP
FE
TS
CS
Writing the composition

A composition/an essay is actually a piece of writing consisting of a number of paragraphs. If
you have learned well how to write the paragraph, it will be easy for you to write a
composition/an essay.
A composition usually begins with an INTRODUCTION and ends with a CONCLUSION.

Introduction introduces the topic or the subject. It may have one or more sentences and may
contain an idiom, proverb or quotation.
Conclusion sums all that you have written on the subject / topic
1. Before you begin, think of the topic carefully.

2. Be sure you understand what you are required to write about.
3. Make the list of the ideas you can use in your essay. Usually 3-5 ideas will be enough.
4. Arrange the ideas in order.
Here is how such a list of ideas will look like for a topic entitled:
The Person I Treasure Most
a. Introduction
+ The person I treasure most is my mother
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b. Body
i.
she takes care of all my daily needs, cooks, washes and irons clothes, cleans
and tidies up my room and house
ii.
encourages me to do well, takes care of me during sickness, entertains my

friends
iii.
she also does the same for the rest of the family, including father
c. conclusion
+ I definitely can never find a person like her.
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Now begin your composition. Just write a paragraph for each point above.
Introduction
Body
Point 1
_________________________________________________________________________ TS
_________________________________________________________________________ SP
_________________________________________________________________________ E
_________________________________________________________________________ EG
_________________________________________________________________________ CS
Point 2
_________________________________________________________________________ TS
_________________________________________________________________________ SP
_________________________________________________________________________ E
_________________________________________________________________________ EG
_________________________________________________________________________ CS
Point 3
_________________________________________________________________________ TS
_________________________________________________________________________ SP
_________________________________________________________________________ E
_________________________________________________________________________ EG
_________________________________________________________________________ CS
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Conclusion
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
The complete composition of the above topic is given below;

The Person I Treasure Most
Of a the people I know, the person I treasure most is my mother. I cannot keep count of
the many things she does for me.
On a typical day, she cooks my meals, washes my clothes and keeps the house clean
and tidy. She does all the house chores all by herself. She will feel satisfied and happy if she
can do all the work for her family. Twice a week, she herself irons my clothes and sometimes
she mends for me. She does almost everything for me.
She helps me with other things too. When I am sick, she takes me to a doctor. She buys
me the medicine and prepares the special food which I need. She definitely cooks my favourite
chicken porridge when I am not feeling well. She is my perfect doctor and nurse who is always
there when I need her the most.
At other times, she encourages me to study hard. She wants me to be excellent in my
studies. She always stays up with me when I need to finish my homework. During the exam
week, she prepares special and nutritious food for me so that I can answer the exam questions
well. She is always there when I need her.
Whenever my friends come to visit, my mum entertains them with drinks and
refreshments. My mum is a great cook and my friends enjoy her cooking and my mum likes to
have my friends testing her cooking. She is a friend to all my friends.
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There does not seem to be a minute when my mother is not doing something for me and
the rest of the family, including my father. To me, my mother is a very active and robust person.
Even though she works from morning till evening, she has never complained about work.
Indeed, she is always so cheerful!
To describe my mother to you is going to be a pleasurable thing to do and I definitely can
never find a person like her.
Writing The Composition: Steps To Follow

Steps
Characteristic
Prewriting
Explanation
Brainstorm techniques, listing,
clustering a free-writing.
Planning
Planning the strategy depends

on the composition.
Writing
Write a rough draft
Check for grammar and spelling

Editing
mistakes.
Improve on vocabulary and
sentence structure.
Rewriting
Write the final draft.
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Step 1: Prewriting
Brainstorm technique: Listing.
Advertise
Damaged goods
Dented tins
Past expiry dates
Consumers must be careful
Certain advertisement must be
banned
Step 2: Planning
Paragraphing.
Expansion of notes.
Write a topic sentence for each point.
Paragraph 1: ____________________________________________________
Use an opening expression.
Paragraph 2: Who are consumers? Consumers are______________________
Who are consumers? Give
____________________________________________________
examples. What does
Consumerism is a term which means that __________________
consumerism mean?
Do people practise
Paragraph 3: Few people practise consumerism _______________________
consumerism? How is this
___________________________________________________
seen? Give examples.
Are people careless? Why?
Paragraph 4: Moreover, people are often careless ______________________
Paragraph 5: Furthermore, consumers should insist that all misleading Should misleading
advertisements be shown
advertisements are not shown on the mass media such
on the mass media? Give
as the television. ___________________________________________
some examples.
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Paragraph 6: Finally, _______________________________________________

State your stand on
____________________________________________________
consumerism. Make a
sentence with the notes in
Point 6.
Paragraph 7: _______________________________________________________
Use a closing expression.
Step 3: Writing
Write a draft.
Step 4: Editing
Check for grammar and spelling mistakes. Improve on

vocabulary and sentence structures.
Step 5: Rewriting
Write the final draft
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Model Composition 1:
Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. It is my pleasure to talk to you on consumerism.

First, who are consumers? Consumers are people who buy or use any product. That
means you and I are consumers. We all buy food, clothing, books, etc. Consumerism means
consumers who are actively involved in making sure that they receive good products at
reasonable prices.
Nowadays, few people practise consumerism. For example, consumers do not make any
fuss when they buy goods. For example, if they happen to buy dented canned food on sale,
they prefer to keep quiet. Similarly, when prices of goods go up, they simply pay the high
prices without questioning.
Moreover, people are often careless. They never check on the products to find out if
there are labels with expiry dates. Consumers are advised not to buy goods with labels which
have no expiry dates.
Furthermore, misleading advertisements should not be aired over the mass media such
as the television. Some advertisements like chubby babies drinking powdered milk and
handsome men smoking cigarettes have been banned. However, advertisements on junk food
and bottled drinks have many followers and still attract teenagers and kids to buy them.
Finally, I hope the information that I have given you will be useful to all and hopefully
from now on, you will all be smart consumers. Thank you for giving me this opportunity to talk
to you.
Exercise 2
Refer to Model Composition 1. Do the following.
i. Identify and underline the topic sentences in Paragraphs 3, 4 and 5
ii. Underline the sentence connectors in Paragraphs 4, 5 and 6.
Example 3
You are a nurse at the local district hospital. You have been invited to give a talk on General
Health Care to students of a nearby school.
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Include the following points in your talk:

Take a balanced diet daily
Exercise regularly
Ensure high level of personal hygiene
Go for regular medical and dental check-ups
You should use all the points given above

Paragraph 1: Opening expression.
Paragraph 2: Write a topic sentence with Point 1. Elaborate on it. What must you take daily?
What does a balanced diet mean? What types of food must you eat? What types
of food must you avoid? Why is it not good?
Paragraph 3: Write a topic sentence with Point 2. Elaborate on it. How often you must
exercise? Why is it important? What are the different forms of exercise?
Paragraph 4: Write a topic sentence with Point 3. Elaborate on it. What are good habits?
Paragraph 5: Write a topic sentence with Point 4. Elaborate on it. How often must we go? Why
is it important?
Paragraph 6: Write one sentence to summarize your talk. Closing expression.
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Model Composition 2:
Good morning I bid to everyone today. Im honoured to be here in your school to give a talk
on General Health Care.
In order to be healthy, it is very important to take care of yourselves. Firstly, you must
eat a balanced diet daily. To have a balanced diet, one must eat various types of food like
meat, fish, eggs, vegetables and fruit. Only in this way will you be able to get all the nutrients
required by the body which includes proteins, fibre, minerals, carbohydrates, fats and
natural sources of vitamins. If you eat mainly junk food, which most teenagers like, you will
not get the nourishment that you require. In fact, you will end up eating a lot of food
preservatives.
To have good blood circulation and muscle tone, you must do regular exercise. You
can play outdoor games like football, rugby or volleyball or indoor activities such as
badminton, table tennis, gymnastic or aerobic exercises. Less strenuous exercise like
walking in the mornings or evenings is also encouraged. Doing regular exercise, in whatever
form is important for people of all ages in order to lead a healthier and more active life.
Next, we come to a very important aspect of health care, that is personal hygiene.
Always make sure that you have a high level of personal hygiene. Taking baths and
brushing your teeth regularly are good habits. In addition, always wear clean clothes and
make sure that personal items like combs, hair brushes and toothbrushes must be clean all
the times.
Finally, regular medical and dental check-ups. You are advised to see the dentist once
or twice a year to check your teeth and to see a doctor if you are sick. This is to ensure good
teeth and healthy body.
Remember, a balanced diet, exercise, good personal hygiene and regular medical and
dental check-ups make you healthier young men and women.
Thank you for your kind attention.
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USEFUL TIPS
The 6Rs will help you to write competent composition. You have to work conscientiously, and
you must regularly practise these Rs for the written examination.
Writing- regular writing will enable
you to have your composition skills
and help you with time management
during the examination.
Reading- reading a lot

definitely helps you improve
your language proficiency.
Refer- refer to your

dictionary often hook up
words you do not know.
Make notes of popular
words and phrases.
Revision- read your finished

essay carefully and make the
needed revisions so you get used
to checking for careless mistakes
in grammar, spelling, punctuation,
etc.
Review- review your written work

carefully after your teacher has
marked it, and learn how you can
improve upon it. Ask your teacher to
point out your strengths and teach
you how to overcome your
shortcomings.
Reinforce- review all

useful words and phrases
and use them often and
incorporate them into
your vocabulary.
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Effective Interesting Essay
SPELLING &
PUNCTUATION
CONTENT
Relevant
Clear
Logical
VOCABULARY
Varied
Precise
Effective Interesting
Essay
GRAMMAR & LANGUAGE

Correct use of various
parts of speech
Sentence structures
ORGANISATION OF
CONTENT
Paragraphing
techniques
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A Brave Act
Preparatory Activity
With the help of the following words and pictures, tell how Mr. Lim prevented a fire from spreading:
Seven am - customers waiting - coffee stall - for breakfast - assistant attached - gas cylinder - cooker turned it on sparks of fire - people ran away - fear - Mr. Lim grabbed a pole - pushed gas cylinder away from cooker - canvas covering hurt - received burns on hands later - firemen arrived - put out
blast
e
When writing your story:

You may use all the notes
Elaborate on the given notes to make it more interesting
Add any other relevant information
Make sure it is not less than 120 words
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Step 1: Question analysis

Keywords
Questions
requirement
Step 2: Creating the outline

Introduction
Body
Point 1
Point 2
Conclusion
Essay For Discussion

A Brave Act
One sunny afternoon, Aman and his sister, Dini were playing at a park near a river. The
park was full with people. Some were flying kites, while others were reading or jogging.
Suddenly, Aman heard a loud voice shouting, Help! Help!from the direction of the river. When
he turned and looked out to the river, he saw a girl about five years old struggling in the water.
Obviously she had fallen into the water while playing on the slippery rocks. Her mother, who
was standing nearby, was screaming on top of her lungs, My daughter..she is drowning!
Please help her, please, somebody! . She also started to cry hysterically.
Unfortunately, nobody did anything. The girl started to grow weaker and weaker and slowly
sank into the water. Soon, there was no sign of her. Seeing this, the mother tried to jump into
the river in a desperate effort to save her daughter, but was stopped in time by some women.
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Aman realized that he needed to do something to help the poor lady. Without wasting any
time, Aman quickly took off his shirt and shoes. He started to run towards the river.
Don`t try to be a hero, warned his sister. You are not a good swimmer. You may get
drowned too!
She tried to pull him back but he ignored her and shook off her hand. He dashed towards
the place where the girl had vanished. The people were surprised to see Aman diving into the
river. Aman swam as fast as he could towards the spot and dived under water. Some people
held their breath while waiting for Aman to save the girl.
After a few seconds, he emerged with the girl, who was by now lifeless. He put his arm
around her neck and dragged her back to the shore, where the others were waiting patiently.
Soon, they were both at the river bank and some men who had now joined the crowd, dragged
the unconscious girl to the safe ground. Dini was so relieved to see that her brother was safe
that she cried with joy.
A woman laid the unconscious girl on the ground and gave her first aid. Soon, the girl
started to cough and regained consciousness. The girl mother gave a cry of relief and hugged
her daughter. She was very grateful to Aman and could not thank him enough. Aman only
smiled and said modestly, dont mention it; I only did what I could.
The crowd now grew bigger. The people who had gather to see what had happened looked
admiringly at Aman. Some were thanking him profusely. His sister smiled proudly at him and
then helped him to dry himself.
Dont worry, sis, he said. I feel all right. Im glad that Ive made two people very happy
today. He said with a broad grin.
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Practice 3
A fire broke out near your house and destroyed a home. Using the pictures and notes below,
write a story to describe how you and your neighbours helped to rebuild the house and gave
other assistance.

Keywords
Possessions burnt save lost firemen come together donate

grateful
Questions
Describe how a fire destroyed everything for a family and how the
requirement
neighbours helped them by following the picture sequence
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Introduction
Were watching television when neighbours house was burning
Body
Family lost almost all possessions house was totally burnt down
Point 1
parents only saved some valuables and clothing children lost things too
Point 2
Neighbours cooperated to help donated things gave money fathers

company helped to build a new house
Conclusion
Family grateful moved into new house held a gathering to thank

everyone
Step 3: Writing the complete composition
On Saturday while we were watching Akademi Fantasia on Astro, we heard a lot of

commotion outside our house. There was a strong burning smell in the air. We rushed out
and could see a house on fire. It was our neighbours house which was about 500 metres
from our house.
The unfortunate family lost most of their possessions but nobody was hurt. They could
not do anything as the fire was too big and strong. The house was already burnt to the
ground before the firemen arrived. The parents could only manage to save some valuables
and clothing but the children had lost everything including their precious school books and
and favourite playthings.
The neighbours decided to do something to help them. Some donated clothes, food and
books while others donated some money. My father worked in a construction company and
he managed to get his company to help the family build a new house. The family was very
grateful to everyone. When they finally moved into their new house, they held a gathering to
thank all those who had helped.
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You were late and rushing to join your friends at a cinema. Using the pictures and notes below,
write a story about how you rushed for the bus but learnt a lesson instead.


Keywords
Late bus stop crowd rushed shameful behaviour
Questions
Describe why you were rushing for the bus, what happened at the bus
requirement
stop. What lesson did you learn?

Introduction
Late because stayed back in class friends waiting in town to go to

cinema
Body
Reached the bus stop lots of people everyone rushing for the bus
Point 1
when it came
Point 2
Decided to join in the rush heard a baby cry
Point 3
Discovered aunt with her baby decided to wait for the next bus with her
Conclusion
Ashamed of own behaviour decided to miss movie
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I was late because I had to stay back in the classroom to do a group discussion before my
mid-year exam. My friends were already waiting for me in town to go to a cinema to watch
Pirates of the Carribean.
When I arrived at the bus stop, there were a lot of people waiting for the bus which was
running late. When it finally arrived, everyone rushed forward hurriedly and eagerly. Many
people tried to elbow their ways to the front. I had to do the same too, or else I would miss the
bus. Suddenly I heard a babys loud cry. I stopped pushing and looked around to find where the
cry came from. Then I saw a woman carrying a baby standing nearby with a hopeless look on
her sad face.
I looked closely and realized that it was my dear aunt. In a dash, I went to her. She was
almost knocked down to the ground when she tried to run for the bus. She was so relieved to
see me. I suggested to her to wait for the next bus and she readily agreed. So we went to sit
on the nearby bench. The noise and crowd made her baby restless and he started to wail loudly
again.
I felt that I had been part of the unruly crowd who had acted badly to get on the bus. I felt
very ashamed of myself. I wanted to make up for my shameful behaviour so I decided to wait
with her at the bus stop. Never mind that I missed the movie which I planned to watch at the
cinema with my friend.
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Argumentative Composition
Study the information and answer the questions that follow.
Practice 1
You have been asked to argue against students owning mobile phones. Using the notes below,
write a composition to present your argument to the Parent-Teacher Association.
Mobile phones common with students

Features include camera, games and internet
Advantages
can keep in touch with parents
share instant news or information
Disadvantages
spend money to buy the latest model
spend money to download songs, games
spend money on chatting and texting
students take photos of other students without
their permission
said to affect hearing and can cause brain cancer

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Keywords
Model contact misuse download photographs health

discouraged
Questions
Expand on the given notes, bearing in mind youre against owning mobile
requirement
phones; give a suitable title

Introduction
Mobile phone, necessary accessory for a student common features of

mobile phone camera, games, internet access
Body
Although there are advantages to own mobile phones, feel there are more
Point 1
disadvantages help parents contact children easily enable students

share vital information, news
Point 2
However, tend to misuse mobile phones spend to buy latest model

download songs, games chatting with and texting each other
Point 3
Take photographs of other students without their permission lead to

embarrassment quarrels involve parents
Point 4
Reported that frequent use of mobile phones can affect hearing of a

person cause brain cancer
Conclusion
Feel there are more disadvantages than advantages to own a mobile

phone students discouraged from owning mobile phones
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The mobile phone has now become a necessity for a student. It is difficult to find a student
who does not have a mobile phone. The common features of a mobile phone are camera,
games, music and internet access.
Even though there are advantages for students to own mobile phones, in my opinion there
are more disadvantages. The mobile phone is very useful for parents to contact their children
easily. For the students, they can also enable them to quickly share important information and
current news with each other.
However, students tend to misuse their mobile phones without realizing that they sacrifice
their pocket money to buy the latest model to show off to their friends. They also love to
download unnecessary songs and games. Moreover, they spend money on chatting with and
texting their friends.
Irresponsible students may take photographs of other innocent students without their
permissions. This could lead to embarrassment and quarrels which may even involve parents.
Parents obviously dislike any boys to take their daughters photographs without their consent.
It has also been reported that frequent use of mobile phones can affect a persons hearing.
It could cause brain cancer.
In conclusion, I think that there are more disadvantages than advantages for a student to
own a mobile phone. Thus, I strongly recommend that students should be discouraged from
owning mobile phones even though they have money to buy them.
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MODEL QUESTION 1
As a Head Prefect of your school, you represent your school to attend a talk on the subject,
Save Our Environment. Back in school, you are asked by your teacher to deliver a speech on
the same topic during the school assembly.
Use the information below to help you give the speech

Give reasons why it is important to help keep our environment clean.
Useful words: pollution, sickness, good health, nature
SAVE OUR ENVIRONMENT

Use dustbins
Keep drains clear
Keep rivers clean
Stop open burning
When writing your composition:

Use all the points given

Keywords
Use dustbins - keep drains clear - keep rivers clean - stop open burning
Questions
Give reasons why it is important to help keep our environment clean.
requirement
37

Introduction
Good morning - the principal, senior assistants, teachers and fellow

friends
Body
Throw rubbish in the dustbins some people throw rubbish everywhere -
Point 1
hawkers throw rubbish in the drain drains are clogged
Point 2
Rivers must be clean we will get the benefits water can be used for
washing and cooking
Point 3
Open burning can cause environmental hazard offenders should be

fined the fumes can endanger our health
Conclusion
Clean environment leads to better health and more beautiful surrounding
38
Good morning I bid to the principal, senior assistants, teachers and my

fellow friends. Today, I would like to deliver a speech entitled Save Our
Environment.
All of us should play our part in keeping our environment clean. One of
the good habits we should practise is to always throw rubbish into the dustbins.
You can find dustbins everywhere: in offices, by the roadsides and in shopping
areas. Yet there are people who are either indifferent or too lazy to use them!
They choose to throw the rubbish everywhere.
A lot of hawkers are guilty of treating drains as a garbage dump. They
simply throw these things into the drain without thinking of its consequences.
We should also always sweep and clean the drains in our own compound to
ensure that they are not clogged and the drain water can run free.
Besides the drains, rivers are also often treated like dumping grounds
for unwanted things. This bad habit and apathetic attitude must change. If our
rivers are clean, we are the one who will get the benefits from them. We can
use this clean water for cooking and washing. People who go swimming or
fishing in these places will have a better time.
Open burning should be banned so that the air will not be polluted.
Open burning can also cause environmental hazards like haze. Those who are
found guilty from doing so should be fined. This is because the fumes which
are released into the air can endanger our health and also give effect to our
ozone layers.
By keeping the environment clean, it will keep us all in better health.
We can also enjoy neater and more beautiful surroundings.
Thank you for your kind attention.
39
MODEL QUESTION 2
Using the picture and the notes given below, write an article for your school newsletter about
your experience at a circus.
Use these notes to help you:

air-conditioned tent
colourful lights
crowd of old and young
two-hour show
exciting, skilful, daring

40
Keywords
air-conditioned tent, colourful lights, crowd of old and young, two-hour

show, exciting, skilful, daring
Questions
Describe about your experience at a circus
requirement

Introduction
Parents brought to the circus held at my hometown was held for 3 days
and nights
Body
Circus tent was pitched in middle of field field was also used for car park
Point 1
and stalls
Point 2
Colourful lights encircled the tent - the crowd lined-up and walked into the
tent
Point 3
Amazing acts throughout the two-hour show
Conclusion
The performers took the final bow the show ended at 11 pm
41
Last week, my parents took my little brother and me to a circus. It was

held at my hometown, Remis. The event was held for 3 days and 3 nights. We
went there on the first day. My brother and I were very excited on that day.
When we arrived at the place, the parking area was full with vehicles. My
father managed to get a parking space not far from the tent. The huge airconditioned circus tent was pitched in the middle of a large field near a stadium.
It was the biggest tent I have ever seen and could accommodate about 5
thousand people. A part of the field was used as a car park while another area
was filled with food and drink stalls. Then he went to get the tickets for the whole
family.
From far. you could see long strings of colourful lights encircled the tent.
The atmosphere was festive, almost carnival-like. The crowd, consisting of old
and young, lined-up and walked into the tent just before the performance was
due to start.
By the time the performance started, at 9 pm, almost every seat was
occupied. There were many amazing acts throughout the two-hour show which
received a very loud applaud from the audience. Some of them were really
exciting as the performers were very skilful and daring. The trapeze act and the
hilarious clowns got the most applause from the crowd. The circus performers,
including the animals, wore dazzling costumes with bright colours.
At the end of the performance, all the performers gathered to take a final
bow. After a last round of applause, the crowd left the tent. The show ended at
nearly 11pm. It was really a great show and I will never forget it as long as I
.
could remember.
42
MODEL QUESTION 3
Based on the chart given below, write a report on the dangers of smoking.
Non- smokers are

forced to inhale the
smoke
Pregnant women who

smoke can endanger
the babies
THE DANGER OF
SMOKING
Cause bad breath
Darken the lips,

teeth and finger
nails
Nicotine can cause

lung cancer


Keywords
Non-smokers forced to inhale smoke pregnant women endanger the

babies, cause bad breath, lung cancer, darken the lips, teeth and finger
nails
Questions
Describe the dangers of smoking based on the notes given
requirement
43

Introduction
Smoking is banned in many public places
Body
Non-smokers who inhale the smoke are also exposed to danger
Point 1
Point 2
Pregnant women who smoke will endanger their babies
Point 3
Nicotine in cigarettes can cause lung cancer, blacken the teeth, lips and
finger-nails
Conclusion
Ban smoking in all public places smokers have to smoke at home only
Smoking has more disadvantages than the advantages. It is now being banned in
many enclosed places that have air-conditioning such as cinemas, government offices
and shopping complexes. The ban should be extended to all public places.
The cigarette smoke does not only cause danger to the smokers but also to the nonsmokers. According to a scientific research, non-smokers who inhale the cigarette smoke
are in as much danger as the smokers themselves. It is bad enough that smokers do not
care for their own health, but to expose other people to the risk of getting diseases is
absolutely irresponsible.
Pregnant women who smoke can threaten the lives of the baby in their wombs.
Babies can either be deformed or born prematurely. Smoking can also cause bad breath
for the smokers. This might turn the others away from them. These are the result of the
nicotine or tar that is contained inside the cigarette.
Smoking can cause lung cancer, which is a disease that can kill. Nicotine that is
found in the cigarette can pollute the lungs in the long run. Smoking can also give bad
effect like blacken teeth, lips and finger-nails. It will affect the appearance and personality
of the smokers.
Smoking should be banned in all public places, not only restricted to certain areas.
By doing so smokers would have to resort to smoking in the privacy of their homes only.
Although they may view this as being imprisoned in their own homes, hopefully the
inconvenience of not being able to smoke freely will bring them to their senses.
44
MODEL QUESTION 4
You have moved into a new neighbourhood. Using the points below, write a letter to
your friend describing to him or her your new neighbourhood.
close to school, market, shops
friendly neighbours
public amenities childrens playground, library
clean environment
Make your letter as interesting as possible. You may add in other relevant details.
Your letter should be more than 120 words.
No. 257, Jalan Merpati

Taman Guru
15100 Kota Bharu
Kelantan
10 August 2010
Dear Rosli,
I hope this letter finds you in good health. I am quite alright here and am adjusting to the
new environment. We arrived here at four thirty in the evening last Tuesday. I have been very
busy ever since, getting everything in order, helping my mother to unpack the boxes and
arranging all my belongings in my new room. It is awesome!
The new house my father bought here is located very conveniently. It is within a stones
throw of my new school. It is a mere five-minute walk from here to school. Now, I dont have to
worry about missing my school bus. Besides, it is also relatively close to the market and there
are many shops selling ones daily household needs. There is practically everything available
within walking distance, from grocery to jewellery. Now, we need not drive for half an hour to get
to a grocery store as was the case before. Now, my mother can also go to the market at any
time she wishes.
45
I have met quite a number of neighbours here. They are all kind and friendly. There are
at least three lovely girls living closed by who are of the same age as I am. How lucky I am!
Dont be jealous. We will be attending the same school next year. All three of them seem very
nice and I hope to get to know them better.
Apart from that, there are many places here that have been built especially for the
benefits of the public. There is a childrens playground, fully equipped with slides, swings, seesaws and even a maze. I am sure my younger brother, Leong Tack will find this to be right up
his alley. There is also an enormous public library. I have only had the chance to look around for
ten minutes but that was enough to tell me that it was by far the best and most up-to-date library
I have ever been to. There are shelves after shelves of every book imaginable. There are
computers, music and movie stations where one can go to listen to music or watch the latest
movies and many other interesting activities to do there. I really look forward to going back there
again. There is also a public swimming pool where I can go to swim and relax. You know how I
love taking a dip in the water.
The environment here is always clean. It is a beautiful place with trees lining the roads
and flowers dotting the sides of the paths. When you look around, there is fresh greenery as far
as the eyes can reach. I dearly wish you were here. Rosli, I know you would love this place.
I think I am going to be very happy here once I have settled down. I am slowly adjusting
to the new environment. Right now, though it seems awfully odd not to have you as my
neighbour any longer, I am sure I will be able to adapt myself well. But, our friendships will
never fade.
This is all I shall write for now. I hope you can pay me a visit some time in the near
future. I look forward to your reply.
Your loving friend,

James Leong
(James Leong)
46
POINTS TO PONDER
PAPER 2: ESSAY
HOW WRITING IS ASSESSED
Your examiner will be looking for certain skills in your writing. For example:
a. Reading comprehension skills: can you understand the question and do what it wants
you to do?
b. Thinking skills: are you able to use skills like making comprehension , providing reasons
and supporting them, drawing conclusions and making predictions?
c. Language skills: can you use language appropriately? i.e. provide the correct tone, form
and content as required for the writing task specified.
Accuracy is essential.
Creativity is important but is not the main focus in the assessment of writing.
Pay attention to your sentence structures and tenses.
WHAT MUST YOU DO?
A student must at least be able to
Identify the key words that would indicate the task e.g. provide reasons, add comments,
describe
Identify and provide appropriate content according to task
Use an appropriate format if format is indicated
Use appropriate tenses consistently
Use paragraphs effectively to organize ideas clearly
Use a variety of sentence patterns to present their ideas in an interesting way
Elaborate and develop ideas to make their response more interesting e.g. add details,
provide reasons, examples
Tips:
Use all the notes
Use sense: what can you see/ hear / smell / touch / taste / feel
1H6W: how / who / why / what / when / where / which
Sequence markers: first@ firstly / secondly / thirdly / next@ then@ after this@ after
that@ later / finally@ lastly
47
Linkers: and / so / while / then / next / since / although / later / as / yet / because / if /
even though / until / but / after / before / however / therefore / moreover
Add proverbs / idioms / interesting expressions
REMINDERS
There are a few things that you should keep in mind.
NEVER write in CAPITAL LETTERS THROUGHOUT YOUR ESSAYS. Do not change any
spelling that is written in the rubric. If it is there, then it will not be considered as wrong even if it
is.
Do not use contractions except in speech, quotes and informal letters.
Major / Gross Errors:
i.
Grammatical errors : sentence construction

: misusing simple vocabulary / pronouns / prepositions / article
: Subject - verb agreement
: Tense
ii.
Spelling errors : of words that are in the rubric

: Misspelling of words that may cause confusion of meaning or form
new words
iii.
Punctuation : misuse or absence of punctuation that may cause misunderstanding,

confusion or ambiguity
iv.
Use of BM except those accepted as common in usage or in dictionaries such as amok,

kris, kampong and sampan.
Minor Errors:
Misspelling of words, even from the rubric, that only involves a single letter which does
not form any new words nor distort the meaning.
Minor misspelling like favorite instead of favourite or BM spelling of English words
such as elektrik / teknologi.
Other language matters:
a) Avoid
48
lifting (either from the rubric or known text), Repetition, Stringing (random
arrangements of words)
irrelevant, unintelligible, incomprehensible, inappropriate language use.
b) Use
Effective usage of vocabulary or expressions and well-constructed sentences.
The examiner will tick / mark where the expression occurs. More ticks = better
expression.
When you have finished, please check
1. Have you got the right format?
2. Is it in the correct tone?
3. The tense(s) first- past, present or future?
4. Remember some tips:
to and did are always followed by base forms of verbs.
Modal words e.g. will/would, shall/should, can/could, cannot/could not,
may/may not, might/might not, ought to, etc. are always followed by base
forms of verbs.
Before, while, when, or after are normally followed by gerunds; (verb) + ing.
Articles : an = singular words beginning with the sounds of vowels /a = singular

words beginning with the sounds of consonants/the is use for unique words or
words that have already been mentioned
Plural forms they, we them, us, theirs
Singular forms he she, it, his, hers , its
Subject verb agreement:
a. Singular subject takes singular verb add s to verbs/use of
has/had/is/was etc
b. Plural subject (+ I & you) take plural verbs no s to verbs/use of
have/had/are/were/am(for I), etc
49
MARKING CRITERIA
Section A (Guided Writing)
Band
Marks
Descriptors
Task fulfilled ideas and details well-developed and well-organized
Language accurate, few minor errors and first draft slips.
Varied sentence structures used effectively
Excellent
25-30
Vocabulary is widely used

Interest of reader is aroused and sustained
Task fulfilled ideas and details well-developed

Language largely accurate, some serious and minors errors
Simple and compound sentence structures are accurate
Vocabulary wide enough lack precision
Credit
19-24
Use of spelling, punctuation. And paragraphing almost always

accurate
Readers interest is aroused but not sustained
Task fulfilled, able to develop some ideas, lack details
Ideas adequately organized
Achievement
13-18
Language sufficiently accurate, frequent serious errors

Vocabulary sufficient to convey meaning
Some errors in mechanics of writing
Task partially fulfilled, ideas less developed and lacking
organization
Weak
7-12
Language barely accurate, frequent serious errors, hamper reading

Limited vocabulary
1-6
Task hardly fulfilled, ideas lack cohesion

High density of errors
Very weak
Meaning hardly conveyed
50
SUMMARY WRITING
51
SUMMARY WRITING
The goal of writing a summary of a given text is to offer as accurately as possible the full sense
of the original, but in a more condensed form. A summary restates the authors main points,
purpose, intent and supporting detail in your own words.
In Section B PMR English Language Paper 2, you will be asked to write a summary of not more
than 60 words. Its main objectives are to assess students ability to locate main ideas,
paraphrase using correct and appropriate language and generalise to reproduce the text as
accurately and as briefly as possible.
How to Count the Words

Remember that your answer should not exceed 60 words including the 10 words given.
Each word has to be counted as the number of words used. Only hyphenated words are
considered as one word.
For contractions such as isnt and wouldnt are counted as two words. However, the
contraction cant is counted as one word.
Proper nouns, such as the names of people, places, rivers. mountains and countries are
counted as one word. For example:
-
Datuk Ong Thin Eew
Cameron Highlands
Kelantan River
Mount Kinabalu
After writing your summary, count the number of words again and write down the number of
words at the bottom of the summary. Do not cheat on the number of words used. The
examiners will find out.
52
MARKING CRITERIA FOR SECTION B: SUMMARY

Your summary is assessed under two main components:
Content
5 marks
Language
marked on a 5-band impression scale with marks ranging from 1- 5
Total
10 marks
Each point is awarded 1 mark to a maximum of 5 marks. Therefore, you only need to find and write 5 main points as contents.
Marks Awarded for Language are as follow:
BAND
MARKS
- Marked ability to use

D
- Ability to use own words
own words.
own words
- Language is accurate
accurate
- Unable to use own words.
own words
- Language is sufficiently
accurate
C
R
- Hardly any ability to use
- Language is largely
E
S
- Sufficient ability to use
Hardly
any
lifting
of
-Minimal lifting
sentences
Selective
- Language is partially
accurate
lifting
sentences
of
- Almost wholesale lifting of
Sentences
- Total lifting of
sentences
Sentences
T
O
R
- Accurate mechanics of
writing
- Largely accurate
mechanics of writing
- Some errors in
53
- Numerous errors in
- Serious errors in
Useful Tips to Summary Writing

1
Read the text given once through to get a gist of what the text is all about. Do not
summarise as you read the text for the first time.
Next, read carefully and understand the task. Always ask yourself What am I required to
summarise?
Read the text again and select information that is relevant to the task. To do this, underline
the relevant lines or ideas as your read the text. Remember there are normally 5 to 8
content points. You are only required to locate 5 points as the maximum marks for content
is 5 marks.
Summarise the ideas. You can combine the ideas using appropriate connectors. Make sure
your sentences are complete sentences and not fractured.
If you are not very good in English, do not try to rephrase. Just copy the entire sentence. It is
better to select intelligently and connect the sentences with suitable connectors. This way,
you will not lose marks for content or language.
Begin your summary with the 10 words given and remember that the three dots after the 10th
word mean you have to complete the sentence with some relevant information from the text.
Try to memorise some synonyms as they are useful to replace single words in the text. This
will help you get more marks for language.
Do keep within the word limit of 60 words as points after 60 words are not taken into
account.
Check the tense. Refer to the tense in the given 10 words to help you decide which tense to
use.
10 Write your summary in a paragraph. Always read through your summary once you have
completed writing it.
Some Donts in Summary writing

1
Do not add any of your own points, opinions or thoughts.
Do not write in point form.
Do not retain any direct speech.
Do not repeat the same ideas or points.
Do not cheat on the number of words used.

54
Sharpening Summary Skills

A
Give a word for these groups of words
pen, eraser, ruler, pencil

___________________________
spoons, forks, knives

___________________________
cups, plates, glasses, dishes

___________________________
carrot, cauliflower, spinach, cabbage

___________________________
iron, washing machine, blender

___________________________
vans, trailers, buses, trucks

___________________________
jelly, apple pie, pudding, ice-cream

___________________________
mosquito, ants, butterfly, cockroach

___________________________
apple, pear, durian, kiwi

___________________________
10
spanner, pliers, hammer, screwdriver

___________________________
11
blouses, pants, skirts, gowns

___________________________
12
rosemary, coriander, cumin seeds, clove

___________________________
55
13
rake, shovel, shears, hoe

___________________________
14
piano, violin, xylophone, flute

___________________________
15
wheat, barley, rice, maize

___________________________
16
coffee, tea, cocoa

___________________________
17
necklace, ring, earring, bracelet

___________________________
18
shoes, sandals, clogs, boots, slippers

___________________________
19
beef, mutton, pork, veal

___________________________
20
square, cone, round, rectangle

___________________________
Rewrite each sentence, replacing the word in bold with a suitable word.
e.g.
The teacher asked Ahmad to go to the office without any delay.

The teacher asked Ahmad to go to the office immediately.
The boys father and mother have been killed in the car crash.
________________________________________________________________________
56
The old man called out loudly to her daughter but she did not hear him.
________________________________________________________________________
Mr Tan advised the boy over and over again never to swim in the river.
________________________________________________________________________
My grandfather was unable to read and write because he had never been to school.
________________________________________________________________________
I realised that Kok Keong had been keeping away from me all week.
________________________________________________________________________
Everyone in the class made up their minds to throw a farewell party for their teacher at
the restaurant.
________________________________________________________________________
The brave fireman dashed into the burning building and saved the life of the shopkeeper
trapped in it.
________________________________________________________________________
The Prime Minister has made known publicly that next Sunday will be a holiday.
________________________________________________________________________
The cheering and clapping of the audience made the actresses more confident in their
performance.
________________________________________________________________________
10
The farmer has warned us to be extra careful as not all mushrooms are fit to be eaten.
________________________________________________________________________
11
Why is that old beggar looking hard at me? asked the pretty lady.
________________________________________________________________________
12
Many animals and crops were destroyed because of the absence of rain for a long
time.
________________________________________________________________________
57
SUMMARY 1[2007]
[10 marks]
Time suggested: 30 minutes
Read the letter below and answer the question that follows.
Dear Editor,
I am writing this letter to express my appreciation to all Malaysians who had made my
visit to Malaysia a meaningful one.
Upon reaching the Kuala Lumpur International Airport, I took a taxi to Kuala Lumpur city.
The taxi driver greeted me with a warm smile and showed me to his taxi. He was also kind
enough to recommend places of interest that I should visit in your country.
Over the next few weeks, I travelled around the country. I visited Melaka, Pulau
Langkawi, Pulau Redang and Genting Highlands, just to name a few. In Langkawi, I had the
opportunity to be with the locals and also enjoy home-cooked dishes. I was truly touched by
their friendliness and hospitality. It was a wonderful experience!
What I found unique about Malaysia was the way people of different races and religions
lived peacefully as one. I noticed this from the way Malaysians celebrated their National Day.
Clearly, the way everyone came together is an excellent example of tolerance and
understanding. This is what Malaysia should highlight to rest of the world.
Let me say, terima kasih to all those who have made my stay a memorable one. I will
definitely come again and I would also promote Malaysia to all my friends back in England.
Andrew Jacob
Write a summary on why Andrews visit to Malaysia was a memorable one.
Your summary must:
not be more than 60 words, including the 10 words given below
be in continuous writing (not note form)
be written in one paragraph
Use your own words as far as possible without changing its original meaning.
Begin your summary as follows:

Andrew visited Malaysia and he was impressed with Malaysia because
58
Content points
1
greeted with a warm smile
kind enough to recommend places
travelled around the country
be with the locals
enjoy home-cooked dishes
touched by their friendliness and hospitality
live peacefully as one/ tolerant and understanding
Sample Script 1
Andrew visited Malaysia and he was impressed with Malaysia because/ the taxi driver
greeted him with a smile and showed him to his taxi. He was also kind enough to recommend
places of interest that Andrew should visit in the country. He travelled around the country. He
had the opportunity to be with the locals and also enjoy home-cooked dishes./
(60 words)
Marks awarded:
Content
5 marks
Language
2 marks
Total
7 marks
Comment:
This candidate has managed to locate 5 content points, so he has obtained the maximum
marks of 5 for content. However, this candidate has shown hardly any ability to paraphrase or
use his or her own words. He just lifted the relevant sentences from the text so 2 marks is
given for language, although the language is accurate.
59
Sample Script 2
Andrew visited Malaysia and was impressed because/ of the warm reception he received.
Even his taxi driver recommended interesting places to be visited. Besides, Andrew also
experienced travelling around the country. It was the locals friendliness that brought him to
utmost pleasure. Lastly, he was amazed by the multi-racial community living together in peace
and tolerance.
(59 words)
Marks awarded:
Content
5 marks
Language
5 marks
Total
10marks
Comment:
This candidate has managed to locate 5 content points. A maximum of 5 marks is awarded. He
or she has also shown marked ability to paraphrase or use his or her own words. All sentences
are original. The language is accurate.
60
SUMMARY 2 [2010]
[10 marks]
Read the diary entry and complete the task.
Dear Diary,
I had fantastic time during the last school holidays. After receiving his bonus, Dad took
us to Layang-Layang Atoll, a beautiful coral island, situated north of Sabah.
We checked into the holiday resort late that evening. Then, we immediately rushed out
to witness the breathtaking sunset. After dinner, we went early to bed, looking forward to
the activities we were going to do the next morning.
Rising early, we went snorkelling in the cool, clear waters off the island. The scene
before us was colourful and amazing. The live corals floated along with the movements of
the current and we saw a wonderful variety of fish. Among them were puffer fish, clown fish
and angel fish.
The next day, we had another wonderful experience. We went scuba-diving under the
supervision of an expert. I was glad to be close to nature. I thanked God for giving me this
wonderful opportunity.
On our last night, we stayed awake till the wee hours of the morning. It was because
we were enjoying a fine barbecue by the seaside with fish that we had freshly caught from
the sea.
It was certainly a memorable holiday.
Nisha
Nisha and her family enjoyed themselves at Layang-Layang Atoll.

Write a summary on some of the interesting things they did and saw there.
Your summary must:

Upon checking into the holiday resort, Nisha and her family
61
Content points
1
witness the breathtaking sunset
went snorkelling
the scene was colourful and amazing
saw a wonderful variety of fish or live corals
went scuba-diving
enjoyed a fine barbecue
fish that the had freshly caught
Sample Script 1
Upon checking into the holiday resort, Misha and her family/ rushed out to witness the
breathtaking sunset. Tomorrow they went to snorkeling in the waters of ^ island. They scene the
sea is colourful and amazing. The movement they sink into water, they saw a wonderful variety
of fish. Beside that, they went scuba-diving under the supervision, to be close to/ nature.
(61 words)
# errors are underlined
Marks awarded
Content
Language
Total
6 marks
Comment
This candidate has only managed to locate 4 content points that is points 1. 2, 4 and 5. He or
she has also shown little ability to paraphrase or use his or her own words. Most of the
sentences are lifted from the text. Furthermore, there is a high frequency of errors.
62
Sample Script 2
Upon checking into the holiday resort, Nisha and he family/ rushed out to witness the
amazing sunset. The next day, they went snorkeling in the waters of the island. They saw live
corals floating along with the movements of the current and a wonderful variety of fish. Later,
they went scuba-diving. Lastly, they enjoyed a fine barbecue by the seaside./
(60 words)
Marks awarded
Content
Language
Total
10 marks
Comment
This candidate has shown marked ability to paraphrase or use his or her own words. He or
she has managed to locate 5 content points and they are 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6. Language is
accurate. Accurate mechanic of writing is used throughout the summary.
63
SUMMARY 3
[10 marks]
Time suggested: 30 minutes
Most people look forward to a relaxed life once they retire but not 60-year-old Shamsudin Hassan.
He keeps himself busy making decorative kites. He is a very happy and contented man as all his children
have grown up and are successful in their lives.
For Shamsudin, his four children were the most important in his life. He would do everything for
them. He believed that although he could not teach them, he could give them support by being with
them while they were studying. At least twice a week, he would make it a point to take his children to
the public library. He would also spend a large amount of his salary on books for them.
Shamsudin wanted his children to grow up to be responsible and independent adults. When his
children were growing up, he was worried. He always kept an eye on them so that they would not be
involved in unhealthy activities.
As a concerned parent, he sent his children to religious classes every Monday and Thursday night.
He did not want them to be lacked religious knowledge. Once in a while, the Shamsudin family could be
seen at picnic spots enjoying themselves. Every two years, Shamsudin would take his whole family on a
vacation to places of interest in Malaysia.
Shamsudins hard work and sacrifices have paid off. Now, he is proud of all his children. One is a
lecturer, another, a police inspector, the third, a doctor and the youngest, an engineer.
(Adapted from The star, July 2008)
Write a summary on what Shamsudin did to make sure his children grew up well.
Your summary must:
be in continuous writing (not in note form)
Shamsudin would do everything for his four children and he
64
Content points
1
would give them support by being with them while they were studying
took his children to the public library
would spend a large amount of his salary on books for them.
kept an eye on them
sent his children to religious classes
could be seen at picnic spots enjoying themselves
would take his whole family on a vacation
Based on the content points given, let us write out the summary. Remember to use your own words as
far as possible but do not change its original meaning.
Shamsudin would do everything for his four children and he / _____________________

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SUMMARY 4
[10 marks]
Read the text and complete the following task.
Last month it rained cats and dogs in Kampung Rahmat for five days. The village was
flooded as the river nearby overflowed its banks. The water covered all the roads in the
village, so they were closed.
Azmi and his brother, Azman were alone at home. Their parents, Pak Mat and Mak
Minah had gone to Kampung Bukit, a neighbouring village, and could not get back home.
The boys watched the water level rising. They packed all the important documents and
some clothes into a plastic bag. Then they went up to the roof and shouted for help. Luckily,
three men in a boat came to rescue them and took them to higher ground.
Pak Mat and Mak Minah were waiting for them there. They went to stay with some
relatives in Kampung Bukit for a week.
Write a summary on what Azmi and Azman did during the flood and how they were saved.
Your summary must
Use your own words as far as possible without changing the original meaning.
Azmi and his brother, Azman were alone at home, and . . .
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CONTENT POINTS
1
they watched the water level rising
packed important documents and some clothes
went up to the roof
shouted for help
three men in a boat came to rescue them
and took them to higher ground
Based on the content points given, let us write out the summary. Remember to use your own
words as far as possible but do not change its original meaning.
Azmi and his brother, Azman were alone at home, and /_________________________
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SUMMARY 5
[10 marks]
Keeping pets is becoming more and more popular in every household. People keep pets
because they offer many advantages
Due to the advantages it offers, keeping pets becomes a popular, especially in Eastern
countries, for the older generation, who often live far from their children. In these situations, pets
are truly their close friends, helping them remove the feeling of emptiness and loneliness. .
In many cases, people choose to keep dogs for their home security. The houses will
become safer because strangers might be scared that they will be attacked by the animals
inside. When you are out and you leave your house empty, you do not have to worry that
burglars may break into the house and take away valuable assets even when you return home
at mid night.
Pets can protect not only the assets but also save people's lives. Dogs and sometimes
cats can attack the burglars to protect the owners in case they are harmed. Many owners can
stay alive due to the protection from the dogs they keep in their houses.
Researchers showed that children who usually play with pets can behave nicely and
become more caring. Playing with pets and learning how to treat them with love may help
uncommunicative children be affable, which is important for their growth in the distant future.
Keeping pets is not merely a habit but is one way of relaxation and amusement. Some
people forget their problems and feel happy when they are surrounded by pets.
Write a summary on the advantages of keeping pets.

Your summary must
Keeping pets is becoming more popular and one advantage is. . .

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Content points
1
close friends
help them remove the feeling of emptiness and loneliness
for home security
save people's lives
children behave nicely and become more caring
one way of relaxation and amusement
Based on the content points given, let us write out the summary. Remember to use your own words as
far as possible but do not change its original meaning.
Keeping pets is becoming more popular and one advantage is /____________________

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SUMMARY 6
[10 marks]
Read the speech and complete the following task.
A pleasant morning I bid to our honourable principal, teachers and friends. In conjunction
with World Environment Day, I am honoured to be given this golden opportunity to deliver a talk
on The Role of Students in Combating Climate Change.
As all of you know, climate change is a global problem and yet each one of us in this hall
has the power to make a difference. As students, we should learn as much as possible about
our environment. There are many good books that will help us to learn. We can also look at link
page to give good websites with information about the environment and climate change. Always
spend time to talk to our family and friends about climate change. This will create awareness
among them.
Turn off lights, televisions and computers when we are not using them. This will reduce
greenhouse gases emissions into the air. Better rely on natural lighting and leave classroom
windows open. You can also save energy by sometimes taking the bus, riding a bike or walking
to school. It can reduce pollutants emitted from motor vehicles.
Students should also practise recycling. When we recycle, we send less trash to the landfill
and help save natural resources. Recycling paper also saves tress and by saving them, climate
change can be reduced naturally as trees remove carbon from the atmosphere in the forest. So,
planting trees is not only fun but a great way to reduce greenhouse gases.
Lastly, students should play their roles in combating climate change by joining and
supporting campaigns towards preventing climate change. There are a lot of agencies that
conduct such campaigns. Join them now. Ask our friends and family to do so.
So, act now before it is too late. Thank you.
Write a summary on how students can help to prevent climate change.
Your summary must:
We can play a role in preventing climate change by
70
Find all the content points and list them down.

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Now write out the summary. Use your own words as far as possible.
We can play a role in preventing climate change by /___________________________

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SUMMARY 7
[10 marks]
Good morning to the principal, teachers and all my friends. As the head prefect, I would
like to highlight an issue which is important to all of us Physical Exercise.
Everyone in this beautiful hall knows that exercise is good for us but do you know how
good it is? Please allow me to enlighten all of you on how exercise can improve your life. First of
all, exercise improves your mood. A workout at the gymnasium or a brisk thirty-minute walk can
certainly help you calm down. Physical activity stimulates various brain chemicals that may
leave you feeling happier and more relaxed. Exercise also helps all of us to combat chronic
diseases. Regular physical activity can be the ticket to prevent heart diseases, osteoporosis,
high blood pressure and other chronic diseases.
Are you worried about your weight? Well, exercise does assist you manage your weight.
Just trade some couch time for walking or other physical activities. When you engage in these
physical activities, you burn the excessive calories, keeping you weight under control.
Furthermore, exercise boosts your energy level as it delivers oxygen and nutrients to all parts of
your body.
Many researches have proven that exercise not only promotes better sleep but also helps
prevent depression. A quality or good nights sleep can improve your concentration and mood. Your
confidence and self-esteem can be improved if your exercise regularly. You will definitely look better
and feel better.
So, are you convinced? Good. Start reaping the benefits of regular exercise today! Thank you.
Write a summary on the benefits of physical exercise

Your summary must:
Physical exercise can help you lead a better life because
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Physical exercise can help you lead a better life because / ______________________
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SUMMARY 8
[10 marks]
Read Safirahs diary entry and complete the task.
20 March 2011
My family and I had a great holiday in Pangkor Island. We loved every minute of the ferry ride to
the island. The scenery was breathtaking. Upon reaching the destination, we checked into the
Royal Casuarina Hotel. It was really a beautiful hotel. Late in the evening, we sat on the beach
to witness the fantastic sunset.
21 March 2011
Getting up early, we went to Sungai Pinang kecil, a small fishing village. We saw a few
fishermen mending their nets and stopped to watch several women busy drying seafood
delicacies like cuttlefish and anchovies, just to name a few. Mother bought some salted fish. In
the evening, we went snorkelling in the cool, clear waters off the island.
22 March 2011
We had another memorable moment. We went jungle trekking under the supervision of a
trained guide. I thanked Almighty God for giving us this golden opportunity to admire the beauty
of nature. We stayed up late till wee hours of the morning. We really enjoyed the barbecue by
the seaside while exchanging stories of our childhood. We went home, feeling tired but happy.
Safirah and her family enjoyed themselves in Pulau Pangkor.

Write a summary on some of the interesting things they did and saw there.
Your summary must:

Upon checking into the beautiful hotel, Safirah and her family
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Upon checking into the beautiful hotel, Safirah and her family / ____________________
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SUMMARY 9
[10 marks]
Read the passage and complete the following task.
Bullying is becoming more and more serious among schoolchildren. It affects every aspect
of your life. Bullies make you feel hurt, scared and lonely and can even affect your schoolwork.
It is a big problem that shouldnt be ignored. Take simple steps to deal with bullies in order to
make them stop.
Telling someone about the bullying is the most important step in stopping it. Tell your
parents, your teacher or the school counsellor. You do not have to deal with the bully alone.
Acting brave can sometimes stop a bully. Do not show your fear. When you give an outward
appearance of calm and dont back down, the bully can see that you know how to stand up for
yourself.
If you are bullied, try not to fight back. Fighting back only gives the bully what he is looking
for- your reaction. In addition, a violent reaction could get you into serious trouble. Just stand
your ground and do not be antagonistic. Besides, dont let your feelings or emotions show
because this will give the bully the satisfaction.
Another way is to stick with a friend whenever you think you might run into the bully. He is
less likely to lash out at you when you have someone by your side. You should quickly walk
away when the bully approaches you. By doing so, you are telling the bully you dont care about
him or his actions. Take away whatever triggers the bullys actions. For instance, if the bully
demands your lunch money every day, start bringing your lunch instead. Lastly, if you see
another kid being bullied, stick up for him. A show of support emphasizes to a bully that his
behaviour wont be tolerated by his peers.
Write a summary on ways to overcome bullying.
Your summary must:
One of the steps to stop the bullying is to
76
One of the steps to stop the bullying is to /_____________________________________
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SUMMARY 10
[10 marks]
Read the passage and complete the following task.
In the hustle and bustle society we are living in today, stress is the most common health
problem. If we dont learn how to overcome stress, our live can be destroyed by it over time.
There are many techniques to cope with stress. Different people have different techniques.
You need to find one that works on you. One popular technique used by many to get rid of
stress is of course exercise. Walking or running for 20 minutes can release endorphins which
help to relieve stress. Listening to classical music also helps as it lowers the blood pressure and
brings calmness to listeners.
If you really want an excellent treatment for stress, sleep early and wake up early. There
are no hard and fast rules on how many hours you should sleep in a day. Some people need
eight hours or more to function properly, while some only need four to six hours.
If stress is getting you down, examine the cause. Find out what causes you to feel stressful.
Talking to friends may also help. You can also seek professional advice. Try pouring out to your
loved ones. This is a proven solution and you dont even need to spend any money.
Remember that there is no such thing as a stress-free life because stress is always around
us as long as we are still alive. What we can do, however, is to develop a stress-proof life and
to learn to overcome it.
Write a summary on the techniques of overcoming stress.
Your summary must:

One of the many techniques to cope with stress is
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One of the many techniques to cope with stress is /____________________________

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SUMMARY 11
[10 marks]
Read the memo and complete the following task.
Dear Ana,
Dad and I are off to Ipoh. We received a call from Uncle Yusof this morning. Grandma
collapsed in the bathroom last night. She is now in a ward. Please fetch your little sister
from the nursery at 3 oclock. Please dont be late. Your sister will cry. Furthermore, the
nursery will charge extra. Before that, prepare some lunch for your brothers and sister. Im
sure your have no problem with that as cooking is your cup of tea. The chicken and
vegetables are in the refrigerator.
Around 4 oclock ask your brother to take out the trash. The garbage collectors normally
collect it at 5. Dont forget to take in the clothes and fold them before putting them into the
wardrobe. In the evening, please water all the plants. Oh, before I forget, remember to feed
the chickens in the coop. Collect the eggs if there is any. Will be home late tonight.
Love,
Mum
Write a summary on what Ana has to do while her parents are away
Your summary must:

Anas parents have gone to Ipoh so Ana has to
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Anas parents have gone to Ipoh so Ana has to /________________________________
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SUMMARY 12
[10 marks]
Read the letter and complete the following task.
Dear William,
I received your letter a week ago. I am sorry for not replying to it sooner as I was very
busy preparing for my schools Sports Day. In your letter, you wanted me to tell you about the
various festivals celebrated by Malaysians. Let me tell you about one of the most significant
celebrations of the Chinese community- Chinese New Year.
This festival begins on the first day of the lunar calendar and ends on the 15th day,
known as Chap Goh Mei. Like all other festivals, Chinese New year requires much preparation.
The whole family cleans the house together. They want to sweep away any trace of back luck.
The womenfolk make traditional delicacies. You should try them. They are really tasty. Families
will also shop for new clothes and other items to welcome this auspicious day.
The eve of Chinese New Year is very important for everyone and most people look
forward to it. It is the day when all family members return home for reunion dinner. Everyone in
the family will enjoy a sumptuous feast. They will have waxed duck, sharks fin soup, oysters,
scallops and crabs, just to name a few.
On New years Day, everyone was in their best attires.
On the altar, ceremonial
candles are lit and incense burned. Ang pows or red packets containing money are given to
children and those who are not married. Friends and relatives visit and greet each other. It was
indeed a joyous occasion for the Chinese.
I have to pen off now. I hope you will enjoy reading it. Hope to hear from you soon.
Izyan
Write a summary on what the Chinese do before and on Chinese New Year Day.
Your summary must:
Like all other festivals, before Chinese New Year, the Chinese
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Like all other festivals, before Chinese New Year, the Chinese /___________________
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SUMMARY 13
[10 marks]
A very good morning to the principal, teachers and friends. In conjunction with World
Health Day, I would like to deliver a speech on How to Stay Healthy.
One way to stay healthy is to eat a balanced meal.
A balanced meal contains
carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals. We need a balanced meal to help our
bodies grow strong and healthy. Examples of a balanced meal are rice, fish, milk, fruits and
vegetables.
We all enjoy eating, but we should eat moderately. Eating too much is not good for our
health. We will put on weight and we are more likely to have heart problems and other
serious diseases.
We should also avoid junk food because it is not good for our health.
Junk food
contains a lot of sugar, salt and fat. It can lead to health problems such as diabetes, highblood pressure and heart disease.
For good health, we have to exercise regularly. We have to exercise at least three
times per week. We dont have to play games every day. We can jog or walk in the park
instead. In fact, jogging or walking is a very good exercise.
Finally, we should also have enough sleep to be healthy. During sleep our bodies get a
chance to rest. If we dont have enough sleep, we will be tired the next day.
In conclusion, I hope the tips given can help you to stay healthy.
listening.
Write a summary on how to stay healthy.

Your summary must:
One way we can do to stay healthy is to . . .
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One way we can do to stay healthy is to / ____________________________________
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SUMMARY 14
[10 marks]
There are many factors to consider before forming a study group.
First of all, it is
important to decide the size of the group because it will determine where the group meets for its
study sessions. Any place that is conducive for discussion such as a quiet corner in the school
or someones home is suitable.
Besides, the size of the group is important because it will determine how effective the
group is. Ideally, a study group should consist of four people so that everyone has the chance
to speak up. If the group is too big, maybe there is not enough time for all members to share
their ideas.
Moreover, the members of the same group must understand their goal so that they will be
focused. They should work towards that goal and do not regard the sessions as opportunities
for socialising.
Lastly, it is better if the group consists of students with mixed abilities. Good students can
always help weak students and all problems can be solved easily.
Write a summary on what makes a good study group.

Your summary must
Many factors should be considered before forming a study group . . .
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Many factors should be considered before forming a study group / _________________
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SUMMARY 15
[10 marks]
Air pollution is a change in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air that
causes adverse effects on humans and other organisms. The ultimate result is a change in the
natural environment and ecosystem.
The fact is that human activities contribute the most to air pollution. Considering the
harmful effects of air pollution, now it is very essential that everyone should contribute a bit to
prevent air pollution. There are certain ways that one can help to reduce the emission of air
pollutants in the atmosphere. Following are some tips for preventing air pollution.
Forming and implementing a car pool will reduce the number of cars, thereby, preventing
air pollution by cutting down the use of fossil fuels. This way, it will help in the sustainable use of
fossil fuel and its conservation for the future generations.
Whenever possible, try to travel by public transports. This helps in two ways; prevents
air pollution and increases public income. If you are going to a nearby place, walk instead of
using your vehicle. The objective is to minimize the use of fuels, as far as possible.
Another effective way to prevent air pollution is to use alternative energy sources such
as solar energy, hydroelectric energy and wind energy. Nowadays, sophisticated technologies
such as wind turbine, solar water heaters are introduced to generate electricity and other energy
forms for the household use.
Saving energy will, of course, help to prevent air pollution. Switch off the lights, fans, air
conditioners, televisions, and other appliances, when not in use. You can also share a room
with others when the air conditioner or fan is on, instead of switching them on in every room.
In order to control air pollution, we have to play our roles. We will have clean air and
healthy life.
Write a summary on how to prevent air pollution.
Your summary must
One way that we can do to prevent air pollution .. .
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One way that we can do to prevent air pollution /_______________________________
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SUMMARY 16
[10 marks]
Read the letter and complete the following task.
Dear Zaidi,
How are you? I hope you are fine. Here, I will give you some advice on how to solve your
problems.
Studying at a boarding school makes you feel homesick. You can overcome this problem
by having close friends. If you have any problems, share with them.
I know you have a lot of homework. You can finish it if you do it early. Dont wait until it is
near the due date.
You are lucky because there are many modern facilities in your school. Make use of
them. For example, you should study in the library and read as many books as possible to be a
knowledgeable student.
You should also play games such as football and badminton in the evening. These games
can make you stay healthy and you need a healthy body in order to do well in your studies.
Lastly, you should have enough sleep. You shouldnt study anymore after 12 a.m. It will
make you sleepy on the next day. How can you concentrate on your studies if you are sleepy?
I hope your problems will be solved soon. Bye.
Your cousin,
Jamil
Write a summary on how to overcome problems faced in a boarding school.

Your summary must
One way to overcome the problems you face is to. . .
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One way to overcome the problems you face is to./______________________________

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SUMMARY 17
[10 marks]
English is a very important language as it is the international language. There are many
ways to improve your English Language.
First you have to read materials in English such as newspapers, magazines and novels.
Reading can widen your knowledge and improve your vocabulary.
Besides, you should use an English-English dictionary. Trying to use a bilingual
dictionary less and switching to a monolingual one can help you to stop translating in your head
when you are speaking or listening, and other useful English vocabulary can come up while you
are using the dictionary.
Moreover, e-mail your friends in English. Many people find this a bit false or
embarrassing, but you will be able to improve your English if you correspond with them in the
language.
Many people are shy to speak English because they are afraid of making mistakes.
Dont be afraid that people will tease you. You have to use English in your daily conversations if
you really want to improve your English.
Another way to improve your English is to watch English movies with subtitles. You will
not only have fun watching the movies but you can also learn new words and how the language
is spoken.
Write a summary on how to improve your English Language.

Your summary must
In order to improve your English Language, you have to. . .
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In order to improve your English Language, you have to /_________________________

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LITERATURE
COMPONENT - NOVELS
94
THE PRISONER OF ZENDA ANTHONY HOPE HAWKINS
SYNOPSIS
The story is about a twenty-nine year-old Englishman, Rudolf Rassendyll who goes to
Ruritania for a six-month vacation and to witness the coronation of the new King, King Rudolf V.
To his astonishment, he discovers his extraordinary resemblance to the King when he meets
the King accidentally in the forest. Before the coronation Duke Michael, the Kings younger
brother drugs then kidnaps the King because he himself wants to be the King of Ruritania.
Colonel Sapt and Fritz, the Kings two loyal advisors persuade Rassendyll to
impersonate the King at the coronation to save the throne. This leads him into a world of wild
adventure which is full of suspense, fights and even murder. Rassendyll soon falls in love with
the Kings fiance, Princess Flavia. The King is rescued by Rassendyll and he later gives back
the throne as well as Princess Flavia to the King. Rassendyll goes back to England to lead a
quiet life but he makes an annual visit to Ruritania to exchange red roses and letters with
Princess Flavia who has now becomes the Queesn of Ruritania.
THEMES
1) Honour versus Love
2) Friendship and Loyalty
3) Greed
4) Sibling Rivalry
5) Bravery
SETTING
1) The Social setting:
a)
Nineteenth century Europe, mostly in a rich, upper class society
2) The Physical setting:

a) Rassendylls brothers house in London
b) Most of the story is set in fictional country named Ruritania:
i)
Strelsau the capital city of Ruritania

-
The Old Town where the poor live

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The New Town where the rich live
The Castle of Tarlenheim
ii) Zenda about 50 miles from the capital

-
The inn near Zenda Castle
The hunting lodge (where the King is drugged)
The forest in Zenda
Zenda Castle
CHARACTERS
Main Characters:
a) Rudolf Rassendyll
29-year-old English gentleman, has red hair, blue eyes and a beard
Well-educated, well-travelled, rich and fluent in German and French
A good horseman and swordsman
Resembles King Rudolf v except for the beard and he is slightly thinner
Fun-loving, kind, loyal, courageous and a man of honour
b) Duke Michael
Younger brother of King Rudolf V
Has evil face and black hair, thus nicknamed Black Michael
He is ambitious, cunning, evil and scheming
c) King Rudolf V
Has red hair and looks like Rudolf Rassendyll
Irresponsible king, not interested in running the country,
Loves to drink wine and hunting
Not liked by many of his subjects
d) Princess Flavia
She is a Kings cousin and fiancee
Beautiful, caring, loyal and honourable
Loved by the people of Ruritania
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Loves Rudolf Rassendyll, but choose to marry the King instead
e) Colonel Sapt
Short and has a big square head with small eyes
The Kings chief advisor, very loyal to the King
He is wise, faithful, firm but kind, persuasive, brave and determined
f)
Fritz von Tarlenheim

Young, thin and dark
A loyal friend and advisor to the King
A brave and faithful friend to Rudolf Rassendyll
Minor Characters:
a) Antoinette de Mauban
A beautiful, dark French widow, in love with Duke Michael
A determined lady
b) Rupert of Hentzau
The leader of the Famous Six, Duke Michaels hired men
23 years old, the youngest and most wicked of the Famous Six
Handsome, fearless, merry
Loves Antoinette de Mauban, kills Duke Michael
c) Johann Holf
Duke Michaels forest guard, fears Duke Michael
Helps Rassendyll by giving information about Duke Michaels plan
Not a reliable man
THE LESSONS FROM THE STORY
1) We must put duty and personal integrity before personal desire
2) We must be loyal and faithful to our King and country
3) We must help one another in time of trouble
4) We must be honourable and responsible man
5) We must not be greedy and selfish
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MODEL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
MODEL QUESTION 1
The following are the novels studied in the literature component in English Language.
1) Potato People
- Angela Wright
2) Robinson Crusoe
- Daniel Defoe
3) The Phantom of the Opera
- Gaston Leroux
4) Dr.Jeckyll and Mr.Hyde
- Robert Louis Stevenson
5) The Prisoner of Zenda
- Anthony Hope Hawkins
Based on one of the novels above, write about a character who fascinates you. Give reasons
for your choice.
Your response should be:
Not less than 50 words
In continuous writing (not note form).
Useful Tips:
Identify the character who fascinates you
Give reasons for your choice
Provide textual evidence for each reason
Give conclusion
Guideline:
Character chosen: Rudolf Rassendyll
Reason 1: Responsible
Textual evidence : Impersonates the King, rescues the King
Reason 2: Brave
Textual evidence: fights alone 3 of Famous Six at a summer-house
Reason 3: Honourable
Textual evidence : Gives up Princess Flavia
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Rudolf Rassendyll in the novel The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope Hawkins, is
the character that fascinates me. In the story, he is portrayed as a responsible man who
handles difficult situations wisely. This can be seen when he carries out his responsibilities with
firmness and confidence. When asked by Colonel Sapt and Fritz to impersonate the King, he
does his job as King so well that even Princess Flavia is deceived. He later makes several
attempts to save the King from the Prison of Zenda. His first attempt is a failure but because of
his responsible nature, he never gives up but makes another attempt which is a great success.
Rassendyll also inspires me with his bravery and sense of adventure. He meets every
danger along the way with courage and quick-thinking. This is how he is able to survive Duke
Michaels attempt to kill him at Antoinette de Maubans summer house. Though he knows that it
is a trap set by Duke Michael, he still insists on going there alone without Colonel Sapt and
Fritz. There, he is nearly killed by bullets from the members of the Famous Six who come to kill
him, but because of his wisdom he manages to escape unhurt.
Finally, I find him inspiring because he acts nobly and honourably in the face of
temptation. While impersonating the King, he falls madly in love with Princess Flavia. But
although he could remain the king and marry Princess Flavia or run away with her, he does not
do so. Instead out of honour, Rudolf sacrifices his own desire for her for the sake of the King
and the people of Ruritania. For him the King and the people of Ruritania need her more than
him. He leaves Ruritania with a heavy heart because of his lost love but he gets the gratitude
from the king for all his good deeds.
So, based on his admirable characteristics, undeniably Rudolf is an outstanding
character that fascinates me in the story. He would be a good leader or even a King.
NOTE
The above answer can also be used to answer questions like:
* write about a character that you admire most
* write about the protagonist of the story
* write about your favourite character
* write about the character that you like most
* write about an outstanding character
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MODEL QUESTION 2
1) Potato People
- Angela Wright
2) Robinson Crusoe
- Daniel Defoe
- Gaston Leroux
Based on one of the novels that you have read, write about how an intended event did not go
according to plan. Support your answer with evidence from the novel.

SUGGESTED ANSWER
Useful Tips:
Identify the event
Give reasons why the event did not go according to plan
Provide evidence for each reason
Give conclusion
Guideline:
Intended event: Coronation
Reason 1: Drugged, unconscious
Textual evidence : Drank wine sent by Duke Michael
Reason 2: Kidnapped
Textual evidence: Held captive in Zenda Castle
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In the novel The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope Hawkins, there are a few
incidents which did not go according to plan. One of them is King Rudolf Vs coronation. The
King hoped to attend his coronation at the Cathedral in Strelsau. However, this event didnt go
as planned due to some unforeseen circumstances.
First, he passed out after drinking a drugged-wine sent by his own brother Duke Michael
at the hunting lodge. Duke Michael did this on purpose as he did not want the King to attend his
own coronation. With the king out of the picture, he would get the throne from the King. To fulfil
his evil wish and plan, he hired the Famous Six.He was also hoping to get Princess Falvia as
his Queen. Rudolf Rassendyll then had to impersonate the King in order to save the throne
from falling into the hands of Duke Michael..
Then he was kidnapped by the Famous Six and was held captive in the Prison of Zenda
at the Zenda Castle. There he was tortured and became very ill. The King also almost got killed
by the Famous Six. Luckily for him, he was rescued by Rudolf Rassendyll who later gave back
the throne to him. Though the King got back his throne at the end of the story, the fact remain
that he did not attend his own coronation.
In the end of the story, the King married Princess Flavia while Rudolf Rassendyll went
back to his own country to live quietly at the country-side.
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MODEL QUESTION 3
1) Potato People
- Angela Wright
2) Robinson Crusoe
- Daniel Defoe
- Gaston Leroux
Based on the novel that you have chosen, what moral values can you find from the story?
Write about some of the moral values that you can get, giving examples from the story.
SUGGESTED ANSWER
Useful Tips:
Highlight the key words : moral values, not moral value
Moral values are: (one word)
Eg: Helpful, kind, fair, wise, loyal, honourable, etc (give only 3)
Provide textual evidence for each moral value
Give conclusion
GUIDELINE:
Moral value 1: Loyalty
Textual evidence e 1: Fritz and Sapt protects the throne
Moral value 2: Bravery
Textual evidence 2: Rassendyll faces danger when he impersonates and
rescues the King
Moral value 3: Sacrifice
Textual evidence 3: Rassendyll and Flavia sacrifice their love for the King
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The novel The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope Hawkins has many moral values.
Some of them are loyalty, bravery and sacrifice. In the story, Colonel Sapt and Fritz are two of
the subjects that show great loyalty to the King, though he is not really a good King. They know
that the King is only interested in drinking wine and hunting boars, but they always stick by his
side through thick and thin. When the King is drunk and unable to attend his own coronation,
they persuade a visitor to Ruritania, Rudolf Rassendyll to take his place during the coronation.
This is to ensure that the throne is safe from falling into Duke Michaels hand. And when the
King is kidnapped they go to extra length to make plans to rescue the King from Duke Michael
with the help of Rudolf Rassendyll. They face hardships and dangers for the sake of their King.
Without them, the King would surely find that he no longer has a throne and power.
Early part of the story, Rassendyll is described as only a visitor to Ruritania, but he soon
finds himself involves in the plot to seize power by Duke Michael. Thus, his bravery is shown
when he impersonates the King in order to save the throne. He has put his life in great danger
from enemies like Duke Michael and the Famous Six who try to kill him several times. He is also
brave when he rescues the King from the Zenda Castle. Though the first attempt is a failure, he
makes another attempt which is a success but more dangerous than the first one. Though he is
successful in both missions, it nearly costs his life on several occasions.
Both Princess Flavia and Rudolf Rassendyll have to sacrifice their love for the sake of
others. Princess Flavia makes a decision to marry the King, a man that she does not love for the
sake of duty and honour. Urthermore, the people of Ruritani expects her to be their Queen, so
she hates to disappoint her people.
No doubt, it is very disheartening for both of them but their loyalty to the King and
country made them sacrifice their love.
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MODEL QUESTION 4
1) Potato People
- Angela Wright
2) Robinson Crusoe
- Daniel Defoe
- Gaston Leroux
Based on the novel that you have chosen, write about one of the valuable lessons you have
learnt from the story. Give examples from the novel.
SUGGESTED ANSWER
Useful Tips:
Highlight the key-word: ONE of lessons (only ONE lesson)
Identify the lesson
Lessons: (In sentence form)
Eg of lesson: We should put our duty and honour before our personal
needs
Provide textual evidences (give 3)
Give conclusion
Guideline:
A lesson : Facing challenges with courage and a sense of adventure
Textual evidence 1: Impersonating the King
Textual evidence 2: Fought Famous Six at the summer-house
Textual evidence 3: Sacrifice the love
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I have learnt many valuable lessons from The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope
Hawkins. One of them is facing challenges with courage and a sense of adventure. When the
King was drugged by Duke Michael and was unable to attend his own coronation, Rudolf
Rassendyll was asked by Colonel Sapt and Fritz to impersonate him. Rassendyll knew the
danger of impersonating the King, yet he took on the challenge of pretending to be the King in
order to save Ruritania from the evil Duke Michael. He found himself in many dangerous
situations, but he dealt with them with great courage and a sense of adventure. When he was
successful in his mission to rescue the King, everyone was very grateful to him.
One of the dangerous moments that he had to face with great challenge was when he
had to face the Famous Six at Antoinette de Maubans summer house. He knew that it was a
trap set by Duke Michael who wanted to kill him, but that did not stop him from going there
alone. During the shooting, he regarded it as a kind of tea party because the incident seemed
very funny to him. Instead of running away from the enemies, he fought them with full challenge,
and intelligence and came out a survivor.
Another incident that show Rassendyll faced a challenge with courage was when he fell
very madly in love with Princess Flavia. He knew that it was useless as they would never be
together. When it was time for him to give her up, he accepted his fate with a heavy heart but
with full of courage. And it took a lot of guts for both of them to give up their love for the King,
but they had no choice in the matter. If he had not taken the challenge of impersonating the
King, he would not have met Princess Flavia and experience these great adventures.
From the story, I learnt that we must be like Rudolf Rassendyll
challenges with great courage and a sense of adventure.
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who has handled
MODEL QUESTION 5
1) Potato People
- Angela Wright
2) Robinson Crusoe
- Daniel Defoe
- Gaston Leroux
Based on the novel that you have read, write on ONE of the following themes:
i)
Good versus Evil
ii)
Friendship
Support your answer with evidence from the novel.

SUGGESTED ANSWER
Useful Tips:
Choose only ONE theme
Identify the good character
Identify the evil character
Provide textual evidence for each character
Give conclusion
Guideline:
Good Versus Evil:
Good character: Rudolf Rassendyll
Reason: Helpful
Textual evidence: Helped by impersonating the King
Evil character: Duke Michael
Reason: Greedy
Textual evidence: Drugged and kidnapped the King, to get the throne
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There are many characters who are portrayed as good and evil in the novel The
Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope. Good characters are like Rudolf Rassendyll, Colonel Sapt
and Fritz whereas characters like Black Michael and Rupert of Hentzau are portrayed as bad or
evil characters.
Rudolf Rassendyll was a typical good person with all the good characteristics like kind,
brave, trustworthy and helpful. His good character was shown when he was willing to
impersonate King Rudolf V in order to save the Kings throne, even though he hardly knew the
King. The King had been drugged by his own brother Duke Michael, who hoped to be the next
King. He also helped Fritz and Sapt to rescue the King from the Zenda castle. Though he lost
the woman that he loved at the end of the story, he received a praise from Fritz and Sapt and an
acknowledgement from the King himself for all his good deed.
On the other hand, the character who had an evil character was Black Michael. He was
described not only as a notorious person but also greedy and an opportunist. He used
Antoinette de Mauban who loved him to lure Rassendyll to come to her house. There, he sent
three of the Famous Six to kill Rassendyll because he stood in Black Michaels way of getting
the throne. He even wanted to kill the King, his own brother. Thus, he drugged, kidnapped and
then imprisoned him in the Prison of Zenda. He did all this with the intention of taking the throne
away from the King. But in the end of the story, Black Michael got the punishment for what he
deserved for. He was killed by his own hired man Rupert of Hentzau.
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EXERCISE 1
1) Potato People
- Angela Wright
2) Robinson Crusoe
- Daniel Defoe
- Gaston Leroux
Based on one of the novels above, write about a character that you dislike most. Give reasons
for your choice.
EXERCISE 2
1) Potato People
- Angela Wright
2) Robinson Crusoe
- Daniel Defoe
- Gaston Leroux
Based on one of the novels that you have read, write about a shocking situation. Support your
answer with evidence from the novel.
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EXERCISE 3
1) Potato People
- Angela Wright
2) Robinson Crusoe
- Daniel Defoe
- Gaston Leroux
Based on one novel you have read, write about how well the theme of loyalty is portrayed in
the story. Support your answer with evidence from the novel.

EXERCISE 4
1) Potato People
- Angela Wright
2) Robinson Crusoe
- Daniel Defoe
- Gaston Leroux
Choose one of the novels above, then write about the lessons that you have learnt from the
ending of the story. Support your answer with evidence from the novel.

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EXERCISE 5
1) Potato People
- Angela Wright
2) Robinson Crusoe
- Daniel Defoe
- Gaston Leroux
Based on one of the novels that you have read, state whether you enjoy reading the novel. Give
reasons for your answer.

ANSWER SCHEME:
SUGGESTED ANSWER FOR EXERCISE 1
GUIDELINE:
Character chosen: Duke Michael
Reason 1: Selfish
Textual evidence : Uses Antoinette de Mauban, Famous Six
Reason 2: Greedy for power
Textual evidence: Drugs and kidnaps the King
Reason 3: Genius criminal
Textual evidence: Offers Rassendyll bribe money
In the novel The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope Hawkins, Black Michael is
described as one of the evil characters. I dislike him due to several reasons. The first reason is
because he is a selfish man who uses others to get to his own ends. He uses Antoinette de
Mauban to do all his dirty job whereas in actual fact he really loves Princess Flavia. He wants
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the throne because by getting the throne, he will get her as well. He also uses the Famous Six
to carry out all his evil deeds.
The second reason is because he is over ambitious and greedy for power. He makes a
plot with the Famous Six to get the throne from his brother, King Rudolf V. He treats his own
brother, the King whom he holds captive in the Prison of Zenda with cruelty. He even gives
instructions to kill the King straight away if anyone comes to save the King in the Zenda Castle.
Besides being wicked, he is also a genius criminal. When he discovers that Rudolf is an
imposter, he does not disclose the secret to the public to keep his villainly secret. Instead he
offers Rassendyll bribes money through Rupert of Hentzau to leave Ruritania for good.
Towards the end of the story Black Michaels lust for power corrupts him and brings his
own decline, whereby he meets his death in the hand of his own man, Rupert of Hentzau.
NOTE: The above answer can also be used for questions like:
* write about a character that is evil
* write about the antagonist of the story
* write about the character that you hate most
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Useful Tips:
Identify the shocking situation
Give reasons why it is shocking
Give textual evidences
Give conclusion
Guideline:
Shocking Event: Rassendyll killed Max Holf
Reason 1: Max was sleeping
Textual evidence: Max was sleeping in a boat ouside Zenda Castle with a
weapon
Reason 2: Rassendyl was a good man
Textual evidence: Agreed to help other people in distress
In the story The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope Hawkins, there are many
shocking incidents. But the incident that I found most shocking is when Rudolf Rassendyll killed
Max Holf, Johanns brother and one of Black Michaels guards. What made it worst was the fact
that the man was sleeping in a boat at a moat outside of Zenda Castle, so he was of no threat to
anyone. Rassendyll was at that time waiting to enter the Zenda Castle to save the King.
I regard this as a shocking incident because I did not expect Rassendyll to kill a sleeping
man because he was a noble man with a kind heart. Obviously he had never done anything like
this before in his life. The fact that he agreed to help Colonel Sapt and Fritz to save the throne
and the King whom he hardly knew was prove enough to show that he was a very nice man.
The act of killing a sleeping man sounded so brutal and made him looked like a coward. But
looking at the circumstances, he had no choice in the matter. He had to kill Max because he did
not want to take any chances. If Max were to wake up surely his plan to save the King would
fail. The King would be killed instantly and Rassendylls life would be in danger too. For
Rassendyll, the life of the king was more important than anything else.
In conclusion, the killing of Max Hoff might seem and sound shocking but Rassendyll did
what he had to do for the sake of the king as well as for the country of Ruritania.
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Useful Tips:
Identify the characters in the story that shows loyalty
How do they show their loyalty
Provide textual evidence for each character
Give conclusion
Guideline:
Characters that show Loyalty:
Character 1 and 2: Fritz and Colonel Sapt
Textual evidence : Made sure the throne and King were safe
Character 3: Princess Flavia
Textual evidence: Loyal to her country and King
Character 4: Rudolf Rassendyll
Textual evidence: Impersonated the King, gave back Princess Flavia to the
King
The theme of loyalty is well-portrayed in the novel The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony
Hope Hawkins. It is an adventure-romance novel where the main character of the story
experience the adventure of his lifetime when he visited Ruritania for the first time.
Colonel Sapt and Fritz show their loyalty to the King in many ways. When King Rudolf V
was drugged by his own brother Duke Michael, Colonel Sapt made a suggestion to Rudolf
Rassendyll , who had a spitting image of the King to take over his place during the coronation.
Both of them knew they were risking Rassendyls life as he would be in a dangerous situation,
but their loyalty to the King forced them to come up with desperate plans. Otherwise the throne
would fall into the hands of Duke Michael who wanted to be the King of Ruritania. Once
Rassendyll agreed with the suggestion, the throne was saved from Duke Michael.
Princess Flavia also shows her loyalty to her King and country. She has fallen in love
with Rassendyll but when the true King was rescued from the Prison of Zena, she decided to
sacrifice her true love for Rassendyll. She knew the King and the people of Ruritania needed
her so instead of following her hearts desire, she married the King and performed her duty as
the Queen of Ruritania.
Rassendyll was a foreigner and only a visitor in Ruritania yet he also showed loyalty to
the King. When Fritz and Colonel Sapt asked him to impersonate the King, he willingly did so
even though he only knew the King for a short while. He realised that he was greatly needed to
save the throne. If he refused to do so, the throne would surely fell into Duke Michaels hands.
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And again, when his help was needed to rescue the King from the Zenda Castle, he never
hesitated to do so and made sure the mission was a success.
The theme of loyalty was well-portrayed through the actions of characters like Colonel
Sapt and Fritz, Princess Flavia and Rudolf Rassendyll.
Useful Tips:
Highlight the key words: the lessons, ending of story
Identify the lessons (give 3 lessons)
Provide textual evidence for each lesson
Give conclusion
Guideline:
Lesson 1 : Honour must come first
Textual evidence 1: Give back the throne to the King
Lesson 2: Duty and responsibility before personal desire
Textual evidence 2: Give up Princess Flavia
Lesson 3: Love for the King and country
Textual evidence 3: Sacrifice personal desire for King and country
I choose The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope Hawkins. The story is about a hero
who goes to Ruritania to watch the coronation of King Rudolf V but instead found adventure and
romance. The story ends with a sad note when Rudolf Rassendyll returns the throne and the
woman he loves to the real king and returns to England.
From this event, first I learn that honour must come first. Rudolf Rassendyll is an
honourable man. When Rassendyll becomes the King of Ruritania, he has every chance of
keeping the throne to himself by letting the King be killed in the Prison of Zenda. By doing this,
he could also marry Princess Flavia as the King is no longer alive. But as a man of honour he
never has the intention of doing so. Instead, he makes great effort to save the King and at the
end of the story when the King is saved, Rassendyll gives back the throne and Princess Flavia
to him. This shows that he does not take advantage of the situation and he put honour above
personal needs.
I also learn that both Rassendyll and Princess Flavia put duty and responsibility over
personal desire. They love one another truly but in the end they choose to sacrifice their love.
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Flavia first duty is to her people and country. Rassendyll gives Flavia up because his first
thought is for the King. Both make positive decisions based on selflessness and sacrifice.
Another lesson I learn is love for the king and country. Both Rassendyll and Princess
Flavia are very partriotic people. Rassendyll love and respect the King of Ruritania even though
he only knows him for a short while. Princess Flavia loves the country and the people of
Ruritania so much that she is willing to do anything including sacrificing her true love for her
country. Personally, she does not love the King, yet as a loyal subject and fiance she is willing
to marry the King out of love.
The story has many lessons that I can learn from such as honour must come first, duty
and responsibility before personal desire and love for the King and country.
Useful Tips:
Give your stand
Give reasons for your stand
Provide textual evidence for each reason
Give conclusion
Guideline:
Did you enjoy the story? YES
Reason 1: Full of action, suspense and adventure
Textual evidence: gun-shooting at Antoinette de Maubans summer house
Reason 2: Interesting storyline
Textual evidence: Falls in love with Princess Flavia, but give her up
Reason 3: Full of interesting characters
Textual evidence: Rudolf Rassendyll, Duke Michael
I enjoy reading the novel The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope Hawkins. It is an
interesting story full of actions with great characters and interesting storyline. The adventure
starts as soon as Rudolf Rasssendyll sets his feet in Ruritania.
The first reason why I like the novel is because there are many exciting shooting and
fight scenes. Rassendy goes to Antonette de Maubans summer alone to get news of the King
despite the warning from Colonel Sapt and Fritz that it is a trap set by Duke Michael. Sure
enough, he is attacked by three of the famous Six. I find this scene interesting because it has a
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sense of humour despite the sense of danger in it. There is also a fight scene between
Rassendyll and the notorious Rupert of Hentzau at the end of the story. Though Rassendyll is
unable to kill him and he manages to escape, this fighting part has added more suspense to the
story.
Secondly, the story has an interesting storyline. Rassendyll appears in Ruritania as a
foreigner on holidays but soon finds himself accidentally and dramatically involved in putting
down a conspiracy to take over the throne of Ruritania by Duke Michael. The most interesting
part is the romance between Rassendyll and Princess Flavia. Both of them fall madly in love
with each other but they are not meant to be together. They have to sacrifice their love for the
sake of the King and Ruritania. The story has a sad ending but it is one of the best moments in
the story.
Thirdly, the novel has many interesting characters. One of them is of course Rudolf
Rassendyll, the hero of the story. He is described as adventurous, brave and confident. Most of
the events and incidents in the story revolve around his character. Rassendyll finds and faces
many dangerous situations in the story, but he deals with it bravely.
Another interesting
character is Duke Michael, the younger brother of King Rudolf V. He is the villain of the story
and famous for his evil character. Perhaps the most famous of all is when he drugs, kidnaps
and then put his own brother in the Prison of Zenda.
I truly like the novel because the story is very interesting and full of actions with great
characters and interesting storyline.
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POTATO PEOPLE
THE POTATO BLIGHT

In the 1840s, the potato blight, a plant disease carried from America to Ireland, had destroyed
the entire Irish potato harvest. As a result, the people suffered from mass starvation, as potatoes
were their staple food, and diseases and epidemics spread among them .During those days,
England ruled Ireland. However, the actions taken to help the Irish were slow. This made the
condition of the people become worse. Eventually, when help came, about two to three millions of
people had died. This dreadful period in Irish history has come to be known as The Great
Hunger.
The potato blight caused people to flee from Ireland. They escaped to America with the hope of
building new life. However, not everyone succeeded. Many remained poor and the Americans
kept away from them as they brought diseases to America. Other Irish migrants managed to
make a living, and eventually their children and grandchildren reached a level of comfort in
America.
A BRIEF SYNOPSIS
The novel was set in the 1840s when a terrible disease spread throughout Ireland. The disease,
which was known as the potato blight, had destroyed the entire potato crop. As a result, the
people had to suffer and some even starved to death, as potatoes were their staple food. The
story told us about the peoples sufferings due to the potato blight, and also their struggle in
searching for a better life. This was portrayed in Patrick Flynne, a sixteen-year-old boy. He was
forced to leave his village, Skullgoragh , when British soldiers burnt it down. In search for a better
life, he went to America. On his journey to America, he met Marie, a gipsy girl. She and Patrick
went through the hardship together. Patrick left Ireland with Marie. He married Marie. They built a
life together.
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CHARACTER ANALYSES
Main Characters
Patrick Flynne
Loyal
He serves his duty in looking out for Mr.Graystone and his men well. He warns the
villagers whenever he sees any sign of them. He also tries to help Sean when he is
caught by the soldiers which shows he is a loyal friend.
Desperate
He would eat anything in order to survive. He is willing to eat leaves, chicks and even
a meat of a dead dog.
Kind
He helps the poor. He shares his food with a stranger although he does not have
enough for himself.
Trusting
He listens to Sean when the latter asks him to leave Ireland. He thinks well of his
friend particularly Sean. He believes in everything that Marie tells him..
Nave
He has never seen the sea, and how the rich people live. He is unaware of the danger
he is in.
Patriotic
Although he has left Ireland forever, he still remembers his country. He never forgets
what has happened in Ireland.
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Marie
Full of life
She does not take her condition seriously. She is always happy and sees things from
the bright side.
Free-spirited
She is always laughing, smiling and dancing although she too suffers.
Independent
She does not depend on others to survive although she is a girl. She is also able
to fend for herself and travels alone.
Optimistic
She always thinks positively in dealing with problems.
Wise
She knows many things as she has travelled a lot. She also knows that Sean has stolen
the money.
Sean
Brave
He leads the villagers to fight the soldiers in order to save their homes.
Helpful
He helps Patrick to leave Ireland by stealing the money from Mr. Graystone.
Determined
He faces the soldiers with full determination although they are many of them. He is also
determined to help Patrick to leave Ireland, and he is willing to do anything.
119
Revengeful
He kills Mr. Graystone and his two dogs cruelly because the latter burnt his home. He
steals Lord Eghams money because the latter took his familys wealth and estates.
Minor Characters
Mr.Graystone
Cruel
He likes to see the villagers suffer. He does not possess any compassion for others.
Powerful
He uses his authority as Lord Eghams assistant to order the soldiers to clear the
Village.
Insensitive
He continues to torture the villagers eventhough they do not fight back
Arrogant and hard-hearted
He does his job with pride although others have to suffer.
Demanding
He orders the villagers to leave in two days.
Big Finn McDonald

Rough and aggressive
He likes to fight
Cruel
He tortures an old and helpless woman by grabbing her arm and
drags her.
120
Peter OConnor
Friendly
He treats Patrick kindly throughout the journey.
Compassionate
He adopts Mary although he does not know her.
Unselfish
When everybody is leaving Ireland, he still wants to find a doctor for Mary.
121
Section C : Novel
(10 marks)
Sample Question:
1. Potato People Angela Wright

2. Robinson Crusoe- Daniel Defor
3.The Phantom of the Opera Gaston Leroux
4. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson
5. The Prisoner of Zenda Anthony Hope Hawkins
Choose one of the novels, write about ( the main character of the story )---------VARIES
Support your answer with evidence from the novel.

not less than 50 words
in continuous writing (not in note form)
122
Main Character
Model Answer.
Guidelines:
Character : Patrick Flynne
Textual Evidence : An orphan, age sixteen, brave, hardworking
Reason : brave and able to stand on his own two feet to survive and leads a comfortable life.
Textual evidence: willing to eat leaves, weeds, roots and even rotten meat of dead dog
Textual evidence : forced to leave Skullgoragh as his house was burnt down.
Textual evidence: Faces hardship before leading a happy life.
In the novel, Potato People written by Angela Wright, the main character of the story is
Patrick Flynne.
Patrick Flynne , who is an orphan and at the age of sixteen years old , is able to survive
the hardship alone through his bravery. He is able to survive the difficult times and builds
himself a comfortable life in the end.
To survive, he has to eat strange things like the roots that he digs using his bare
hands, eating weeds that he gets from the side of the road, leaves and even rotten meat of a
dead dog. He manages to survive after falling ill, whilst his friend, Donnal dies.
He is forced to leave Skullgoragh
as his house is burnt down by Mr.Graystones
men. He never gives up hope but faces difficulties and is determined to leave Ireland for
America for a better life.
He faces a lot of difficulties before leading a happy life. Patrick takes the worst job
for the lowest pay and faces hunger. Then, he joins the Union Army and fights for slavery. After
years of hard work, he manages to build a comfortable life as he is ranked as a Captain at the
end of his service. Patrick faces many adventures and hardship before he manages to achieve
success in life in his future.
As a conclusion, Patrick Flynne plays the main role in this novel.
**main character/main person/main role/lead play /leader/admire/like/protagonist
123
Theme of Courage
Guidelines :
Characters: Patrick Flynne and Marie
Reasons : courageous enough to face hardship for survival in the future without any
parenthood or guidance.
Textual Evidence : In 1840s, potato blight- Irish people lose their main source of food and
income.- starvation and famine
Textual Evidence: face hardship-did all kinds of job
Textual Evidence: sneak into a rich mans mansion- steal food
Model Answer.
In the novel, Potato People, written by Angela Wright,the theme of courage is shown by
the characters : Patrick Flynne and Marie. Both the characters came out successfully despite of
the hardships and great trials that they faced during the Great Hunger. Eventhough , Patrick
Flynne is an orphan and Marie is a loner, both of them manage to survive through the hardships
and difficulties and attain success.
In the 1840s, The Irish Potato blight caused many Irish people to lose their main source
of food and income. Thousands of people died and millions were forced to emigrate to North
America. Patrick Flynne and Marie were both courageous to face hardships. Their parents were
dead and they had no one to turn to; so; they have to make their own decision and take care of
themselves.
Mass starvation and an outbreak of diseases broke out in Ireland. Both of them remained
courageous facing the hardship. Patrick was brave and hard working. He did all kinds of odd
jobs to earn money when he arrived in America. Besides, Marie still remained cheerful at all
times.
124
Before that, both of them were also brave to sneak into a rich mans mansion to steal food.
The way was guided by Marie, who was a streetwiser and knew the whereabouts and
happenings of the village. Finally, the two of them got married and settled down in California as
wealthy ranchers.
Lesson Learnt Withstand Hardships in Times of Trouble.
Guidelines:
Character : Patrick Flynne
Reason : able to face hardships and obstacles which lead to an easy life in the future.
Textual Evidence : had no parents, learnt to survive- eat leaves, roots, rotten meat
Textual Evidence : leave village, burnt down under Lord Eghams order
Textual Evidence : face hardship and endure sufferings
Conclusion
: settled in California and achieved success
125
Model Answer
In the novel, Potato People,written by Angela Wright, I have learnt that we have to
withstand hardships in times of trouble.
Patrick Flynne, an orphan at the age of sixteen, had to endure great hardships. He had no
parents and therefore, he learnt to survive on his own. He survived by eating leaves, weeds,
roots and even the rotten meat of a dead dog. In this incident, he lost his friend Donnal who did
not survive after becoming ill.
Patrick learnt to withstand hardship when he had been asked to leave his home in
Skullgoragh just like the rest of the villagers. The homes of the villagers had been burnt down
under the order of Lord Francis Egham by Mr.Graystone. Lord Egham wanted to convert the
land to sheep rearing. Patrick left Ireland in hope of a better future.
Patrick finally made to America with the help of Sean, who , stole Lord Eghams money
and murdering him too. He did not reveal about Patrick and Marie when he was caught by the
soldiers at Port Cork. To save his friends and make their dreams come true, he made a
scarification. In America, Patrick took the worst jobs for the lowest pay and at times, he had to
go hungry. However, he managed to survive, joined an army and later ranked to a Captain. He
also worked for the Union Pacific Railway and lived through many dangers.
Finally, Patrick Flynne settled down in California with Marie as a successful cattle rancher.
Moral Values Hope, Diligence and Compassion
Guidelines:
Reasons
: Marie and Patricks experience dealing with all the hardships and obstacles
leading to success.
Textual Evidence : Patrick faces hardship alone - an orphan at an early age .A watch boy arrival of the British soldiers. Goes to America- hope for a better life. He does not lose hope
look beyond starvation and poverty in Ireland and dream for fresh start in a new country.
126
Textual Evidence : work hard in America finally achieve success after a tough life in New
York worst job for a low pay. Marie a loner, able to fend for herself without support from family
member. Brave to travel throughout Ireland and the world alone. They work hard to fulfill their
dreams of comfort and peace ; and finally succeed
Textual Evidence : compassion contrast of cruelty and selfishness Patrick never forgets
the sting of poverty before becoming rich. Never turns hungry person who comes to his door.
Memory of poverty lead to kindness and generousity anyone in need
Model Answer:
In the novel, Potato People, written by Angela Wright, the moral values found are hope,
diligence and compassion. Patrick and Marie had had experienced , dealing with hardships and
obstacles in obtaining success in life.
Patrick was able to face hardships eventhough he was an orphan at an early age. He
becomes a watch boy to look upon the arrival of the British soldiers under the supervision of
Lord Egham. Upon hardships, from the starvation and poverty, he had the strong sense of
survival, and this drove him to stay alive. He dreamt for a better future when he arrived in the
new country.
When they reached America, they did not get rich immediately. They worked very hard
over many years before they finally succeed in America. Patrick even worked for the lowest pay
before he was put at a higher rank in the army. As for Marie, eventhough, she was a loner, she
managed to fend for herself without the support from any of her family member .She was also
brave to travel through Ireland and the world alone.
As for being compassionate, from the hardships and striving for life that they had to face,
these led them being compassionate towards the needy. They never forgot the sting of poverty
before they became rich. He always made sure that every hungry person who came to his door
was fed. The memory of poverty led them to being kind and generous to those who were in
need.
From this novel, we learnt that we need to have hope and work had to achieve success. We
must also be compassionate towards others who in turn will bless us for our deeds.
127
ENDING LIKE
Guidelines:.
Reasons : Patrick and Marie achieve success after much hardships and struggle.
Textual Evidence : The potato blight - starvation to the Irish people - burning of the villagers
made them poor.
Textual Evidence : enjoy a comfortable life a successful rancher
Textual Evidence : never turns away any hungry people at their door.
Model Answer:
In the novel Potato People, written by Angela Wright, I like the ending because it gives a
very positive end.
The story begins with the starvation and hunger faced by the Irish people after the Potato
blight. From the hunger that they face, many die, not only because of that, but also from the
cruelty of the English landlords who burn their houses. Therefore, the Irish flee to a new country.
Patrick, being one of those involved, strives for life, facing hardships and hindrances in order to
survive.
On his way, he meets a gypsy princess, Marie, who also travels alone and independent.
As she is used to the situations around, she becomes a streetwiser. She shows him how to
survive with the situations and they together emigrate to the New World. After much hardship
and struggle, later they enjoy a comfortable life . They work hard and finally they lead a good
and comfortable life and become a successful cattle rancher.
The wonderful part of the story is that, even though they are successful, they have never
forgotten what they have gone through. They never turn away hungry man from their home
because they know the meaning of hunger.
I like the ending of the novel as it gives a happy ending after going through all the
hardships and starvation. The story also potrays that patience plays an important part in ones
life.
128
More exercises;
1. Based on one of the novels, write about a character that you like /admire.most/ find most
interesting/ think is brave. Give reasons for your choice.
2. Based on one of the novels, write about the values that you find in the novel. Give
examples.
3. Based on the novel that you have chosen, compare and contrast any two characters.
Give examples from the novel.
4. Based on the novel that you have chosen, write about a lesson that one can learn from
the story. Provide support from the novel.
5. Based on the novel that you have chosen, write about the event that you find interesting
in the story. Give evidence from the story.
129
SECTION C : BAND CRITERIA FOR MARKING NOVEL
EXCELLENT
9-10
Requirements of task fulfilled

Ideas and details well-developed, wellorganised with evidence from text
Varied sentence structures (simple and
compound)
Wide and apt vocabulary
Accurate use of language
Accurate mechanics of writing
CREDIT
7-8

Ideas and details largely developed,
organised and supported with evidence
from text
Varied sentence structures (simple and
compound)
Vocabulary wide enough
Largely accurate use of language
Largely accurate mechanics of writing
ACHIEVEMENT
5-6

Ideas and details sufficiently developed
with some organisation and supported
with some evidence from text
Sentence structures lack variety (simple
structures dominates)
Adequate vocabulary used
Sufficiently accurate use of language
Fairly accurate mechanics of writing
130
WEAK
3-4
Requirements of task partially fulfilled

Ideas lack development and organisation
with minimal textual support mere
narration
Sentence structures mostly simple with
errors that hamper reading
Vocabulary limited
Language is barely accurate with errors that
hamper reading
Inconsistent mechanics of writing
VERY WEAK
1-2
Requirements of task hardly fulfilled

Hardly any development of relevant ideas
or textual support
High density of errors; blurring evident,
lacks cohesion
Vocabulary very limited
Mechanics of writing numerous errors
131
STUDENTS COMPANION
132
THE PLURALS OF NOUNS

By adding s
Singular
ant
bicycle
cow
daughter
egg
flower
grape
house
jug
king
Plural
ants
bicycles
cows
daughters
eggs
flowers
grapes
houses
jugs
kings
Singular
lock
magazine
nose
orange
picture
rose
spoonful
toy
vase
well
Plural
locks
magazines
noses
oranges
pictures
roses
spoonfuls
toys
vases
wells
By adding -es to nouns ending in ch, -s, -sh, -ss, and x

Singular
Plural
Singular
beach
beaches
dish
inch
inches
thrush
match
matches
boss
watch
watches
dress
bus
buses
glass
octopus
octopuses
kiss
syllabus
syllabuses
box
virus
viruses
fox
brush
brushes
six
bush
bushes
tax
Plural
dishes
thrushes
bosses
dresses
glasses
kisses
boxes
foxes
sixes
taxes
By adding s to nouns ending in o

Singular
Plural
dynamo
dynamos
photo
photos
piano
pianos
radio
radios
solo
solos
Singular
studio
tattoo
torso
trio
zero
Plural
studios
tattoos
torsos
trios
zeros
By adding -es to nouns ending in o

Singular
Plural
buffalo
buffaloes
echo
echoes
hero
heroes
mosquito
mosquitoes
Singular
potato
tomato
tornado
veto
Plural
potatoes
tomatoes
tornadoes
vetoes
133
By adding s or es to nouns ending in o

Singular
Plural
Singular
banjo
banjos/banjoes
memento
archipelago
archipelagos/es
peccadillo
cargo
cargos/cargoes
lasso
mango
mango/mangoes
indigo
motto
mottos/mottoes
volcano
Plural
mementos/mementoes
peccadillos/es
lassos/lassoes
Indigos/indigoes
volcanos/volcanoes
By changing y into ies if a noun ends in a consonant before the y

Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
beauty
beauties
fairy
fairies
cherry
cherries
family
families
curry
curries
nappy
nappies
diary
diaries
spy
spies
duty
duties
theory
theories
By adding s if there is a vowel before the y
Singular
Plural
Singular
chimney
chimneys
kidney
donkey
donkeys
monkey
guy
guys
toy
jersey
jerseys
trolley
key
keys
valley
Plural
kidneys
monkeys
toys
trolleys
valleys
By changing f or fe into ves

Singular
Plural
calf
calves
elf
elves
half
halves
knife
knives
leaf
leaves
Plural
lives
loaves
sheaves
thieves
wives
Singular
life
loaf
sheaf
thief
wife
By adding s to nouns ending in f or fe

Singular
Plural
Singular
chef
chef
handcuff
chief
chiefs
reef
cliff
cliffs
roof
giraffe
giraffes
safe
gulf
gulfs
sheriff
134
Plural
handcuffs
reefs
roofs
safes
sheriffs
By adding s or changing f into ves

Singular
Plural
dwarf
dwarfs/dwarves
handkerchief
handkerchiefs/-ves
hoof
hoofs/hooves
scarf
scarfs/scarves
turf
turfs/turves
wharf
wharfs/wharves
By adding en or ren
Singular
Plural
ox
oxen
Singular
child
By changing the vowels

Singular
Plural
Singular
axis
axes
goose
cactus
cacti
louse
crisis
crises
mouse
emporium
emporia/emporiums oasis
fungus
fungi/funguses
tooth
* For computer mouse, the plural is mice or mouses.
Some nouns are used only in the plural

binoculars
measles
clothes
pants
goggles
people
goods
pincers
gymnastics
pliers
jeans
pyjamas/pajamas
riches
sandals
scissors
shears
shorts
slippers
Some nouns are used only in the singular

accommodation
economics
linguistics
athletics
equipment
luggage
billiards
fun
mathematics
darts
furniture
news
135
Plural
children
Plural
geese
lice
mice*
oases
teeth
sneakers
spectacles
stockings
thanks
tongs
trousers
poetry
politics
traffic
Plural forms of pronouns and adjectives

Singular
Plural
I
we
you
you
he
they
she
they
it
they
me
us
you
you
him
them
her
them
it
them
Singular
my
your
his
her
its
mine
yours
his
hers
this/that
136
Plural
our
your
their
their
their
ours
yours
theirs
theirs
these/those
LIST OF TENSES
PRESENT
TENSE
(Everyday)
I, You,
He,
We,
She, It
They
bend
bends
blow
blows
borrow borrows
bring
brings
build
builds
carry
carries
change changes
choose chooses
clap
claps
cook
cooks
crash
crashes
cry
cries
cut
cuts
do
does
die
dies
dig
digs
dive
dives
dream dreams
drink
drinks
drop
drops
cry
cries
find
finds
fly
flies
forget
forgets
get
gets
give
gives
grow
grows
have
has
hear
hears
hide
hides
hit
hits
join
joins
kneel
kneels
knock
knocked
know
knows
lay
lays
leave
leaves
lend
lends
leap
leaps
lie
lies
CONTINUOUS
TENSE (Now)
PAST TENSE
(Yesterday)
FUTURE
TENSE
(Tomorrow)
I
You,
He,
I, You, We, He, I,You,We He,She
I,
You,They,
They,We She,It
She, It
They
It
We He,She,It
am
are
is
have
has
shall will
bending
bent
bent
bend
blowing
blew
blown
blow
borrowing
borrowed
borrowed
borrow
bringing
brought
brought
bring
building
built
built
build
carrying
carried
carried
carry
changing
changed
changed
change
choosing
chose
chosen
choose
clapping
clapped
clapped
clap
cooking
cooked
cooked
cook
crashing
crashed
crashed
crash
crying
cried
cried
cry
cutting
cut
cut
cut
doing
did
done
do
dying
died
died
die
digging
dug
dug
dig
diving
dived
dived
dived
dreaming
dreamt/dreamed dreamt
dream
drinking
drank
drunk
drink
dropping
dropped
dropped
drop
crying
cried
cried
cry
finding
found
found
find
flying
flew
flown
fly
forgetting
forgot
forgotten
forgot
getting
got
got
get
giving
gave
given
give
growing
grew
grown
grow
having
had
had
have
hearing
had
had
have
hearing
heard
heard
hear
hitting
hit
hit
hit
joining
joined
joined
join
kneeling
knelt
knelt
kneel
knocking
knocked
knocked
knock
knowing
knew
known
know
laying
laid
laid
lay
leaving
left
left
leave
lending
lent
lent
lend
leaping
leapt
leapt
leap
lying
lied
lied
lie
137
PERFECT TENSE
(Already)
lie
lose
make
mean
move
occur
obey
offer
need
pack
pat
pay
pour
prevent
read
realize
rid
ring
rob
rub
see
sell
send
shake
shut
sing
sink
spread
spoil
take
tear
think
tie
try
use
wake
wear
wind
win
write
lies
loses
makes
means
moves
occurs
obeys
offers
needs
packs
pats
pays
pours
prevents
reads
realizes
rids
rings
robs
rub
sees
sells
sends
shakes
shuts
sings
sinks
spreads
spoils
takes
tears
thinks
ties
tries
uses
wakes
wears
winds
wins
writes
lying
losing
making
meaning
moving
occurring
obeying
offering
needing
packing
patting
paying
pouring
preventing
reading
realizing
ridding
ringing
robbing
rubbing
seeing
selling
sending
shaking
shutting
singing
sinking
spreading
spoiling
taking
tearing
thinking
tying
trying
using
waking
wearing
winding
winning
writing
lay
lost
made
meant
moved
occurred
obeyed
offered
needed
packed
patted
paid
poured
prevented
reading
realized
rid
rang
robbed
rubbed
saw
sold
sent
shook
shut
sang
sank
spread
spoilt
took
tore
thought
tied
tried
used
woke
wore
wound
won
wrote
138
lain
lost
made
meant
moved
occurred
obeyed
offered
needed
packed
patted
paid
poured
prevented
read
realized
rid
rung
robbed
rubbed
seen
sold
sent
shaken
shut
sung
sunk
spread
spoilt
taken
torn
thought
tied
tried
used
woken
worn
wound
won
written
lie
lose
make
mean
move
occur
obey
offer
need
pack
pat
pay
pour
prevent
read
realize
rid
ring
rob
rub
see
sell
send
shake
shut
sing
sink
spread
spoil
take
tear
think
tie
try
use
woke
wear
wind
win
write
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

1) All three forms are the same.
INFINITIVE
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
bet
bet
bet
bid
bid
bid
broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
burst
burst
burst
cast
cast
cast
cost
cost
cost
cut
cut
cut
fit
fit
fit
forecast
forecast
forecast
hit
hit
hit
hurt
hurt
hurt
let
let
let
put
put
put
quit
quit
quit
read
read
read
rid
rid
rid
set
set
set
shed
shed
shed
shut
shut
shut
slit
slit
slit
split
split
split
spread
spread
spread
thurst
thurst
thurst
upset
upset
upset
wed
wed
wed
139
2) Only the simple past and past participle are the same.
INFINITIVE
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
bend
bent
bent
bid
bade
bade
bind
bound
bound
bleed
bled
bled
breed
bred
bred
bring
brought
brought
build
built
built
burn
burned, burnt
burned, burnt
buy
bought
bought
catch
caught
caught
cling
clung
clung
creep
crept
crept
deal
dealt
dealt
dig
dug
dug
dive
dived
dived
dream
dreamed, dreamt
dreamed, dreamt
dwell
dwelt
dwelt
feed
fed
fed
feel
felt
felt
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
flee
fled
fled
fling
flung
flung
get
got
got
grab
grabbed
grabbed
grind
ground
ground
hang (kill)
hanged
hanged
hang
hung
hung
has/have
had
had
hear
heard
heard
hold
held
held
keep
kept
kept
140
kneel
knelt
knelt
lay
laid
laid
lead
led
led
lean
leant
leant
leap
leapt
leapt
learn
learned/learnt
learned/learnt
leave
left
left
lend
lent
lent
light
lit
lit
lose
lost
lost
make
made
made
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
misspell
misspelt
misspelt
mow
mowed
mowed
pay
paid
paid
plead
pled
pled
quit
quitted
quitted
say
said
said
seek
sought
sought
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
shine
shone
shone
shoe
shod
shod
shoot
shot
shot
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
slide
slid
slid
sling
slung
slung
smell
smelt
smelt
speed
sped
sped
spell
spelt
spelt
spend
spent
spent
spill
spilt
spilt
spin
spun
spun
141
spit
spat
spat
spoil
spoilt
spoilt
stand
stood
stood
stick
stuck
stuck
sting
stung
stung
strike
struck
struck
string
strung
strung
sweep
swept
swept
swing
swung
swung
teach
taught
taught
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
understand
understood
understood
uphold
\upheld
upheld
weep
wept
wept
win
won
won
wind
wound
wound
withhold
withheld
withheld
withstand
withstood
withstood
wring
wrung
wrung
142
2) All three forms are different

INFINITIVE
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
rise
arose
arisen
awake
awoke
awoken
be
was/were
been
bear
bore
borne
become
became
become
begin
began
begun
bite
bit
bitten
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
choose
chose
chosen
come
came
come
do
did
done
draw
drew
drawn
drink
drank
drunk
drive
drove
driven
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
fly
flew
flown
forbid
forbade
forbidden
forget
forgot
forgotten
forgive
forgave
forgiven
forego, forgo forewent
foregone
forsake
forsook
forsaken
freeze
froze
frozen
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
grow
grew
grown
hide
hid
hidden
know
knew
known
lie
lay
lain
143
mistake
mistook
mistaken
overcome
overcame
overcome
overdo
overdid
overdone
overtake
overtook
overtaken
overthrow
overthrew
overthrown
prove
proved
proven
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
run
ran
run
saw
sawed
sawn
see
saw
seen
sew
sewed
sewn
shake
shook
shaken
shave
shaved
shaven
shear
sheared
shorn
show
showed
shown
shrink
shrank
shrunk
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
slay
slew
slain
smite
smote
smitten
sow
sowed
sown
speak
spoke
spoken
spring
sprang
sprung
steal
stole
stolen
stink
stank
stunk
stride
strode
stridden
strive
strove
striven
swear
swore
sworn
swell
swelled
swollen
swim
swam
swum
take
took
taken
tear
tore
torn
thrive
throve
thriven
144
throw
threw
thrown
tread
trod
trodden
wake
woke
woken
wear
wore
worn
weave
wove
woven
write
wrote
written
145
IDIOMS / PROVERBS
A
A Blessing In Disguise:
-Something good that isn't recognized at first.
A Chip On Your Shoulder:
-Being upset for something that happened in the past.
A Dime A Dozen:
-Anything that is common and easy to get.
A Doubting Thomas:
-A skeptic who needs physical or personal evidence in order to believe something.
A Drop in the Bucket:
-A very small part of something big or whole.
A Penny Saved Is A Penny Earned:
-By not spending money, you are saving money (little by little).
A Picture Paints a Thousand Words:
-A visual presentation is far more descriptive than words.
A Piece of Cake:
-A task that can be accomplished very easily.
Actions Speak Louder Than Words:
-It's better to actually do something than just talk about it.
Add Fuel To The Fire:
-Whenever something is done to make a bad situation even worse than it is.
Against The Clock:
-Rushed and short on time.
All Greek to me:
-Meaningless and incomprehensible like someone who cannot read, speak, or understand
any of the Greek language
All In The Same Boat:
-When everyone is facing the same challenges.
146
Apple of My Eye:
-Someone who is cherished above all others.
B
Back To Square One:
-Having to start all over again.
Barking Up The Wrong Tree:
-A mistake made in something you are trying to achieve.
Beat A Dead Horse:
-To force an issue that has already ended.
Beating Around The Bush:
-Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking directly about the issue.
Bend Over Backwards:
-Do whatever it takes to help. Willing to do anything.
Between A Rock And A Hard Place:
-Stuck between two very bad options.
Bite Your Tongue:
-To avoid talking.
Blood Is Thicker Than Water:
-The family bond is closer than anything else.
Blue Moon:
-A rare event or occurance.
Break A Leg:
-A superstitious way to say 'good luck' without saying 'good luck', but rather the opposite.
C
Chip on his Shoulder:
-Angry today about something that occurs in the past.
Chow Down:
-To eat.
147
Cock and Bull Story:

-An unbelievable tale.
Crack Someone Up:

-To make someone laugh.
Cross Your Fingers:
-To hope that something happens the way you want it to.
Cry Over Spilt Milk:
-When you complain about a loss from the past.
Cry Wolf:
-Intentionally raise a false alarm.
Curiosity Killed The Cat:
-Being Inquisitive can lead you into a dangerous situation.
D
Dog Days of Summer:
-The hottest days of the summer season.
Don't count your chickens before they hatch:
-Don't rely on it until you are sure of it.
Don't Look A Gift Horse In The Mouth:
-When someone gives you a gift, don't be ungrateful.
Don't Put All Your Eggs In One Basket:
-Do not put all your resources in one possibility.
Drink like a fish:
-To drink very heavily.
Drive someone up the wall:
-To irritate and/or annoy very much.
Dry Run:
-Rehearsal.
148
E
Elvis has left the building:
-The show has come to an end. It's all over.
Every Cloud Has A Silver Lining:
-Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead to better days.
F
Field Day:
-An enjoyable day or circumstance.
Finding Your Feet:
-To become more comfortable in whatever you are doing.
Flesh and Blood:
-Refer to someone's family.
From Rags To Riches:
-To go from being very poor to being very wealthy.
G
Get Over It:
-To move beyond something that is bothering you.
Get Up On The Wrong Side Of The Bed:
-Someone who is having a horrible day.
Go The Extra Mile:
-Going above and beyond whatever is required for the task at hand.
Good Samaritan:
-Someone who helps others when they are in need, without thinking of a reward.
149
Great Minds Think Alike:

-Intelligent people think like each other.
H
He Lost His Head:
-Angry and overcome by emotions.
Head Over Heels:
-Very excited and/or joyful, especially when in love.
High Five:
-Slapping palms above each others heads as celebration gesture.
High on the Hog:
-Living in Luxury.
Hit The Books:
-To study, especially for a test or exam.
Hit The Hay:
-Go to bed or go to sleep.
Hit The Nail on the Head:
-Do something exactly right or say something exactly right.
Hold Your Horses:
-Be patient.
I
Icing On The Cake:
-When you already have it good and get something on top of what you already have.
Idle Hands Are The Devil's Tools:
-You are more likely to get in trouble if you have nothing to do.
It's A Small World:
-You frequently see the same people in different places.
150
J
Joshing Me:
-Tricking me.
K
Keep An Eye On Him:
-You should carefully watch him.
Keep body and soul together:
-To earn a sufficient amount of money in order to keep yourself alive .
Keep your chin up:
-To remain joyful in a tough situation.
Kick The Bucket:
-Die.
Know the Ropes:
-To understand the details.
L
Lend Me Your Ear:
-To politely ask for someone's full attention.
Let Bygones Be Bygones:
-To forget about a disagreement or argument.
Let Sleeping Dogs Lie:
-To avoid restarting a conflict.
Let The Cat Out Of The Bag:
-To share a secret that wasn't supposed to be shared.
Like a chicken with its head cut off:
-To act in a frenzied manner.
M
Make No Bones About:
-To state a fact so there are no doubts or objections.
151
Mumbo Jumbo:
-Nonsense or meaningless speech.
Mum's the word:

-To keep quiet. To say nothing.
N
Nest Egg:
-Savings set aside for future use.
Never Bite The Hand That Feeds You:
-Don't hurt anyone that helps you.
New kid on the block:
-Someone new to the group or area.
No Dice:
-Do not agree or accept a proposition.
No Room to Swing a Cat:
-An unusually small or confined space.
O
Off On The Wrong Foot:
-Getting a bad start on a relationship or task.
Off The Hook:
-No longer have to deal with a tough situation.
On Pins And Needles:
-Anxious or nervous, especially in anticipation of something.
On The Fence:
-Undecided.
On The Same Page:
-When multiple people all agree on the same thing.
152
Out Of The Blue:

-Something that suddenly and unexpectedly occurs.
Out On The Town:
-To enjoy yourself by going out.
Over My Dead Body:

When you absolutely will not allow something to happen.
P
Pass The Buck:
-Avoid responsibility by giving it to someone else.
Peeping Tom:
-Someone who observes people in the nude or sexually active people
Pick up your ears:
-To listen very carefully.
Pig Out :
-To eat a lot and eat it quickly.
Pipe Down:
-To shut-up or be quiet.
Practice Makes Perfect:
-By constantly practicing, you will become better.
Pull the plug:
-To stop something. To bring something to an end.
Pulling Your Leg:
-Tricking someone as a joke.
Q
Queer the pitch:
-Destroy or ruin a plan.
153
R
Rain check:
-An offer or deal that is declined right now but willing to accept later.
Raining Cats and Dogs:
-A very loud and noisy rain storm.
Rise and Shine:
-Time to get out of bed and get ready for work/school.
Rome Was Not Built In One Day:
-If you want something to be completely properly, then its going to take time.
S
Saved By The Bell:
-Saved at the last possible moment.
Scapegoat:
-Someone else who takes the blame.
Scot-free:
-To escape and not have to pay.
Sick As A Dog:
-To be very sick (with the flu or a cold).
Sixth Sense:
-A paranormal sense that allows you to communicate with the dead.
Smell A Rat:
-To detect someone in the group is betraying the others.
Smell Something Fishy:
-Detecting that something isn't right and there might be a reason for it.
Son of a Gun:
-A scamp
Spitting Image:
-The exact likeness or kind.
154
Start From Scratch:

-To do it all over again from the beginning.
T
The Best Of Both Worlds:
-There are two choices and you have them both.
The Last Straw:
-The last small burden that one can take.
The Whole Nine Yards:

-Everything. All of it.
Tie the knot:
-To get married.
Till the cows come home:
-A long time.
Tongue And Cheek:
-Humour, not to be taken serious.
Turn A Blind Eye:
Refuse to acknowledge something you know is real or legit.
U
Under the weather:
-Feeling ill or sick.
Use Your Loaf:
-Use your head. Think smart.
V
Van Gogh's ear for music:
-Tone deaf.
Variety Is The Spice Of Life:
-The more experiences you try the more exciting life can be.
155
W
Water Under The Bridge:
-Anything from the past that isn't significant or important anymore.
Wear Your Heart On Your Sleeve:
-To openly and freely express your emotions.
When It Rains, It Pours:
-Since it rarely rains, when it does it will be a huge storm.
When Pigs Fly :
-Something that will never ever happen.
Wine and Dine:
-When somebody is treated to an expensive meal.
Without A Doubt:
-For certain.
X
X marks the spot:
-A phrase that is said when someone finds something he/she has been looking for.
Y
You Are What You Eat:
-In order to stay healthy you must eat healthy foods.
You Can't Judge A Book By Its Cover:
-Decisions shouldn't be made primarily on appearance.
Your Guess Is As Good As Mine:
-I have no idea.
Z
Zero Tolerance:
-No crime or law breaking big or small will be overlooked.
156
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
1.
A bag of bones a very thin person/animal
2.
A blockhead a stupid person
3.
A change of heart change that turns you into a better person
4.
A good head on ones shoulders to be practical; sensible
5.
A skeleton in the cupboard a domestic problem; a family secret which

involves scandal
6.
A slip of the tongue something said accidentally
7.
All thumbs clumsy
8.
An old hand a person with experience
9.
At arms length to avoid being friendly with
10.
At hand close by
11.
At wits end to be puzzled
12.
Backbiting saying bad things about a person behind his back
13.
Bad blood angry or bitter feeling
14.
Behinds ones back unknown to the person involved
15.
Blood is thicker than water family relationship are more important than
relationship with other people
16.
Blue-blood of noble descent or birth
17.
By word of mouth orally
18.
Eagle-eyed sharp-sighted
19.
Face value the value of something as it appears at first
20.
From top to toe from head to foot; completely
21.
Hair standing on end to be terrified
22.
Hands off do not touch
23.
Head over heels completely
24.
In black and white in written form
25.
In cold blood in a cruel or deliberate way
26.
In one ear and out the other something that has made no impression on
someone
27.
In the dark to be unaware of something

157
28.
My blood froze(ran cold)in my veins a feeling of terror
29.
Nothing but skin and bone without flesh on his/her bones; very thin
30.
Offhand casual
31.
On the spur of the moment without planning
32.
One foot in the grave a short time to live
33.
Ones own flesh and blood a relative
34.
Out of hand cannot be controlled
35.
Out of the question not possible or not allowed
36.
Rule of thumb method based on practical sense and experience
37.
The ins and outs the full details
38.
Thick-skinned not easily hurt or embarrassed
39.
To back out to try to get out of a difficult situation
40.
To be all ears to listen eagerly
41.
To be born with a silver spoon in ones mouth having money and social
advantage from birth
42.
To break ones heart to cause emotional pain to another
43.
To bring a person to his knees to force a person to submit
44.
To come to a head to come to a critical moment
45.
To cut off ones nose to spite ones face to damage ones own interest
because of anger
46.
To end in smoke to have no result
47.
To escape by the skin of ones teeth a narrow escape
48.
To foot the bill to pay for something
49.
To give a piece of ones mind to scold, nag or lecture
50.
To go back upon (from) ones word unable to keep a promise
51.
To have a bone to pick with to have something to complain about
52.
To have a finger in the pie to meddle in other peoples business
53.
To have lost ones tongue to be too shy to say something
54.
To have ones tongue in ones cheek to say something that is not to be

taken seriously
55.
To hold ones tongue to keep quiet about something
56.
To keep a straight face to try and show no sign amusement

158
57.
To keep an eye on to attend to; to watch carefully
58.
To keep ones head to be calm
59.
To keep ones head above water to avoid being in debt
60.
To lay (put)ones finger on to identify the cause of a problem
61.
To lead somebody by the nose to have complete control over a person
62.
To leave no stone unturned to do everything possible
63.
To lend a hand to help; assist
64.
To lend an hand to help; assist
65.
To live from hand to mouth spending money as soon as it earned, thus

saving nothing
66.
To look somebody in the face to look at someone steadily
67.
To lose heart feeling discouraged
68.
To lose ones head to lose control
69.
To make eyes to look lovingly; to be flirtatious
70.
To make neither head nor tail of something unable to understand
71.
To make no bones to say or proclaim publicly without shame or doubt
72.
To ones face to say openly
73.
To pay through the nose to pay too much
74.
To pick anothers brains to get information from someone knowledgeable
75.
To poke ones nose into to interfere without reason
76.
To pull ones leg to play a joke on someone
77.
To put on a long face to look sad
78.
To put ones foot down to refuse in a firm manner
79.
To put ones foot into it to say or do something wrong or unsuitable
80.
To put out heads together to work together
81.
To put words into someones mouth to tell someone what to say
82.
To save ones skin to escape safely
83.
To see eye to eye to be in agreement
84.
To shake ones head to show disagreement or disapproval
85.
To show ones face to make an appearance
86.
To smack ones lip a way of showing satisfaction
87.
To split hairs to argue about small matters

159
88.
To stand on ones own legs(feet ) to be independent
89.
To take heart to have hope
90.
To take into account to consider
91.
To take someones breath away to surprise someone
92.
To take the words out of someones mouth to say something which was
about to be said
93.
To turn a deaf ear to be unwilling to listen
94.
To turn ones back upon someone to avoid/to refuse help
95.
To twist somebody round ones little finger to have control over a person
96.
To wash ones hands of not wanting to be involved with the matter anymore
97.
To win hands down an easy win
98.
Unable to make head or tail of something being unable to understand

something
99.
Unable to see the wood for the trees unable to understand something
because one is looking at the small details rather than the whole picture
100.
Up in arms ready to argue or fight
101.
With open arms in a very friendly way
102.
Within a stones throw of very nearby
160
FORMING ABSTRACT NOUNS
Common
Noun
Abstract
Noun
Common
Noun
Abstract
Noun
brother
brotherhood man
manhood
child
childhood
member
membership
friend
friendship
mother
motherhood
king
kingship
neighbour
neighbourhood
leader
leadership
scholar
scholarship
Verb
Abstract Noun
Verb
Abstract Noun
behave behaviour
lose
loss
die
death
marry marriage
free
freedom
please pleasure
grow
growth
sell
know
knowledge
speak speech
laugh
laughter
think
sale
thought
Adjective Abstract Noun Adjective Abstract Noun

angry
anger
new
newness
beautiful beauty
strong
strength
brave
bravery
thirsty
thirst
great
greatness
true
truth
happy
happiness
unique
uniqueness
hungry
hunger
weak
weakness
kind
kindness
wide
width
long
length
wise
wisdom
161
ENGLISH TWO-WORD PHRASES

In spoken English, we often use two-word phrases, such as "bye-bye". Here are some of the
more common two word phrases.
so-so = OK: "How was the meeting?" "So-so it was nice to see everyone, but we didn't get
anything decided."
on-off = not constant: "They have a very on-off relationship."
love-hate = having feelings for someone / something which swing from love to hate: "I have a
bit of a love-hate relationship with my car."
mish-mash = when things are combined together and so appear untidy: "The new policy is a bit
of a mish-mash of the last two policies we've had."
riff-raff = quite a 'snobby' expression to describe people you think are lower in class than you:
"Lets send out invitations for the party. We don't want the town's riff-raff turning up and eating all
the food."
chit-chat = small talk or unimportant conversation: "He asked us to stop our chit-chat and get
on with our work."
knick-knack = an ornament: "She's got a lot of knick-knacks I'm always afraid I'm going to
break one."
ship-shape = everything in its right place: "I want to leave the place ship-shape when we go on
holiday."
zig-zag = diagonally: "He lost control of the car and it zig-zagged across the road."
ding-dong = an argument: "They've had a bit of a ding-dong and they're not talking to each
other at the moment."
higgledy-piggledy = in a mess: "That bookshelf is all higgledy-piggledy!"
162
wishy-washy = weak opinion, argument or person: "His argument is a bit wishy-washy I don't
get the impression that he really knows what he wants to think."
easy-peasey = something that children often say to emphasis how easy something is: "This
program is easy-peasey I understood it in half an hour!"
flip-flops = rubber sandals with a thong that goes between your big and second toe: "I lived in
my flip-flops when I was staying on the beach."
see-saw = something that goes up and down (like the piece of wood in a playground a child
sits on each end and these ends go up an down): "The English pound has see-sawed against
the American dollar for the last two weeks."
ENGLISH THREE-WORD PHRASES

Three word expressions are common in English. Practicing them and using them when you
speak will help you sound more natural.
Here are ten common English expressions, along with an explanation and example sentence.
black and white = something which is extremely clear: "He told her in black and white that she
couldn't leave the house while he was out."
dos and don'ts = the rules: "There are various do's and don'ts about driving in the UK."
haves and have nots = people who are rich and those who are not: "In London you can find
the haves and have nots of the population."
ins and outs = the details: "I don't know the ins and outs of the situation, so I can't really advise
you."
kiss and tell = when someone sells a story of themselves and a famous person: "The British
tabloids are famous for publishing kiss and tell stories."
163
odds and ends = small pieces of various items: "She made a stew with the odds and ends she
found in the fridge."
P's and Q's = manners (such as please and thank you): "Mind your P's and Q's when you visit
them!"
pros and cons = advantages and disadvantages: "There are a few pros and cons that we
should consider before buying a new house."
rights and wrongs = all the good points and bad points of a situation: "Regardless of the rights
and wrongs of company policy, you need to give a month's notice."
tried and tested = something which has been well tested: "Using salt is a tried and tested way
of getting red wine out of a carpet."
Here are ten more expressions:
ups and downs = very good times and very bad times: "They have a lot of ups and downs in
their relationship."
come and go = use somewhere as your base: "Feel free to come and go as you please!"
back and forth = not to stay still, but to keep travelling between two places: "I'm so glad I'm
moving. I was getting sick of going back and forth every day. Now my journey to work will be a
lot quicker."
dribs and drabs = not a steady amount of something: "The marathon runners finished in dribs
and drabs."
said and done = to have the final word on something: "When it's all said and done, the new
reception area is going to be a credit to the company."
cat and mouse = doing something in the same way that a cat plays with a mouse: "The
guerillas played a cat and mouse game with the much better-equipped army."
164
trial and error = to do something new by making experiments and occasionally failing: "The
new computer system has been installed. But it's a bit trial and error at the moment nobody
really knows how to use it."
flesh and blood = your family: "I have to help him if I can he's my flesh and blood."
down and out = someone who has no money at all who has to live on the street: "There are too
many young down and outs in London."
by and large = generally: "By and large, our customers prefer good service to low prices."
Up and running = in operation: "The new company is now up and running."
Noughts and crosses = a game where you take it in turns to put your symbol (either a nought
or a cross) into one of nine spaces. The idea is to have a row of either three noughts or three
crosses, but your opponent tries to block you.
Bring and buy = a fair where people try to raise money for a cause by bringing something that
other people might want to buy: "I'm making a cake for the school's bring and buy next week."
Hide and seek = a children's game where one child hides and the others try to find him / her:
"Someone's been playing hide and seek with the TV remote control again!"
Around and about = a vague phrase to avoid saying where you have been exactly: "Where
have you been I've been worried!"
"Oh, around and about, you know."
To and fro = another way of saying "back and forth": "I'm exhausted I've been going to and
fro all week!"
Over and out = something you say to show you have come to the end of your message: "The
last thing they heard from the pilot was 'over and out'."
Done and dusted = properly finished: "Well, that's this project done and dusted. We need a
holiday now."
165
Dead and buried = something that will not happen: "That idea is now dead and buried the
Executive Committee decided some time ago to go with another proposal."
Wine and dine = to entertain someone lavishly: "He's well-known for wining and dining his
business partners."
Bread and butter = your main source of income, or the most important issue: "Health and
education are the bread and butter issues facing the UK government."
Spick and span = very tidy and clean: "Her house is spick and span at all times."
Wheel and deal = to make deals when buying and selling things: "If you need a new car, try
speaking to John. He's a bit of a wheeler and dealer!"
166
CONFUSING WORDS
abdicate / abrogate
To abdicate means that a monarch resigns from office, e.g. The king abdicated in favour of his
son.
The word abrogate means to end an official agreement or law.
accede / exceed
To accede to a request is to agree to it;
to exceed something is to go over/above a specific limit in terms of such things as speed or
quantity.
accept / except
We accept something when we agree to take it.
except points out someone or something that is different. We all agreed except for John.
adjacent / adjoining
Adjacent means nearby
adjoining means directly connected.
advice / advise
Advice is a noun (She gave him some good advice.)
The second is a verb (I advise you to.....).
affect / effect
Affect relates to someone or something having an influence: His illness affected him badly.
effect concerns the result of something. The effect of the stock market crash was disastrous.
afflict / inflict
Something bad afflicts someone (He was afflicted by malaria.).
Someone inflicts themselves or something else on someone. (The Australians inflicted a
stunning defeat on the English cricket team.)
167
aggravate / exacerbate
Aggravate means to annoy someone, probably in an on-going way not just one-off;
exacerbate means to make a situation worse.
beside / besides
beside: preposition meaning 'next to', 'at the side of'
Examples:
I sit beside John in class.
besides: adverb meaning 'also', 'as well'; preposition meaning 'in addition to'
Examples:
(adverb) Besides tennis, I play soccer and basketball.
(preposition) That is a beautiful lamp beside the table.
clothes / cloths
clothes: something you wear - jeans, shirts, blouses, etc.
Examples:
Just a moment, let me change my clothes.
cloths: pieces of material used for cleaning or other purposes.

Examples:
There are some cloths in the closet. Use those to clean the kitchen.
dead / died
dead: adjective meaning 'not alive'
Examples:
Unfortunately, our dog has been dead for a few months.
168
died: past tense and past participle of the verb 'to die'
Examples:
His grandfather died two years ago.
experience / experiment
experience: noun meaning something that a person lives through, i.e. something that someone
experiences.
Examples:
His experiences in Germany were rather depressing.
experiment: noun meaning something that you do to see the result. Often used when speaking
about scientists and their studies.
Examples:
They did a number of experiments last week.
felt / fell
felt: past tense and past participle of the verb 'to feel'
Examples:
I felt better after I had a good dinner.
fell: past tense of the verb 'to fall'

Examples:
He fell from a tree and broke his leg..
female / feminine
female: the sex of a woman or animal
Examples:
The female of the species is very aggressive.
feminine: adjective describing a quality or type of behaviour that is considered typical for a
woman
Examples:
The house was decorated in a very feminine manner.
169
its / it's
its: possessive determiner similar to 'my' or 'your'
Example:
Its color is red.
.
it's: Short form of 'it is' or 'it has'
Example:
(it is) It's difficult to understand him.
idle / idol
If you are idle, you are lazy and inactive.
An idol is something that is loved or worshipped. She was my idol. I worshipped her.
illegal / illicit
illegal means that something is against the law.
illicit refers to an action which may be against the law or it may simply be not generally
acceptable in terms of general social norms.
lay / lie
lay: verb meaning 'to put down flat' - past tense - laid, past participle - laid
Examples:
He laid his pencil down and listened to the teacher.
I usually lay my pies on the shelf to cool.
lie: verb meaning 'to be down' - past tense -lay (be careful!), past participle - lain
Example:
The girl lay on the bed asleep.
170
lose / loose
lose: verb meaning 'to misplace'
Examples:
I lost my watch! Have you ever lost anything valuable?
loose: adjective meaning the opposite of 'tight'

Example:
Your trousers are very loose!
male / masculine
male: the sex of a man or animal
Example:
The male of the species is very lazy.
.
masculine: adjective describing a quality or type of behaviour that is considered typical for a
man
Example:
She's a very masculine woman.
price / prize
price: noun - what you pay for something.
Example:
The price was very cheap.
prize: noun - an award

Example:
He won a prize as best actor.
171
principal / principle
principal: adjective meaning 'the most important'
Example:
The principal reason for my decision was the money.
principle: a rule (usually in science but also concerning morals)

Examples:
It's the first principle of aerodynamics.
quite / quiet
quite: adverb of degree meaning 'very' or 'rather'
Example:
This test is quite difficult.
quiet: adjective meaning the opposite of loud or noisy

Example:
She's a very quiet girl.
sensible / sensitive
sensible: adjective meaning 'having common sense' i.e. 'not stupid'
Example:
I wish you would be more sensible about things.
sensitive: adjective meaning 'to feel very deeply' or 'to hurt easily'
Example:
Mary is a very sensitive woman.
172
shade / shadow
shade: protection from the sun, a dark area outside on a sunny day.
Example:
You should sit in the shade for a while.
shadow: the dark area created by something else on a sunny day.

Example:
That tree casts a large shadow.
some time / sometimes

some time: refers to an indefinite time in the future
Example:
Let's meet for coffee some time.
sometimes: adverb of frequency meaning 'occasionally'

Example:
He sometimes works late.
173
ANTONYMS
Antonym is a word that means the opposite to another word.
above
below
here
there
abroad
home
hide
show
absent
present
high
low
accept
refuse
hill
valley
active
passive
humble
proud
add
subtract
in
out
admit
deny
increase
decrease
adult
child
inner
outer
alive
dead
inside
outside
asleep
awake
interesting
dull
back
front
joy
sorrow
backwards
forward
junior
senior
bad
good
kind
cruel
barren
fertile
knowledge
ignorance
beautiful
ugly
lazy
industrious
before
after
lead
follow
begin
end
least
greatest
bent
straight
lend
borrow
better
worse
level
steep
big
small
life
death
black
white
liquid
solid
bless
curse
long
short
blunt
sharp
loss
gain
bold
timid
loud
soft
bravery
cowardice
love
hate
bright
dull
masculine
feminine
broad
narrow
master
servant
busy
idle
miser
spendthrift
buy
sell
modern
ancient
174
capture
release
motorist
pedestrian
catch
throw
mountain
valley
cheap
dear
natural
artificial
clean
dirty
never
always
clever
foolish
noise
silence
cloudy
clear
noisy
quiet
coarse
fine
normal
abnormal
cold
hot
north
south
come
go
obey
command
common
rare
often
seldom
contract
expand
old
new
cool
warm
open
shut/close
coward
hero
order
chaos
cry
laugh
pardon
punish
daily
nightly
peace
war
danger
safety
plural
singular
dark
bright
polite
rude
dawn
dusk
poor
rich
day
night
powerful
weak
deep
shallow
praise
blame
depth
height
public
private
die
live
purchase
sell
difficult
easy
push
pull
divide
multiply
question
answer
drunk
sober
quick
slow
dry
wet
raw
cooked
dwarf
giant
real
imaginary
early
late
right
left
east
west
rise
fall
ebb
flow
rough
smooth
empty
full
safe
dangerous
175
enemy
friend
same
different
enjoy
dislike
separate
join
evening
morning
smile
frown
ever
never
straight
crooked
everybody
nobody
strong
weak
everywhere
nowhere
summer
winter
exit
entrance
sweet
sour
failure
success
talk
listen
fair
dark
tall
short
far
near
tame
wild
fat
thin
teach
learn
few
many
these
those
find
lose
thick
thin
finish
start
this
that
first
last
tight
loose
foolish
wise
tiny
huge
foreign
local
top
bottom
forget
remember
true
false
found
lost
truth
lie
fresh
stale
under
over
future
past
up
down
generous
selfish
vacant
occupied
give
take
victory
defeat
guilty
innocent
wide
narrow
happy
sad
win
lose
hard
soft
within
without
head
tail
work
rest
heavy
light
wrong
right
hell
heaven
yes
no
help
hinder
young
old
176
VOCABULARY
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PEOPLE

Activist
Takes an active part in social causes or politics
Agnostic
Believes that nothing can be known about God or life after

death
Atheist
Does not believe in the existence of God
Cynic
Thinks that people tend to act only in their won interest
Disciplinarian
Believes in firm discipline and can make people obey

orders
Fanatic
Shows great and unreasonable interest for some religious

or political belief
Fatalist
Believes that events are decided by fate and are outside

human control
Idealists
Tries to live according to high principles, often is a way that

is impractical
Nationalist
Believes strongly in ones own country; wants national

independence or government
Non-conformist
Does not follow generally accepted way(s) of living, thinking

etc.
Optimist
Thinks that whatever happens will be good
Patriot
Loves ones country fiercely and is willing to defend it
Perfectionist
Will not be satisfied until something is perfect
Pessimist
Thinks that whatever happens will be bad
Racist
Believes that his or her own race is the best
Realist
Accepts life as it is and deals with its problems in a practical

way
177
WORDS DESCRIBING CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY

Ambitious
Wants to be better or the best
Boisterous
Noisy and has a lot of energy
Candid
Frank, truthful
Carefree, easy-
Has no worries or problems
going
Competitive
Hates to lose
Considerate,
Caring
thoughtful
Critical
Enjoys finding fault with others
Dedicated,
Faithful
devoted, loyal
Demanding
Expects high standards from others
Dominant
Likes to be the boss
Forgetful
Forgets things easily
Humble, modest
Not proud
Impressionable
Easily influenced by others
Light-hearted
Cheerful and not worried about anything
Malicious
Cruel
Materialistic
Loves to have things
Mercenary
Helps others with the aim of getting something in return
Narrow-minded
Unwilling to accept new or different ideas
Outgoing,
Friendly, mixes easily with others
extroverted
Passionate
Emotional, impulsive
Proud, pompous,
Thinks highly of oneself
snobbish
Rebellious
Likes to go against authority or rules
Self-assured
Full of confidence
Sensible, level-
Well-balanced
headed, rational,
logical
178
Shy
Timid, reserved
Strong-willed,
Knows what he wants and usually gets it
determined
Stubborn,
Determined to do something even though unreasonable
obstinate
Tolerant
Compliant, easy-going, kind-hearted, unprejudiced
Unreliable
Doesnt keep promises
Unscrupulous
Dishonest, unethical
Unpredictable,
Cant be sure what he or she will be up to
changeable,
indecisive
WORDS ASSOCIATED WITH BOOKS

Appendix
A section added after the main part of a book
Bibliography
A list of other books referred to in a book; useful for finding

other sources for further information
Blurb
The description of a book usually found on the back cover
Foreword
An introduction usually written by a person other than the

writer
Glossary
A list of terms and their meanings, usually at the back of

book; it is useful if you come across a word you do not
know
Index
List of topics and pages where they can be found; given at

the back of a book
Introduction
Explains how information is organized in a book and how

the book should be used
Preface
Explains the purpose of a book and the background to its

writing
Summary
A summary of main points given at the end of each section

or chapter of academic books
Table of contents
A list of chapter headings, tables, diagrams etc.
179
EDUCATION
2+1
Two years of study are done locally while the final year is
done overseas
3+0
All three years of a programme are done locally
Correspondence
A set of lessons received by mail
course
Counseling
A service set up to give advice to potential students
Course preview
A short description of a course or subject
Distance learning
The study of a subject by students who do not attend

classes but use computers or television
Duration
The time allotted for the course of study
Entry qualification
The necessary qualification to enroll n an institute of

education
Equivalent
The same or equal
Full-time
Studying for the number of hours that work is usually done
Higher diploma
A diploma which is acquired at a tertiary level or university
Homestudy
Studying one or more subjects at home and not in an

institute of education
Intake
The number of students allowed to enroll in a course
MBA
Master of Business Administration
Online Learning
Learning via electronic mail
Part-time
Studying not on a full-time basis
Prospectus
A printed statement describing the advantages of an

institution
Twinning
A joint academic programme between two institution of
programme
education
HOTELS AND HOLIDAYS

Bed and breakfast
A private house or small hotel where you can spend the

night and have breakfast
Budget/ traveller
A traveler/tourist who carefully plans and controls his

spending
180
Business traveller
A person who often travels for business purposes
Cruise
A journey by boat/ship for pleasure
Departure
An act of leaving a place
Destination
The place that someone is going to
Food and lodging
Meals and accommodation
Nett
The amount that needs to be paid after all deductions have

been made
Package
A set of related services or things offered together
Quad sharing
A room for four people
Residential seminar
A package where groups of employees from companies
package
stay in a hotel and have training sessions or seminars
Return ticket
A ticket to a destination and back again
Single occupancy
A room for one person
Star rating
A system for judging the quality of hotels and restaurants
Subject
Dependent or conditional
Subject to
Depending on whether a certain facility is in use or not
availability
Suite
A set of rooms, especially expensive ones, in a hotel
Twin sharing
A room where two beds are provided
MEALS AND RESTAURANTS

Ala carte
Each dish has a separate price
Appetizer
A small dish at the beginning of the meal
Brunch
A combination of breakfast and lunch
Buffet
A variety of dishes spread out on a table where people

server themselves and move away to eat
Cappuccino
Italian coffee made with hot milk and chocolate powder on

top
Dessert
Sweet food served after the main meal
Dim sum
Chinese dumplings
Entre or Main
The main dish of a meal
course
181
Fast food
Food, such as burgers and French fries, which is prepared

quickly
Set lunch/dinner
A combination of food suggested by the restaurant and

has a fixed price
Steamboat
A variety of food that is dipped into boiling hot soup
Tiramisu
A type of rich chocolate cake of Italian origin
Value meal
A value-for- money set meal, usually sold at fast food

restaurants
CONTESTS
Accompanied by
Entry must be submitted along with specified items, such

as receipts, or proof of purchase
Disqualified
Considered unfit or unsuitable
Eligible/ineligible
Suitable to be chosen/not suitable to be chosen
Entitled
The right to have or receive something like prizes
Exchangeable
A prize won can be exchanged for cash or something of

the same value
Illegible
Difficult or impossible to read
Incomplete
Not complete
No correspondence
Inquiries made through the mail will not be answered
will be entertained
Proof of posting
There is proof that something has been sent through the

mail
JOB VACANCIES
Added advantage
An advantage over other candidates
Commensurate with
Suited according to the experience
experience
Essential
Required or important
Fringe benefits
Extra perks given to the right candidate such as

allowances, company car, insurance coverage etc.
Preferable
A candidate will be seen as preferable if he or she has

182
extra qualifications or abilities than the others

Proficient
Skilled in a particular area or field, such as languages etc.
Qualification
An ability, quality or record experience that makes a

person suitable for a job
Remuneration
Payment for work or services
Shortlisted
The most suitable people for a job, chosen from a first list
candidates
Walk-in interview
An interview in which candidates come without having to

make any appointments
SALE/OFFERS
Clearance sale
A sale where goods are sold cheaply in order to get rid of

them fast
Closing down sale
A final clearance sale before a company stops operating
Discount
Bought or sold for less than the normal price
Down payment
Deposit
Excellent/Tip-
Looking new and in perfect condition
top/Mint condition
Guarantee
Warranty or assurance
Negotiable
Can be discussed
On nearest offer
Last or best offer
Stock-taking sale
An inventory sale
Warranty
A written promise made by a company to replace or fix a

product if it breaks down or is faulty
183

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Pn. Roziah Binti Mohd Ali

Pn. Wan Azizah Binti Wan Ali

Pn. Siti Sara

En. Ong Seng Choo

En. Wan Rozuhan Bin Wan Setapa

Literature Component Novels

In Writing, You Must Know;

A sentence may contain only:

In the above example,

The Sentence with an Object

Fathin sings a song.

The Sentence Which Has No Action

My father does not smoke.

Farhah has not eaten yet.

She does not want to study.

Her husband is not old.

When is your birthday?

Did you see the accident?

Have you returned the books?

Expanding A Sentence With Adjectives

Expand A Sentence With Adjective Phrases

An adjective phrase may begin with either;

Expanding a Sentence with Adjective Clauses

You can expand further by writing;

Expanding a Sentence with Adverbs

They arrived yesterday.

The players shouted joyously.

He always works hard.

The footballer is extremely skilful.

Hanani missed the bus and so she was late.

Expanding a Sentence With Adverb Phrases

Here are some examples. The ADVERB PHRASES are underlined.

They finished ten minutes ago.

We enjoy swimming in the pool.

Ramli fought like a champion.

Expanding a Sentence with Adverb Clauses

Do not talk while you are eating.

You may sit wherever you wish.

I am tired because I ran up the hill.

We eat so that we may live.

I will help you if I can.

She went to work although she was sick.

Even if you gave me a million dollars, I would not do it.

for variety sentence

Complex sentences (longer sentences)

Sentences with different beginnings

for vivid and interesting sentence

Guidelines to better paragraph writing

Planning The Paragraph In A Composition

Topic + Elaboration- paragraph 2

Body/ Middle (Contents). Explanation Of

Topic Sentence + Elaboration- paragraph 4

Elaborate the Topic Sentence (TS)

Passage A (no expansion-poor / wrong approach)

Passage B (write expansion-good / right approach)

Topic sentence (TS)

We can simplify it by following this diagram

Writing the composition

A composition usually begins with an INTRODUCTION and ends with a CONCLUSION.

1. Before you begin, think of the topic carefully.

encourages me to do well, takes care of me during sickness, entertains my

The complete composition of the above topic is given below;