Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UPPER LIMB
Multijointed lever that is freely movable on the trunk at
the soulder joint.
Divided into the bones of the shoulder, arm, elbow,
forearm, wrist and hand
PECTORAL GIRDLE
6.
7.
8.
b.
Scapula
- flat triangular bone that lies on the
posterior chest wall between the 2nd and
7th ribs
- together with clavicle and head of the
humerus forms the shoulder girdle
PARTS
1. Coracoid process projects upward
and forward above glenoid cavity; site of
attachment
2. S u p e r o l a t e r a l a n g l e f o r m s
pearshaped glenoid cavity; articulates
with head of humerus
3. Inferior angle can be palpated easily;
at level of 7th rib, spine of 7th thoracic
vertebra
4. Suprascapular notch medial to the
base of the coracoid process
5. Subscapular fossa anterior surface;
concave and shallow; anterior landmark
6. Spine of scapula posterior landmark
7. Supraspinous/suprascapular fossa
origin of supraspinatus muscle
8. Acromion process forms the
subcutaneous point of the shoulder and
articulates with the acromial end of the
clavicle
9. Glenoid fossa articulates with head of
humerus
10. Medial border of scapula
11. Lateral border of scapula
12. Neck of scapula
13. Superior border of scapula
14. Superior angle
HUMERUS
of
15
PARTS:
a) Head of radius (flat surface)
small, circular; concave upper part
articulates with capitulum and radial notch
of ulna
b) Neck underneath head
c) Radial/Bicipital tuberosity distal to neck;
insertion of biceps; anterior
d) Interosseus border medial; lies along
interosseus space which is covered by
interosseus membrane; bind radius and ulna
together
e) Ulnar notch medial surface; articulates
with round head of ulna
f) Styloid process distal end of radius;
projects distally from its lateral margin
B. Ulna
- medial bone of forearm
- Articulations:
4. Proximal end: with humerus at the elbow
joint and with head of radius at radioulnar
joint
5. Distal end: radius at the distal radioulnar joint
- Excluded from wrist joint by articular disc
S1 T3
PARTS:
1) Olecranon process large, proximal end;
forms prominence of elbow
2) Trochlear notch
notch of olecranon process at the anterior
surface
articulates with trochlea of humerus
3) Coronoid process triangular; below
trochlear notch
4) Radial notch on lateral surface of coronoid
process; articulation for radius
5) Interosseus border
6) Head distal, rounded
7) Styloid process projectin on its medial
aspect
of
15
CARPALS
Distal row
Scaphoid
Trapezium
Lunate
Trapezoid
Triquetral
Capitate
Pisiform
Hamate
28 bones
S1 T3
!
Figure 5. Sternoclavicular Joint
2.
Acromioclavicular Joint
of
15
o
Lateral ligament - triangular and attached by
its apex to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and
by its base to upper margin of the annular ligament
o
Medial ligament- triangular and consists
primarily of 3 strong bands:
o
Anterior band - passes from the medial
epicondyle of the humerus to the medial margin of the
coronoid process
o
Posterior band - passes from the medial
epicondyle of the humerus to the medial side of the
olecranon
o
Transverse band - passes between the ulnar
attachments of the 2 preceding bands
Movements: Flexion and Extension (one axis)
5. Wrist Joint
S1 T3
RADIOGRAPHS
a. Shoulder region - Anteroposterior view
of
15
!
d.
b.
!
e.
!
c.
S1 T3
of
15
1.
LOWER LIMB
The primary function of the lower limb is to support
the weight of the body and to provide a stable
foundation in standing, walking and running
become specialize for locomotion
The lower limbs are divided into the hip girdle, the
thigh, the knee, the leg, the ankle and the foot.
PARTS:
Ilium
supports the flank
superior broad and expanded portion which extends
upward from the acetabulum
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
!
INNOMINATE BONE
S1 T3
h)
i)
j)
of
15
3.
PARTS:
a) Body - forms one-fifth of the acetabulum, contributing
by its external surface both to the lunate surface and
the acetabular fossa
b) Superior ramus - extends from the body to the
median plane where it articulates with its fellow of the
opposite side. It is conveniently described in two
portions, viz., a medial flattened part and a narrow
lateral prismoid portion
c) Inferior ramus - is thin and flattened. It passes
lateralward and downward from the medial end of the
superior ramus; it becomes narrower as it descends
and joins with the inferior ramus of the ischium below
the obturator foramen
d) Pubic crest forms the upper body of the pubis;
medial to the pubic tubercle, it extends from this
process to the medial end of the bone
e) Pubic tubercle - projects forward; the inferior crus of
the subcutaneous inguinal ring (external abdominal
ring), and the inguinal ligament (Pouparts ligament)
are attached to it; prominence on the body
f) Pecten (pectinial line, pectin pubis) - the
continuation on the superior ramus pubis of the linea
terminalis, forming a sharp ridge
g) Obturator crest medial, sharp margin, forming part
of the circumference of the obturator foramen, and
giving attachment to the obturator membrane
PARTS:
Pubis
forms the front of the pelvis and supports the
external organs of generation
extends medial ward and downward from the
acetabulum and articulates in the middle line with
the bone of the opposite side
Ischium
the lowest and strongest portion
it proceeds downward from the acetabulum,
expands into a large tuberosity, and then, curving
forward, forms, with the pubis, a large aperture, the
obturator foramen
a)
b)
c)
d)
S1 T3
Acetabulum
Point of attachment of the head of femur
Deep, cup-shaped, hemispherical depression,
directed downward, laterally, and forward
5.
Obturator Foramen
A large aperture, situated between the ischium and
pubis
of
15
Thigh bone
PATELLA
Triangular in shape
S1 T3
of
15
2.
!
c)
Shaft
Triangular in cross section, presenting 3 borders and
3 surfaces
Anterior border forms the shin.
Becomes rounded below, where it becomes
continuous with the medial malleolus
d)
Tuberosity
Located at the junction of the anterior border with the
upper end of the tibia
Receives the attachment of the ligamentum patellae
e)
Lateral/Interosseous border
Gives attachment to the interosseous membrane
S1 T3
Soleal line
An oblique line located at the posterior surface of the
shaft
For the attachment of the soleus muscle
The lower end of the tibia is slightly expanded and
on its inferior aspect shows a saddle-shaped
articular surface for the talus
g)
Medial malleolus
Lateral surface articulates with the talus
Fibula
PARTS:
a) Head
The upper end
Surmounted by a styloid process
Possesses an articular surface for articulation with
the lateral condyle of the tibia
PARTS:
a) Lateral and medial condyles located at the upper
end
aka lateral and medial tibial plateaus
Articulate with the lateral and medial condyles of the
femur and the lateral and medial menisci intervening
o Lateral condyle
Possesses on its lateral aspect a small circular
articular facet for the head of the fibula
o Medial condyle
Has on its posterior aspect the insertion of the
semimembranosus muscle
b)
f)
b)
Shaft
Long and slender
Has 4 borders and 4 surfaces
Medial/Interosseous border
Gives attachment to the interosseous
membrane
c)
d)
Articular facet
Located on the medial surface of the lateral
malleolus
For articulation with the lateral aspect of the talus
e)
Malleolar fossa
Depression below and behind the articular facet
of
15
Only the talus articulates with the tibia and the fibula
at the ankle joint
o
o
Calcaneum
Talus
S1 T3
Navicular Bone
10
of
15
Symphisis pubis
Classification
Cartilaginous
Articulating bones
Pubis ! Pubis
Ligaments
Movements
Almost no movement
Articulating bones
Sacrum ! 2 Ilium
Ligaments
a. Posterior and
interosseous sacroiliac
ligament
b. Anterior sacroiliac
ligament
Iliolumbar ligament
Movements
Limited
!
S1 T3
11
of
15
Articulating bones
Head of femur !
Acetabulum (ilium, ischium,
pubis)
Ligaments
a. Iliofemoral ligament
b. Pubofemoral ligament
c. Ischiofemoral ligament
d. Transverse acetabular
e. Ligament head of femur
Movements
a. Flexion-extension
b. Abduction-adduction
c. Lateral rotation
d. Medial rotation
e. circumduction
Movements
a. Flexion-extension
b. Rotation (medial and lateral)
Classification
Synovial, Hinge
Movements
a. Dorsiflexion
b. Plantarflexion
!
Figure 20. Acetabulofemoral joint
4.
Knee Joint
Classification
Synovial, Hinge
S1 T3
a. Ligamentum patellae
b. Lateral collateral ligament
c. Medial collateral ligament
d. Oblique popliteal ligament
e. Anterior and posterior cruciate
ligaments
Subtalar/Talocalcareal joint
12
of
15
Synovial, Plane
RADIOGRAPHS
1. Pelvis
A r t i c u l a t i n g Inferior surface
bones
of body of talus
(posterior calcaneal
Articular facet) articulates
with superior surface
(posterior talar articular surface) of
calcaneus
Ligaments
Capsule support:
a. Medial, Lateral, Posterior
talocalcaneal ligaments
Binds bones together:
Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
Movements
Inversion
Eversion
!
2.
Hip Joint
S1 T3
3.
Knee Joint
13
of
15
!
4.
Ankle
Clubfoot
Foot twisted out of shape
The foot is inverted
the ankle is plantarflexed
the forefoot is adducted
!
5.
Feet
Flatfoot
Flexible: result from loose or degenerated
intrinsic ligaments
Rigid: bone deformity (such as a fusion of
adjacent tarsal bones)
Acquired: due to trauma, degeneration with
age
Head of the talus displaces inferomedially
and becomes prominent
S1 T3
14
of
15
REFERENCES:
1.
2.
S1 T3
15
of
15