Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RENEWABLES READINESS
ASSESSMENT
December 2014
About IRENA
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports
countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international
cooperation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge
on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable
energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable
development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity.
About RRA
A Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) is a holistic evaluation of a countrys conditions and identifies
the actions needed to overcome barriers to renewable energy deployment. This is a country-led process, with
IRENA primarily providing technical support and expertise to facilitate consultations among different national
stakeholders. While the RRA helps to shape appropriate policy and regulatory choices, each country determines
which renewable energy sources and technologies are relevant and consistent with national priorities. The RRA
is a dynamic process that can be adapted to each countrys circumstances and needs. Experience in a growing
range of countries and regions, meanwhile, has allowed IRENA to continue refining the basic RRA methodology.
In June 2013, IRENA published a guide for countries seeking to conduct the process in order to accelerate their
renewable energy deployment.
For more information visit www.irena.org/rra
Acknowledgement
IRENA prepared this report in close collaboration with Francis Yamba (Centre for Energy, Environment and
Engineering CEEEZ Zambia), Peter Zhou (Energy, Environment, Computer and Geophysical Applications
Group EECG Botswana), Boaventura Cuamba (Eduardo Mondlane University of Mozambique), Mduduzi
Mathunja (University of Swaziland) and Ecofys. The report benefited from review and consultations with the
Southern African Development Community (SADC). IRENA wishes to thank the following experts for their
insights and constructive guidance during the peer review process: Peterson Dlamini (Ministry of Natural
Resources and Energy), Alexander Filippov (USAID Southern Africa Trade Hub), Veli-Pekka Heiskanen (VTT
Finland), Mzwandile Ndzinisa (Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy), Henri Shongwe (Ministry of Natural
Resources and Energy), Elijah C. Sichone (Regional Electricity Regulators Association of Southern Africa
RERA), Mandla Vilakati (Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy) and Frank Wouters (IRENA).
For further information or to provide feedback, please contact: SAlzouma@irena.org or rra@irena.org
Disclaimer
While this publication promotes the adoption and use of renewable energy, the International Renewable Energy
Agency does not endorse any particular project, product or service provider.
The designations employed and the presentation of materials herein do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever on the part of the International Renewable Energy Agency concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
SWAZILAND
RENEWABLES READINESS
ASSESSMENT
II
Swaziland
FOREWORD
Minister for Natural
Resources and Energy
Swaziland supports, and welcomes the backing of, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) in the
challenge to scale up renewable energy. We have been promoting energy access throughout the country by
extending the grid and utilising off-grid systems. Solar lighting was introduced in primary schools, and solar
water pumping programmes were also run in rural areas in the early 1990s, as Swaziland worked tirelessly to
make use of renewable energy resources. However, the lack of assessment and over-reliance on imports of
renewable energy equipment were major setbacks.
In 2003, Swaziland adopted a National Energy Policy (NEP), which highlighted the need to develop the
renewable energy sector. In 2007, the government carried out reforms in the electricity supply industry. We
now have new Electricity and Regulatory Authority legislation that covers both on-grid and off-grid power
systems. Swaziland has also run biofuels initiatives and anticipates the future rollout of ethanol-blended
fuel throughout the country. Reconnaissance and pre-feasibility studies on mini and micro-hydro have been
completed, and potential has been found at some sites.
IRENAs report on the countrys Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) has come at the right time.
This report will go a long way in helping Swaziland chart a more systematic approach to renewable energy
deployment. Several important issues need to be resolved for the country to be ready for renewables. Clear
business and financial models are requested, along with a renewable-specific energy policy, strategies and
action plans. A regulatory framework specifically aimed at renewable energy and a comprehensive resource
assessment for different renewable energy resources are also needed, along with appropriate technical and
human resource capacity within and outside government. We must also create a resource assessment map,
build information resources on renewable energy technologies, and set standards and sustainability criteria
for biofuels production.
The outputs of this exercise outline strategies and actions that I trust will serve to increase renewable
energy deployment in Swaziland. I therefore look forward enthusiastically to continued assistance from and
collaboration with IRENA, in the pursuit of investments to deploy appropriate renewable energy technologies.
Honourable Jabulile Mashwama
Minister for Natural Resources and Energy,
Swaziland
IV Swaziland
FOREWORD
from the IRENA
Director-General
The Africa High-level Consultative Forum held by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
in July 2011 highlighted the need for technical support for African countries and regions to identify their
renewable-energy readiness. The Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) process stemming from this
involves a holistic evaluation of a countrys conditions and identifies the actions needed to overcome barriers
to renewable energy deployment. This is a country-led process, with IRENA primarily providing technical
support and expertise to facilitate consultations among different national stakeholders.
Since 2011, more than 20 countries in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and the
Pacific Islands have undertaken the RRA process, which generates knowledge of good practices and supports
international cooperation to enable the accelerated deployment of renewable technologies. Swaziland, in
keeping with its strong and consistent support of IRENAs mission, is one of those pioneering countries.
As RRA consultations highlighted, the involvement of private operators in the renewable energy sector
remains limited due to the absence of an enabling framework for independent power producers. However,
the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources is developing a comprehensive set of system codes, including a
grid code, with a view to enhancing private sector interest. The Swaziland grid code, once finalised, can serve
as a model for other IRENA member states.
Renewable energy resources can help reduce Swazilands dependence on imported electricity. Bagasse cogeneration, for instance, a by-product of the sugar industry, could meet about half of electricity demand
in a sustainable way, while solar power also offers enormous potential for development. At the same time,
Swaziland forms a key link in the Africa Clean Energy Corridor, IRENAs initiative to meet East and Southern
Africas growing power needs sustainably and with a high share of renewables.
IRENA wishes to thank Minister Mashwama and her team for their impressive contribution and warm welcome
in hosting this study. We are grateful for their positive engagement and valuable input, which has given us
additional insights for undertaking further RRAs in 2015 and beyond. Additionally, this report will feed into
other IRENA regional work, increasing the share of renewables through the Africa Clean Energy Corridor.
We sincerely hope that the outcomes of these RRA consultations will assist Swaziland in fulfilling its aim to
scale up renewable energy. IRENA stands ready to provide continuing support to Swaziland in implementing
the actions identified.
Adnan Z. Amin
Director General, IRENA
VI Swaziland
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES VIII
LIST OF TABLES VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IX
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY X
I. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Country background
1
1.2 Energy for development
2
1.3 Renewable Readiness Assessment Proces
2
II.
ENERGY CONTEXT 3
2.1 Regional energy
3
2.2 Energy supply and demand
5
2.3 Electricity system
6
2.4 Renewable energy potential
12
III.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Existing and proposed generation and transmission infrastructure
around Zambezi River basin
11
14
15
23
25
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Swaziland installed capacity
Table 2 SEC bulk purchase tariffs from Eskom, EDM and DAM, 2010-2012
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
21
24
VIII Swaziland
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DAM
Day-Ahead-Market
GDP
GWh
Gigawatt-hour
ha
Hectare
IPP
IRENA
km
Kilometre
kV
Kilovolt
kW
Kilowatt
kWh
Kilowatt-hour
m/s
MNRE
tonnes (metric)
MW
Megawatt
MWh
Megawatt-hour
NDS
NEP
NGO
Non-governmental organisation
PPA
PV
Photovoltaic
RRA
SADC
SAP
Day-Ahead Market
SAPP
SEC
SERA
SHS
SIPA
SWASA
TOU
Time-of-Use
TPES
USD
Wp
Watt-peak
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Kingdom of Swaziland is a landlocked
country in the Southern African region with an
estimated population of 1080337 (2012) and
an annual growth rate of 1.2%. Swaziland is a
lower-middle-income country and has a gross
domestic product (GDP) per capita of United
States Dollars (USD)
3
186. Its economy is
mostly sourced from within the Southern African
Customs Union and therefore very closely linked
to that of South Africa, which accounts for 94% of
Swaziland imports. Biomass (firewood, charcoal
and agricultural waste) accounting for 66% of the
countrys energy supply (in 2010, see Figure 2) was
used mainly for household cooking and heating,
as well as cogeneration in the sugar industry. Oil
products accounted for 23% of the energy supply.
Petroleum was mostly used for transport, whereas
kerosene and liquid petroleum gas, were used for
cooking and heating, and coal accounted for 8%
of the energy supply. Over 76% of the electricity
supply comes from imports, predominantly from
South Africa, while the national rate of access to
electricity is 55% (65% urban and 45% rural).
Electricity is generated in Swaziland through hydro
and diesel power plants owned and operated by
the national utility, Swaziland Electricity Company
(SEC), and although the generation sector has
been opened to Independent Power Producers
(IPP) only one sugar mill (Ubombo Sugar) sells
power to SEC under a Power Purchase Agreement
(PPA). In the past five years, considerable
investments have been made by SEC including
constructing new grid infrastructure in rural areas
and maintaining existing infrastructure to ensure
continuous and reliable power supply and this has
extended national grid coverage to 70%. Moreover,
demand side management measures were also
introduced, including the massive installation of
prepaid meters and efficient lighting, coupled
with Time-of-Use (TOU) tariffs for the commercial
and industrial sectors (including irrigation).
As South Africa is moving towards cost-reflective
tariffs, South Africas electricity public utility,
Eskom, is applying for annual tariff increases over
the next five years to stimulate more investment
in its generation capacity and upgrade its
transmission infrastructure. As power import
costs from South Africa have risen, electricity
tariffs have also gone up in Swaziland and there is
Swaziland
Recommendations
XII Swaziland
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 COUNTRY BACKGROUND
The kingdom of Swaziland is a landlocked country in the Southern
African region and covers an area of 17364 square kilometres (km2).
It shares about three-quarters of its boundary with South Africa to
the South, West and North, and Mozambique to the East. The current
population estimate is at 1080337, with an annual growth rate of
1.2% (Central Statistics Office, 2012). Around 29% of inhabitants live
below the poverty line, and the country has a gross domestic product
(GDP) per capita of United States Dollars (USD) 3186. This means
it is classified as a lower-middle-income country (Central Bank of
Swaziland, 2012).
Swazilands economy is fairly diverse. Agriculture and forestry
contribute about 7.5% of GDP. Manufacturing (mainly textiles and
sugar-related processing, metal works and light industry) represents
44% and mining 0.5% of GDP. Services, particularly government
services, constitute the remaining 48% of GDP. This is mostly sourced
from Southern African Customs Union receipts (African Economic
Outlook, 2013). The economy is therefore very closely linked to that of
South Africa (which accounts for 94% of Swaziland imports). It is very
export-oriented, primarily to South Africa and the European Union,
which accounts for about 70% of the countrys exports. Meanwhile,
Swaziland has experienced some of the slowest growth in sub-Saharan
Africa. The growth rate is estimated to have contracted by 0.3% in 2012
(African Economic Outlook, 2013). This subdued growth is due to a
combination of effects. These include a poor agricultural season, which
affected the primary and secondary sectors, the slow recovery of its
major importers, structural bottlenecks and the delayed impact of the
fiscal crisis. This economic situation has further exacerbated private
sector performance, especially small and medium-sized enterprises,
who for the most part rely on government contracts. However, the
economic situation is expected to improve over the coming years as
the global economy recovers from the financial crisis.
One of the key issues faced by the countrys economy is job creation
in high value-added sectors. Although the agricultural sector employs
the vast majority of the population, its contribution to GDP has
been declining in favour of sectors like manufacturing and services.
However, workforce skills development has lagged behind the
requirement of the productive sector, causing a divergence between
existing skills and those required by businesses. As a result, about 52%
of the countrys youth is unemployed, one of the highest rates in Africa
(African Economic Outlook, 2013). Investment in human capital and
skills development is therefore required to improve the dynamism of
the labour market.
1
The Southern African Customs Union is the worlds oldest custom union and consists
of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland. It applies a common set of
external and excise tariffs, which are collected and shared among members according
to a formula described in the agreement.
Swaziland
Figure 1: Existing and proposed generation and transmission infrastructure around Zambezi River basin
Swaziland
Source: IRENA, based on data from United Nations Statistics Division (excludes electricity trade)
Swaziland
The major power demand sectors are industrial, domestic, agriculture and commerce with a share of 37%,
31%, 22% and 10% respectively (figure 5). Demand hit a record 203MW in 2012 (SEC, 2012). SEC experienced
an increase in its domestic customer base from 63000 in 2007 to 110000 by the end of 2012. This was due
to the implementation of the rural electrification project in partnership with MNRE. The national electricity
access rate in Swaziland is therefore estimated at 55%: 65% for urban households and 45% for rural
households. However this rise in the number of domestic customers does not translate to an increase in sales
volumes. This is because they only account for a small proportion of total sales volumes when compared to
the industrial and agricultural sectors.
Figure 5: Swaziland historical electricity consumption by sector
Generation capacity
Electricity is generated in Swaziland through power plants owned and operated by SEC with a total installed
capacity of 69.6 MW, of which 60.1 MW of hydropower and 9.5 MW are diesel. However, the hydropower plants
are used only at peak time for two reasons. The first is to reduce expensive imports during these periods. The
second reason is the limited storage capacity of the hydropower schemes and unsteady rainfall throughout
the year. At the same time, the diesel power station is underused because of the high price of diesel fuel. In
addition, the sugar industry (Ubombo Sugar and Royal Swaziland Sugar Corporation) has an installed capacity
of 105.5MW mostly for its own use (table 1). The plants are fuelled by bagasse and coal during the low season.
Since 2011, Ubombo has started to supply power to the grid following an agreement with SEC.
20
15
9.5
5.6
19.5
Ubombo Sugar
41
64.5
Total
175.1
Grid infrastructure
The Swaziland grid infrastructure consists of
a 400kV alternating current interconnector
operated
by
Mozambique
Transmission
Company and 296km of 132kV direct current
transmission lines connecting the country to
South Africa. In addition, SEC operates 930km
of 66kV and 9093km of 11 kV lines for internal
transmission and distribution (see figure 6).
System losses were estimated at 15.5% in 2012
(SEC, 2012).
In the past five years, SEC has been the main
source of considerable investment in the
electricity sector. This has contributed to an
increase in the performance of the electricity
supply industry. Through its distribution
department, SEC has embarked on an
extensive maintenance programme to ensure
continuous power supply and reliability.
Several new outgoing 11kV feeders were
constructed to improve the reliability of the
network and extend the grid to rural areas.
This extended national grid coverage to 70%
in 2012 (SEC, 2012).
Mozambique Transmission Company is a special purpose vehicle principal set up between Electricidade de Mozambique (EDM),
Swaziland Electricity Company (SEC) and Eskom South Africa. It supplies energy to Mozal Aluminium Smelters in Mozambique and
wheels electricity between the utilities. Each utility has a 33% equity share in the company.
Swaziland
Table 2: SEC bulk purchase tariffs from Eskom, EDM and DAM, 2010-2012
Source
Eskom
EDM
Season
2010 (USD/kWh)
2011 (USD/kWh)
2012 (USD/kWh)
High peak
0.20
0.25
0.29
High standard
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.04
Low peak
0.06
0.07
0.08
Low standard
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.04
High peak
0.04
0.05
0.06
High standard
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.05
DAM
Source: SEC, 2012
Lifeline
0.08
Domestic
0.09
General purpose
15.3
0.12
14.7
0.12
29.4
0.12
The tariffs were converted to USD based on the 2013 exchange rate 1 USD = 10.384 Emalangeni
10 Swaziland
TOU at MV* at
HV network
TOU at MV*
TOU at LV*
TOU small
irrigation
<100 kVA*
355.6
171.1
128.7
109.4
8.7
9.1
9.6
8.1
4.3
4.3
4.0
4.0
0.089
0.091
0.93
0.080
0.063
0.065
0.066
0.057
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.046
0.252
0.260
0.265
0.225
0.077
0.080
0.081
0.069
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.046
11
Opportunities/use
Resource availability
Solar
Wind
Hydropower
Biomass (cogeneration)
Biomass (biofuels)
* per metre squared per day
Hydropower
Biomass
12 Swaziland
2010
2011
2012
Maize (t)
68 000
85 000
76 000
55 000
57 428.00
57 428
4 908 152
4 862 302
5 460 409
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
57 190
60 738
65 710
69 876
72 700
51 794
55 756
53 982
60 814
63 299
71 669
76 514
80 443
104 351
111 267
1180 653
193 008
200 134
235 041
247 267
Producer
Solar energy
Swaziland has relatively abundant solar potential
throughout the country with an estimated Global
Horizontal Irradiance of 4-6 kWh/m2/day (figure
8). The highest irradiation occurs during summer
(December-March). The lowest occurs during
winter (June-September), but is still adequate
for both solar PV and water heating. No ground
measurements have yet been carried out to validate
satellite data.
The main solar applications developed in Swaziland
include Solar Home Systems (SHS) of various
sizes and solar water heaters. Through its rural
electrification programme, MNRE has installed
SHS and solar water heaters in various schools and
public institutions across the country. It has been
14 Swaziland
Wind energy
A wind measurement campaign and data analysis
was conducted in 2001 as part of the Swaziland NEP
project supported by the Danish Cooperation for
Environment and Development. Wind measurements
were conducted over a year (2001-2002) on five sites
across the country at 10 m, 20 m and 30 m above
ground level (table 8). Mean annual wind speed at
30 m was 3.3-5.7 m/s. Extrapolation to 50 m yielded
wind speed of 4.1-6.6 m/s. The highest measurements
were recorded at Siteki in the Lubombo Plateau
where further measurement at 50 m and above
Nhlangano
Siteki
Piggs Peak
Luve
Sithobela
Administrative region
Shiselweni
Lubombo
Hhohho
Manzini
Lubombo
3.9
5.1
3.5
3.7
2.8
4.2
5.7
3.8
4.1
3.3
4.6
6.6
4.2
4.7
4.1
16 Swaziland
III. ENABLING
ENVIRONMENT
FOR RENEWABLE
ENERGY
3.1 KEY ENERGY STAKEHOLDERS
This chapter gives a brief overview of the main stakeholders in the
energy sector in Swaziland. This is mainly governed by the state through
different ministry and government-owned agencies. In addition,
important stakeholders such as development partners, industry
associations, research and educational institutes, as well as nongovernmental organisations, are very active. It is therefore important
that a sound collaborative framework is developed including all relevant
institutions. This ensures the effective deployment of renewable energy
technologies for the benefit of Swaziland. The following list introduces
the institutions and the role they play.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy (MNRE)
The mission of the energy department of the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Energy is to effectively manage national energy resources.
It is also to work towards affordable and sustainable energy provision
for all inhabitants while ensuring the international competitiveness of
the energy sector.
Swaziland Energy Regulating Authority (SERA)
SERA was established to put in place the regulatory framework on
electricity matters, issue electricity production licences and regulate
electricity tariffs in the local market. Electricity industry deregulation is
another of its tasks.
Swaziland Electricity Company (SEC)
SEC is engaged in electricity generation, transmission and distribution in
the Kingdom of Swaziland.
Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Affairs
This Ministry takes the lead in maintaining a coherent and up-to-date
forest policy and legal framework, as well as a national forest inventory
and management. It is also in charge of collecting weather and climate
data through its meteorological department.
Swaziland Environment Authority
SEA mandate is to coordinate the activities of all organisations working
on environmental matters in Swaziland. It is the focal point for liaising
with international organisations on environmental concerns.
18 Swaziland
20 Swaziland
3.3
FINANCING
FRAMEWORK
AND
INVESTMENT
Investment incentives
Duty-free access on capital goods and raw
materials:
Capital goods imported into the country for
productive investments are exempt from import
duties. Raw materials imported into the country
to manufacture products to be exported outside
the Southern African Customs Union area are
exempt from import duties.
Export credit guarantee scheme:
Investors who manufacture/process for export
can obtain funds from local banks to process their
orders. Through the Central Bank of Swaziland,
the government of Swaziland guarantees loans
raised for this purpose.
Repatriation of profits and legal protection of
investments:
The liberalised foreign exchange mechanisms also
allow full repatriation of profits and dividends of
enterprises operating in Swaziland. Repatriation
is also allowed for salaries of expatriate and
capital repayments. Investments in Swaziland
are protected from undue expropriation under
the Swaziland Investment Promotion Act of 1998.
In addition, Swaziland is a member of the World
Banks Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency,
Deduction
50% of cost
Initial allowance on used machinery housed in a building qualifying for the initial
allowance, used in Swaziland for the first time and not replacing other machinery
Initial allowance on new industrial buildings in service that house machinery
qualifying for the initial allowance
50% of
depreciated value
50% of cost
4% p.a.*
4% p.a.
*per annum
Source: Swaziland Investment Promotion Authority (SIPA), 2013
Wind and solar hybrid security light at a military checkpoint along the road between Siteki and Mhkumeni
22 Swaziland
IV. RENEWABLE
ENERGY
DEPLOYMENT
Emerging Concerns
Table 10: Potential electricity output from sugar cane cogeneration in Swaziland
44 bar 90 kWh/tC*
GWh
MW
GWh
MW
GWh
MW
5 219 851
469
85.3
607
110.2
782
142.2
Bagasse cogeneration
Boiler pressure assumptions are based on the Mauritius experience with 35% bagasse-to-cane ratio and 50% moisture content.
Conversion from electricity production to installed capacity assumes that plants will be operating for 270 days (with a nine month
milling period) 24/7 with a capacity factor of 85%.
24 Swaziland
Solar
Recommendations
26 Swaziland
Recommendations
4.3 BIOFUELS
Recommendations
E10 is petrol/gasoline blended with 10% of ethanol fuel grade. B5 is diesel blended with 5% biodiesel.
28 Swaziland
Substation in Maguga
Constraints
V. REFERENCES
30 Swaziland
Shaw, C. (2013), SEC targets 55 GWh annually from Ubombo Sugar, Times of Swaziland, 17 September,
www.times.co.sz/business/91417-sec-targets-55-gwh-annually-from-ubombo-sugar.html.
SADC (Southern Africa Development Community) (2012), SADC Renewable Energy Strategy and Action
Plan, SADC, Gaborone.
SAPP (Southern Africa Power Pool) (2013), Demand and Supply, www.sapp.co.zw/demand.html.
SEC (Swaziland Electricity Company) (2012), Electricity Cost of Supply Study, www.sera.org.sz/images/
cos%20report1.pdf.
SEC (2013), Annual Report 2012/13, www.sec.co.sz/aboutus/reports/index.php.
SERA (Swaziland Energy Regulatory Authority) (2013a), Pricing and Tariffs, www.sera.org.sz/index.
php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=37.
SERA (2013b), Public Notice: SERAs decision on the Swaziland Electricity Company (SEC) application for
tariff increase for the financial year 2013/14, www.sera.org.sz/images/stories/SEC%20Tariff%20Schedule%20
2013%2014%20Public%20Notice.pdf.
SIPA (Swaziland Investment Promotion Authority) (2013), Investment Incentives, www.sipa.org.sz/index.
php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=40, accessed April 2013.
SSA (Swaziland Sugar Association) (2013), Production Statistics- Molasses, www.ssa.co.sz/index.
php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=53.
Annex
ON-GRID
Action
Resource-service pair(s)
Description
In Swaziland, the sugar industry generates more than half the domestic
power. However, it is still purchasing power from the grid. Yet it could
produce far more electricity than it currently does and be fully selfsufficient, providing surplus power to the grid during the milling season.
This would reduce power import dependence.
The government should therefore amend the 2007 Electricity Act to
include specific provisions for bagasse cogeneration.
Measures are needed that are specifically geared towards helping the
sugar industry make use of more efficient machinery and equipment
(e.g., boilers) for electricity production. These could include raising the
initial allowance for machinery or plant used for bagasse management,
energy efficiency and electricity generation equipment tailored to the
sugar industry.
Finally, the government should develop a price-setting mechanism
based on the avoided costs to the utility. It should recommend the kWh
price and develop a model PPA for bagasse cogeneration.
Actors
MNRE, Ministry of Finance, SERA, SEC, sugar and timber industries, any
relevant stakeholders.
Timing
18 months
Keys to success
32 Swaziland
Action
Resource-service pair(s)
Description
Actors
MNRE, Ministry of Finance, SERA, SEC, sugar and timber industries, any
relevant stakeholders.
Timing
18 months
Keys to success
Action
Resource-service pair(s)
Description
Actors
MNRE, SERA, SEC, sugar cane and timber industries, any other relevant
stakeholders.
Timing
Up to 18 months
Keys to success
34 Swaziland
OFF-GRID
Action
Resource-service pair(s)
Off-grid solar
Description
Actors
Timing
18 months
Keys to success
Action
Resource-service pair(s)
Biofuels
Description
Actors
Timing
18 months
Keys to success
36 Swaziland