HANDOUT 10-1

xx

yx

xy
yy
yy

xy
yx

xx

(a)

Normal
Shear
Max

(b)

Min

SHEAR STRESS AXIS

MAX NORMAL

(c)

MOHR
CIRCLE

MIN NORMAL

NORMAL
AXIS

HANDOUT 10-2
Shear Stress

JYL

Critical Point
(End Point)

Normal Stress

Shear Stress

JYL

Normal Stress

fc

Critical Point
(End Point)

Shear Stress

JYL

Normal Stress

HANDOUT 10-3
Critical Points

Shear Stress

Multiple JYL
curves

Normal Stress

More cohesive

fc

MFF
Less cohesive

Non-cohesive

HANDOUT 10-4
50

=60 =50

Flow Factor Curves

=30

1.9

Wall Friction Curves

1.8

40

=40

=35

1.6

30

=30
1.5

=40

20

1.4

1.3

=45
=50

10

Flow Factor, ff

Wall Friction, degrees

1.7

1.2

=30
=60

1.1

=50

=40

=60
0

1
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Semi-included angle, degrees

Figure 10-17. Design chart for symmetrical slot outlet hoppers. For example (dashed arrows),
and

= 50 gives = 30.5

and

ff = 1.19 .

w = 22

HANDOUT 10-5

40

=60 =50
Wall Friction Curves

1.9

Flow Factor Curves

=30

=40

1.8

30

=30

1.7

1.6

1.5

20

Flow Factor, ff

Wall Friction, degrees

=35

1.4

=40
1.3
10

=30

=50

=40

=60

1.2

=50

1.1

=60
0

1
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Semi-included angle, degrees

Figure 10-18. Design chart for conical outlet hoppers. For example,

= 20.5

and

ff = 1.29 .

w = 22 and = 50

gives

HANDOUT 10-6
Steps on using the shear stress data to design a hopper.
1.

Rotating Shear Test

Plot SHEAR STRESS
vs
NORMAL STRESS

JYL
SHEAR
STRESS

Internal Friction
Get fc vs 1
Get

2.

Rotating Shear Test

Wall material

Get

fc
NORMAL STRESS

SHEAR
STRESS

NORMAL STRESS

3.

Fit w and to hopper correlation

Get and ff.

( is the theoretical
angle of the hopper;
in final design subtract
3 degrees for margin of
safety)

w
ff

4.

Plot 1/ff on mff curve (fc vs 1) to get CAS

CAS

MFF
Get CAS

fc
Slope 1/ff

5.

Use CAS and in correlations to select opening size.

HANDOUT 10-7

For conical hoppers, Figure 10-20, the opening

diameter, D , is given by

D = H ( )

CAS
g / gc
o

H ( ) = 2 +

60

(10-12)

Semi included angle

(10-13)

Where is in degrees, from the charts in

Figures 10-17 or 10-18. Typical values for H are
about 2.4.

D
Figure 10-20. Conical Hopper with outlet size D
and semi included angle .

For symmetrical slot outlet hoppers the opening

size is determined from

W = H ( )

H ( ) = 1 +
L > 3W

CAS
o g / gc

180

(10-14)

L
(10-15)

(10-16)
Figure 10-21. Symmetrical slot outlet hopper
of opening size W x L.

HANDOUT 10-8
10.4.1 COARSE PARTICLES (particles > 500 microns in diameter)
MASS FLOW JOHANSON EQUATION

m = o A
where

Bg
2(1 + m)Tan( )
= semi included angle of the hopper
m = discharge rate (kg/sec)

(10-17)

o = bulk density (kg/m3)

g = gravity acceleration (9.807 m/s2)
Table 10-3. Parameters in the Johanson Equation, Eq.(10-18)
Parameter
Conical hopper
Symmetric slot hopper
B

D, diameter of outlet

D2

4
m

W
WL

FUNNEL FLOW BEVERLOO EQUATION

m = 0.58 o g 0.5 ( D kd p ) 2.5

where

(10-18)

dp = particle diameter (m)

k = constant, typically 1.3 < k < 2.9 with k = 1.4 if not
discharge rate data are available.

D=

4(cross sectional area )

(outlet perimeter)

10.4.2 FINE PARTICLES (dp < 500 microns)

CARLETON EQUATION
1

4Vo2 sin
3 3 Vo 3
+ 15
=g
5
B
pd p3

m = o AVo
where

Vo = average velocity of solids discharging (m/s)

A, B = given in Table 10-3
, = air density and viscosity

= particle density

= bulk density of the powder bed

(10-19)