Carbonate Rocks 2

Prem-Carbonate Rocks
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XV. CARBONATE FIELDS

XIV. PETROGRAPHIC CARBONATE
XVI.
FINAL TEST
XIII. INTEGRATING WELL DATA FOR CARBONATE RESERVOIR CHAR.ZT

XII. FIELD TRIP (WONOSARI REEF COMPLEX-PLATFORM)
IXI DISSOLUTION AND KARSTING
X.DOLOMITIZATION AND DEEP BURIAL (DEEP SUBSURFACE)
IX. SEALEVEL CHANGES AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY

VII. DIAGENESIS: NEOMORPHIC CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY
VIII.
MID TEST
VI, DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS
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V. DIAGENETIC PROCESSES
IV. CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGIN OF CARBONATE ROCKS
III. CARBONATE BUILD-UPS, REEF VS BANK
II. CARBONATE ROCK TYPE
I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Lecturer:
Dr. Premonowati
2
IX. SEA LEVEL CHANGES

AND SEQUENCE
STRATIGRAPHY
Basic Concept Carbonate Settings
Basic Concept Carbonate

: Diagenetic Settings
FACTORS CONTROLLING
CARBONATE SEDIMENTATION
TYPE OF CARBONATE PLATFORM
Reefal deposition is generally in rimmed shelf
platform
Shoreline deposition is generally in ramps
CLIMATE:
Humid climate
Arid climate (associated with evaporites)
Global Climate Cycles
Global climatic cycles, referenced to geologic periods

(yellow), megasequences (light purple), sea level cycles
(blue), & volcanic output (dark purple). (Redrawn &
modified L. Waite, 2002
after Fischer,
Prem-Carbonate
Rocks 1984)
: Climate History
Phanerozoic Global
Frakes et al. (1992) have alternating cold & warm

states ("cool" & "warm" modes) at comparable time
scales to Fischer (1984) cycles but propose older
portion of Mesozoic greenhouse (Middle Jurassic to
Early Cretaceous) has a cool climate, & presence of
seasonal ice at higher
latitudes (after L. Waite, 2002)
CARBONATE PLATFORM INFRA-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

AND SEA LEVEL CHANGES (Hanford, 2000)
:
Core Description
pyrite
5 cm
Oxidized zone,
blocky red paleosol
indicates paleokarstification
Blocky spar
THE EFFECT OF SEALEVEL CHANGES TO

CARBONATE SEDIMENTATION AND EXPOSURE
EMERGENCE
SUBMERGENCE
1OO.OOO YEAR
RHYTHM
EXTENDED
EXPOSURE
SEA LEVEL
NORMAL
RHYTHM
PLATFORM TOP
TIME
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REEF GROWTH IN BALANCE WITH

RISING SEA LEVEL
12
RISING SEA LEVEL EXCEED REEF

GROWTH
13
FALL IN SEA LEVEL TERMINATE

REEF GROWTH
14
REEF DISPLACEMENT DURING DIFFERENT

RATES OF SEA LEVEL RISE (TRANSGRESSION)
15
REEF DISPLACEMENT DURING RAPID SEA LEVEL RISE ON A

GENTLE PLATFORM SLOPE (Link, 1950)
16
GEOMETRY OF REEF FORMATION AS THE RESULT OF A

TRANSGRESSION-REGRESSION CYCLE (Link, 1950)
17
REEF GROWTH THROUGH PROGRADATION
18
DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE MODEL

HUMID CARBONATE RIMMED SHELF
19

HUMID CARBONATE RAMP
20

HUMID CARBONATE-SILICICLASTIC RIMMED SHELF
21
ARID CARBONATE-EVAPORATE SILICICLASTIC

RIMMED SHELF
22
ARID CARBONATE-EVAPORITE-SILICICLASTIC
RAMP
23
SLOPE EFFECT ON SYSTEMS

TRACK EXTENT
24
SEA LEVEL FALL EFFECT ON REEF DISTRIBUTION
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MODEL OF SYSTEM TRACTS FACIES IN HUMID AND ARID

CLIMATES
26
STRATAL PATTERN IN CARBONATE SEQUENCE
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XVI.
FINAL TEST


VIII.
MID TEST
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Dr. Premonowati
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X. DOLOMITIZATION
AND DEEP BURIAL
(DEEP SUBSURFACE)
31
DEEP SUBSURFACE
DIAGENESIS
1. Pores saturated w/ low-Mg, high salinity water.
Most phreatic waters in is reservoirs are
saturated for calcite.
2. Cementation by equant calcite spar.
3. Compaction effect prominent in poorly cem.
sed. porosity loss thru press. solution & styolite
4. Pass. Late-stage diag.due to hydrocarbonrelated release of CO2, organic acids or
thermogenic related CO2 and H2S
Stylolite develop together with fractures and tension.
2 cm
Slabbed of MHCF facies
Microphotograph of Lepidocyclina
packstone filled in MHCF facies.
33
COMPACTION
Compaction postdating cementation in ooids
Moderately deformed ooid

The textures may indicate that cementation
was late relative to deformation.
Strongly deformed ooids
Scholle, 1982 34
RECRYSTALLIZATION
Recrystallization of micrite to microspar

and pseudospar
Recrystallization of micrite to microspar

and pseudospar
Strain recrystallization
35
REPLACEMENT
Replacement by aphanocrystalline
dolomite.
A medium crystalline replacement

dolomite.
Medium crystalline
complete replacement
dolomite
36
PRESSURE SOLUTION WITH DEPTH

OF BURIAL
37
RECRYSTALLIZATION
REFERS EXCLUSIVELY TO A CHANGE IN
CRYSTAL SIZE AND/OR FABRIC WHILE
MAINTAINING THE SAME MINERALOGY.
THUS CHANGES IN MINERALOGY FROM
ARAGONITE TO CALCITE,
CALCITE TO
DOLOMITE, ETC. ARE NOT EXAMPLES OF
RECRYSTALLIZATION EVEN THOUGH A
CHANGE IN CRYSTALLINITY MAY HAVE
OCCURED.
STYLOLITES
a. Importance of sty. commonly not recognized
b. Thickness reduction of 20-35%
c. Implications are major amounts of fluid & CaCO3
mobilized
d. Some styl. formation not understood & seems to be
related to pore fluid chemistry & clay, but generally
related to pressure-vertical or lateral.
e. Release of CaCO3 creates supersaturations in
immediate area causing 20% porosity loss.
f. Less of soluble grains at fingers
g. amount of insoluble versus amount in whole rock can
be used to estimate amount of missing section
DOLOMITE
1. Usually not a primary mineral but is
penecontemporaneous
2. Holocene dolomite is know from a number of
localites but it is a highly soluble, metastable
phase unknow in ancient rocks.
3. Most stable carb. mineral under most subsurface
conditions.
4. Implications of dolomite to be discussed later.
STAIN IDENTIFICATION OF DOLOMITE

1.
Alizarin Red-S. Stain calcite red and leaves dolomite unstained.

Extremely useful for dolomite versus calcite recognition. Easy to apply.
Should be routinely used on carbonate thin-sections.
2.
Potassium ferricyanide. Stains ferroan calcite blue and leaves

non-ferroan unstained. Often used in combination with Alizarin.
3.
Malachite Green. Dyes organics green displays distribution of finely

disseminated organics.
4.
Titan Yellow and Feigl Solution. Useful in identifying aragonite and

high-Mg calcite. Modern carbonate only.
41
DOLOMITE
Commonly crystals form:
Euhedral rhombs
Sucrosic texture
Mosaic texture
Dolomite rombs
THIN SECTIONS
Coarse replacement dolomite
42
DOLOMITIZATION
Dolomitization takes place penecontemporaneous, not long after deposition.
Dolomitization requires an increase in Mg/Ca of
the diagenetic environment:
Hypesaline water through evaporation
Deposition of calcite in mixed marine-fresh water
environment
Dolomitization processes depends on climate:

Arid Climate
Humid tropical climate
43
REQUIREMENTS FOR DOLOMITE

FORMATION
1. Constant source of Magnesium

2. Low Calcium to Magnesium Ratio
3. Dynamic fluid flow
44
ARID AND HUMID DOLOMITIZATION

MODELS
45
DOLOMITIZATION
DOLOMITIZATION
BY HIPERSALINE BRINES
DOLOMITIZATION BY MIXING OF MARINE AND FRESH WATER
46
DOLOMITIZATION BY HYPERSALINE BRINES
47
DOLOMITIZATION BY SEEPAGE REFLUX
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DOLOMITIZATION BY MIXING MARINE AND

FRESH WATERS
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XVI.
FINAL TEST


VIII.
MID TEST
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Lecturer:
Dr. Premonowati
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IX. DISSOLUTION AND

KARSTING
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Subaerial Exposure of Carbonate

Rocks Results in 2 Types of
Weathering and Deposition
KARST FACIES
CALICHE FACIES
52
CARBONATE ROCK SUBAERIAL

EXPOSURE (Esteban, 1983)
CARBONATE WEATHERING ZONE
Thickness: few mm to to few hundred m
Controlled by:
CLIMATE
INTENSITY OF SUBAERIAL GENETIC PROCESS
DURATION OF SUBAERIAL GENETIC
PROCESSES
POSITION OF GROUND WATER /FRESH WATER
LENS
PETROFABRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
ATTACKED HOST SEDIMENTS
53
CARBONATE DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS
54
DIAGENESIS THROUGH SUBAERIAL EXPOSURE
Two types of diagenetic environments and processes

developed during subaerial exposure:
Karst environment, generally in humid tropical climate
Caliche environment, generally in arid /desert climate
However, karst and caliche environments may coexist.

Subaerial exposure of carbonate rocks takes place:
Early before deep burial through a drop in sea sea level.
Late after deep burial through tectonic uplift
55
KARST FACIES
Karst is a diagenetic facies, an overprint
in subaerially exposed carbonate bodies,
produced and controlled by dissolution
and migration of calcium carbonate in
meteoric waters occuring in wide variety of
climatic and tectonic setting, generating a
recognizable landscape. (Esteban, 1983)
56
KARST CHARACTERISTICS
Surface landforms:
Lapies
Dolina
Poljes
Subterranean landforms:
Pores
Caves
Vugs
Pipes
Speleothems:
Collapse structures due to removal of
underlaying carbonates
57
SPELEOTHEMES
(Low magnesian Calcite)
Stalagtites
Stalagmites
Flowstones
Ringstones
Globulites
Cave pearls
Lily pads
Helictites
Moonmilk
58
KARST LANDFORM
59
ZONATION OF CARBONATE ROCKS

ENVIRONMENT
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METEORIC HYDROLOGIC ZONES IN

CARBONATE ROCK SUBAERIAL EXPOSURE
61
EOVLUTION OF AUTHIGENIC KARST PROFILE
62
EVOLUTION OF KARST PROFILES

a. Stable water table
b. Repeated changes of water table
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The Fresh Water Vadose Zone
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Intermitten flow of freshwater

Dissolution --- pore formation
Vadose cement: calcite
Climatic influence --- solution and cementation
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The Freshwater Phreatic Zone:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Permanent freshwater flow

Cementation
Aragonite non preserved in this zone
Water are saturated with CaCO3,, low Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio
Cement: drusy calcite spar in intra- and interparticle
porosity.
6. Primary aragonite particles are replaced by a calcite spar.
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DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS
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DISSOLUTION IN THE FRESH WATER VADOSE ZONE

1. Leaching of carbonats by undersatured fluidas, is especially imp. in
carb coz they are soluble.
2. Seawater expect for deep marine is oversaturation, so is not going
to leach carbonates.
3. Most common fluid to leach carbs is near-surface freshwater. It is
commonly undersaturated due to having high partical pressures of
CO2 from plant & atmosphere contribution.
4. Partial less that 1 micron sized are super-soluble
5. An impurities factor is wether dissolution is occurring in open or
closed system. If system is closed, the carbonate has to be
reprecipitated elsewhere. This is impurities in modeling. Places
constraints-for instance, cannot postulated large. Late-stage deep
dissolution event without providing eguivalent loss in porosity
elsewhere in system
CARBONATE DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS
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2cm
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Base of Paciran Reef
Tuban District
Caliche
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Caliche Paciran Formation
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and brick stone
Prem-Carbonate
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and brick stone
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XVI.
FINAL TEST


VIII.
MID TEST
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Lecturer:
Dr. Premonowati
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XII. FIELD TRIP

(WONOSARI REEF
COMPLEX-PLATFORM
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Aims to know:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Initially reef complex in Wonosari,

Carbonate lithofacies
Ancient and modern reef
Caliche and karst
Museum of Karst
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XVI.
FINAL TEST


VIII.
MID TEST
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Lecturer:
Dr. Premonowati
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XIII. INTEGRATING WELL

DATA FOR CARBONATE
RESERVOIR
CHARACTERIZATION
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INDONESIAN TERTIARY BASINS
60 POTENTIAL TERTIARY BASINS

BATHYMETRIC LOW
HYDROCARBON OCCURENCES
80
Koesoemadinata, 2000
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Plate Tectonics Setting of Basin Types

suitable for carbonate platform
development
1.Interior Continent or Intra-cratonic
Basins: epeiric platforms,
2.Passive continental margins or rift
margins,
3.Wrench and Rift margins,
4.Convergent Plate boundary,
5. Oceanic Volcanoes.
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SOUTH SUMATRA BASIN OUTLINE
83
Petroleum Systems of South Sumatra Basin
84
Geologic
Map of
Baturaja
Area
(adapted from
Gafur et al,
1992)
85
ARE THERE REEFS IN SOUTH

SUMATRA?
So far there are only two carbonate fields in South
Sumatra (Longman et al, 1985, 1987, 1993),
Ramba Field: a low relief mudbank): 2 porous
zones separated by a tight shaly interbed,
Air Serdang and Mandala fields: a low relief
mudbank: 6 porous zones with tight shaly
interbeds,
But, outcrops of BRF Fm. @ Baturaja city is
mostly consists of a stromatolite reef
86
SEQUENCE KUJUNG-PRUPUH
NEJB BASIN CONFIGURATION
87
NEJB PETROLEUM SYSTEM
88
GENERALIZED STRATIGRAPHY OF PAPUA
89
SAPIIE, ET AL., (2000)
90
30 ms
20 ms
10 ms
0 ms
SUB
SEQUENCE-2
Concordant
Onlap
Discont.
EXP--1
EXP-2
Progradation
Concordant-parallel
Concordant-Onlap/
parallel, discont.
91
Showing seismic expression of Reefal, Prograding Clastic Carbonate and Shally/Marl Facies.
92
PANGLERO-1
SOPA-1
SOPA-3
PROGRADING
CLASTIC CARB.
FACIES
REEFAL FACIES
PLATFORM FACIES
- Well
correlation Shows
threeRocks
facies of Sopa Carbonate
Prem-Carbonate
reservoir
93
EXP-2 WELL
BATURAJA FORMATION
SEISMIC IMPEDANCE SECTION
(JASON SOFTWARE)
PROGRADING
CLASTIC
FACIES
REEFAL
FACIES
PROGRADING
CLASTIC
FACIES
BATURAJA FORMATION
SEISMIC IMPEDANCE SECTION
(JASON SOFTWARE)
BASE BRF
- The figures showing seismic modeling of platform, reefal and prograding

clastic carbonate by using Landmark and Jason software.
94
RAMP
9. Sands & carbs
Mollusca,
Packy-wacky (open)
Muddy (closed)
8.Mollusca,
Milliolide
Large Benthic
Mudstone,
Wackstone
7. No Planctonic
Wackstone,
Packstone,
Floatstone
Benthic,
Mollusca,
Coral,
Red algae.
5. Rudstone,
6. Red Algae,
Packstone,
Echinodermata,
Wackestone,
Coral,
Floatstone,
Benthic,
Plantonic forams
..all
Shoal/bar
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RIMMED SHELF
1-4. Mudstone,
Rudstone
Wacky,
Calcite,
Turbidite,
Plantonic (rich)
6. Red Algae,
Echinodermata,
Coral,
Benthic,
..all
7. No Planctonic
5. Rudstone,
Wackstone,
Packstone,
Packstone,
Wackstone,
Floatstone
Floatstone,
Benthic,
Plantonic begins
Mollusca,
Coral,
Red algae.
8.Mollusca,
Milliolide
Large Benthic
Mudstone,
Wackstone
9. Sands & carbs

Mollusca,
Packy-wacky (open)
Muddy (closed)
96
REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY COMPARISON
97
KUJUNG TIME
98
99
NGO
KJ
KJ, NGC
NGC
PNG
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KJ
NGO
SL
WN
101
TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF EAST JAVA REGIONS
102
BAWEAN BLOCK KITCHENS
103
SOUTH BAWEAN PROSPECTIVITY
104
NORTH BAWEAN PROSPECTIVITY
105
STRATIGRAPHY OF NORTHWEST AUSTRALIAN SHELF
106
SEISMIC CHARACTERISTIC
OF KUJUNG IN
NORTH MADURA PLATFROM
Johansen, 2003
107
Modelling
Combine all available data with the geological
knowledge of the formation to provide a
consistent description of reservoir properties
108
History of Modelling
1920s 1940s : Obvious Oil Seeps, Hills & Valleys,
Basic Surface Mapping by Hand
1940s 1950s : Early 2D Seismic, Logs, Dipmeters,
Geological Imagination, 2D Mapping by Hand
1960s 1980s : Early 3D Seismic Data & Interpretation,
2D Mapping Softwares, Deterministic
Early 1990s : Basic 3D Models, interpolated parameters,
Deterministic
Mid 1990s : Stochastic Modelling, Geostatistical Analysis
& Simulation, Multiple Realistic Geological Models, Direct
Output to Flow Simulator
109
Modelling Elements
HYDROCARBON
Surface & Faults
VOLUMES
Geological Grid
INPUT DATA
Geology
Seismic
Properties
Well Logs
OIL & GAS

PRODUCTION
Simulation Grid
Fluid Flow
Targets & Well Path
WELL
PLACEMENT
110
Carbonate Reservoir
Reservoir quality in carbonate rocks is a function of:
Depositional Texture
Original Mineralogy
Diagenesis
Reservoir quality can be predicted through depositional facies

interpretation and diagenetic analysis
111
Conceptual Model
112
Core Analysis
Depositional Environment
Geometry
Porosity
Permeability
Saturation
Calibration
113
Photomicrograph
PC
D: 3268
25 X
3268
25 X
Skeletal Grst and Packst

Skeletal micritized, coralline
algae, including rhodoids, larger
benthic foraminifers. Irregular
masses of yellowish brown clay
mud with globigerinids may be a
sample contaminant or (natural)
stratigraphic leakage into early
secondary pore system. Trace
volcanic rock fragments. Flat
skeletals strongly oriented.
Intergranular calcite spar
cement. Porosity 10-20 percent,
mostly non selective secondary
pore space.
114
Petrographic Analysis
115
Core Description
6 wells were used for core description; Bunku-1A, Camar-2, Camar-3, Camar-4, CN-1 and CS-1.
Parameter use in core description are shown below
Turtuosity Factor
Cementation Exponent
Packages
Rock Unit
Matrixes
Facies
Remarks
Hardness
Condition
Calcareous
Fracture
Stylolite
Porosity Type
Matrix
Texture
Lithology Characteristics
Benthic Foram
Large Foram
Echinoid
Mollusc
Red Algae
Organism Content
Coral
Lithology
Lithology
Thickness (ft)
Bottom (ft)
Depth (ft)
Top (ft)
Core
Box No
No
Sample
Nine (9) lithofacies has been identified from core description, which are:
Coral Bioclastic Framestone with Packstone-Wackestone Matrix
Coral Bioclastic Bafflestone with Packstone-Wackestone Matrix
Coral Bioclastic Bindstone with Packstone-Wackestone Matrix
Coral Bioclastic Rudstone and Floatstone
Benthic Foram Bioclastic Packstone-Wackestone
Argillaceous Limestone
Calcareous Shale (Laminated, Fissure, Rubble)
Sandstone; Fine-Very Fine Sand
Breccia
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Petrographic Description
Eight (8) microfacies has been identified from core description, which are:
Coral Bioclastic Packstone
Coral Bioclastic - Red Algae Bioclastic Wackestone-Packstone
Coral Bioclastic - Red Algae Bioclastic Wackestone-Packstone with common Benthic Foram
Benthic Foram Bioclastic Wackestone
Argillaceous Limestone Coral Bioclastic Wackestone with abundant Benthic Foram
Argillaceous limestone Benthic Foram Bioclstic Wackestone
Dolomitized Limestone
Shale
Turtuosity Factor
Cementation Exponent
Packages
Rock Unit
m value
Facies
Stylolite
Hidrocarbon
Quartz
Dolomite
Sparite
Cement
Neomorphism
Micrite
Moldic
Vuggy
Intercrystal
Unidentified
Quartz
Planktic Foram
Matrix
Benthic Foram
Large Foram
Mollusc
Red Algae
Coral
Texture
Lithology
Particle
Shows
Base
Total
Top
Limestone
No
Silt
Dolomite
Petrographic analysis were base from one wells for total interval of Kujung Formation start from
2620 4280.
Two type of cutting samples (dried and unwashed) were used for thin section preparation in order
to get the best result for petrographic analysis
Parameter use for petrographic analysis:
Shale
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TC
D: 3284
Photomicrograph
25 X
3284
Skeletal Grst Pckst

Larger benthonic foraminifers
abundant, tightly packed,
globigerinids rare, coralline
alga fragments and small
rhodoids. Trace detrital
feldspar. Parting and irregular
masses of yellowish brown,
well oriented clay mud.
Locally some irregular calcite
spar cement, 2 or 5 percent
non-selective secondary
pores, some with pyrite.
25 X
118
Log Data
Radioactive Logs
Acoustic Logs
Resistivity Logs
Density Neutron
Sonic
Lateral
Induction
Gamma Ray
Gathered by descending radioactive tools Gathered by descending sonic tools into Gathered by descending electrical tools into
borehole
borehole
into borehole
MWD Measurement while drilling is possible
119
Log Data Analysis
120
Log Data Analysis: Corellation
121
TIGHT CARBONATE DISTRIBUTION - BRF SECTION
Soka-3
Soka-2
DF 306.9 ft
DF 325.5 ft
DEPTH
G R ( gAPI )
I LD
0 .2
115.0
0 .2
I LM
540.18 m
2 0 .0
20.0
I LD: AW S ( ohm . m )
60.0
0.2
DEPTH
G RI : AW S ( gAPI )
20.0
20.0
RI LD: AW S ( ohm . m )
130.0
0.2
G R: AW S ( gAPI )
200.0
20.0
2900
I LD: AW S ( ohm . m )
120.0
0.2
20.0
2700
2850
2800
2950
2750
2900
2850
3000
2950
3050
3000
pM
To
iti
icr
e
L im
e
ton
2800
2900
2850
2950
3100
2900
3050
3000
3150
3100
3050
Baturaja
Sequence 2
3200
3150
3100
PC
3050
3200
3300
Baturaja
2950
3000
3250
3250
207.83 m
DEPTH
G R: AW S ( gAPI )
2 0 .0
KB 296.0 ft
424.93 m
DEPTH
( ohm . m )
( ohm . m )
Bung-1
KB 322.1 ft
283.48 m
159.79 m
20.0
Soka-1
Sequence 1
TC
3150
Basement
3100
3200
3350
3150
3300
3250
3400
3200
3350
3300
3450
3400
3350
3500
3450
3400
TC in Sequence 1 of BRF
TC
122
Seismic Data
2D Seismic
3D Seismic
Exploration Stage
Characterization stage
4D Seismic
Time lapse seismic
Reservoir monitoring
Inexpensive
123
3D Stochastic Reservoir Modelling
3D Stochastic Reservoir Modelling is a term describing

a technical workflow which integrates the geoscientist
knowledge and data to provide multiple, realistic,
quantifiable reservoir model that can be ranked and

utilized for well and field planning from the exploration to
Development Realm
124
Deterministic and Stochastic

Stochastic
Deterministic
Distribution of
extremes
Geological
Environment
Interpreted well data
Heterogeneity
Properties
Barriers
Facies
Flow Unit
Structural model
Integration of data
Trends
Modelling of
uncertainty
Carbonate often sees a high
uncertainty;
probability
Prem-Carbonate
Rocks
125
2D models, 3D models, or 3D stochastic models?
126
3D grid specification
127
Summary of the East Java Basin Play Types
128
PETROLEUM SYSTEM OF EAST JAVA REGION

PRODUCTIVE UNITS
PRE-NGIMBANG
NGIMBANG
KUJUNG
NGRAYONG
WONOCOLO
LEDOK/MUNDU
SOLEREJO/GLOBIGERINID SANDS
WUNUT (VOLCANOCLASTIC)
(GAS)
(OIL AND GAS)

(OIL AND GAS)
(OIL AND GAS)
(OIL)
(OIL AND GAS)
(GAS)
(GAS)
SOURCE ROCK
NGIMBANG
LOWER KUJUNG (?)
MUTIPLE SOURCES (??)
KITCHEN (?)
LOCAL LOW (NE-SW Prem-Carbonate
AND E-W)Rocks
129
HYDROCARBON PROSPECT OF EAST JAVA REGION

LOW RISK
NORTHEAST MADURA
KUJUNG (REEF)
NGRAYONG (
SOUTH MADURA BASIN
STRATIGRAPHIC)
SOLEREJO/GLOBIGERINID SANDS
SOUTHEAST MADURA
WUNUT (VOLCANOCLASTIC)
E-W TREND ALONG

KENDENG ZONE
HIGH RISK
KUJUNG (REEF)
NORTH BALI; KANGEAN
NGRAYONG (THRUST-FOLD)
KENDENG ZONE
NGIMBANG CLASTIC (SYN-RIFT) NORTH BALI

NGIMBANG CARBONATE (REEF)
PRE-NGIMBANG (PRE-RIFT)
ONSHORE
NORTH BALI
130
C
A
R
B
O
N
A
T
E

XVI.
FINAL TEST


VIII.
MID TEST
R
O
C
K
S
Lecturer:
Dr. Premonowati
131
XIV. PETROGRAPHIC
CARBONATE
132
PETROGRAPHY
LABORATORY
Aims to know:
1. Carbonate lithofacies name of samples,
2. Percentage and type of particles, matrix,
cements/replacement and porosity,
3. Depositional Environments
133
Equipments:
1. Polarizator Microscopy
2. Preparates
3. Chart of description
134
BELAJAR FACIES KARBONAT

DENGAN ETCHA:
1. Preparasi: potong hand specimens samples
dengan permukaan yang paling luas (misal:
contoh batugamping bisa dibelah jadi 2),
2. Amplas permukaan hingga rata dan halus,
cuci bersih, kemudian oleskan sedikit cream
(berminyak) sehingga tekstur terlihat jelas,
3. Scan dengan scanner, diberi skala grafis,
dan dicrop sehingga rapi.
4. Siap difoto dan deskripsi.
135
C
A
R
B
O
N
A
T
E

XVI.
FINAL TEST


VIII.
MID TEST
R
O
C
K
S
Lecturer:
Dr. Premonowati
136
137
ALUR SIWAH
NORTH SUMATRA BASIN
138
BATURAJA FORMATION
NORTH SUMATRA BASIN
139
PARIGI
NORTHWEST JAVA BASIN
140
KUJUNG FORMATION
NORTHEAST JAVA BASIN
141
TONASA FORMATION
SOUTH SULAWESI BASIN
142
SALAWATI BASIN
143
144

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Prem-Carbonate Rocks

XV. CARBONATE FIELDS

XIII. INTEGRATING WELL DATA FOR CARBONATE RESERVOIR CHAR.ZT

IX. SEALEVEL CHANGES AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY

VI, DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS

IX. SEA LEVEL CHANGES

Basic Concept Carbonate Settings

Basic Concept Carbonate

Global Climate Cycles

Global climatic cycles, referenced to geologic periods

Frakes et al. (1992) have alternating cold & warm

CARBONATE PLATFORM INFRA-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

THE EFFECT OF SEALEVEL CHANGES TO

REEF GROWTH IN BALANCE WITH

RISING SEA LEVEL EXCEED REEF

FALL IN SEA LEVEL TERMINATE

REEF DISPLACEMENT DURING DIFFERENT

REEF DISPLACEMENT DURING RAPID SEA LEVEL RISE ON A

GEOMETRY OF REEF FORMATION AS THE RESULT OF A

REEF GROWTH THROUGH PROGRADATION

DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE MODEL

DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE MODEL

DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE MODEL

DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE MODEL

ARID CARBONATE-EVAPORATE SILICICLASTIC

DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE MODEL

SLOPE EFFECT ON SYSTEMS

SEA LEVEL FALL EFFECT ON REEF DISTRIBUTION

MODEL OF SYSTEM TRACTS FACIES IN HUMID AND ARID

STRATAL PATTERN IN CARBONATE SEQUENCE

XV. CARBONATE FIELDS

XIII. INTEGRATING WELL DATA FOR CARBONATE RESERVOIR CHAR.ZT

X.DOLOMITIZATION AND DEEP BURIAL (DEEP SUBSURFACE)

VII. DIAGENESIS: NEOMORPHIC CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY

VI, DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS

Stylolite develop together with fractures and tension.

Slabbed of MHCF facies

Compaction postdating cementation in ooids

Moderately deformed ooid

Strongly deformed ooids

Recrystallization of micrite to microspar

Recrystallization of micrite to microspar

A medium crystalline replacement

PRESSURE SOLUTION WITH DEPTH

STAIN IDENTIFICATION OF DOLOMITE

Alizarin Red-S. Stain calcite red and leaves dolomite unstained.

Potassium ferricyanide. Stains ferroan calcite blue and leaves

Malachite Green. Dyes organics green displays distribution of finely

Titan Yellow and Feigl Solution. Useful in identifying aragonite and

Coarse replacement dolomite

Dolomitization processes depends on climate:

REQUIREMENTS FOR DOLOMITE

1. Constant source of Magnesium

ARID AND HUMID DOLOMITIZATION

DOLOMITIZATION BY MIXING OF MARINE AND FRESH WATER

DOLOMITIZATION BY HYPERSALINE BRINES

DOLOMITIZATION BY SEEPAGE REFLUX

DOLOMITIZATION BY MIXING MARINE AND

XV. CARBONATE FIELDS

XIII. INTEGRATING WELL DATA FOR CARBONATE RESERVOIR CHAR.ZT

X.DOLOMITIZATION AND DEEP BURIAL (DEEP SUBSURFACE)

VII. DIAGENESIS: NEOMORPHIC CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY

VI, DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS

IX. DISSOLUTION AND