Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cabalo
2APH 2016-2017
Small size
Low solubility in aqueous fluids
Attached to a binding protein so
they wont quickly diffuse out of
the capillaries and wont be
degraded by enzymes of the liver
and lungs
- Lifespan : few days to as long as
several weeks
- Can be metabolized by hydrolytic
enzymes (free lipid soluble
hormones)
~ Water-Soluble
- polar
- can dissolve in blood
- many circulate as free hormones
- w/o binding protein
- they are quite large and do not
diffuse through the walls of the
capillaries
- have relatively short half-lives and
are rapidly degraded by enzymes
(proteases)
STIMULATION :
~ Humoral Stimuli
- blood-bourne chemicals can
directly stimulate the release of
some hormones
- they circulate in the blood
- are sensitive to the blood levels of
a particular substance
- when the blood level of a particular
chemical changes, the hormone is
released in response to the
chemicals concentration
~ Neural Stimuli
- neurotransmitters stimulates the
cells to increase hormone secretion
- some neurons secrete chemical
messengers directly into the blood
(neuropeptides)
- RELEASING HORMONES :
specialized neuropeptides
stimulate hormone secretion from
other endocrine cells
~ Hormonal Stimuli
- when a hormone is secreted that in
turn stimulates the secretion of
other hormones
~ Positive feedback
- this stimulates further secretion of
the original hormone
- self-propagating system
CLASSES OF RECEPTORS : (Figure 10.7
and 10.8)
~ Nuclear receptors
- for lipid-soluble hormones
- the hormone receptor complex
interacts with DNA
- Thyroid and steroid hormones
- HORMONE RESPONSE ELEMENTS :
specific nucleotide sequences in
the DNA
- TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR :
combination of the hormone and its
receptor
~ Membrane-bound receptors (Figure
10.9 and 10.10)
- for water-soluble hormones
- these are proteins that extend
across the plasma membrane and
have peptide chains
- proteins, peptides, amino acid
derivatives, epinephrine,
norepinephrine
- SECOND MESSENGERS : chemical
produced inside a cell once a
hormone or another chemical
messenger binds to certain
membrane-bound receptors
(second messenger system)
~
-
- to synthesize melanin
POSTERIOR
~ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- increases water reabsorption by
kidney tubules
- less water lost as urine
- can also cause blood vessels to
constrict
- VASOPRESSIN
- DIABETES INSIPIDUS : lack of ADH
secretion ; too much dilute urine
~ Oxytocin
- causes contraction of smooth
muscle cells of the uterus
- milk letdown of the breasts
HYPOTHALAMUS
- important ANS and endocrine
control center of the brain
- INFUNDIBULUM : stalk connected to
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
- HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY PORTAL
SYSTEM : capillary beds and veins
that transport the releasing and
inhibiting hormones
THYROID GLAND
- made up of 2 lobes on each side of
the trachea connected by a narrow
band called ISTHMUS
- largest endocrine glands
- highly vascular
- THYROGLOBULIN : protein in
thyroid follicles
- GOITER : thyroid enlargement
- HYPOTHYROIDISM : lack of thyroid
hormones (CRETINISM infants ;
MYXEDEMA - adults)
- HYPERTHYROIDISM : elevated rate
of thyroid hormone (GRAVES
DISEASE)
- Requires iodine
~ T4 (thyroxine / tetraiodothyronine)
and T3 (triiodothyronine)
~ Calcitonin [if calcium levels
become too high]
PARATHYROID GLANDS
~ PTH (parathyroid hormone)
- essential for the regulation of blood
calcium levels
- more important than calcitonin
- increases vit d formation
- increase osteoclast activity and
cause reabsorption of bone tissue
to release calcium
~ Somatostatin
- delta cells
- inhibits the secretion of insulin and
glucagon and gastric tract activity
TESTES AND OVARIES
- play important role in development
of sexual characteristics
~ Testosterone
- testes
- growth and development of male
reproductive structures, muscle
enlargement, growth of body hair,
voice change and male sexual
drive
~ Estrogen and Progesterone
- ovaries
- enlargement of breasts, shape of
hips, breasts and thighs and female
menstrual cycle
THYMUS
- important function in immune
system
~ Thymosin
- development of WBC (T cells)
- protect body against infection by
foreign organisms
PINEAL GLAND
- pinecone-shaped
~ Melatonin
- decrease the secretion of LH and
FSH
- decrease the release of
hypothalamic releasing hormones
- inhibits functions of the
reproductive system
- decrease of this causes changes in
sleep pattern
OTHERS
~ Prostaglandin
- intercellular signals
- autocrine or paracrine chemical
signals
- cause relaxation of smooth muscle
- medically initiate abortion
- produced by platelets, necessary
for blood clotting
~ Erythropoietin
- in response to reduced oxygen
levels in the kidney
- acts on bone marrow to increase
production of RBC
~ Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
- same to LH