Angelyka Cabalo 2APH

2017)
Chapter 4 Tissues

(2016-

Tissue
-

group of cells w/ similar

structure & function
have similar extracellular
substance located between
them
histology
microscopic study of tissue
structure
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelium
covers external & internal
surfaces throughout the
body
outer layer of skin, lining of
cavities (digestive tract,
airways & blood vessels)
forms most glands
have a free surface & basal
surface
classified according to the
number of cells layers &
shape of the cells

basement membrane
secreted partly by epithelial
cells & partly by the cells of
the underlying tissues
functions:

protect underlying
structures (from abrasion

acting as a barrier (prevent

many subs from moving
thru it)

permitting the passage of

substances

secreting substances
(sweat glands, mucous
glands & enzyme secreting
portion of pancreas)

absorbing substances
(contain carrier proteins)
Simple Epithelium
single layer of cells
Stratified Epithelium
more than 1 layer of
epithelial cells
Squamous
flat
Cuboidal
cubelike
Columnar
tall & thin
Simple Squamous Epithelium
single layer of thin, flat cells
some subs easily pass thru
some do not
prevents abrasion
outer surface of organs
secretes a slippery fluid
example : airway ends
alveoli (small sacs) &
filtration membrane of
kidneys
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
single layer of cubelike cells

carry out active transport,

facilitated diffusion or
secretion
have greater volume than
simple squamous
more cell organelles
example : kidney tubules

Simple Columnar Epithelium

single layer of tall, thin cells

mucus clear, viscous fluid

that protects the lining of
intestine & the digestive
enzymes complete the
process of digesting food
Pseudostratified Columnar
Epithelium
appears stratified
attach to basement
membrane but not all reach
the free surface
lines some glands & ducts,
the auditory tubes, nasal
cavity, nasal sinuses,
pharynx, trachea & bronchi
secretes mucus
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
thick, consist of several
layers of cells
deepest cells : cuboidal or
columnar capable of
dividing & producing new
cells
as the cells flatten,
cytoplasm is replaced by
keratin (protein) & the cells
die
outer layer of skin :
keratinized squamous
epithelium
dead cells : protection from
abrasion
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
relatively rare
found in sweat gland ducts,
ovarian follicular cells &
salivary glands
function : absorption,
secretion & protection
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
deeper layers : irregular or
cuboidal in shape
relatively rare
found in mammary gland
ducts, larynx & portion of
male urethra
Transitional Epithelium
stratified epithelium that
can be greatly stretched
unstretched : dome-shaped
stretched : low cuboidal or
squamous shape
protects underlying
structures from the caustic
effects of urine
found in urinary bladder
free surface

microvilli cylindrical
extensions of the cell
membrane that increase

surface area (cells lining

the small intestine
cilia propel materials
along the free surface if
cells (nasal cavity &
trachea pseudostratified
columnar ciliated
epithelium
goblet cells intermixed w/
ciliated mucus-producing
cells

cell connections

tight junctions
bind adjacent cells together

form permeability barriers

completely surrounds each
cell
found in lining of intestines
& most epithelia
demosomes
mechanical links that binds
cell together
epithelia subjected to stress
(stratified squamous
epithelium of skin)
hemidesmosomes
anchor cells to the
basement membrane
gap junctions
small channels that allow
small molecules & ions to
pass through

glands
secretes substances onto a
surface, into a cavity or into
the blood

exocrine
glands w/ ducts
simple w/ no branches
compound w/ many
branches
tubular/ alveolus/acinus
(end of the duct)
sweat glands
merocrine
products are released, no
actual cellular material is
lost
active transport/packed in
vesicles process of
exocytosis
sweat & digestive enzymes
apocrine
products are released as
fragments of the gland cell
mammary glands
holocrine
shedding of entire cells
sebaceous glands

endocrine
glands that have no ducts
empty their secretion into
the blood
hormones
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

found throughout the body

extracellular matrix :
protein fibers, ground
substance & fluid
protein fibers

collagen
microscopic ropes
flexible but resist stretching

reticular
very fine, short collagen
fibers

elastic
after being stretched, they
can recoil to their original
shape
ground substance
shapeless background
proteoglycans
proteins forming branches
polysaccharides forming
pine needles
trap large quantities of
water
fibroblast
form fibrous connective
tissue
fibrocytes
cells that maintain fibrous
connective tissue
osteoblasts
form bone
osteocytes
maintain bone
osteoclast
break down bone
macrophages
large white blood cells
capable of moving around
& ingesting foreign subs
mast cells
non motile cells
functions:

enclosing & separating

other tissues

connecting tissues to one

another

supporting & moving parts

of the body

storing compounds

cushioning & insulating

transporting

protecting
Loose Connective Tissue
few protein fibers
form lacy network w/
numerous spaces
where basement
membrane of epithelia
often rests

areolar
collagen fibers & few elastic
fibers
fibroblasts

adipose
adipocytes/fat cells
contain large amounts of
lipid for energy storage

loosely arranged collagen &

reticular fibers, some
scattered elastic fibers
thermal insulator
reticular
framework of lymphatic
tissue

Dense Connective Tissue

large number of protein
fibers
fibroblasts

dense collagenous
connective tissue
mostly of collagen fibers
tendons, ligaments, dermis
dense regular
oriented same direction
dense irregular
many different directions

dense elastic connective

tissue
elastic fibers
stretch & recoil
vocal cords, elastic
ligaments, walls of large
arteries

Supporting Connective Tissue

cartilage
chondrocytes or cartilage
cells - located in lacunae
flexibility & strength
heals slowly after an injury
hyaline
most abundant type of
cartilage
covers ends of bones
fibrocartilage
more collagen than hyaline
able to resist pulling or
tearing forces
disks between vertebrae,
some joints
elastic
elastic fibers in addition to
collagen & proteoglycans
external ear, epiglottis &
auditory tube

bone
hard connective tissue
osteocytes located w/in
lacunae
strength & rigidity
compact(cortical)/spongy(m
edullary) bone
Fluid Connective Tissue

blood
matrix is liquid
MUSCLE TISSUE
ability to contract, or
shorten
making movement possible
length is greater than
diameter
a.k.a. muscle fibers

skeletal

meat of animals
40% of a persons body
weight
voluntary & striated
cardiac
responsible for pumping
blood
involuntary & striated
often branched &
connected to one another
by intercalated disks
smooth
walls of hollow organs
involuntary & not striated

NERVOUS TISSUE
forms the brain, spinal cord
& nerves
for coordinating &
controlling many body
activities
electric signals : action
potentials (communication)
consist of neurons [conduct
action potentials/ cell body,
dendrites & axons] &
support cells (neuroglia)
cell body
site of general cell function
& contains the nucleus
dendrites & axons
nerve cell processes

TISSUE MEMBRANES
Membrane thin sheet/layer of
tissue that covers a structure or
lines a cavity
Skin
external membrane
Mucous Membranes
line cavities that open to
the outside of the body
digestive, respiratory &
reproductive tracts
protection, absorption &
secretion
various epithelium resting
on thick layer of loose
connective tissue
Serous Membranes
simple squamous
epithelium resting on a
delicate layer of loose
connective tissue
line the trunk cavities &
cover the organs w/in these
cavities
prevent damage from
abrasion

pleural membrane lungs

(pleurisy)

pericardial membrane
heart (pericarditis)

peritoneal membrane
abdominopelvic cavity
(peritonitis)
Synovial Membranes

only connective tissue

line the inside of joint
cavities
produce synovial fluid
reducing friction

TISSUE DAMAGE & INFLAMMATION

Inflammation tissues are damaged
Chemical mediators histamine &
prostaglandins
Edema swelling of the tissues
results when water, proteins & other
substances from the blood move
into the tissues

Neutrophil a phagocytic white

blood cell that fights infections by
ingesting bacteria
Pus mixture of dead neutrophils,
other cells & fluid
Regeneration new cells of the
same type as those that were
destroyed
Fibrosis replacement, new type of
tissue develops eventually causes
scar production

Stem cells = self-renewing,

undifferentiated cells that continue
to divide throughout life
Clot threadlike protein fibers
Scab surface of clot dries
Granulation tissue replaces clot
Macrophage removes dead
neutrophils, cellular debris &
decomposing clot
Wound contracture contraction of
fibroblasts in the granulation tissue,
pulls the edges of the wound
together