Recycled Concrete Agg. - European Experience

RECYCLED AGGREGATES FOR USE
IN NEW CONCRETE
EUROPEAN EXPERIENCES AND
APPLICATION RULES
Dr. Claus V. Nielsen, Chief Consultant

Concrete material technology, Ramboll Denmark
AUGUST 2011
RECYCLED AGGREGATES FOR USE IN NEW CONCRETE
2011InternationalConcreteSustainabilityConference
NationalReadyMixedConcreteAssociation
AGENDA
Overview of relevant European standards
Background for common European rules for recycled
aggregates for concrete
Technical challenges
European common approach to be implemented in
concrete standard
Conclusions
AUGUST 2011
EUROPEAN STANDARDS FOR

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
Building legislation
Eurocodes EN1990 to 1999
National Annexes
EN 13670 Execution of concrete

(F
(Formwork,
k reinforcement,
i f
t casting,
ti
curing)
i
)
EN 206
206-1
1 Concrete
EN 12620 Aggregates
EN 450 Fly
ash
EN 1008
Mixing water
EN 10080 Ribbed
Reinforcement
f
EN 934
Addmixtures
EN 197 Cement
AUGUST 2011
BACKGROUND
RILEM report 6 Recycling of Demolished Concrete and
Masonry was issued in 1992, containing a 150+ pages
state-of-the-art report
RILEM work was headed by Danish Prof. T.C. Hansen for
many years and paved the way for application of recycled
aggregates into concrete in Europe
Until now the applications in concrete production are very
limited unless in The Netherlands and Belgium due to
limited natural ressources and legislation on recycling
AUGUST 2011
BACKGROUND
Sorting and reuse of crushed C&DW is almost 100 %

Applications are mostly backfill and road construction subbase material
New revision of European concrete standard would like to
promote reuse and recycling into concrete production
A task group CEN/TC104/SC1/TG19 was formed in 2010 to
formulate common European application rules
AUGUST 2011
CONCRETE STANDARD (EN 206-1)

DEFINES TWO TYPES MATERIALS
Recovered aggregates:
- natural aggregates washed out of fresh concrete remains
on the production site.
- crushed hardened concrete that have not yet been built
into final application
application, saw-cuts
saw cuts from element production,
production
rejected batches, laboratory samples, trial batches, etc.
Recycled aggregates:
- Crushed building materials from C&DW coming from
buildings, pavements, structures, etc.
AUGUST 2011
TECHNICAL CHALLENGES FOR

COMMON APPLICATION RULES
Recycled aggregates contains unwanted substances that
needs to be regulated and documented by the supplier
Substitution degrees relative to the total aggregates
fraction -> has implications on the structural performance
Different countries or regions have different specs for
natural aggregates depending on exposure class, general
quality of aggregates, etc.
AUGUST 2011
C&DW CONTAINS UNWANTED

MATERIALS
AUGUST 2011
TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Some countries have already implemented national rules

that define classes and applications
Recycling
R
li
off coarse aggregates
t ((> 4 mm / 0
0.15
15 in.)
i )
generally have many and good experiences found in
literature. Aggregates standard (EN 12620) only consider
coarse recycled aggregates
Recycling of fine aggregates introduces production
challenges and suitability is generally not as welldocumented as coarse
AUGUST 2011
RILEM state-of-the-art suggested several technical issues
to be considered for recycled concrete below a few is
given
Old cement paste attached on coarse particles after
crushing is found to be about 20-25 % by weight (and up
to twice as much for fines) from Japanese investigation
by B.C.S.J (1978)
Mortar proportion of coarse crushed concrete is found to be
from 25 to 40 % by volume,
volume decreasing with larger particle
size from Hansen & Narud (1983)
AUGUST 2011
10
RILEM state-of-the-art technical issues continued
Recycled aggregates show increased water absorption
compared with natural aggregates >
> increased need for
production control
Elastic modulus reduced up to 15 % when all coarse
aggregates
gg g
are recycled
y
and up
p to 40 % if both coarse and
fines are recycled
Drying shrinkage increases significantly sometimes
doubles
Creep deformations increase significantly literature
suggest from 20 to 60 % increase compared to natural
aggregates concrete
AUGUST 2011
11
ELASTIC MODULUS VS COMPR. STRENGTH
AUGUST 2011
12
TWO CLASSES OF RECYCLED COARSE

AGGREGATES ARE DEFINED
Class A is mainly based on crushed concrete
Class B is at least 50 % crushed concrete and

up to 30 % masonry rubble, aerated concrete,
etc.
Next two slides show composition limits
imposed on the two classes
AUGUST 2011
13
AUGUST 2011
14
Note that floating materialsRECYCLED

are AGGREGATES
in volume
perAUGUST 2011
FOR USE IN NEW CONCRETE
weight: 2 cm3 /kg corresponds to about 0.5 vol-%
15
APPLICATION OF CLASS A AND B

Both classes up to 50 % of coarse fraction
- Indoor use, plain concrete, no risk of
corrosion.
Class A up to 30 % of coarse fraction
- Reinf. concrete exposed to carbonation
- Freeze/thaw exposure,
exposure no deicing salts,
salts no
marine environment, e.g. facade surfaces
Class B up to 20 % of coarse fraction
- Dry concrete or permanently wet concrete,
foundations, etc.
Note: Substitution degrees means that
structural properties of concrete remains as
normally applied for natural aggregates AUGUST 2011
16
OTHER SPECS FOR RECYCLED

AGGREGATES
Upper limit on flakiness index
Minimum resistance against fragmentation
fragmentation, Los
Angeles coeff. 50
Particle density (specific):
- Class A: 2.1
- Class
Cl
B
B: 1.7
17
Water soluble sulfate content: 0.7 mass-%
Water absorption
p
shall be declared by
y supplier
pp
Chloride content shall be declared by supplier
Note: National variations in specs will
occur due to traditions and experiences
AUGUST 2011
17
CONCLUSIONS
Two classes of recycled aggregates defined in
coming revision of European concrete standard
EN 206-1
Up to 50 % (by weight) substitution of natural
aggregates for lowest environmental exposure
class
Open for nationally determined parameters
depending on local traditions and material specs
for natural aggregates
AUGUST 2011
18
QUESTIONS??
THANK YOU
CVN@ramboll.dk
Tel. +45 5161 7515
AUGUST 2011
19

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RECYCLED AGGREGATES FOR USE

Dr. Claus V. Nielsen, Chief Consultant

EUROPEAN STANDARDS FOR

Eurocodes EN1990 to 1999

EN 13670 Execution of concrete

Sorting and reuse of crushed C&DW is almost 100 %

CONCRETE STANDARD (EN 206-1)

TECHNICAL CHALLENGES FOR

C&DW CONTAINS UNWANTED

Some countries have already implemented national rules

ELASTIC MODULUS VS COMPR. STRENGTH

TWO CLASSES OF RECYCLED COARSE

Class B is at least 50 % crushed concrete and

Note that floating materialsRECYCLED

APPLICATION OF CLASS A AND B

RECYCLED AGGREGATES FOR USE IN NEW CONCRETE

OTHER SPECS FOR RECYCLED

RECYCLED AGGREGATES FOR USE IN NEW CONCRETE

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