polyIRF IntroAnd1stPart PDF

Well design well performance
Date
Subject
By
Details
Monday 26 June
Well construction
TA 220
D. Dupuis
Drilling and Casing Program
Tuesday 27 June
Well Design
TA 220
D. Dupuis
Casing Design
Formation Damage
TA 220
A. AudibertHayet
Wednesday 28 June
Thursday 29 June
Drilling Completion fluid Formation Damage
Completion and sand control TA 220
M. Nasr
Perforation - Sand Control
Friday 30 June
Fracturation
TA 220
M. Nasr
Fracturing - Acidizing
Monday 3 July
Well Performance
TA 220
I. Rey-Fabret
Performance of Productive Formation: PI and IPR equation
Tuesday 4 July
Well Performance
TA 220
I. Rey-Fabret
- prediction of future IPR - Fetkovich's equation - productivity of horizontal and stanted

wells
Wednesday 5 July
Well Performance
TA 220
I. Rey-Fabret
Flow of fluids in Pipes: General energy equation - Calculation of static and dynamic
pressures in gas wells
Thursday 6 July
Well Performance
TA 220
I. Rey-Fabret
Flowing Well Performance: Pressure gradient curves and traverses, flow through Chokes
Artificial lift
TA 220
G. Gabolde /
F. Bikoro
Artificial Lift
Monday 10 July
Use of Prosper
TA 321
G. Gabolde /
F. Bikoro
Training on Prosper Software
Tuesday 11 July
Design of Artificial Lift
TA 321
Project
Design of an artifical lift system from field data
Wednesday 12 July
Design of Artificial Lift
TA 321
Project
Design of an artificial lift system from field data
FINAL EXAM
TA 220
I. Rey-Fabret
Friday 7 July
Thursday 13 July
9h 12h
WELL PERFORMANCE
INTRODUCTION
Isabelle REY-FABRET
isabelle.rey-fabret@ifp.fr
tel : 01 47 52 65 18
The production system

WELL
HEAD
Pup
LINE
Pdown
Ps
SEPARATOR
WELL
Pr
Pwf
PAY ZONE
Pressure losses from the reservoir

to the separator
flow in the
well head
multiphase flow
in the pipeline
P3
Pdown
Pup
P1
Ps
vertical and inclined

multiphase flow
P2
Pr
P4
SEPARATOR
Pwf
flow in porous media
rate of production
during the well life
qp (Rate of
production)
build up
plateau rate
stop of
the production
Time
beginning
of the
production
production facilities to
be installed
5
Aim of this course

To forecast the different facilities of the
production system
(wells, artificial lift systems, pipelines, etc...)
for a given reservoir pressure (Pr) and a

given separator pressure (Ps),
to optimize
the rate of production, qp
6
How to determine qp ?
qp = intersection between IPR curve and
VLP curve
IPR curve = Index of Productivity Relationship
description of the flow in the reservoir
VLP curve = Vertical Lift Performance
description of the flow from the bottom of the
well to the separator
7
Ps
SEPARATOR
VLP curve
Pwf
Pr
P = Pwf
IPR curve
For given Ps, Pr, and production

facilities,
there is a unique possibility of
production rate
=
intersection between IPR and VLP
VLP
IPR
qp
To plot IPR and VLP curves, we

have to estimate pressure losses
by using models dedicated to :
flows in porous media
vertical and inclined flows
flows in the choke
we have to distinguish between :
single phase flows and two phase flows

vertical wells and deviated wells
gas or oil reservoirs,
isotropic or anisotropic reservoirs,
...
9
Plan of this course

Part 1 : Flow in the porous media, IPR
curve, horizontal wells
Part 2 : Multiphase flow
application to vertical flows in the well VLP
curve
application to flows in the pipelines
Part 3 : Flow through the choke

Summary of the results
10
Pressure losses
in the pay zone
Part 1
Flow in porous media, IPR curve
11
Plan of this course

Part 1 : Flow in the porous media, IPR
curve
Part 2 : Multiphase flow
application to the vertical flow in the well
VLP curve
application to the flow in the pipelines
Part 3 : Flow through the choke

Summary of the results
12
WELL
HEAD
Pup
LINE
Pdown
Ps
SEPARATOR
WELL
Pr
P1
Pwf
PAY ZONE
13
Productivity Index (PI)

Productivity Index = ratio of the rate of
production per pressure drawdown
q
q
PI = J =
=
Prm Pwf P1
(bbls / day / psi )
q = Production Rate (in bbls/day for an oil well)

Prm = Static Reservoir Pressure (psi),
calculated at the middle point of the reservoir
Pwf = Flowing Bottom Hole Pressure (psi)
14
Inflow Performance Relationship

Pwf
a relation between the production rate

and the flowing down hole pressure (Pwf)
(psi)
1
Pwf = q + Prm
J
Prm
real curve
PI1
theoretical curve, but not actual
not linear due to

2 phase flow, turbulence, etc...
PI2
0
q1
qmax = maximum rate of production,
obtained when Pwf = 0
q2
qmax
qth
q
(bbls/day)
qth = pseudo qmax,

in the case of no free gas
15
From IPR curve to PI

PI = the productivity at a particular rate
= f(q,Prm)
= calculated by using the slope of the
IPR curve at the considered point
We have to determine the IPR curve
corresponding to the considered reservoir
to be able to give PI at each flow rate
16
How to calculate the IPR ?

- by using known quantities = the
characteristics of the reservoir
- by using theoretical models for flows in
porous media = the Darcy's law
- by using measurements = different well
tests
17

known quantities
rw
Pr,Tr
re
k : absolute permeability
ko,g : effective permeability of the rock to oil / to gas
o,g : effective viscosity of oil / gas, at average pressure
WC : water cut
GOR = gas oil ratio
18
Case of oil wells

Effective and relative permeabilities
effects of water production (1/2)
ko = effective permeability of the rock to oil
qo o
ko =
AdPo
dl
sw,o = water or oil saturation.

For oil and water system, sw + so = 1
k = absolute permeability = single phase permeability
ko
k ro =
k
kw
; k rw =
k
= relative permeabilities (oil ; water)
19
Case of oil wells

Effective and relative permeabilities
effects of water production (2/2)
1
oil
kro
krw
er
at
w
0
1
0
no oil
flow
sor
swc
sw
so
no water
flow
0
0
1
sor = residual oil saturation ; swc = connate water saturation
20

tests
21
Darcy's law experimental results

Water injection
(rate = q)
A = 2r
r
L
SAND
kA P
q=
L
where :
k = permeability of the sand

= viscosity of the sand
22
Darcy's law applied to

petroleum production
- in field units
Prm = reservoir pressure at

the outer boundary
q=
0.00708 k .h
Pr
f ( P) dP
re 3
P = Pwf
ln + S '
r 4
S ' = S + FND q
f(P) = some function of pressure

which depends on the state
of the flow in the porous media
S = skin factor
FND q = turbulent flow term
we have to distinguish between
single phase flow and two phase flow
23

tests
24
Wells tests
Case of oil reservoir :
mainly build-up tests
Case of gas well :

Back pressure tests
Isochronal or modified isochronal tests
25
Hypothesis of IPR calculation

concerning the reservoir
Homogeneous (permeability k and
saturation s constant in all horizontal
directions)
Horizontal
h
Circular
The thickness h is constant
It is drained by a single fully penetrating
well located at its centre
26
oil
reservoir
no free
oil gas
oil
reservoir
reservoir
generalization
- free gas t
oin
p
ble
b
Bu
condensate
reservoir
Critical
point
De
gas reservoir
po
int
Joule-Thomson
expansion
Cricondentherm
point
0%
5%
10
%
20
%
%
80
40
%
Reservoir Pressure
Different cases of flow

Hydrocarbon phase diagram
lines of constant
phase distribution
(% = liquid volume)
Reservoir Temperature
27
IPR calculation versus case of flow
Case of flow
IPR
Definition calculation
Oil only
Gas only
Oil and free gas
28
Single phase flow

oil no free gas
Pb Pwf Prm
oil
reservoir
Prm
Pb = bubble point pressure
0%
5%
10
%
20
%
80
40
%
Pwf
Pb
Temperature
29
oil / no free gas

Pb Pwf Prm
PB<Pwf<Prm
Specific assumptions :
- the oil satures completely the formation (no free gas)
- the flow rate is low no turbulence
k ro
f ( P) =
B
= viscosity of the fluid
at average pressure
relative permeability
of the rock to oil
B = Fraction Volume Factor
of the fluid
V ( Pr , Tr )
B = FVF =
V ( Pstd , Tstd )
30
oil / no free gas

PB<Pwf<Prm
kro = 1
o
viscosity versus pressure
k ro
f ( P) =
o Bo
:
t
l
n
i
f o Bonsta
o
se t co
a
s
C
o
alm
B
PB
f(P) almost constant for P > PB
31
oil / no free gas

PB<Pwf<Prm
Darcy's law
in this case:
qo =
qo o Bo re 3
+ S ' = Prm
Pwf +
ln
0.00708 ko h rw 4
0.00708 ko h(Prm Pwf )
re 3
o Bo ln + S '
rw 4
unrealistic for large values of re,

since it implies that Pr becomes
very large as re increases,
whereas in practice Pr tends to Prm
P
Prm
most of pressure losses
near the wellbore
re
rw
32
oil / no free gas

PB<Pwf<Prm
qo
=
J=
Prm Pwf
0.00708 ko h
re 3
o Bo ln + S '
rw 4
ko h
For a given system, J const.
o Bo
Non accurate, but gives a quick idea of J
33
oil / no free gas

case of oil and water flow
PB<Pwf<Prm
If both oil and water are flowing,

we use the Darcy's law for each fluid :
kw
0.00708 h ko
+
J=
re
B
o
o
w
w
ln 0.472 + S '
rw
oil
water
34
Case of flow
IPR
Oil only
Gas only
Oil and free gas
35
Case of gas
gas reservoir
Prm
P
Pwf
0%
5%
10
%
20
%
%
40
%
80
Temperature
36
Case of gas
Specific assumptions :
- the compressibility and the viscosity cant be
considered as constant
- the flow rate is high turbulence more pressure losses
f ( P) =
kg
g Bg
If there are no condensation or

liquid accumulation problems,
kg = cte
TZ
where : Z = gas compressibility
B g = 0.02827
P Re s
factor, which varies
T = absolute T
37
case of gas
Assumption : we consider the average of the different quantities
q=
with
0.00708 k g .h
Pr
f ( P) dP
re 3
P = Pwf
ln + S '
r 4
P
f ( P) =
0.02827 g ZT
38
Case of gas
qg =
qg =
1.4066 *10 3 k g h
Prm
re 3
ln + S ' Pwf
r 4
PdP
g ZT
0.703 *10 3 k g h Prm2 Pwf2
(in Mscf/d)
re 3
ga Z aTa ln + S + FND q
rw 4
for assumed average properties and pressures
term due to
turbulent flow
frequently
of the order of 10-3
Xa = average of the quantitiy, calculated at the average pressure

39
Case of gas
If we consider C1 =
we have
0.703.10 3 k g h
g Z aTa
and
re 3
C2 = ln + S
rw 4
FND q 2 + C2 q C1 Prm2 Pwf2 = 0
term due to
turbulent flow
FND
C2
q+
C1
C1
(
P
2
rm
Pwf2
q
)=0
40
Case of gas
FND
C
q+ 2
C1
C1
(
P
2
rm
Pwf2
q
)=0
ax + b = y
straight line
x=q
y=
where :
Prm2 Pwf2
q
0.13.103 GZT
a=
h 2 rw k 4 3
non Darcy coefficient

(turbulent flow)
1.422.103 ZT re 3
b=
ln + S
kh
rw 4
coefficient of Darcy effects
41
Case of gas
a and b can be empirically determined
use of well tests (q and Pwf measurements)
an over method : the back pressure

equation
use of well tests
42
Different types of gas-well tests

drawdown : decrease of pressure during production at
constant flow rate
pressure buildup : increase of pressure with the well

closed-in
Gas-well tests
stabilized production point test
multiple-rate drawdown tests : non stabilized
flow conditions
multiple-rate drawdown tests : isochronal and
p-plot methods
43
Stabilized production point method (1/3)

initially : to close the well buildup
pressure determination of Pi
four times : well flowed at a constant rate
q for a sufficient time that Pwf stabilizes
four couples (q, Pwf )
main disadvantage : unrealistically long
test periods (to attain the stabilized Pwf)
44

Pwf
Prm
Pwf1
Pwf2
Pwf3
4 couples (q,Pwf)
Pwf4
stabilized values
q1
0
t1
q4
q3
q2
t2
t3
t4
Time
45

log-log plot
log q g = log C + n log Prm2 Pwf2
n = slope of the line
log qg
qg in
MMscf/d
2 n
wf
qg = C P P
2
rm
Back pressure equation
log Prm2 Pwf2

logC
logC = intersection of the line

with the logq axis
C = gas well performance coefficient

n = exponent of back pressure equation
0.5 < n < 1
High turbulent effect
Fetkovich model for oil

or for moderate
gas flow rates
This model doesn't represent the actual situation

because of turbulent terms
46
Multiple-rate drawdown tests to determine

n and log C for the IPR curve :
isochronal procedures
Introduced in order to avoid the long delay necessary
for a stabilized situation (stabilized production point method),
before Pwf is recorded.
2 examples : Cullender test and Katz test
common test conditions :
- generally 4 different flow rates q1<q2<q3<q4
- same fixed delay t for the 4 sequencies of production :
sufficiently short to assume transient flow conditions
- a last test period of production with Pwf stabilization
47
Cullender's test
Specific test conditions : we wait until the pressure build up
to the static value with the well closed-in
Pwf
Pwf initial = Prm

Pwf1
Prm
Pwf2
stabilized pressure
Pwf3
Pwf4
q
q2
q1
t1i
t
t1f
t2i t2f
t
q4
q3
t3i
t3f
t
t4i
t4f
t
Pwf5
q5
In this test, Pwfi are

the sole unstable values
Time
48
Katz's test
Specific test condition : buildup period tbu is fixed
Pwf
Pwf initial = Prm
Prm
Pwf1
Pwf2
stabilized pressure
Pwf3
Pwf5
Pwf4
q
q2
q1
t1i
t
t2i t2f
t1f
tbu
q4
q3
t3i
tbu
In this test, Pwfi and q

are unstable values
t4i
t3f
t
q5
tbu
t4f
Time
t
49
Use of Cullender or Katz's tests

n and logC determination
points obtained
during drawdown periods
(Pwfi,qi) , i = 1..4
log q
pe
o
sl
he
t
of
e
lin
point obtained
with (Pwf5,q5)
log Prm2 Pwf2
logC
2 n
wf
qg = C P P
2
rm
50
Single phase flow case of gas

Conditions to use this method
in the case of a low permeability k :
the tests don't give the possibility to be in
stabilized conditions.
no accurate measurements
for a good k :
the period of stabilization is short
good accuracy of the method
51
IPR determination for a gas-well

With tests, we measure q and Pwf
2
log
P
rm
2
We calculate log q and log Prm
Pwf2
log
Prm
P
w
22
We plot log q versus log Prm2 Pwf2
linear regression + use of stabilized (q,Pwf)
n and logC determination
IPR
52
Absolute Open Flow Potential qmax

qmax represents the ideal case of production, where Pwf = 0.
In this case, P1 is maximum, because :
P1 = PrShutIn Pwf
0
Then, the production is maximum

(by considering only the reservoir point of view).
2
can be written : qmax = C PrShutIn
2 n
wf
The back pressure equation : q g = C P P

2
rm
53
Case of flow
IPR
Oil only
Gas only
Oil and free gas
54
Two phase flow oil and free gas

Pwf Prm Pb
oil
reservoir
10
%
Case of only
2 phase flow
0%
5%
Pwf
20
%
Prm
80
40
%
Pb
Temperature
55
Two phase and single phase flow

oil and free gas
Pwf Pb Prm
oil
reservoir
Prm
q1
Pb
q2
Case of single phase and

2 phase flow
0%
5%
Pwf
Temperature
56
Two phase flow oil and free gas

Pwf Prm Pb
oil
reservoir
10
%
Case of only
2 phase flow
0%
5%
Pwf
20
%
Prm
80
40
%
Pb
Temperature
57
Two phase flow

first case : PB > Prm
qo =
with
0.00708 k .h
PB > Prm
Prm
f ( P) dP
P = Pwf
re 3
ln + S '
r 4
w
f ( P) =
k ro
o Bo
not constant,
function of pressure
function of saturation
The equation can't be solved without the knowledge

of the relation between kro/oBo and (Prm Pwf) = P1
58
Two phase flow

PB > Prm
kro can be estimated in lab with experiences

but
- very expensive in time
- can be different at each level in the reservoir, for the same rock
Prm
Pwf
k ro
dP
o Bo
I1 I2
k ro
o Bo
I2
I1
Pwf
P
qo depends on the level

of pressure.
It depends on the GOR
too (the curve is not the
same).
Prm
P
59
Two phase flow

An empirical method
Pwf
Prm
PB > Prm
measurements
Pressures and corresponding rates of production
measured in different fields are normalized
by qmax and Prm resp.
Curves of each field
can be superposed.
q
qmax
measurements are used

to establish an empirical equation
=
IPR equation
60
Two phase flow P
> Prm
IPR equations
q
qmax
V=0:
Pwf
= 1 (1 V )
Prm
qth
q
J=
=
Prm Pwf Prm
Pwf
V
Prm
PB > Prm
IPR = straight line

Pwf
V = 0.8
VOGEL's equation
Prm
V=1
IPR curves
FETKOVITCH's equation
q=
qmax 2
2
(
P
P
rm
wf )
2
Prm
(qmax)F
(qmax)V
qth
61
Two phase flow

relation between J* and qmax
PB > Prm
Definition : If Pwf = Prm, we have J = J*.

J is defined by :
Case of Vogel's
qmax
J=
Prm
Case of
q
J=
Prm Pwf
q
J=
P
1 wf
Prm
equation :
Pwf
1 + 0.8
P
rm
J* =
1.8 qmax
Prm
Fetkovich's equation :
qmax
J=
Prm
Pwf
1 +
P
rm
2 qmax
J* =
Prm
62
Two phase flow

IPR equations : How to determine qmax ?
PB > Prm
if we know Prm, by using one result of well

test (= one couple (q,Pwf))
or
without the knowledge of Prm, by using two
results of well test (= 2 couples (q,Pwf))
63
Two phase flow
PB > Prm
exercise 1.1
We consider an oil well, which produces in the
following conditions :
Prm = 2500 psi
qi = 3000 bbls/d
Pwfi = 1800 psi
Prm < Pb
Question : Give the IPR curve using Fetkovich's

approach, and Vogel's one.
64
Oil and free gas

Pwf < PB < Prm
Pwf Pb Prm
oil
reservoir
Prm
Pb
Case of single phase and

2 phase flow
0%
5%
Pwf
Temperature
65
Two phase flow

oil and free gas
qo =
0.00708 k .h
Pwf < PB < Prm
Prm
f ( P) dP
re 3
P = Pwf
ln + S '
r 4
k ro
and f ( P) =
B
when Pwf > Pb, single phase

f(P) almost constant
when Pwf < Pb , two phase flow (oil + gas)

f(P) is a function of saturation and pressure
66
Two phase flow

oil and free gas
Pwf < PB < Prm
Prm
Pb k
k
ro dP + ro dP
qo =
B
re 3
P = Pwf B
P = Pb
ln + S '
r 4
0.00708 ko .h
Pwf < P < Pb

Pb < P
two phase flow single phase flow
Pb
Prm Pb
0.00708 ko .h
kr

q=
dP +
B
re 3
P = Pwf B
ln + S '
4
w
part of the IPR curve given by Vogel's or Fetkovich's models

67
Two phase flow

IPR curve
Pwf
Pwf < PB < Prm
Part of single phase flow

Straight line PI = J = cte
Prm
Physically, the transition from pure liquid

flow to the presence of some free gas
in the flowing stream is a continuous one
continuity of the curves
Pb
q1
q2
Part of two phase flow
curve
qmax-qb
qb
rate at bubble
point pressure
qp
qmax
(AOFP)
production rate
68
Oil and free gas

Pwf < PB < Prm
oil
reservoir
Prm
q1
Pb
qp = q1 + q2
q2
0%
5%
Pwf
Temperature
69
Two phase flow

Fetkovich's approach to calculate
Pb
f ( P)dP
Pwf < PB < Prm
Pwf
assumption : f(P) is a linear function of pressure

we know the conditions of Pressure, viscosity, etc...
at the bubble point
k ro
f ( P) o Bo
P
=
=
f (Pb ) k ro
Pb
B
o o b
f ( P) =
P
Pb
k ro
B
o o b
70
Two phase flow
Pb
Fetkovich approach to calculate f ( P)dP

Pwf
k ro 1
Pb2 Pwf2
2P
B
re 3
ln + S ' o o b b
r 4
q=
we can write :
0.00708 k .h
q=
or
q = J ' Pb2 Pwf2
0.00708 ko .h
1
Pb2 Pwf2
re 3
2 Pb
o Bo ln + S '
rw 4
J
q=
Pb2 Pwf2
2 Pb
Pwf < PB < Prm
where J is the PI in the case of single phase flow (q1 calculation in the phase plane )
where J' is referred to a pseudo productivity index
71
Fetkovich approach
IPR equation
Pwf < PB < Prm
q1 = J (Prm Pb )
Pwf
Prm
Pb
q1
as
h
p
le
g
in
ion
t
r
o
ep
ha
two p
J
q2 =
Pb2 Pwf2
2 Pb
rtion
o
p
e
s
q2
qmax-qb
qb
Total rate :
qp
q = J (Prm Pb ) +
qmax
(AOFP)
J
Pb2 Pwf2
2 Pb
and qmax = J Prm
Pb
72
2
Two phase flow

Vogel's approach
Pwf < PB < Prm
The two phase part of the curve can be written like

in the case of two phase flow where Prm < Pb, with the assumption that
PrmPb :
Pwf
q = qmax 1 0.2
Pb
Pwf
0.8
Pb
To obtain the real equation of IPR in the case of two phase flow where
Pwf < PB < Prm, we have to shift this curve by introducing the bubble flow rate qb :
Pwf
q = qb + (qmax qb )1 0.2
Pb
Pwf
0.8
Pb
73
Two phase flow

relation between J* and qmax
Pwf < PB < Prm
Definition : If Pwf = Pb, we have J = J*=Jstraight line.

Translation of the 2-phase curve
Prm
J*
qmax
Case of Vogel's
Prm
Pb
0
qmax
qb
equation :
1.8 (qmax qb )
J* =
Pb
qb qmax
Case of
J*
Pb
qb
qmax
Fetkovich's equation :
2 (qmax qb )
J* =
Pb
74
Changes of IPR curve ...

Case of horizontal and deviated wells
Modification due to the skin factor
Evolution of IPR
IPR in the future, during the field life
75
Horizontal wells
- When to use them ?
- How to calculate the flow rate ?
- Influence of reservoir anisotropy
- Case of slant wells
76
Why to use horizontal wells?

Mainly :
To increase the surface of contact
between the well and the reservoir
To enhance the productivity
77
Drainage area in the case of a

horizontal well
L
drainage area
of a vertical well
kv
drainage shape = ellipsodal
a
a = large half-axis
kh
78
Surface of contact between

the well and the reservoir
re
a
Vertical well
Horizontal well a =
2
Examples :
For 1000 ft : Horizontal area = 2 * Vertical area
For 2000 ft : Horizontal area = 3 * Vertical area
79
When to use them ?
in naturally fractured reservoirs

in low permeability reservoirs
in gas reservoirs with high permeability
in reservoirs with water and gas coning
problems
to decrease drilling costs
...
ex : mountain location,
central platform
(offshore)
Gas
Oil
Water
80
How to know the gain

in productivity by drilling
a horizontal well ?
By doing a comparison between :
Horizontal well PI and vertical well PI
The number of vertical wells required to
obtain the same level of productivity as a
single horizontal one
81
Quantities used in this part
L = Horizontal well length

h = Thickness of the pay-zone
rw = Wellbore radius
re = Drainage radius
q = Flow rate
k = permeability
subscripts :
h horizontal
v vertical
d deviated
82
Flow rate estimation

Several methods are proposed, and, more
particularly :
Borisov
Renard and Dupuy
Joshi
Assumption : reservoirs are isotropic (horizontal
permeability = vertical one
83
A model to compare
horizontal and vertical PI
Hyp
: kv/kh = cte
h in feet
r
ln ev
Jh
rw
=
2
Jv
L

1 + 1
2
r
h h
eh
+
ln
L ln 2 r
L
w

2 reh
Jh
Jv
h = 25 '
50 '
200 '
400 '
if h <<L
L
Conclusion : The gain of J in a thin reservoir

is higher than for a thick zone
84
Case of anisotropic reservoirs

Assumption : kv kh (anisotropic reservoir)
In this case, the anisotropy can be characterized by :
kh
kv
kh = permeability in the horizontal plane

kv = vertical permeability
and the reservoir thickness is modified :
heff
kh
=h
= h
kv
85

Jh
Jv
h1 = cte
kh
kv
h2 = cte
h1 < h2
Conclusions :
- The gain of PI is higher for reservoirs of good vertical permeabilities,
- this impact is relaxed in the case of thin reservoirs.
86

anisotropy in the horizontal plane
case 1 : productivity = optimized

larger horizontal anisotropy
smaller horizontal anisotropy
case 2 : productivity = minimum
better = well drilled normal to

the larger horizontal anisotropy
87

Joshis model :
qh =
a +
ln
p
0 . 00708 k h h
0 B0
2
L

a2
2 h h
+ L ln 2 r
L
w
where
kh
=
kv
Renard and Dupuys model :

qh =
0 . 00708 k h h p
0B0
where Rw = rw
(1+ )
2
1
2 a h h
arcch
+
ln
L L 2 R w
88
How to calculate
the effective radius rw' ?
rw' can be defined as the radius of a fictive
vertical well which produces with the same
flow rate as the considered horizontal well.
Assumption :
r ev = r eh
same drainage radius
Jv = Jh
same productivity index
89
By using Joshis equation :

0 . 00708
a +
ln
=>
r w' =
L
2
a +
khh
Jh = Jv
0 . 00708
oBo
h
h
+ L ln 2 r
w
L
r eh
2
L h

2 r w
oBo
ln e '
rw
khh
where 2a = major axis of

the drainage ellipse
and
kh
kv
(general relation, which takes into account the anisotropy)

90
Case of Slant wells
pay-zone
well trajectory
91
Cinco, Miller and Ramey model

assumption : < 75
deviated thickness :
h
hd =
rw
kh
kv
deviated inclination :
kh
d = arctan
tan
kv
effective wellbore radius :
rw' = rwe sd
d
sd =
41
2.06
1.865

56
hd
ln
100
92
Cinco, Miller and Ramey model

Slant well / Vertical well comparison
re
ln
rw
Jd
=
Jv
re
ln
r'w
Jd
Jv
h = 400'
300' '
200
100'
hyp : kv=kh
Conclusion : Jd/Jv increases with kv (as for horizontal wells)

and with h (in contrast to horizontal well)
93
Van der Vliss model

Assumption : 20 and kv=kh
rw
L
r = 0.454 sin 360
h
4
'
w
h
L
with :
re
ln
rw
J
d
Then, we can apply :
=
Jv
r
ln e
r'w
L=
h
cos( )
to compare Jd and Jv.
94
Conclusion
Its only in the case of thick reservoirs that
slant wells can be more interesting than
horizontal ones.
For thin pay-zones, horizontal wells are
always better.
95
Borisovs model
P
o Bo
SI Units
qh =
4reh h h
ln
+ ln
L L 2 rw
specific to
2kh h
this model
Field Units
If L>>h
P
0.00708kh h
o Bo
qh =
4 reh h h
ln
+ ln
L L 2 rw
qh =
P
o Bo
4r
ln eh
L
0.00708kh h
96
Renard and Dupuys model

P
o Bo
SI Units
qh =
2a h h
arcch + ln
L L 2 rw
specific to
2kh h
where 2a = major axis

of the drainage ellipse
this model
P
o Bo
qh =
2a h h
arcch + ln
L L 2 rw
0.00708k h h
Field Units
If L>>h
qh =
P
o Bo
2a
arcch
L
0.00708kh h
97
Joshis model
P
SI Units
qh =
specific to
this model
where :
If L>>h
2kh h
( )
( )
o Bo
L
a + a 2 h h
+ ln
ln
L 2 rw
2
L
2reh
0.5 + 0.25 +
a=
2
L
qh =
2kh hP
( )
( )
L
a + a 2
o Bo ln
field units :
2 0.00708
and
h
h
ln
ln
2rw
rw
98

Evolution of IPR
99
Skin factor
re
rw
pay zone
rs
ks
Zone of changed permeability

SKIN EFFECT, characterized by a factor named skin factor , noticed S
"S" takes into account the non homogeneity of the permeability of the reservoir100
Why changes of the reservoir

permeability near the wellbore ?
formation damage during completion,
mud invasion during drilling,
inadequate perforation techniques,
Acidizing process, (Cf. Well Damage)
How to know the presence of skin ?

In this case, the actual production rate is
different than expected from calculation
Presence of (P)skin
101
Skin effect and pressure losses

Change of pressure profile in the formation
P
PR
radius
Estimated Pwf for a given q

Actual Pwf in the case of a positive skin factor
Ps < 0
Actual Pwf in the case of a negative skin factor
Pwf
Ps > 0
Pskin = (Pwf )Estimated (Pwf )Actual

102
Consequences of the skin effect on

the IPR curve
Pwf
Increase of
skin effect
Ideal IPR
q
103
Skin factor ex. of oil field

0.00708 ko h
P
q =
re
B
+
S
ln
'
o o
rw
S ' = S + Dq
B re SB DB 2
P =
ln q +
q +
q
2kh rw 2kh 2kh
P = (PI )ideal q + (skin effect )q + (turb. effect )q 2
104
Models of skin factor calculation

assumptions
Assumptions concerning the damaged area :
Fluids are considered as uncompressible
At any time, the volume of incoming fluid is
equal to the volume of outgoing fluid.
All these conditions suppose a permanent
flow in the damaged area.
105

Permanent skin method
first relation
hk
(P )skin
S=
141.4 qBo o
S > 0 when the permeability near the wellbore is less than far from it :
ks < k
S = 0 when there is no change of permeability
S < 0 in the case of ks > k (after an acidizing process for example)
S can be determined by using well tests (cf course about well test
analysis).
second relation
k k s rs
S=
ln
ks
rw
s skin
w well
106

Effective wellbore radius method (1/3)
The principle of this method is to create a
fictive well which skin factor is 0 and which
production rate is the same as the actual one.
The effective wellbore radius rw is the
theoretical radius of this well.
This method is available when the skin
permeability and its radius are not too high.
107

r = rwe
'
w
rw = effective
wellbore radius
(k)
(ks)
rw
(k)
(k)
rs
rs
rw
actual well : ks k
fictive well : ks = k
In this example, S<0 rw <rw
108

Flow rate :
0.00708kh
p
q=
re
o Bo ln '
rw
Productivity Index :
0.00708kh
J=
re
o Bo ln '
rw
re
re
ln ' replaces ln 0.75 + S '
rw
rw
109
Case of horizontal wells (1/2)

Skin effect
Vertical wells :
(P)skin is proportional
to the flow rate per
unit length h of the
wellbore in the payzone.
(P )skin
q

h
Horizontal wells :
(P)skin is proportional
to the flow rate per
unit length L of
horizontal part of the
wellbore in the payzone.
q
(P )skin
L
Influence of damage in productivity less detrimental for horizontal 110

wells
Case of horizontal wells (2/2)

Effective wellbore radius
In this case, the effective wellbore radius is the
radius of a fictive vertical well which verifies :
its PI is the same as the PI of the considered
horizontal well,
Its skin is 0.
To calculate the effective wellbore radius :

we convert the horizontal well Productivity Index to
that of the equivalent vertical well
or
we write that both flow rates are equal (cf. "horizontal
wells").
111
Case of high permeability reservoirs

In this case, (P)skin may be very large
compared with other pressure drops.
Therefore, we can write :
Ptotal Pskin
141.2q o Bo
Ptotal
S
kh
kh
and J =
141.2 o Bo S
J cte
112

Evolution of IPR
113
Prediction of the future IPR

In the previous part of the course, we have
modelized the behavior of the flow in the
reservoir today.
But what will append in 3, 4 or 10 years ?
114

Prm < Pb
Pwf
PrmP
J = measured value of PI
actual value
JP*
PrmF JF*
J* = initial value of J
= the value of PI when q 0
i.e. Pwf Prm
J
How to calculate the future IPR,

by using only J, and PrmP ?
qFmax
qPmax
P = present
F = future
115
Prediction of the future IPR -
Prm < Pb
Fetkovich's procedure
Fetkovich's model :
q = J ' Prm2 Pwf2

J'=
where :
J
2 Prm
Assumption : J' declines in proportion to the decline in pressure.
PrmF
J F'
=
'
J P PrmP
PrmF
qF = J
PrmP
'
P
2
2
PrmF PwfF
)
116
Prediction of the future IPR - Prm < Pb

Standing procedure
(Based on Vogel's model)
We know that :
J=
1.8 qmax
Prm
qmax
and : J =
Prm
J* =
Pwf
1 + 0.8
Prm
(Vogel's model)
1.8 J
Pwf
1 + 0.8
Prm
J* is in terms of qmax or in terms of J.

It can be calculated from J, which is measured.
117

Standing procedure
Then, the Vogel's equation can be written as follows :
Pwf
J * Prm
1 0.2
q=
Prm
1.8
Pwf
0.8
Prm
This equation can be applied as the IPR's one in the future, with :
Prm = PrmF ; J* = JF*
J *P
qF = F rmF
1 .8
To be predicted
PwfF
1 0.2
PrmF
PwfF
0.8
PrmF
118

Standing procedure
How to predict J*F ?
J* can be calculated from the radial flow equation :
k
J F* = J P* ro
o Bo F
J P* =
J* =
0.00708ko h
re 3
o Bo ln + S '
rw 4
k ro
o Bo P
1.8 J P
P
1 + 0.8 wfP
PrmP
JF* can be calculated and future IPR generated if kro, o and Bo can be predicted
from values of pressure and saturation at present and in the future
119

Comparison of the procedures
Pwf
PrmP
IPR today
future IPR Standing proc.
future IPR Fetkovich's method
JP*
PrmF JF*
qPmax
(qFmax)Fetk
(qFmax)Stand
q
120
Pr
Pwf
P1
reservoir losses
IPR
qp
q'
q
121

polyIRF IntroAnd1stPart PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

polyIRF IntroAnd1stPart PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Well design well performance

Drilling and Casing Program

Drilling Completion fluid Formation Damage

Completion and sand control TA 220

Perforation - Sand Control

Performance of Productive Formation: PI and IPR equation

- prediction of future IPR - Fetkovich's equation - productivity of horizontal and stanted

Training on Prosper Software

Design of Artificial Lift

Design of an artifical lift system from field data

Design of Artificial Lift

Design of an artificial lift system from field data

The production system

Pressure losses from the reservoir

vertical and inclined

flow in porous media

Aim of this course

for a given reservoir pressure (Pr) and a

For given Ps, Pr, and production

To plot IPR and VLP curves, we

we have to distinguish between :

single phase flows and two phase flows

Plan of this course

Part 3 : Flow through the choke

Plan of this course

Part 3 : Flow through the choke

Productivity Index (PI)

(bbls / day / psi )

q = Production Rate (in bbls/day for an oil well)

Inflow Performance Relationship

a relation between the production rate

theoretical curve, but not actual

not linear due to

qth = pseudo qmax,

From IPR curve to PI

How to calculate the IPR ?

characteristics of the reservoir

Case of oil wells

sw,o = water or oil saturation.

= relative permeabilities (oil ; water)

Case of oil wells

sor = residual oil saturation ; swc = connate water saturation

How to calculate the IPR ?

Darcy's law experimental results

k = permeability of the sand

Darcy's law applied to

Prm = reservoir pressure at

f(P) = some function of pressure

How to calculate the IPR ?

Case of gas well :

Hypothesis of IPR calculation

Different cases of flow

IPR calculation versus case of flow

Single phase flow

oil / no free gas

oil / no free gas

viscosity versus pressure

f(P) almost constant for P > PB

oil / no free gas

0.00708 ko h(Prm Pwf )

unrealistic for large values of re,

oil / no free gas

oil / no free gas