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Vogel's Correlations:
Vogel developed a set of inflow performance relationship (IPR) correlations.
The particular correlation that is appropriate is dependent on the magnitude
of the average reservoir pressure,
P,
to the bubble-point pressure, Pb. These correlations are valid for a wide
range of reservoir and fluid properties. Only the properties of the oil phase
associated with the two-phase flow are required for Vogel's correlations.
Case 1: Pwf <
Case 2:
> Pb but
A limiting volumetric flow, qb, is defined which represents the flow that
occurs in the specific case when the wellbore pressure is equal to the
bubblepoint pressure (Pwf=Pb).
The value of rw' is substituted into the qo,max equation of Vogel's Original
Correlation, and in the qb equation in Vogel's Generalised Equations
Equations of State:
For an ideal gas:
PV = nRT
Tpr = _T_
Tpc
The real gas pseudo-pressure is substituted for pressure in the flow equations
to compensate for the non-ideal gas behaviour. For example the pseudosteady state equation becomes:
The same approach is taken for the steady state and transient equations as
shown on the handout.
Approximations for the integral can be made for the following two cases:
Substituting the turbulent skin effect term into the pseudo-steady state
equation:
The general form for this equation (lumping together constants) is:
Deliverability Tests:
Three deliverability tests will be considered:
1) Flow After Flow
2) Isochronal
3) Modified Isochronal
1) Flow After Flow Test: Initially, a specific flowrate of gas is delivered by
the well and the wellbore pressure is recorded after the flowrate has
stabilized. Next, a higher flowrate is applied and the stabilized pressure
is recorded. The method is repeated for a series of measurements.
Time to Stabilization:
3) Modified Isochronal Test: This testing method uses a fixed time period
for both flow and shut-in duration. A series of fixed flows of increasing
magnitude are applied.
Absolute Open Flow Potential (AOF): This represents the flow from the
2
P2 .
well when the wellbore pressure is 0 so that P 2 Pwf
When a given well testing method is used, certain boundary and initial
conditions apply. This gives a solution of the radial diffusivity equation
which is specific to the particular well test applied.
Advantages:
There is production of oil during the test providing revenue.
Disadvantages:
It can sometimes be difficult to attain a stable uniform pressure prior to
the test.
It can also be difficult to maintain a uniform flowrate during the course of
the run.
Advantages:
The flowrate is zero during the run so there is no difficulty associated
with maintaining a specific flow.
Disadvantages:
It is difficult to maintain a constant flowrate prior to the test.
While the well is shut-in, it is not producing any revenue.
3) The Injection Test:
Following a period of shut-in to allow the well-bore pressure to stabilize, the
wellbore pressure is monitored while a constant flow of an injection fluid is
introduced.
Advantages:
Pumping a constant flow of injection fluid is easily maintained.
Disadvantages:
The well produces no revenue during the test.
The injection fluid represents an additional expense for the well.
4) The Falloff Test:
In this test, fluid is initially injected, then the declining wellbore pressure is
monitored with the well shut-in.
Advantages:
Compared to the buildup test, it is much easier to maintain the flow of the
injection fluid compared to controlling the flow of fluid from the
reservoir.
Disadvantages:
The well produces no revenue during the test and incurs additional
expenses related to the injection fluid.
There are many other test methods including the Pulse Test, Drill Stem Test,
Interference Test, and Multirate Test.
The straight line is extended and the pressure at 1 hour can be used to
determine the skin effect:
Buildup Testing:
This is the most popular well testing method. Buildup testing is particularly
useful because it provides an accurate estimate of P , the average reservoir
pressure, which is an important parameter for inflow equations as has been
seen earlier.
Horner Method: The following solution of the radial diffusivity equation is
used in this analysis (see Dake for the derivation of the technique):
The solid line represents the actual pressure curve that would be followed if
the well were shut-in for an infinite amount of time. The broken line
represents an extrapolation of the linear region which occurs just after shutin (the basis of the Buildup Test). When a well first starts to produce (Case
1), there is very little difference between the extrapolated pressure P1* and
the average reservoir pressure P 1:
After a short period of production, there is an increasing difference between
the extrapolated pressure (P*) and the average reservoir pressure ( P ):