Perancangan Produk Kimia - Tk20 Report Midterm UTS

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
HEALTH AND SAFETY OF FUEL GAS ANIMATION VIDEO
Report Midterm
GROUP 20
GROUP PERSONNEL:
DANNY LEONARDI
(1306403711)
MARIA ULFA
(1306370625)
RAHMATIKA ALFIA AMILIANA (1306370562)
RAUDINA
(1306370594)
RAYHAN HAFIDZ I
(1306409362)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK
MARCH 2016
EXECUTIVE SUMARY
Animation Video of health and safely gas fuel usage has the primary
objective to promote how the use and handling of fuel gas properly and safely.
Socialization using an animated video is the one of effective way, because it can
be spread through many media, such as television and internet. Animation video is
also more easily to attract wide public attention because the socialization materials
will be delivered in audio and visual with an interesting character. The
socialization materials of procedures for the use of fuel gas properly and safely
will be presented in a simple way on this animation video, so that the general
public are more easily understand.
The first stage of making an animation video concept are looking for the
literature and collect information about the fuel gas that is commonly used in the
community. Important information such as the classification of fuel gas, the
combustion process of the fuel gas, the hazard of the fuel gas, standard regulations
on the use of fuel gas, data and statistics from the fuel gas accident, and the
prevention of such accidents were collected. This collected information will be the
main basis of the animated video content that will be created.
The next stage is to find out the public's understanding of how the use of
fuel gas properly and safely. This stage was done by interviewing several people
who often wear the fuel gas in their daily lives and finding more information
about the cause of the accident that most common in people when using fuel gas.
From this stage we can find the key points that should be emphasized in
socializing how to use fuel gas. This stage also helps in filtering out any
information that is necessary and doesnt need to be aired in a animation video
that will be created.
From the two previous stages, the content and the overview form of an
animation video has been obtained. The core of the animation video content that
will be made are the procedures for the use of LPG and CNG properly and safety,
as well as the ways of prevention and mitigation of accidents due to the use of
such fuel.
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Universitas Indonesia
Furthermore, we continue to develop our HSE video. First, we study and

search the specification from our chosen concept to build our video framework,
and to make our planning and design to our video. We look and research many
variables that developed our video with our chosen concept, such as characters,
duration, language, content, and language.
In the preparation of the specifications, concept and technical products we
made, there are considerations that we take, which are the level of difficulty each
type of video, available times to complete the video, and the most powerful and
comprehensive way to make sure the video can be entered and easily understood
by the public. We will create 2 videos (LPG and CNG), so that content of each
video is focused to specific material. We also choose to display our videos less
than 3 minutes to shorten the time and to make sure that the audiences does not
get bored while watching our videos.
Then, to make concept to our video, we must studied existing concept and
choose our concept. The most important thing is we have reached our objectives,
to educate the public about the using of gas fuel properly and safely, as well as to
reduce the number of accidents due to the bad habits and wrong use of gas fuel.
The choice of the method will depend on many considerations that we take, which
are the level of difficulty, available times, and the most powerful and
comprehensive way to make our video great. After that, we find that the new
concept to our HSE video is flat animation and few unique and funny characters.
Also we limited all concepts and choose 2D animation for our video because it is
more feasible to make.
In our planning, to create the animation video about safety aspects regarding
the usage of gas fuels, we must first create a fixed plan so we wont get lost in our
progress to create the animation video. This planning can be done by creating a
flowchart containing every step we need to do and accomplish in the future. The
Concept Stage must be done thoroughly before doing the Production Stage, in
order to minimize the case where new concept suddenly appears and interchange
with the already existing concept, and thus interfering with production stage
which will lower the time efficiency.
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LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTENTS............................................................................................iv
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..............................................................................1
1.1. Background...............................................................................................1
1.2. Problem Definition....................................................................................3
1.3. Identification of Problem...........................................................................3
1.4. Limitation of Problem...............................................................................3
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE............................................................5
2. 1. Definition and Classification of Fuel Gas.................................................5
2.1.1. Calorific Value...................................................................................6
2.1.2. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)........................................................6
2.1.3. Natural Gas........................................................................................7
2. 2. Combustion of Fuel Gas..........................................................................10
2.2.1. Combustion Characteristics of Natural Gas.....................................12
2. 3. Hazard of Fuel Gas..................................................................................13
2.3.1. Hazard of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).....................................13
2.3.2. Hazard of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).....................................15
2.3.3. Hazard of Urban Gas Pipeline Networks.........................................17
2. 4. Standard Regulation of Fuel Gas Usage..................................................19
2.4.1. Standard Regulation for Converter Kit............................................19
2.4.2. Standard Regulation of Liquified Petroleum Gas Usage.................21
2.4.3. Standard Regulation of Compressed Natural Gas Usage.................23
2. 5. Data and Statistic of Fuel Gas Accident..................................................24
2.5.1. Statistic of Liquefied Petroleum Gas...............................................24
2.5.2. Statistic of Fuel Gas Accident in Vehicles.......................................25
2. 6. Countermeasures of Fuel Gas Accident..................................................25
2.6.1. CNG as BBG....................................................................................25
2.6.2. LPG..................................................................................................26
2.6.3. CNG on Gas Pipeline.......................................................................27
CHAPTER III REAL LIFE PROBLEM................................................................33
3. 1. Common Mistakes by The People...........................................................33
3. 2. Current HSE Publication of Fuel Gas.....................................................36
3. 3. Implementation of Regulation.................................................................38
3. 4. Peoples Opinion.....................................................................................42
CHAPTER IV PRODUCT SPECIFICATION.......................................................45
4. 1. Background.............................................................................................45
4. 2. Character.................................................................................................45
4. 2. 1. The Importance of Character...........................................................46
4. 2. 2. The Types of Character on Animation Video...................................47
4. 2. 3. The Character on The Fuel gas Video..............................................49
4. 3. Duration...................................................................................................49
4. 3. 1. The Ideal Explainer Video Length...................................................49
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4. 3. 2. The Duration of The Fuel gas Video................................................50

4. 4. Language.................................................................................................51
4. 5. Content and Narration.............................................................................51
4. 5. 1. Types of Fuel Gas............................................................................51
4. 5. 2. Fuel Gas Accidents and its Causes...................................................52
4. 5. 3. Fire Triangle.....................................................................................52
4. 5. 4. Government Regulation about Fuel Gas Usage...............................52
4. 5. 5. How to Use LPG and CNG Properly...............................................53
4. 5. 6. Leakage Prevention..........................................................................53
4. 5. 7. Fuel Gas Maintenance......................................................................53
4. 5. 8. Notes for Viewer..............................................................................53
CHAPTER V CONCEPT GENERATION............................................................54
5. 1. Existing Concept.....................................................................................54
5. 1. 1. Groups of Film.................................................................................54
5. 1. 2. Type of Animation Video.................................................................56
5. 2. New Concept...........................................................................................59
5. 2. 1. New Concept of LPG Video............................................................59
5. 2. 2. New Concept of CPG Video............................................................59
5. 3. Concept Screening...................................................................................60
5. 3. 1. Concept Screening for LPG Video...................................................60
5. 3. 2. Concept Screening for CNG Video..................................................60
5. 4. Selected Concept Description.................................................................61
5. 4. 1. LPG Video........................................................................................61
5. 4. 2. CNG Video.......................................................................................61
CHAPTER VI PRODUCT PLANNING...............................................................62
6. 1. Concept Stage..........................................................................................62
6. 1. 1. Observation of the Publics Needs...................................................63
6. 1. 2. Literature and Reference Search......................................................64
6. 1. 3. Concept Building and Information Filtering....................................64
6. 1. 4. Basic Animation Concepts Determination.......................................64
6. 2. Production Stage......................................................................................65
6. 2. 1. Determining Software......................................................................66
6. 2. 2. Scenario Writing and Storyboard Creation......................................66
6. 2. 3. Layout Design..................................................................................67
6. 2. 4. Main Dubbing and Timing...............................................................67
6. 2. 5. Key Animation Creation and Compositioning.................................68
6. 2. 6. Post-Production................................................................................68
CHAPTER VII CONCLUTION............................................................................69
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................70
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. Causes of Gas Pipe Accidents...........................................................17

Figure 2.2. LPG Accident Data............................................................................24
Figure 2.3. Emergency Accident Response of Gas Leakage by Earthquake.......29
Figure 2.4. The Relationship in Emergency Organization System......................30
Figure 2.5. Emergency Protection and Secure Procedure....................................31
Figure 3.1. The Food Traders That Use LPG.......................................................33
Figure 3.2. Regulator of LPG..............................................................................34
Figure 3.3. Hose of LPG......................................................................................34
Figure 3.4. The Example of Good Ventilation.....................................................35
Figure 3.5. Trans Jakarta Bus Fire Accident........................................................36
Figure 3.6. Television Advertisement About HSE of Fuel Gas...........................37
Figure 3.7. Poster About Safety Use of LPG 3 Kilogram....................................38
Figure 3.8. The PGN Fuel Gas Station in Surabaya............................................39
Figure 3.9. Distribution Channels of LPG, Monitored by Pertamina..................40
Figure 3.10. The Official and Illegal Commercialization....................................40
Figure 3.11. All of The Components of LPG.......................................................41
Figure 3.12. The Community of LPG Channel....................................................42
Figure 3.13. More Than A Half of Our Respondent Used 12 kg LPG................42
Figure 3.14. Most of Our Respondent is Never Had Fuel gas Accident..............43
Figure 3.15. The Animation Video Can Spread Widely by Use YouTube Ad.....43
Figure 3.16. The Examples of Cute Characters in Animation Video ..................44
Figure 4.1. Example of the Living Object Character...........................................48
Figure 4.2. The Example of Inanimate Object Character....................................48
Figure 4.3. Gas Cylinder Animation....................................................................49
Figure 5.1. Group of Films..................................................................................54
Figure 5.2. Laskar Pelangi (2008), Example of Non-animated Film...................55
Figure 5.3. Toy Story (1999), One of the Most Successful Animated Film in
History................................................................................................55
Figure 5.4. The Avengers (2012), Example of Successful Combination of
Animation and Non-animation Film..................................................56
Figure 5.5. Types of Animation Video.................................................................57
Figure 5.6. Indonesian 2D Animation Video in Youtube.....................................57
Figure 5.7. Cars (2006), Smooth Graph 3D Animation.......................................58
Figure 5.8. Shaun the Sheep, One of the Most Popular Stop Motion Animation 59
Figure 6.1. Concept Stage....................................................................................63
Figure 6.2. Production Stage ...............................................................................65
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Typical Physical & Chemical Properties of Various Gaseous Fuels...6
Table 2.2. Comparison of Chemical Composition of Various Fuels....................8
Table 2.3. Combustion of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Sulphur.................................11
Table 2.4. Hazard Identification in LPG Safety Data Sheet................................14
Table 2.5. Hazard Identification of CNG.............................................................16
Table 2.6. Harmonized System Numbers in Converter Kit and Tank..................20
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Fuel gas consumption in Indonesia is growing, not only for domestic use,
but also began to be used commercially for fuel transportation. This is supported
by the Indonesian government policies that have shifted the use of oil fuel into
fuel gas in 2006 and began heavily socialized in 2007.
But since the use of fuel gas become wider, the accidents that occur due the
use of such fuel become more often and causes people increasingly restive and
fearful in its use. Based on data from BPKN (National Consumer Protection
Agency), that until June 2012, there have been 33 cases of leakage of LPG
(Liquefied Petroleum Gas) which caused 8 deaths and 48 people injured.
There was an increase in cases of fuel gas in households, recorded annually
until 2010 by National Consumer Protection Agency in Indonesia. Although the
government has conducted various efforts to educate the public about the use of
fuel gas that is safe and the use of LPG has also been widely accepted in the
community, but the accidents caused by these fuels is still rife.
In February 2016, there have been several cases of LPG explosion. In
Malang, East Java, gas explosion of 3 kg LPG caused the destruction of a house
and its occupants were injured (Detiknews, 2016). 12 kilogram gas cylinder
explosion in Tanggerang on last February 18 has also caused a 2-year old toddler
died and three people were injured (Liputan 6, 2016).
Fuel consumption is not limited to gas for domestic use, but is now also
increasingly being developed for the purposes of transportation. In Jakarta, fuel
gas consumption continues to rise and the consumers are varies, ranging from
Transjakarta buses, bajaj, taxi, up to a luxury car. Several new fuel gas station
(SPBG) also been opened to serve the needs of that fuel gas. This is not out of
government support thet providing technical assistance Converter Kit to the public
transport (SK.2336/UM.303/DRJD/2010) so that the increasingly widespread use
of the fuel gas.
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Unfortunately, the use of fuel gas in transport also raises some issues. In
October 2011 ago, there was an explosion at Pinang Ranti fuel gas stations
(Okezone News, 2011). Other than that, the incidence of the bus broke down and
burned out be the things that often happens in Transjakarta bus service. Many
people who assess it is caused by the use of fuel gas. Nevertheless, PT
TransJakarta stated that fuel gas (BBG) will be continue to be used as the main
fuel, in accordance with Regulation No. 2 Year 2005 on Air Pollution Control in
Jakarta (Kompas, 2015).
Due to the many accidents that occur by the use of fuel gas, the public is
getting restless and decreasing its reliance on the use of these fuels. However,
many people dont realize that most of these accidents occur due to poor
installation conditions support the fuel gas and the lack of public knowledge about
how to use it.
Research recorded in the Journal of the National Public Health indicates that
the lack of housewifes knowledge related the safety matters to use the gas
cylinders and the accessories. The leak in the neck tube, the repeated failure to
ignite the stove, the bad condition of the hose, and the poor installation of
regulator are still be the cause of the most common problems occur in the use of
LPG. (Kompas, 2010). As for the case of Transjakarta bus, commissioner of PT
Transjakarta, Muhammad Akbar, said that a heavy workload and the bus design
that is less support for the use of fuel gas were the main factor of the burning bus
(Kompas, 2015).
Looking from the causes of the problems that have been described
previously, it is necessary to socialization about how to use fuel gas properly and
safely for the general public. The simple socialization, easy to understand, and
attractive be a major base in disseminating this information. Video animations are
easily disseminated via television and internet media be the one of the alternative
options to conduct socialization. By socializing the use of fuel gas properly and
safely through video animation, is expected to increase public enthusiasm towards
the use of fuel gas and reduce cases of accidents that occur due to the use of that
fuel.
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1.2. Problem Definition

The purpose of making an animated video featuring how to use fuel gas
properly and safely in order to assist the government to educate people about the
importance of attention to several things when using that fuel. It is because of the
many accidents that occur as a result of the use of fuel gas and make people afraid
to use it. So, in this video was also made to reduce the public concern over the use
of fuel gas and help to reduce the number of accidents that caused by it. This
Video animation is expected for help the government's program to reduce air
pollution with increase the use of fuel gas in the country.
1.3. Identification of Problem
From the existing efforts and many ways to reduce the fuel gas accident can
be identified some are as follows:
1 In Indonesia, a number of accidents because of the use of fuel gas by the
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peoples are still high.

The lack of peoples awareness and the knowledge about how to use fuel gas
safely that can prevent the accidents.

The needs of efforts to socialize the information about how to use fuel gas
safely for the peoples widely in a creative ways and easy to understand.
The efforts from the government to make socializations and regulations to
prevent the fuel gas accident are still low and poor.
1.4. Limitation of Problem

In order to make study about the fuel gas and the health and safety aspect of
it does not extend, this chemical product design will be limited by:
1 This animation video product is designed for the citizens, so that they will
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understand how to use the fuel gas safely in their life.

This animation video product is designed with attractive characters and
interesting plot so it will be easy to attract viewers to watch it

This animation video is designed with the contents that explain the fuel gas
combustion (with easy explanation) and how to use the fuel gas with safety
aspect, so that the peoples will understand this video easily.

This animation video will be made into two videos, one video about the
health and safety LPG for gas stove and the other one is about the health and
safety of CNG for transportation fuel as both of the fuel gases are the most
common used fuel gases in Indonesia.
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The target viewer of LPG video will be housewives and sellers, whereas
CNG video will be for public transportation drivers.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2. 1. Definition and Classification of Fuel Gas

Fuel is a substance which can chemically react with oxygen and produce
heat energy. It can be found in large quantities in nature, it can be transported and
stored, it has an acceptable price, and the products of its chemical processes
pollute the environment within reasonable limits. Its natural substances are of
organic origin with more or less combustible parts. Fuel may be solid, liquid or
gaseous, and either commercial or waste. Commercial fuels are fossil fuels which
are extracted and treated/refined to varying degrees and sold nationwide by
authorized organizations. Waste fuels are the by-products or adjuncts of
processing or domestic activities and are, obviously, only economically available
locally. Each conventional fuel differs from the others in its combustion
characteristics, and this influences heat transfer. Factors other than simple
conversion to heat must also be considered, including those relating to the storage
and handling of fuels, maintenance, environmental impact, etc. All these influence
the overall efficiency and true cost of burning fuel. The most important fuel
elements are carbon and hydrogen, and most fuels consist of these and sometimes
a small amount of sulfur. Fuel may contain some oxygen and small quantities of
incombustibles (water vapor, nitrogen and or ash).
Gaseous fuels in common use are liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), Natural
gas, producer gas, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas etc. The calorific value of
gaseous fuel is expressed in Kilocalories per normal cubic meter (kCal/Nm3) i.e.
at normal temperature (20 C) and pressure (760 mmHg). Gaseous fuels are
without question the easiest fuel to combust with the least danger of fouling a
boiler. However, they are also the most expensive. Chemical analysis is done on a
volumetric basis and the GCV (Gross Calorific Value) is calculated based on this
analysis. In most cases, it is natural gas (NG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),
liquefied natural gas (LNG), or compressed natural gas (CNG, at 160 bar).
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2.1.1. Calorific Value

Since most gas combustion appliances cannot utlilize the heat content of
the water vapour, gross calorific value is of little interest. Fuel should be
compared based on the net calorific value. This is especially true for natural
gas, since increased hydrogen content results in high water formation during
combustion.
Table 2.1. Typical Physical & Chemical Properties of Various Gaseous Fuels
Fuel Gas
Relativ
e
Density
Natural Gas
Propane
Butane
0.6
1.52
1.96
Higher
Heating
Value
kcal/Nm3
9350
22200
28500
Air/Fuel
Flame
ratioTemp. C
m3 of air to
m3 of Fuel
10
1954
25
1967
32
1973
Flame
Speed
m/s
0.290
0.460
0.870
(Source: www.em-ea.org)
2.1.2. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

LPG may be defined as those hydrocarbons, which are gaseous at
normal atmospheric pressure, but may be condensed to the liquid state at
normal temperature, by the application of moderate pressures. LPG is the
name given to fuels burned as gases which are liquid oils at ambient
temperature and moderate pressures. The chief constituents of LPG are
propane and butane mixed in any proportion or with air. Although they are
normally used as gases, they are stored and transported as liquids under
pressure for convenience and ease of handling. Liquid LPG evaporates to
produce about 250 times volume of gas.
LPG vapour is denser than air: butane is about twice as heavy as air and
propane about one and a half times as heavy as air. Consequently, the vapour
may flow along the ground and into drains sinking to the lowest level of the
surroundings and be ignited at a considerable distance from the source of
leakage. In still air vapour will disperse slowly. Escape of even small
quantities of the liquefied gas can give rise to large volumes of vapour / air
mixture and thus cause considerable hazard. To aid in the detection of
atmospheric leaks, all LPGs are required to be odorized. There should be
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adequate ground level ventilation where LPG is stored. For this very reason
LPG cylinders should not be stored in cellars or basements, which have no
ventilation at ground level.
LPG is a mixture of predominantly commercial propane and commercial
butane. Its composition is typically 80% propane and 20% butane (on a liquid
volume basis). However, the blend may be as low as 50:50 and it depends on
application and the cost of propane. As propane has vapor pressure of 8.53 bar
(absolute) at 20oC and butane has much lower vapor pressure of 2.06 bar,
equipment requiring higher gas pressures needs LPG with higher propane
fraction. The GCV of commercial propane is 50.3 MJ/kg while butane has the
GCV of 49.5 MJ/kg. The GCV of commercial LPG does therefore vary
slightly between 49.6 MJ/kg (80P:20B) and 49.8 MJ/kg (50P:50B). LPG is
either sold per weight or per liquid volume. Liquid densities at 15C are 0.524
kg/l (80P:20B) to 0.545 kg/l (50P:50B).
LPG has many properties including density (specific gravity), flame
temperature, boiling point, flash point, vapour pressure, odour, appearance,
energy content,
gaseous
expansion, combustion formula,
limits
of
flammability, nomenclature.
The lower and upper limits of flammability are the percentages of LPG
that must be present in an LPG/air mixture. This means that between 2.15%
and 9.6% of the total LPG/air mixture must be LPG in order for it to be
combustible.
The flash point of LPG (propane) is -104C. This is the minimum
temperature at which propane will burn on its own after having been ignited.
Below this temperature, it will stop burning on its own. However, if a source
of continuous ignition is present, it will burn below -104C.
2.1.3. Natural Gas
Natural gas is combustible gas that occurs in the porous rock of the
earths crust and is found with or near accumulations of crude oil. As gas, it
may occur alone in separate reservoirs. It consists of hydrocarbons with a very
low boiling point. Methane is the main constituent of Natural Gas and
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accounting for about 95% of the total volume. Other components are: Ethane,
Propane, Butane, Pentane, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and traces of other
gases. Very small amounts of sulphur compounds are also present. Since
methane is the largest component of natural gas, generally properties of
methane are used when comparing the properties of natural gas to other fuels.
Natural gas is a high calorific value fuel requiring no storage facilities. It
mixes with air readily and does not produce smoke or soot. It has no sulphur
content. It is lighter than air and disperses into air easily in case of leak.
It is a mixture of hydrocarbons and nitrogen, with other gases appearing
in small quantities. For samples of natural gases found in several regions of
the United States, it is seen that the gases contain 83-94% methane (CH4), 016% ethane (C2H6), 0.5-8.4% nitrogen and small quantities of other
components, by volume. The ultimate analysis shows that the gases contain
about 65-75% carbon, 20-24% hydrogen, 0.75-13% nitrogen, and small
amounts of oxygen and sulfur in some cases. The higher heating values are in
the neighborhood of 1000 Btu/ft3 on a volume basis and 22,000 Btu/lbm on a
mass basis. In regions where it is abundant, natural gas is frequently the fuel
of choice because of its low sulfur and ash content and ease of use.
Table 2.2. Comparison of Chemical Composition of Various Fuels
Fuel Oil
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulphur
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ash
Water
Coal
84
12
3
1
Trace
Trace
Trace
Natural Gas
41.11
74
2.76
25
0.41
9.89
Trace
1.22
0.75
38.63
5.98
-
2.1.3.1. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

CNG is stored under high pressure; however, the range of
flammability and combustion is much more narrow with CNG, making it
safer than gasoline. CNG will not burn at concentrations below 5% or
above about 15% when mixed with air. The flashpoint for natural gas is
1100 degrees Fahrenheit (593.33C), making the risk of a vehicular fire in
an accident much lower. Further, natural gas is lighter than air and will
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dissipate if leaked whereas gasoline will sink and puddle, causing damage
to environment. Dedicated NGVs produce little or no evaporative
emissions during fueling and use. An odorant is added to provide a
distinctive and intentionally disagreeable smell that is easy to recognize.
The odor is detectable at one-fifth of the gas lower flammability limit.
2.1.3.2. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
LNG is natural gas that cooled to become liquid at temperatures
between -150 C to -200 C. Development and utilization of LNG require
more complex infrastructure. On the upstream, the development of LNG
not only require regular production facilities, but in need of refineries able
to liquefy the gas to the specified temperature. Cryogenic cooling facility
and the tank requires a huge investment.
On the downstream, the use of LNG requires the facility to convert
LNG back into gas, called LNG regasification terminal. In addition to
regasification facilities, the utilization of the gas produced also require the
pipeline to get to the consumer. With the need for a very low temperature,
LNG can not be distributed in the form of tubes like LPG. However, the
use of LNG regasification facility at the same time requires an integrated
transport system to the user.
For the city gas pipe network (Jargas), the right type of natural gas
requires several separate criteria. Criteria include qualities that can be used
for residential or industrial consumption and meet the specifications of
pipeline transmission company or distribution company. In this case, lean
gas can be an example.
One of the Government's strategic steps to replace use of petroleum
fuels is increasing the use of natural gas for households and small
customers. The program is the network for domestic gas or town gas. For
domestic gas network means the flow of gas (LNG) through pipelines to
the household. Jargas household is a network of natural gas is determined
by considering the supply of gas and consumer needs of households and /
or small customers based on the government's development plans or
business entity. Domestic gas network was built in diversification and
conservation of energy.
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The development program distribution network of natural gas for

households was built in the cities or areas close to the source of natural gas
and has a network of natural gas transmission.
2. 2. Combustion of Fuel Gas
Combustion is the conversion of a substance called a fuel into chemical
compounds known as products of combustion by combination with an oxidizer.
Combustion can be defined as the complete exothermic oxidation of a fuel with
sufficient amount of oxygen or air with the objective of producing heat, steam
and/or electricity. Fuel combustion means letting the molecular Oxygen (O 2) in air
react with the combustible component of fuel.
The final gaseous product of combustion is then a flue gas. Fuels used for
this purpose are mainly hydrocarbons (natural gas, coal, fuel oil, wood etc.) that
are thereby converted to CO2 and H2O, the other fuel components may form by
products such as ash, and gaseous pollutants that may need emission control
equipment. Thus combustion may be represented symbolically by:
Fuel+Oxidizer Products of Combustion+ Energy
Here the fuel and the oxidizer are reactants, i.e., the substances present
before the reaction takes place. This relation indicates that the reactants produce
combustion products and energy. Either the chemical energy released is
transferred to the surroundings as it is produced, or it remains in the combustion
products in the form of elevated internal energy (temperature), or some
combination there of. Fuels are evaluated, in part, based on the amount of energy
or heat that they release per unit mass or per mole during combustion of the fuel.
Such a quantity is known as the fuels heat of reaction or heating value. The
amount of heat transferred to the fluid in returning the products of combustion to
their initial temperature yields the heat of reaction.
In combustion processes the oxidizer is usually air but could be pure
oxygen, an oxygen mixture, or a substance involving some other oxidizing
element such as fluorine. Here we will limit our attention to combustion of a fuel
with air or pure oxygen. Chemical fuels exist in gaseous, liquid, or solid form.
Natural gas, gasoline, and coal, perhaps the most widely used examples of these
three forms, are each a complex mixture of reacting and inert compounds.
10
10
Complete combustion of a fuel is possible only in the presence of an

adequate supply of oxygen. Oxygen (O2) is one of the most common elements on
earth making up 20.9% of our air. Rapid fuel oxidation results in large amounts of
heat. Fuel gases will burn in their normal state if enough air is present.
Most of the 79% of air is nitrogen, with traces of other elements. Nitrogen is
considered to be a temperature reducing dilutant that must be present to obtain the
oxygen required for combustion.
Nitrogen reduces combustion efficiency by absorbing heat from the
combustion of fuels and diluting the flue gases. This reduces the heat available for
transfer through the heat exchange surfaces. It also increases the volume of
combustion by-products, which then have to travel through the heat exchanger
and up the stack faster to allow the introduction of additional fuel air mixture.
This nitrogen also can combine with oxygen (particularly at high flame
temperatures) to produce oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which are toxic pollutants.
Carbon, hydrogen and sulphur in the fuel combine with oxygen in the air to
form carbon dioxide, water vapour and sulphur dioxide, releasing 8,084 kcal,
28,922 kcal & 2,224 kcal of heat respectively. Under certain conditions, Carbon
may also combine with Oxygen to form Carbon monoxide, which results in the
release of a smaller quantity of heat (2,430 kcal/kg of carbon) Carbon burned to
CO2 will produce more heat per pound of fuel than when CO or smoke are
produced. Each kg of CO formed means a loss of 5,654 kcal of heat (8,084
2,430).
Table 2.3. Combustion of Carbon, Hydrogen and Sulphur
Reactions
C + O2 CO2 + 8,084 kCals/kg of Carbon
2C + O2 2CO + 2,430 kCals/kg of Carbon
2H2+ O2 2H2O + 28,922 kCals/kg of Hydrogen
S + O2 SO2 + 2,224 kCals/kg of Sulphur
11
11
2.2.1. Combustion Characteristics of Natural Gas

The stoichiometric ratio for natural gas (and most gaseous fuels) is
normally indicated by volume. The air to natural gas (stoichiometric) ratio by
volume for complete combustion vary between 9.5:1 to 10:1
Natural gas is essentially pure methane, CH4. Its combustion can be
represented as follows:
CH4 +2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
So for every 16 kgs of methane that are consumed, 44 kgs of carbon
dioxide are produced.
Methane burns, when mixed with the proper amount of air and heated to
the combustion temperature. The process with the amount of air and fuel
required for perfect combustion.
It has to be stressed that all combustion products such as CO2, CO,
NOx, CnHm, SO2, SO3, except for the water generated by combustion of
Hydrogen to H2O, are harmful. There is literally nothing benign in flue gas,
except water vapor. Even water vapor is not really harmless, because it reacts
with SO3 to generate sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
The composition by mass of gaseous fuel can be calculated if the
composition by volume of fuel is known. In that case the general combustion
equation can also be used for gaseous fuels. From the general combustion
equation a mass balance can be drawn up for each element in turn.
One kilogram of fuel requires a certain minimum of ambient air to be
fully combusted. This minimum amount of air is called Stoichiometric Air or
Theoretical Air. This amount of air will completely combust the fuel to
Carbon Monoxide (CO2), water (H2O) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) if sulfur is
present in the fuel. If the fuel does not get enough air for combustion, it will
generate smoke and a potential unhealthy mixture of flue gas products. In
addition to that, energy will be wasted. The same applies if too much excess
air is used for combustion. The main purpose of combustion technology is
therefore to ensure the proper amount of air that minimizes environmental
impact and fuel consumption.
12
12
The theoretical air-fuel ratio is a fuel specific parameter that has nothing
to do with furnace design or the combustion process, while is parameter that
shows how efficiently fuel is combusted. The closer is to one, the more
efficient is the furnace or burner design and operation. The amount of excess
air can be derived from the measurement of either the O2 or CO2 content of
the flue gas.
2. 3. Hazard of Fuel Gas
2.3.1. Hazard of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
LPG is a liquefied gas which contain mixture of propane and butane. It
is colourless and also odorloss gas. The current OSHA standard for LPG is
1000 parts of LPG per million parts of air (ppm) averaged over an eight-hour
work shift. This may also be expressed as 1800 milligrams of LPG per cubic
meter of air.
There are physical and health hazard on LPG. For the physical hazards,
LPG is approximately twice as heavy as air when in gas form and will tend to
sink to the lowest possible level and may accumulate in cellars, pits, drains
etc. LPG in liquid form can cause severe cold burns to the skin owing to its
rapid vaporization. Vaporization can cool equipment so that it may be cold
enough to cause cold burns. LPG forms a flammable mixture with air in
concentrations of between 2% and 10%. It can, therefore, be a fire and
explosion hazard if stored or used incorrectly. Vapor/air mixtures arising from
leakages may be ignited some distance from the point of escape and the flame
can travel back to the source of the leak. At very high concentrations when
mixed with air, vapor is an anesthetic and subsequently an asphyxiant by
diluting the available oxygen. A vessel that has contained LPG is nominally
empty but may still contain LPG vapor and be potentially dangerous.
Therefore treat all LPG vessels as if they were full.
13
13
Table 2.4. Hazard Identification in LPG Safety Data Sheet
(Source: Tesoro Refining & Marketing Co.)
As in health hazard, LPG can affect the body if it is inhaled or if it

comes in contact with the eyes or skin as the routes of exposure. Overexposure
to LPG can cause lightheadedness and drowsiness. Greater exposure may also
cause unconsciousness and death. Contact with the liquid may also cause
frostbite and irritation. A physician should be contacted if anyone develops
any signs or symptoms and suspects that they are caused by exposure to LPG.
Routine medical examinations should be provided to each employee who is
exposure to LPG at potentially hazardous levels. LPG is gaseous form acts as
a simple asphyxiant and a central nervous system depressant. In liquid form it
14
14
may cause frostbite, as well as skin irritation. Toxicology data are meager, and
no chronic systemic effects have been reported from industrial exposure.
As the warning properties, odor threshold: propane is the main
constituent of LPG, according to the Documentation of TLCs. The odor
threshold of propane (20,000 ppm) is 20 times the permissible exposure limit
(1000 ppm). Eye irritation level: since propane is the main constituent of LPG,
and since the eye irritation threshold of propane is above its lower flammable
limit, eye irritation does not restrict respirator selection either for propane of
for LPG.
2.3.2. Hazard of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Properties of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) are same with Liquified
Natural Gas (LNG). The difference is the pressure and temperature applied. In
CNG, the pressure is high but the gas appears in ambient temperature. And in
LNG, the pressure is atmospheric and the temperature is low, as in -160 C.
The fact that CNG is stored at high pressure is the most unique physical
characteristic of a CNG fuel system. Inadvertent opening of valves or
loosening of fittings containing high pressure natural gas can result in not only
the creation of a fire hazard, but also the high velocity ejection of metal parts
or fragments that could be lethal to nearby personnel. Ignition of leaking
natural gas near the source of a leak will produce a flame similar to that of a
gas burner or a torch. Because only a small volume of gas will accumulate,
there is reduced danger if the ignition is shortly after the initiation of the leak.
When CNG leaks, the CNG container will be overheated and then there
will be smoke and fumes from burning vehicle components. Large quantities
can accumulate from large leaks over a fairly short time period or from slow
leaks over a long period of time. Large fuel leaks will produce a large cloud of
a flammable mixture that is equal to several gallons of fully vaporized
gasoline. The flammable mixture will rise and form a layer under the ceiling
in a building without adequate ventilation. Ignition of such a mixture will
cause extensive damage as a result of the potential explosion and the
subsequent fire.
15
15
Table 2.5. Hazard Identification of CNG
(Source: The Linde Group)
But when CNG compared with another gases such as LPG, it comes as a
surprise that CNG is one of the a fest transport fuels available. As a safety
measure, the gas is odorised prior to distribution to provide a ready means of
leak detection. The concentration of a gas that can be smelled by average
person is about 16 times lower than the level which will support combustion.
Natural gas has no known toxic or chronic physiological effects.
Exposure to a moderate concentration may result in a headache or similar
symptoms due to oxygen deprivation but it is likely that the smell would be
detected well in advance of concentrations being high enough for this to occur.
The fact that natural gas is lighter than air further enhances its safety.
Unlike other fuels such as diesel, petrol or LPG, which are heavier than air,
16
16
should a natural gas leak occur, the gas will readily dissipate into the
atmosphere. This eliminates the risk of the fuel accumulating or pooling at
ground level causing a greating risk or hazard.
2.3.3. Hazard of Urban Gas Pipeline Networks
The urban gas pipeline network is one of the energy supply alternatives
developed by the government to directly supply fuel gases to many
households, which can then be used for daily chores. The natural gas
contained within the network has a similar composition to LNG (Liquefied
Natural Gas), which mainly consists of methane and ethane. Therefore, their
general properties should be the same as LNG. The difference is that the
natural gas contained in gas pipe network is still in its gas phase, therefore not
needing any liquefaction facilities nor gasification facilities when being
distributed to urban households. But, since the gas is being transported
through far distances from its production facility, the gas must be given high
pressure to ensure that the gas would have enough pressure when reaching
urban households. This is due to the friction loss which happens to the gas
inside the pipeline, therefore decreasing its pressure over distance.
17
17
Figure 2.1. Causes of Gas Pipe Network Accidents

(Source: Qiuju You, et al., 2014)
From the short analysis above, we can say that big trouble would arise if
for some reason a leak happens within the gas pipe network. If no decent
countermeasures are being done quickly, a risk of explosion can happen. But,
this kind of accident wouldnt happen because the engineers have calculated
and predicted the construction for the pipelines thoroughly. Even so, the risk
of accidents still exists within certain factors, whether in the design or by other
external factors. Qiuju You et al. (2014) have created a flowchart in their risk
assessment regarding gas pipe network, containing almost every factor that
could impose danger to the urban gas pipe network.
From the above flowchart, it can be seen that there are 4 major factors
which could affect the risk of accidents in urban gas pipe network, which are
third-party interference, corrosion factor, design factor, and mis-operation
factor during and/or after the construction. The third-party interference
consists of factors which involve outside party, such as civil developer and the
citizen. These interferences can happen because of their lack of information
about gas pipe network hazard and prohibition and/or limitations regarding the
18
18
latter. Then, the corrosion factor deals with the material being used for the
pipelines. This factor has a connection with pipeline simulation & calculation
to decide the best material which can cause the least corrosion speed, but with
economic price. The prevention of this factor also requires periodic pipeline
inspection, which is aimed to see if there are any segment of the pipeline has
deteriorated or not. The third main factor is the design factor, which deals with
technical factors regarding the pipeline construction. The factors which must
be considered include the steel selection, safety factor which deals with safety
aspects towards the worker and the citizen, fatigue factor which deals with
metal fatigue due to weight over time, and hydrostatic test if the pipe has to go
through water bodies. The last main factor is the mis-operation, which takes
account of any mistakes made when doing the prescribed procedures. This
mis-operation factor includes mistakes made in the construction process,
operation, or the maintenance.
19
19
2. 4. Standard Regulation of Fuel Gas Usage

2.4.1. Standard Regulation for Converter Kit
Converter kit must be installed before using LNG (usually known as
Liquified Gas for Vehicles) and/or CNG. The most important regulation is
Ministry of Industry and Trade Regulation no. 70/M-IND/PER/7/2012 about
technical requirements enactment for converter kit component system in
vehicles.
2.4.1.1. Clause 2 Converter Kit and Tank Scope
(1) Based on fuel used in Converter Kit and Tank for vehicles, it is divided
into two types which are :
a. Converter Kit and Tank for Vehicles with Compressed Natural Gas
(CNG) fuel
b. Converter Kit and Tank for Liquified Gas for Vehicle (LGV) fuel
(2) At least Converter Kit system shouold be required with :
1) Converter Kit with CNG fuel
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Piping
Regulator
Mixer/injector
Cylinder valve
Isolation valve
Refuelling non-return
valve
g. Refuelling connection
h. Safety cut-off device
i. Gas pressure controlling

device
j. Fuel volume indicator
k. Electronic Control Unit
l. Electrical wiring for Gas
Conversion
Component
System
2) Converter Kit with LGV fuel
20
20
21
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Piping
Regulator
Distribution
LGV filer
Change over switch
f.
g.
h.
i.
Volume indicator
Refuelling point
Electronic Control Unit
Shut-off
valve/solenoid
valve
(on/off)
(3) Converter Kit and Tank as given in Clause 1 have number EX HS.
8413.30.92.00 which is a complete converter kit type for injector and
mixer (updated from Ministry of Industry and Trade Regulation no.
17/M-IND/PER/3/2014) and consist of components with Harmonized
System (HS) numbers as follows :
(4) Table 2.6. Harmonized System Numbers in Converter Kit and
Tank
(5)
(6) Products Name
(7)
H
(8)
(9)
C
(10)
From steel, weld,
with volume more than 30
(11)
E
L but less than 110 L

equipped with valve or no
valve,
with
working pressure
(14)
From
seamless,
with
20
bar
steel,
volume
(15)
E
more than 30 L but less

than 110 L equipped with
valve or no valve, with
200 bar working pressure
(18)
From
steel,
seamless with composite
coating and volume more
than 30 L but less than
110 L equipped with valve
or no valve, with 200 bar
working pressure
(19)
E
22
(22)
From
composite
(23)

valve,
with
200
bar
working pressure
(26)
From aluminium,
(27)

valve,
(28)
200
bar
working pressure
(30)
Injector and Mixer
(29)
C
(32)
with
(31)
type
(33)
(34)
E
Power Supply: DC
(35)
12 V 28 V
(36) (Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade Regulation)
2.4.1.2. Clause 3 Gas Conversion Tank Specification

(1) Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Tank as given in Clause 2 is a tank
with 200 bar pressure and used in vehicles as storage of CNG fuel.
(2) Liquified Gas for Vehicles (LGV) that is equipped with multi-valve as
given in Clause 2 is a tank with 20 bar pressure and used in vehicle as
storage of LGV fuel.
2.4.1.3. Clause 4 Quality Requirements
(37)
Converter Kit and/or Tank with CNG fuel and LGV fuel as
given in Clause 2 from domestic or international market should fulfill the
technical requirements and own product certificate which are :
(1) Economic Commission for Europe R110 and/or ISO 15500 series,
ISO 11439, ISO 14469, SNI ISO 155000-5-2009, SNI 7407-2009,
SNI 7408-2009 for CNG fuel Converter Kit; or
(2) Economic Commission for Europe R 67 for LGV fuel Converter Kit.
(38)
2.4.2. Standard Regulation of Liquified Petroleum Gas Usage
(39) The regulation for LPG (known as LGV) usage is given in
Directorate
General
of
Land
Transportation
Regulation
no.
23
SK.78/AJ/006/DRJD/2008 about the usage of Liquified Gas for Vehicle

(LGV) in vehicles.
2.4.2.1. Chapter 2 Fuel Gas Usage Installation system
Requirements for Vehicles

Clause 2
(1) Every vehicle that meets the technical requirements could use fuel
gas.
(2) Vehicles that use fuel gas as given in (1) should equipped with fuel
gas usage installation system requirements for vehicles
(3) Usage installation system as given in clause 2 consist of :
a. BI FUEL system which is vehicle that use fuel gas or gasoline
alternately
b. DUAL FUEL system which is vehicle that use fuel gas and
diesel fuel together
c. FULL DEDICATED ENGINE system which is vehicle that
only use fuel gas
(4) Fuel gas usage installation system as given in Clause 2 at least
should consist of following components :
a. LGV Tank that can equipped with following devices :
1) 80 per cent stop valve
2) Level indicator
3) Pressure relief valve
4) Remotely controlled service valve with excess flow valve
5) Fuel pump
6) Multi valve
7) Gas tight housing
8) Power supply bushing
9) Non return valve
10) Pressure relief valve
b. Piping
c. Regulator
d. Injector/distributor
e. LGV filter
f. Change over switch (on/off) for bi-fuel and dual-fuel
g. Volume indicator
h. Refueling point
i. Electronic unit control
j. Shut-off valve/solenoid valve
(5) LGV usage installation system as given in (4) should fulfill UN
ECE R-67 standard

Clause 3
(40)
Fuel gas usage installation system as given in Clause 2 (2)
should fulfill the following requirements:
24
a. Administrative
b. Technical
(41)
2.4.3. Standard Regulation of Compressed Natural Gas Usage
(42) The regulation for CNG usage is given in Ministry of
Transportation Regulation no. PM. 39 year 2012 about the usage of
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in vehicles.
(43)
2.4.3.1 Chapter 2 CNG Fuel Type Usage Installation system
Requirements for Vehicles

Clause 2
(1) Every vehicle use CNG fuel and operated in streets should meet
the technical requirements
(2) Vehicle as given in (1) should equipped with fuel gas usage
installation system
Clause 3
(1) Fuel gas usage installation system as given in Clause 2 (2) consist
of :
a. Bi-fuel system
b. Dual fuel system
c. Full dedicated engine system
(2) Bi-fuel system as given in (1) is used for vehicle that use fuel gas
and gasoline alternately.
(3) Dual fuel system as given in (1) is used for vehicle that use fuel gas
and diesel fuel together.
(4) Full dedicated engine system as given in (1) is used for vehicle that
only use fuel gas.

Clause 4
(1) Fuel gas usage installation system as given in Clause 3 at least
should equipped with following components :
a. Fuel gas tank

b. Piping
c. Regulator
d. Mixer
e. Cylinder valve
f. Isolation valve
g. Refueling non-return valve
h. Filling joint
i. Automatic shut-off device

j. Gas pressure controlling
device
k. Electronic fuel gas
volume indicator
l. Electronic control device and
cables
(2) Components as given in (1) f, g and h could also be a group in a

device or installed separately
25
(3) In terms of bi-fuel type usage, automatic shut-off device as given in

(1) i should use high pressure gas lock component and petrol lock
off device
(4) In terms of dual-fuel and full dedicated type usage, automatic shutoff device as given in (1) i only use high pressure gas lock.
Clause 5
(5) Fuel gas usage installation system should fulfill the following
requirements:
a. Administrative
b. Technical
c.
2. 5. Data and Statistic of Fuel Gas Accident
2.5.1. Statistic of Liquefied Petroleum Gas
d.
Government regulation to change energy uses from kerosene to
LPG turned out to be a problem in the first years of usage. Based on National
Consumer Protection Agency (BPKN) until June 2010, LPG accident has
raised from 2007 until 2010 as shown in Figure 2.1.
Statistic of LPG Tank Explosion in Indonesia

60
48
50
35
40
20
5
10
0
0 2007
12
4
2
2008
Number of People Died

Number of People Injured
33
30
27
30
44
2009
2010
Number of Case
e.
f. Figure 2.2. LPG Accident Data
g.
h.
(Source: National Consumer Protection Agency)
From Figure 2.2. we could see that the number of people died and
injured tends to increase year by year, so as the number of case reported.

Based on the data gathered by BPKN, LPG tank and components are not
fulfill the requirements, such as 7% of total LPG 3kg tank; 20% of regulator;
50% of gas stove; 66% of tank valve and 100% of hose. In Surabaya, it shows
that the information about LPG tank only delivered to distributor and not
26
retailer and consumer. That is why not everyone know how to use LPG 3kg
tank correctly, including how to shut the valve, how to buy the right tank and
how to check the condition of hose, regulator and valve.
i.
2.5.2. Statistic of Fuel Gas Accident in Vehicles
j.
The implementation of changing from gasoline to fuel gas for
vehicles also turned out to be a problem. One of the most known accidents is
Transjakarta bus which is on fire. More than 15 cases of Transjakarta bus is
on fire in 2015 and at least 2 cases in 2016. This became big since
Transjakarta bus is one of the vehicle that use fuel gas as the fuel, and not
gasoline. But experts has proved that the risk of vehicle explosion is not on the
fuel and technology applied, but in the maintenance part.
k.
Besides that, the accidents from Transjakarta bus are all on fire,
not explode. If the accidents occurs because of gas, then there will be
explosion. CNG, as mentioned before has lower density than air, which means
when it leak, CNG will vaporize and gone with the air, especially when the
vehicle move, so there will reduce the chance of explosion to almost zero
possibility.
l.
2. 6. Countermeasures of Fuel Gas Accident
2.6.1. CNG as BBG
Proper maintenance with the right preventive inspection
Proper thermal insulation in the engine
areas of potential sources of fires designed and installed properly
using high-grade electrical components
training for bus drivers and crew in handling fires
using fire detection systems, automatic fire and manuals that are
reliable and correct selection

insulation system that auto fuel breaker in the event of leakage both in
situations of normal operation and in case of accident
m.
Before use, storage tanks of CNG through several tests, as follow:
1. Bump test
2. Bonfire Test
3. Gunfire Test
n.
2.6.2. LPG
1. Gas tube placement
The room should be open and have good air circulation
27
Placed an air vent at the bottom near the LPG gas cylinder placed
LPG gas cylinders must always be perpendicular and protected
from solar thermal

2. Installation of gas cylinders
Make sure the LPG cylinder does not leak and broken
Tighten the clamp on the stove and regulators at both ends
rubber hose that will be installed on the LPG cylinder.
Players / gas stove knob should be turned off when connecting a
gas stove with LPG cylinder

Remove the plastic seal on the valve LPG cylinder
Before installing the regulator on LPG cylinder valve, knob
position must be horizontal.

Regulators must not loose or easily detached.
Turn 90 regulator knob clockwise (to right) until the knob position
to vertical / perpendicular, so that LPG gas flowing to the gas
stove.
Gas stove should be placed on the flat and away from flammable
materials
3. Prior to the use of LPG gas stove
Make sure the LPG cylinder in an perpendicular position
Make sure the regulator on LPG cylinder valve has been locked
Check the gas stove, hoses, clamps and regulators and make sure
there are no leaks.

Hoses must be protected from heat and should not be crushed by
any objects.
4. If there is leakage of LPG gas
There will LPG odor
Remove the regulator
Bring LPG cylinder out of the room / out of the house and put it on
the ground / open space
Do not ingnite a fire or turn the power supply
5. If fire occurs in the accessories (hose, regulator)
Remove the regulator of the LPG cylinder while it possible
Bring LPG gas cylinders and other reserves to a place far away
from the location of the flame.

Put out the fire using a wet burlap sack or with a small fire
extinguisher type of CO2 or dry chemical

6. Maintenance tube
28
Protect the markings on the tube which is the identity of the gas
cylinder
Do not use the top gas tube as a place to put objects or household
material.
If gas cylinder is leaking, brought the gas cylinders into the open
space and away from sparks or heat or electricity. Do not try to fix
it yourself.
There may not mix gas in the gas cylinder or try to recharge the
tube itself. Always contact a competent supplier of gas cylinders.

Can not be hit and banged gas cylinders
o.
2.6.3. CNG on Gas Pipeline
p.
Risk of gas pipeline leakage in cities and towns is high, of which
the reason is many-sided. Main reasons are defects of the pipe itself,
corrosion, pipeline construction problems, the third party damage, destruction
of environment factors, gas pipeline leak detection of adverse and gas pipeline
safety management factors. Where, pipe quality, construction problems,
corrosion of buried gas pipeline, and the third party damage are particularly
prominent. Gas is flammable and explosive, and equipment and pipeline of
gas pressure transmission and distribution network are complex, of which gas
supply is continuous, once fire explosion risk of leakage is large, it easily
leads to a large range of gas combustion and explosion spaces. The
electrostatic discharge spark energy of the gas when pressure pipeline breaks
or venting speed is high, is sufficient to ignite the gas.
q.
Gas Pipeline is very safety method to transport and storage of gas
than 3 kg tank LPG. One causes that make leakage accident of gas pipe line is
earthquake. The following steps that we have to respons is:
a. Repair Method of Leakage Accident by Earthquake
r.
Gas pipeline accident repair is an important measure to assure
pipeline integrity after earthquake. There are some common repair

methods for leakage accident of long distance gas transmission pipeline:
the pipe clamping method, repair welding method, pipeline crack repair
technology, cross threaded but joint technology, metal bonds repair
29
method, confined finite element analysis, online repairing technology and

so on.
b. Emergency Response System
s.
Gas pipeline leakage accident by earthquake should make effective
control and treatment as soon as possible and farthest reduce and eliminate
seismic loss. In order to make pipeline leakage accident emergency
treatment well-organized, figure 3 provides an effective accident
emergency process.
t.
u. Figure 2.3. Emergency Accident Response of Gas Leakage by Earthquake

v.
(Source: Liu Wu, et al. 2008)
c. Accident Emergency Organization System and Work Duty

w.
Use accident emergency response progress as framework, we can
establish emergency organization like Figure 2.3. shows:
30
Emergency
headquarters:
it
organized
by
pipeline
operation
management apartment, local government and the department heads of

environment, police, fire and health. The main duty is making sure
prevention and emergency plan of gas leakage and diffusion accident.
Emergency office: it is a permanent establishment in emergency
organization. It is organized by department heads of pipeline

management department's production scheduling, safe operation and
safety supervision and monitoring station. The main duty is making
and implementing emergency plan and establishing technical reserve.
Emergency professional team: it contains police fire protection,
monitoring assessment, medical rescue and engineering emergency. It

provides various professional help in emergency response.
x.
y. Figure 2.4. The Relationship in Emergency Organization System

z.
(Source: Liu Wu, et al. 2008)
d. Emergency Communication System

aa.
Emergency communication system of gas pipeline leakage
accidents contains three parts of accident alarm, emergency command and

disaster information release. The requirements are
1. alarm system should set up special telephone in normal time and make
full use of existed rescue alarm system 110,119,120 to achieve
communication unblocked.
2. command system should be organized by office telephone, cell phone
and interphone that are relatively secure to outside.
31
3. information publication system is consisted of broadcasting, TV and

communication automobiles. It broadcasting accident situation and the
adopted emergency measure.
e. Emergency Protection and Secure
ab.
When some great gas pipeline leakage accident happened, the prior
duty of emergency action is control the accident leakage source and

prevents important protection object injuries like population injury.
According to different requirement of protection and secure, we divided
gas sweep region into secure region, protection region and safe region by
diffusion prediction model and set up relatively monitoring place to
monitor and adjust in time. The emergency protection and secure progress
is shown in figure 2.5.
ac.
ad. Figure 2.5. Emergency Protection and Secure Procedure

ae. (Source: Liu Wu, et al. 2008)
f. Emergency Plan
af.
The purpose of establishing gas leakage and diffusion accident
possible damage. Once the earthquake caused gas pipeline leakage, we can
gather preparedness information immediately and guide emergency
operation workers to adopt effective emergency measures. The emergency
plan contains
1. emergency organization
2. hazard identifying and risk assessment
3. notification procedure and alarm system
4. emergency equipment and facilities
32
5. emergency evaluation ability and resource

6. protection measure progress
7. information publish and public education
8. recovery program after accident
9. training and practicing
10. protection of emergency plan.
g. Termination of Emergency Situation
ag.
Gas pipeline leakage accident contains two progresses of
emergency disposal and afterward disposal. After emergency disposal, we

can get the following three conditions:
1. according to suggestions of emergency headquarter, make sure leakage
accident is under control with accident equipment is in safe status,
2. relevant department has already adopted effective measures to prevent
public from suffering damage,
3. relevant department is asked to establish and implement environmental
recovery plan.
ah.
As the accident control area and environments quality are under
recovery, emergency headquarter can announce terminate emergency

status and work in afterward disposal. Afterward disposals are
1. organized and implement environmental recovery plan
2. continue monitoring and evaluating harmful situation and environment
pollution status until basically recovered
3. evaluate damage loss, collate and harmonize compensation and other
things.
ai.
33
aj. CHAPTER III

REAL LIFE PROBLEM
3. 1. Common Mistakes by The People

When we use of fuel gas, there is always a risk or the chances of the
accident to be occurred. The focus of this sub-chapter is explained about the
mistake by the peoples when using LPG, and the accident that caused of it. Its
because those explosion accidents of fuel gas in Indonesia are dominated by the
use of LPG. The risk of explosion when there are the mistakes by the peoples
when using LPG is high.
In Indonesia, peoples sometime do many bad habits when use the fuel gas
that cause the accident. Also, the mistakes that cause hazard are dominated by the
use of LPG. For the examples, peoples that work every day as food traders often
change their gas and open the regulator when the fire is still burn in their stove.
Even, some of them burns their cigarettes when change their fuel gas, even when
the fire is still in their stove. Peoples also dont check whether they have installed
the equipment LPG correctly.
Figure 3.1. The Food Traders That Use LPG

(Source: img.photobucket.com)
In the causes of the explosion of LPG, there are many reasons beside the
mistake by the peoples that have explained above. Lets focus on the equipment of
34
LPG. First, the peoples doesnt realize that their regulator have a poor quality.
Some regulator even doesnt have the SNI standard. This kind of regulator is
doesnt cover the tube well, so that the gas from the tube is leak outside. When the
gas is leak outside, the risk of explosion that can occur is high, because the
concentration of C3 and C4 gas in the air is rising.
Figure 3.2. Regulator of LPG

(Source: tradenia.com)
Second, peoples also doesnt take a look to another equipment in LPG, that
is the hose. The hose can cause the explosion. Its not only because of the hose
that maybe have a poor quality. The hose can leak the gas out to the air, because of
the rats. The rats are like to bite the hose. The risk of this disruption of the rats is
high enough, because the LPG must have placed in the bottom. At the result, the
chance of explosion is rise because the leak of the hose.
Figure 3.3. Hose of LPG
35
(Source: img.bisnis.com)
The characteristic of good hose that fulfill the standard is consists of three
layers, the outer layer is a fire-resistant teflon, the middle layer is a layer from
yarn that has be oiled by rat poison, and the inner layer is a layer that has designed
to withstand the pressure of the gas. Please note that use of the hose located at the
back of the stove is very prone to be damage due to exposure to hot oil spilling or
bitten by the rats.
Also, the hose also must clean from another gas or air that trapped inside the
hose. Another gas or air inside the hose can become impurities to the LPG gas.
Then, the impurities can affect the quality of the hose, especially if theres some
water inside the hose, because it can make corrosion to the hose. The hose can be
broken by these impurities because the hose is designed specifically only for LPG
gas. Also, these impurities can affect the quality of the gas combustion in the
stove to be imperfect.
There is also one important thing that the peoples miss it when started using
the LPG at their home, there is the ventilation. The ventilation is very important
for the safety aspect of using the LPG. Because, the ventilation inside the house,
especially in kitchen is prevent the gas to be accumulated, so that the chances for
explosion that can occur is getting higher. The good ventilation when using LPG
is not only on the top, but also in the bottom of the room, because the molecular
mass of the gas in LPG (C3 and C4) is little bit heavy.
Figure 3.4. The Example of Good Ventilation

(Source: PT Pertamina, 2010)
36
The accident of fuel gas, especially by the use of LPG is still high in
Indonesia. The example of that bad habit and the bad quality of the equipment of
LPG can increase the chances of accident, the fuel gas can blazed and explode,
because a wildfire that destroy their asset and property, injured the peoples, even
cause the peoples killed. The peoples like to do anything arbitrarily while use the
fuel gas, without pay attention about the safety aspect.
In the focus of CNG accident, in Indonesia the Trans Jakarta Bus is using
CNG for their fuel. But, sometimes the Trans Jakarta Bus suffers a fire accident.
The causes of bus fire by the fire sources are:
Electricity System
Commonly, the broken electricity system is happens in the room of
battery/accu, alternator, or AC compressor.
Friction
In the tyres because of its leak, or the worn-out brakes
Engine components
Because the leaks of fuel gas, lubricants, the broken in exhaust/turbocharger,
or the overheated components.
Figure 3.5. Trans Jakarta Bus Fire Accident

(Source: Kompasiana)
3. 2. Current HSE Publication of Fuel Gas

So far, the government in Indonesia have done the effort to publicize the
health and safety use of fuel gas to the peoples. The objective of the effort is to
37
educate the peoples how to use the fuel gas safely, in the result to depress the
number of fuel gas explosion accidents that occur. The specific target of HSE
publication is the peoples that often use the LPG, such as housewives and food
trades, the drivers that use the CNG, and the gas station staffs.
For the common peoples like the housewives and the drivers, Pertamina is
use the advertisement on the television. The television is used because the range
and scope of its very large the peoples. Over years ago, there is an advertisement
from the government. The advertisement was explained the safety use of LPG 3
kilograms. But unfortunately, now the advertisement is no longer in television.
This decision is very pity because the advertisement is useful, have a good content
about the safety of using LPG 3 kilograms.
Figure 3.6. Television Advertisement About HSE of Fuel Gas

(Source: mir-s3-cdn-cf.behance.net)
The government, in this case is Pertamina, also have made the poster about
the safety instruction to use the LPG 3 kilograms. In this example, the poster is
have a four main content, such as the safety preparation before using LPG, how to
use a stove gas correctly, how to do when the LPG is exhausted or how to change
the LPG, and the warning about any dangerous action when using LPG. These
main contents in the poster are very good to explain to the peoples, but
unfortunately, this poster is very rarely found among the society.
38
Figure 3.7. Poster About Safety Use of LPG 3 Kilograms

3. 3. Implementation of Regulation
The government in Indonesia has focused to implement the safety regulation
of fuel gas to the LPG and CNG. The common target by the government is the
producer, distributor, and the consumer or the peoples that use the fuel gas. The
authorities that have a right to regulate the regulation of the LPG and CNG are the
central government (Pemerintah RI), province government (Pemprov), and district
or city government (Pemkab or Pemkot). They make the regulation, while the
direct supervision is due by the inspectors of HSE, specialist of steam engines and
pressure vessels.
The implementation of regulation based on the constitution must have
principle to be preventive, systematic, and comprehensive. The regulation from
the government is set the fuel gas (LPG and CNG) in the society by the three
principles above, such as:
a) Plan and design
b) Production and manufacture
39
c)
d)
e)
f)
Installation
Selling
Usage and maintenance
Reparation and modification
In the implementation of CNG safety regulation, the target is users (drivers,

etc.) and providers, such as the owners and the staffs of fuel gas station (SPBG).
For the users, the government test the fuel gas vehicle to the standard. When the
vehicle passed the test, it will be given the roadworthy permission to the vehicle.
In the SPBG owners and staffs, the government will be given correct and safety
CNG technical. The government also take standardization to the garage of the fuel
gas vehicles.
Figure 3.8. The PGN Fuel Gas Station in Surabaya

(Source: korannusantara.com)
For the LPG, the government have set a standard quality (SNI) for LPG
equipment, such as tube, hose, regulator, etc. The standard quality is very
important to be applied, because to make sure the peoples is safe by using high
quality equipment. Standard quality is applied not only for the domestic
equipment suppliers, but also for the foreign suppliers that want to enter their
product to Indonesia. But sometimes, equipment that not have a standard quality
is wriggle out to the society. Lets check to the distribution and commercialization
channel of LPG.
In the distribution of LPG, especially 3 kilograms, the government has
authorities to monitored LPG distribution channels. The distribution of LPG must
through a number of phases which maintained its quality control. Monitoring of
LPG only up to the agents.
40
Figure 3.9. Distribution Channels of LPG, Monitored by Pertamina

In addition, the trade of LPG actually has official regulation by the

government or Pertamina. After produce at the factory, LPG must enter the
warehouse of Pertamina to have quality control and sampling test before being
distributed to the SPBBE/SPBE. This regulation has the objectives to ensure the
quality of the tube. But, beside of it, there is also illegal trade of LPG. This illegal
trade doesnt check the quality of the product, after being produced in the factory,
the LPG distributed directly to SPBBE/SPBE, agents, and the consumer.
Figure 3.10. The Official and Illegal Commercialization

The examples of the SNI standard in LPG equipment are:
SNI 1452-2007 for LPG Steel Tube

SNI 7369-2007 for LPG Regulator
41
SNI 15-1591-2008 for LPG valve

SNI 06-7213-2006 for LPG hose
Figure 3.11. All of The Components of LPG

(Source: Modul Pengawasan K3 Benjana Tekan, 2013)
The government or Pertamina also has a community of LPG channel

regulation. The community of LPG channel regulation consist of three main
components, such as Sales Representative (SR), Crisis Centre LPG (500-000), and
LPG community, which are interconnected to each other. The duty of this
community channel is:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Monitoring the use of LPG in their territories

Reporting field conditions and do counselling
Reporting incidents or accidents
If the incidents or accidents happens, the community is looking for the
information about:
The cause of the incidents or accidents
Condition of the victim
Damage to the buildings
Chronology of the incidents or accidents
42
Figure 3.12. The Community of LPG Channel

3. 4. Peoples Opinion
We as a group have internal or mini survey by question our family to take
a look to the society about their opinion of fuel gas; all of them are talk about
LPG. The entire respondent is have used the fuel gas over 10 years ago. The fuel
gas that they use now is various, between the 3 kg and 12 kg. All of them also
already know about how to use the LPG correctly. But, they got the information
about this from the gas sellers, not from the government.
Type of LPG That Our Respondent Used
40%
60%
3 Kg
12 Kg
Figure 3.13. More Than A Half of Our Respondent Used 12 Kg LPG
43
Surprisingly, evidently all of them ever have the experienced when the leak
of gas from the tube is occur after smells the odour substance of gas. One of them
even has a kind of little explosion of the gas, and fortunately dont have any
serious injuries because of that. All of them have similar countermeasures to the
leak gas tube, by remove the hose, bring the tube outside home, and keep the tube
away from the fire sources.
Peoples that ever had gas fuel accident

20%
Ever
Never
80%
Figure 3.14. Most of Our Respondent is Never Had Fuel gas Accident
Related to the publication of HSE of fuel gas, they hope the government is
more often publicize and spread the information and explanation about how to use
the fuel gas safety to the peoples. Also, they hope the government use and utilize
the media that can spread the information widely to many peoples. One of the
media that they want is the television, because its easy to watch. The government
also can place the publication on social media like YouTube, using advertisement
before the video. Publication from posters and brochure is also effective.
Figure 3.15. The Animation Video Can Spread Widely by Use YouTube Ad.
(Source: blastmedia.com)
44
The peoples want the animation video that attractive, and dont have a bored
plot. Because of that, this animation video product will be designed with a cute
characters and funny story plot. The most important thing is peoples want the
video that explain the causes of exploding gas and the HSE aspect. So, the video
will be contained the contents explain the fuel gas uses deeply, such as the fuel
gas combustion, what can makes the fuel gas can explode, the most important,
how to use the fuel gas with safety aspect, all with easy explanation.
Figure 3.16. The Examples of Cute Characters in Animation Video

(Source: i.ytimg.com)
CHAPTER IV
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
4. 1. Background
After the first assignment explain about the technical of fuel gas combustion
and its causes, this chapter will explain about specifications, concept and technical
manufacturing of our product, HSE of fuel gas animation video. In the preparation
of the specifications, concept and technical products we made, there are
considerations that we take, which are the level of difficulty each type of video,
available times to complete the video, and the most powerful and comprehensive
way to make sure the video can be entered and easily understood by the public.
46
Those considerations need to be seen because we make HSE of fuel gas

video animation for the public with the aim to educate the public about the using
of fuel gas properly and safely, as well as to reduce the number of accidents due to
the bad habits and wrong use of fuel gas. In addition, the duration of available
time for us to make these videos, we also need to develop a concept,
specifications and technical making of our video precisely so that the results can
obtained maximum and can be completed on time. Since there will be two videos,
all the specifications will be the same for both videos except for the content of it.
4. 2. Character
Character animation is generally defined as the art of making a particular
character move in a two- or three-dimensional context. It is a process central to
the concept of animation. Character Animation is also the process of bringing a
character to life. This process transcends any number of media, from 2D hand
drawn images to clay animation to puppetry to computer graphics. Simply moving
a character does not qualify as Character Animation. In other words, the animated
character needs to move in such a way that convinces the viewer that it is alive.
The idea of character animation has evolved through various types of
animation techniques. Many associate early character animation with Walt Disney
Studios, where cartoon artists created particular characters and presented them
with particular traits and characteristics on screen. This requires combining a lot
of technical drawing or animation with some top-level ideas about how the
character moves, "thinks," behaves and otherwise appears consistently on screen.
As primitive cartoon animation gave way to modern three-dimensional
animation, character animation has evolved along with it. Todays character
animation involves elements like character rigging and the creation of objectoriented frameworks for creating character sequences. At the same time, processes
like voice dubbing by celebrities and advanced character profiles are doing the
conceptual work of building that characters persona and background. One
example is the early CGI Toy Story movies, where the careful creation of
specialized on-screen characters has sold lots of merchandise and driven the films
to legacy blockbuster status.
47
4. 2. 1. The Importance of Character

Many online businesses have been using characters in their animated
marketing videos. Actually theyve been using them so much that cartoon
animation is one of the most popular explainer video styles. These are the five
main reasons why animated characters are so important in explainer video
production.
4. 2. 1. 1.
Storytelling
Stories, fables and tales of all kinds have been used to teach, explain
new things and communicate for thousands of years. And in all of them,
theres a key element that connects these stories: the use of characters.
Characters are the ones that make stories unfold: things happen to them
and they act in consequence.
Storytelling (and therefore the characters) makes an animated video
fun and entertaining to watch, driving enough time for you to explain your
idea and lead people to recall your video and your brand.
Its proven that an animated video embedded on a website boosts
visit time by 2 minutes on average. This helps the site rank higher on
search engines (Google, Yahoo!, Bing) by considering it as of interest and
helps increase sales by 20% on average.
4. 2. 1. 2.
Audience Identification
Heres another great thing about animated characters: by making

video fully custom, you can design your characters to make them look like
your target audience and even replicate well-known places to them in the
backgrounds, such as offices, coffee stores or entire city landscapes. By
making your animated characters resemble your audience, theyll
immediately identify with the video. Also, they can relate better with the
character from the video and they will have a unique bond with it.
4. 2. 1. 3.
Empathy and Emotions
As we have said before, characters have been used for centuries to

generate identification and grow empathy and emotions. A well-animated
character can make you laugh, cry, blush your cheeks and much more. Its
48
natural to feel empathy with other peoples feelings, but in order to get that
with your video, your characters must be really well animated: they must
look alive. If they cant be lively, the desired effect is missed.
4. 2. 1. 4.
Humor
Animated characters allow you to add some humor to your animation

videos; this makes them more fun and memorable (as a great story does).
Ridiculous scenarios, impossible or crazy metaphors, can help you to
explain the most complex concepts, giving the audience a good laugh at
the same time and making them enjoy the explanation even more.
4. 2. 1. 5.
Conversions
With the use of characters in an animated video, you get to explain

your product or service in a few seconds and tell a wonderful story with
lots of humor. It will reduce the effort we need to do and easily give
people the important points we need to deliver to the viewer.
4. 2. 2. The Types of Character on Animation Video
4. 2. 2. 1.
Living Object
Characters from living things are usually in the form of humans and
animals. This character type is generally not necessary to add other organs
that describes that character's "life", such as the ears, mouth, eyes, hands,
and feet. The viewer can directly assume this type of character is able to
think and communicate with each other's way, so they can directly bring
the storyline of the video.
Figure 4.1. Example of the Living Object Character

(Source: poulayot.fr)
4. 2. 2. 2.
Inanimate Object
49
The definition of an inanimate object is any object that does not

display life. These fall into two group categories. The first are objects
that do not move by themselves; things that have to be dropped, pushed,
pulled or propelled by a character. The second are inanimate objects that
are able to move; motorbikes, ship, aircraft, machines, engines, etc.
In animation, there are many examples of previously inanimate
objects that do display life. Cars, gas boilers, yoghurt pots, toilet cleaners,
gherkins, and so on. They have all been given the breath of life by sticking
a couple of eye, a mouth, some arms, and some legs on them, and
animating them displaying emotion. Once it has been living up, the
inanimate object can be the characters that bring the storyline.
Figure 4.2. The Example of Inanimate Object Character

(Source: tvtropes.org)
4. 2. 3. The Character on The Fuel gas Video

We will produce two videos. The first is the health and safety of LPG
fuel gas for gas stove, and the other one is the health and safety of CNG fuel
gas for transportation. The main character for all videos that will be displayed
are the characters from an inanimate object. This is because the contents of the
videos mostly describe or tell the inanimate object like LPG and CNG.
Inanimate object that will be "life" are in the form of LPG gas cylinders and
CNG gas cylinders, and the accessories that support them. The other reasons
for selecting the character of inanimate objects is the basic form that is easy to
made and simple to apply.
50
Figure 4.3. Gas Cylinder Animation

(Source: kaskus.co.id)
While, the side character that will be displayed on the videos are a
human as the operator of other inanimate objects. The human characters only
role as a supporting character to clarify a step or process that will be shown on
the storyline.
4. 3. Duration
4. 3. 1. The Ideal Explainer Video Length
The length of the explainer video depends on goals. The main problem is
to explain something, but without boring the viewer. Generally a 90-second
video is OK, but sometimes it might not be the best choice. Again, it all
depends on the goals. Maybe a 30-second video is a great idea if the
explanation isnt so complex to describe; or perhaps really need a 2-minute
video because it cant explain your products new features in a shorter time.
These are some tips in other to learn the ideal video length
30-second videos are OK if:
Your product or service is really easy to explain.
Your leading need is to create brand awareness.
You primary marketing objective is to be shared on social media.
90-second videos are OK most of the time, because:
Theyre perfect in order to explain any idea without boring anyone.
You have also plenty of time to tell a compelling story.
Viewers still watch the video all the way through.
Over-90-second videos are OK if:
Your product or service is more complex than average ones.
51
Your product or service has state-of-the-art features and you need extra
time to explain how they work.

You choose the whiteboard animation technique (because whiteboard
videos -like the one below- are traditionally longer).

You choose the whiteboard animation technique (because whiteboard
videos -like the one below- are traditionally longer).
Remember that an animated marketing video is made to explain a
product or service. Its not plain TV advertising, so dont make it too short.
Dont be excessive though, if your video runs over 3 minutes youd better start
chopping off a few seconds, because people dont usually stay that long to
watch an animated video, no matter how awesome your product or service is.
4. 3. 2. The Duration of The Fuel gas Video
The duration of each animation video of fuel gas usage that will be made
is less than 3 minutes. It is because all the videos that we will made are
socialization video. It mostly contains the explanations about how to use fuel
gas properly and safely, so it takes a longer time to deliver.
This video duration is no more than 3 minutes because of our target
viewer. The viewer will be the general public who need the simple
explanation. If the video take too long time, it will make the viewer being
bored. The long duration of the video will also increase the burden in
production, because it would require a large enough memory for storage and
need hardware as well as software that powerful enough to make it.
4. 4. Language
Language is a key staple for a human life, because of the language, a person
can interact with each other. The function of language is to express thoughts and
ideas. Language also serves to express feelings so it have social roles to interact
with others.
In the animated video creation, the use of language is very important to do,
so the messages that contained in the video can be delivered. Language selection
cann't be separated from the viewers of video. In making the health and safety of
fuel gas animation video, the desired target viewer is the general public, especially
52
housewives and the user of fuel gas transportation in Indonesia, So that the choice
of language must be considered.
The language that will be used in the animation video is a polite Indonesian
daily language but not rigid. The language used to attract the attention of the
viewer and not be boring. The form of sentence that used is an informative and
persuasive sentence, so that the viewer is expected to increase their knowledge
and start to applying the instruction that delivered on the video.
4. 5. Content and Narration
After evaluating character, duration, language and also information about fuel gas
that we wrote in assignment 1, we can filter and specify the content of the video
into some important points that we think the viewer should know and aware
about. The content cant be too complicated since we target our viewer to be
housewives and the user of fuel gas transportation in Indonesia. All the points will
be the same for both videos, except about the types of fuel gas and their usage.
4. 5. 1. Types of Fuel Gas
In this point, the narration will explain about fuel gas in general, which
is a substance that can chemically react with oxygen and produce heat energy.
Fuel gas most important elements are carbon and hydrogen, and sometimes a
small amount of sulfur. Then, each video will explain about one of the most
common fuel gases in everydays use, which is Liquified Petroleum Gas
(LPG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). LPG main elements are contains
of propane and butane, whereas CNG contains of methane and ethane. There
will be a brief explanation about the physical of these gases and why they are
dangerous. Also, there will be an explanation of where viewer commonly use
these fuel gases, which are for cooking and transportation.
4. 5. 2. Fuel Gas Accidents and its Causes
There will be several common accidents shown in the video, and the
causes of the accidents. From the accidents, viewer can see how dangerous it
is if the fuel gases did not use properly and why those accidents could happen.
53
It will increase their awareness of how dangerous fuel gases are and they will
continue watching the video to know how to prevent and overcome it.
4. 5. 3. Fire Triangle
In order to understand how accidents happen, the viewer needs to know
first a little bit about fire. There are three things must be present at the same
time in order to produce fire, which are oxygen to sustain combustion, heat to
raise the material to its ignition temperature and fuel or combustion material.
From those three things, usually called the fire triangle, there will be chemical
reaction that is exothermic and will cause fire. After the viewer know about
these things, they will understand more about how fire can happen and they
will avoid those three things listed in the fire triangle.
4. 5. 4. Government Regulation about Fuel Gas Usage
This point will be brief, since the viewer doesnt need to know a lot
about the exact regulation. The most important thing is that they follow the
regulation and implement it in the real life. In the video, there are only few
lists of regulations to show the viewers that government has made lots of
regulations about fuel gas usage to keep the people safe and use fuel gas
properly.
4. 5. 5. How to Use LPG and CNG Properly
There will be explanation about how to use LPG for cooking in the first
video, and how to use CNG for transportation in the second video. Each video
will demonstrate on how to use LPG and CNG properly to avoid accidents
like how to install and change the gas, what to do with the regulator and where
should they put it.
4. 5. 6. Leakage Prevention
This point will explain more about the components in the LPG and CNG
tank. On how each component should be examine before using to prevent any
54
leakage that may occur. Tank, regulator, hose, placement and all factors will
be explained here in a very simple way so that everyone can understand.
4. 5. 7. Fuel Gas Maintenance
It is not only suppliers responsibility to keep the tank safe, but also the
consumer. So in this point there will be an explanation about how important it
is for a fuel gas tank maintenance. Also, there will be steps on how viewer
could do the maintenance regularly.
4. 5. 8. Notes for Viewer
This is just a note saying the importance of following the steps given by
the government. Because in the end, it is for their safety.
CHAPTER V
CONCEPT GENERATION
5. 1. Existing Concept
A film, also called a movie, is a series of still images which when shown on
screen creates moving images illusion. A film is created by photographing actual
scenes with a motion picture camera, by photographing drawings/miniature
models using traditional animation techniques, by computer animation (CGI, etc.),
or by a combination of some or all of these techniques. This sub-chapter will
explain about existing concept of video or film that has been aired widely.
5. 1. 1. Groups of Film
Apart from genres, with terms of cast form, basically film or video
divided by three large groups, such as non-animated (real), animated, and
combination of both.
55
Non-animated
Groups of
Film
Animation
Combination
Figure 5.1. Groups of Film

(Source: zulfanafdhilla.com)
5. 1. 1. 1.
Non-animated film
Non-animated film, also called real film is a film which is created by

photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera. In the other
words, the non-animated film has a base in an original characters (real
humans, animals, etc.), not an artificial or man-made model. This kind of
film mostly has a more realistic story, plot, and effects than other type,
because of full use of the real characters. Their scenario story and plot also
often based on a real life story around us.
Figure 5.2. Laskar Pelangi (2008), Example of Non-animated Film

(Source: cdn.klimg.com/muvila.com)
5. 1. 1. 2.
Animation Film
The second is animation film. Animation film is the film that created
by photographing drawings/miniature models using traditional animation
techniques or by computer animation (CGI, etc.). Usually this film genre
56
has a sub-genre that almost same as the main genre of non-animated films,
has a various storyline, and sometimes should impress some jokes. Also,
animated films are often dramatized the effect and the plot, or more
unrealistic than non-animated film. The animation is rooted in the world of
drawings, which is illustrated graphic design or visual communication
design.
Figure 5.3. Toy Story (1999), One of the Most Successful Animated Film
in History
(Source: cloudfront.net)
5. 1. 1. 3.
Combination of Animation and Non-animation
Film
And the third is combination of animation and non-animation film.
This film type combines the motion picture camera, photographing
drawings, and computer animation. For the characters, this type using
animated characters beside the real characters, in a real life background
usually. This combination has been used widely by many films nowadays.
The combination is created to expand more the plot and storyline, and
offered more varied plot and interesting storyline that can developed from
it. With the base of non-animated film, his type actually appears to enrich
it.
57
Figure 5.4. The Avengers (2012), Example of Successful Combination of

Animation and Non-animation Film
(Source: moviepilot.com)
5. 1. 2. Type of Animation Video

Now lets focus on an animated video. While the character is a person,
animal or other tangible object that is poured in the form of 2D and 3D
images. so that the character animation can be interpreted as containing an
image object as if alive, is caused by a collection of images that change
irregularly and alternately displayed. Objects in the pictures can be text,
shapes, colors and special effects. Technical type animation creation divided
by three, that is 2D, 3D, and stop motion animation.
2D Animation
Animation
video/film
3D Animation
Stop motion
Animation
Figure 5.5. Types of Animation Video

(Source: dodyanimation.com)
5. 1. 2. 1.
2D Animation
58
2D animation is the kind of animation that visually flat, or called flat

animation. There are two kinds of 2D, which are manual and computer.
The first one, manual animation technique or commonly referred as cell
animation is oldest technique. This animation technique allows animators
to create an image on a layered celluloid (transparent) sheet. Now,
animators are no longer making the traditional animation. 2D animation
computer techniques or CGI (computer generated imagery) are technically
an animation that created with the help of computer (software), but still
rely on the ability to draw the pages. So, the huge difference between
traditional 2D animation and computer is the medium used to make the
animation.
Figure 5.6. Indonesian 2D Animation Video in Youtube

(Source: kertashitam.com)
5. 1. 2. 2.
3D Animation
3D animation known as the three-dimensional nature of this type has

a depth/space on the object. At first sight we would easily recognize the
animated film with this kind of three-dimensional because of its smooth,
more realistic lighting, and also its room impression is more visible. All
that can be done because it is assisted with today's computer technology
that already advanced in this type of animation which can be animated
59
object that seen from all angles/sides. As well as the real doll, but the
object is created digitally using special software.
Figure 5.7. Cars (2006). Smooth Graph 3D Animation

(Source: movlesteve.com)
5. 1. 2. 3.
Stop Motion Animation
Stop motion animation is an animation technique that combines

photography with animation technology. media used can be varied, for
example, dolls, paper, drawings on paper, drawing on the board, wax, etc.
All the objects that can be used as animated objects that will be
photographed every movement. With this technique we can create
animations without the need to have the ability to draw. Just prepare a
doll, toy or robot, and then we must move them little by little while we
photographed every of their movement. And of course it required a high
level of diligence and patience.
60
Figure 5.8. Shaun the Sheep, One of the Most Popular Stop Motion
Animation
(Source: vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net)
5. 2.
New Concept
5. 2. 1. New Concept of LPG Video
New concept that we find is few unique and funny character. This
concept will be entertain and tutoring at once, also the way explain hazard of
LPG that not drab to viewers. As we know, that animation video of explosion
or fire caused by LPG accident is so scary to watched. Those video containing
mechanism of explosion step by step with the charcter is human like a real
occurance. It will raise fear for viewers and finally viewers will not watch it
anymore because it is not attractive. Although, its good from image quality
aspect because they used 3D animation and give knowledge deeply about
hazard of LPG.
Other new concept that we have is Indonesian language. We think that
our product will more liked by viewers while target of this video viewers is
Indonesian citizen, especially housewives that less understood English.
5. 2. 2. New Concept of CPG Video
New concept that has been mentioned above, unique and funny character
and Indonesian language. Beside that, new concept which we have is content
of video. Content of this video give viewers information and knowledge about
what is actually happening on the busway burnt. Simply, the content of this
61
video explain causes of busway burnt is not because CNG as fuel gas for
transportation but few mechanical problem. Not causes only, hazard,
prevention, and countermeasures include on this video All this time, video
animation of busway burnt just showed mechanism of busway burning and the
effects for passangers and people around. Not how to prevent and overcome if
that condition occured. It make passengers over worried to riding the busway
that use CNG as its fuel gas.
5. 3. Concept Screening
5. 3. 1. Concept Screening for LPG Video
Since we focused on an animated video, we have three candidate left,
that is 2D animation, 3D animation, and stop motion animation. 2D Animation
is possible to made by us because the proccess will spend less time than 3D
animation. For housewives, 2D animation will be good enough for watched. It
performance which is interest will get much more viewers and spread faster.
3D animation has more good specification from image aspect, etc but we have
to study more and its complexity will take longer time. Last candidate is stop
motion animation. Stop motion animation need very much images for the
making proccess, more than 2D and 3D animation. We dont choose this
animation video because duration of making images spend much time and
combining proccess between photography and animation require us to
understand how to combine it. Study to understand combining proccess need
more time.
5. 3. 2. Concept Screening for CNG Video
We will make same type of animated video for production proccess LPG
and CNG video. Because the target is driver, crew, and passangers of the
busway who dont need too good image quality. So, we choose 2D animation
(flat animation).
5. 4. Selected Concept Description
5. 4. 1. LPG Video
We choose 2D Animation because for the duration and object or target of
this video animation, we think that 2D animation is attractive and interest
62
enough. Beside that, production proccess this animation which is easier than
3D and stop motion animation, 2D animation also is not lost on image and
sound quality. We used Indonesian language so that Indonesian housewives as
viewers can understand easily. The phrase used is also commonly used phrase
in everyday life so that this video more easy to understood and attract more
viewers.
5. 4. 2. CNG Video
For CNG video, we choose 2D animation too, use Indonesian language
that commonly used in transportation system and few explanation about terms
which is not understood by commoner (passangers).
62
CHAPTER VI
PRODUCT PLANNING
To create the animation video about safety aspects regarding the usage of
fuel gas, we must first create a fixed plan so that we wont get lost in our progress
to create the animation video. This planning can be done by creating a flowchart
containing each and every step we need to do and accomplish in the future. These
steps must be done accordingly and cannot be skipped, to ensure that everything
goes effectively and efficiently. Mainly, the plan can be divided into 2 steps,
which are the Concept Stage and the Production Stage. The concept stage
must be done thoroughly before doing the production stage, in order to minimize
the case where new concept suddenly appears and interchange with the already
existing concept, and thus interfering with the production stage which will lower
the time efficiency. Each of the stages will be explaned below along with the steps
on how to do it.
6. 1. Concept Stage
In this stage, we will discuss about any ideas that need to be constructed and
expanded, so that it can finally be shown in the animation video. The purpose of
this stage is to direct our efforts in the production stage towards a predetermined
goal, making it more focused. Thus, any unnecessary effort and trial can be
minimized and we can manage the time given in a more efficient way. It can be
said that the concept stage will form the backbone of the animation video itself.
Therefore, it is important to thoroughly decide all concepts and ideas in this stage,
so that sudden change of one or more concepts wont happen in the production
stage. The concept stage can be divided further into some steps, which is shown in
the Figure 6.1 below.
63
Figure 6.1. Concept Stages

6. 1. 1. Observation of the Publics Needs
In this step, we will discuss about the publics needs which can be
fulfilled by the production of our animation video. This step has been
determined from the start, by which we found out that the publics needs is to
know that fuel gas are actually safe to use as long as they pay attention to the
safety aspects of fuel gas. Recently, a fraction of Indonesian people are still
reluctant to use fuel gas for their everyday chores because of what the news
say about accidents regarding fuel gas explosion. Therefore, our goal is to give
the proper knowledge about safety aspects regarding fuel gass usage to the
public, hoping that they can rely on fuel gas more and change their fuel from
gasoline to fuel gas. Starting from this goal, we can discuss further about the
fundamentals of our animation video content.
64
6. 1. 2. Literature and Reference Search

After determining out goal, we can broaden our knowledge further while
focusing to the primary goal. We achieve this point by searching for any
relevant information as many as possible. In this case, the information that
might be relevant to the content of our animation video creation consists of
basic knowledge about combustion, basic physical & chemical properties
about fuel gas and their relevance to combustion reaction, standard safety &
hazard regulation regarding fuel gas usage.
6. 1. 3. Concept Building and Information Filtering
In this step, we will filter all of the information which had been gathered,
and match them accordingly with our original goal definition. We will use
only the information which has the most relevancies with our predetermined
goal. In our case, the original goal of our animation video project is to
publicize the safety aspects regarding fuel gas usage in everyday lives.
Therefore, when we are considering the large variety of Indonesian people in
terms of intelligence and understanding, it is not quite relevant for us to give
information that is too scientific to the public (e.g. the combustion reaction
details, detailed physical information regarding the fuel gas, etc.). But instead,
we decided to give more practical information which the public can implement
to their daily lives directly, such as the installation of ventilation in the kitchen
to ensure the escape of gases in case of gas leak from LPG unit, things that
should be done to ensure safety when using the LPG (e.g. not installing the
unit while smoking, not placing the LPG unit near the stove, etc.). This way,
we can utilize our time better in explaining the essential information in our
animation video and public can understand things that they should and
shouldnt do when dealing with fuel gas.
6. 1. 4. Basic Animation Concepts Determination
Finally, after filtering the information which had been obtained, we can
proceed to discuss and decide the main points of which we will need to focus
at, especially when continuing to the production stage. These points will
65
consist of constrictions and limitations which will give us a go or no-go

criteria in the animation creation.
6. 2.
Production Stage
In this stage, we will discuss about more technical matters regarding the
animation creation as well as the creation process itself. For this animation video,
we decided to create a modified flowchart which is based of the Japanese
animation creation flowchart in creating animation video. The reason of this
modification is because of the limited manpower, the short duration, and the type
of animation which has been decided to introduce simple-designed characters.
Based on the references that we obtained regarding the animation creation, we
decide our modified production plan which is shown on the flowchart below.
Figure 6. 2. Production Stage
66
6. 2. 1. Determining Software
For the first step, we decide which software we will use to create the
animation project. This step is very important, because we will need to learn
quickly about the software which we will be using soon. The criteria which we
decided in determining the software is the ability to create animated projects
as well as good video rendering features. An easy-to-understand interface will
also be a good thing to demand.
For this animation project, we have decided to use Adobe After Effects
CS5 as the basic software for our animation video project. Adobe After Effects
CS5 is one of the multimedia software created by Adobe Corporation which
has the purpose to assist its users in creating compositions and editing short
movie projects. Actually, Adobe has developed another application which can
serve similar purposes, which is named Adobe Flash Professional CS5. But we
decided to use Adobe After Effects because the original purpose of Adobe
Flash Professional is to assist in creating an interactive project which can be
opened in a PC. This point is different from what we want in our goal, which
is to provide an animation video for the public to watch. So, the creation of an
interactive project is a little bit irrelevant. Therefore, is it decided that we will
use Adobe After Effects CS5 for our project. Other software such as Adobe
Photoshop or Manga Studio may be used to assist in drawing the objects
needed for the animation video.
6. 2. 2. Scenario Writing and Storyboard Creation
In this step, we will write a detailed scenario about the animation content
which we will create later. This step will also give specific details about the
characters appearing in the animation as well as their physical features and
roles. We must also keep our eyes to the original goal, so that no characters are
being created in vain. Because our target consists of Indonesian people in
general, the characters must be made simple and not over-detailed, while still
being able to catch the publics eyes. After the characters, we will create the
scene in which the characters play each of their parts in the animation. This
part must be thought carefully, so that in the animation, all of the information
67
intended to be exposed can be caught by the public eye clearly with least
miscommunication. This part will also decide how many scenes need to be
created in the animation. The other important factor to consider is the total
time of the animation itself. The total time must not be too long so that people
wont get bored when they are watching the animation. But the time must be
long enough to make sure that all the information can be explained thoroughly
to all the viewers.
For this animation video, we have decided to set a narrator as the leading
character. The purpose of this setting is to guide the viewers throughout the
animation easier. This way, we can save time explaining all the contents of the
animation rather than making an on-screen character guide the viewers
throughout a setting, which can take up more time while not explaining
enough information. Then, we will use some on-screen characters in form of
dead object personification and humans with little detail, in order to give the
viewers eyes less burden when watching the animation.
6. 2. 3. Layout Design
In this step, we will construct the main layout for each scenes and cuts. A
layout consists of the background and the characters playing in it. From this
layout, we can proceed into key animation step for the characters as well as
line construction for the narrator. Because our animation is in form of flat
animation, the background design consists of flat colors only. For some
scenes, the background can contain some static objects such as buildings,
roads, or factories. The other factor which must be considered is the transition
between cuts, which must be created in a simple but attractive way. Because
this is a flat animation, the scenes usually only take up short time, so many
layouts must be made for each scene.
6. 2. 4. Main Dubbing and Timing
In this step, we will do a dubbing session for the narrator in order to get
a good grasp of timing when creating the key animation. The lines for the
narrator must already be finished by the time the dubbing session commences.
68
We will assign one person with a good voice, and record his/her voice when
reading the lines which has been prepared. After that, we will do the detailed
timing according to the narrators voice.
6. 2. 5. Key Animation Creation and Compositioning
In this step, we will create the frame-to-frame animation of the
characters for each scene and cuts. This step can be assisted with the software
we chose earlier, so that we might not need to draw every frame ourselves.
After the key animation and the background have been finished, the next step
is to unite them all in one place, and see them animated. We can also add
effects in order to add more detail to the scenes.
6. 2. 6. Post-Production
The post-production step consists of some sub steps which includes
applying background music and video rendering. Final touches of editing can
also be done in this step.
CHAPTER VII
CONCLUTION
Fuel gas is a gaseous substance which can chemically react with oxygen and
produce heat energy. The type of fuel gas that is often to used is LPG (Liquefied
Petroleum Gas) and Natural Gas in the form of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas).
Each type of fuel gas has different content and different characteristics of
combustion. This affects to the difference in the amount of energy produced from
combustion in any type of fuel gas. The hazard of the use of LPG and CNG are
also different, but generally CNG safer to use than other fuels gas.
The government has set the regulations of use of LPG and CNG as well as
any system that supports the installation of that fuel usage. But the accidents in
the use of LPG or CNG are still going on. To minimize the occurrence of
accidents, there are the steps and important points that must be considered in order
to prevent and cope with the accidents due to the use of fuel gas.
70
Most accidents that occur on LPG usage were caused by the public
ignorance to use it properly and safely. While in case of the accidents on fuel gas
public transport, largely due to the electrical system, friction, or the engine,
instead of the fuel gas used.
The Government of Indonesia has conducted numerous publications about
the use of fuel gas, such as posters, counseling, and the advertisements on
television. The government has also set a distribution and safety standard process
installation of fuel gas in Indonesia. From the small survey that was conducted
showed that the public's understanding of the use of fuel gas is still low, so the
socialization of the use of fuel gas properly and safely is really need to do. So, the
animation video of health and safety on fuel gas usage is one of the alternatives to
do the socialization, because it can be more interactive and easily to spread
through many media. The video will also be in two different topics, since the
viewers is also different.
70
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UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

HEALTH AND SAFETY OF FUEL GAS ANIMATION VIDEO

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Furthermore, we continue to develop our HSE video. First, we study and

4. 3. 2. The Duration of The Fuel gas Video................................................50

Figure 2.1. Causes of Gas Pipe Accidents...........................................................17

1.2. Problem Definition

peoples are still high.

safely that can prevent the accidents.

1.4. Limitation of Problem

understand how to use the fuel gas safely in their life.

interesting plot so it will be easy to attract viewers to watch it

aspect, so that the peoples will understand this video easily.

2. 1. Definition and Classification of Fuel Gas

2.1.1. Calorific Value

2.1.2. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

expansion, combustion formula,

2.1.3.1. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

The development program distribution network of natural gas for

Complete combustion of a fuel is possible only in the presence of an

2.2.1. Combustion Characteristics of Natural Gas

Table 2.4. Hazard Identification in LPG Safety Data Sheet

(Source: Tesoro Refining & Marketing Co.)

As in health hazard, LPG can affect the body if it is inhaled or if it

Table 2.5. Hazard Identification of CNG

(Source: The Linde Group)

Figure 2.1. Causes of Gas Pipe Network Accidents

2. 4. Standard Regulation of Fuel Gas Usage

i. Gas pressure controlling

2) Converter Kit with LGV fuel

(6) Products Name

From steel, weld,

with volume more than 30

L but less than 110 L

more than 30 L but less

with volume more than 30

L but less than 110 L

with volume more than 30

L but less than 110 L

(36) (Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade Regulation)

2.4.1.2. Clause 3 Gas Conversion Tank Specification

SK.78/AJ/006/DRJD/2008 about the usage of Liquified Gas for Vehicle

Requirements for Vehicles

ECE R-67 standard

Requirements for Vehicles

only use fuel gas.

a. Fuel gas tank

i. Automatic shut-off device

(2) Components as given in (1) f, g and h could also be a group in a

(3) In terms of bi-fuel type usage, automatic shut-off device as given in

Statistic of LPG Tank Explosion in Indonesia

Number of People Died

(Source: National Consumer Protection Agency)

injured tends to increase year by year, so as the number of case reported.

reliable and correct selection

Before use, storage tanks of CNG through several tests, as follow:

from solar thermal

gas stove with LPG cylinder

position must be horizontal.

there are no leaks.

from the location of the flame.

extinguisher type of CO2 or dry chemical

tube itself. Always contact a competent supplier of gas cylinders.

Risk of gas pipeline leakage in cities and towns is high, of which