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Objectives & Outcomes.

OBJECTIVES
To study about the performance of basic instruments and devices.
To understand the various sensing and measurement devices of
instrumentation.
To understand the different methods used for emission process.
To learn about the various instruments used and its components.

OUTCOMES

At the end of the course the student should be able to


Get a picture about the performance of basic instruments.
Gain an overview on various components, methods and process.
Familiar with various sensors used.

UNIT I - MEASURING DEVICES


IN AUTOMOBILES

Content.
Selection of measuring instrument, requirements of
measurement such as precision, accuracy, errors,
sensitivity, readability and reliability
Devices to measure temperature and pressure of the
working fluid, coolant, air and fuel flow into the
engine
Indicating and integrating instruments
Vibrometer, Accelerometer, vibration and pressure
pickups, vibration test methods and counters

Measurement Need & methods.


Experimental process of acquiring any quantitative information
Measuring a physical quantity.
Measurand a physical quantity, property, or condition which is
measured

Need.

Control & monitor an event.


Data collection for future analysis.
Validation of Engineering design.
Understand an event or operation.

Methods.
Direct
Indirect

Instrument.
Instrument is a device that transforms a physical
variable (the measurand ) into a form that is suitable
for recording (the measurement)
Types
Indicating Indicates instantaneous values.
Integrating integrates the events over a period. ( t * E ).
Recording Records and logs the events.

Measuring System.

From
Field

Sensing Element

Display

Data Presentation
& Storage

Processing
Element

Manipulating
Element

Transmission
Element

Requirements of Measurements.
Accuracy - Accuracy is the ability of an instrument to show the
exact reading
Precision - capability of an instrument to show the same
reading when used each time.
Errors - Difference between the result of a measurement and
the true value
Sensitivity - ratio of change in output towards the change in
input at a steady state condition
Readability providing readable values
Reliability Providing error free measurements
Repeatability maximum deviation from the average of
repeated measurements

Measurements in Automobiles.

Vehicle Speed
Distance
Engine angular speed(rpm)
Fuel level
Oil pressure
Engine coolant temperature
Tire pressure
Alternator charging current
Fuel reserve indication empty fuel tank
Door open Indicators

Fuel level measurement.


Three methods
Ultrasonic method
Float method
Conductive method

Ultrasonic method.
Non contact method.
Inbuilt receiver and
transmitter.
Time taken for
transmission &
reception level.
Fire safe
Highly accurate

GPS Based Fuel level Sensor.

Float method
Most common in 2
wheelers.
As the fuel level in the tank
changes, the float position
will change, changing the
sensors resistance.
This resistance change is
detected by an electric
gauge.

Conductive Method.
Simple method.
The device conducts with
raise in float.
Variation in resistance is
proportional to level
measurement.

Back

Coolant Temperature measurement.


Placed inside the radiator.
Coolant may be oil, water or a
mixture of both.
Sensor thermistor - NTC.
20k ohms 248 0F
when the engine coolant
temperature increases, the
electrical resistance decreases
and this also causes a voltage
drop in the sensor.
Change in resistance is
proportional to temperature.

Calibration of temperature sensor.

First the radiator cap must be removed followed by


the insertion of a thermometer.
Then the engine must be started up and the
temperature must be monitored till it reaches 970 C
When the temperature hits 970 C the radiator fan
must start running.
Back

Oil pressure measurement.


Pressure will be 10 psi for every 1000
rpm
As the force of the oil pressure starts
to build on the diaphragm, this force
overcomes the switch spring pressure,
which then pulls apart the electrical
contacts to turn on the warning light.
If the oil pressure falls below the set
limit, the diaphragm releases pressure
off the springs to close the switch
contacts that would normally result in
the display of a warning sign.
Indicates Brake oil, Engine Oil, Coolant
oil, etc

Commercial Oil pressure sensors.

Back

Door open Indicators.


Mostly these are kind of switches.
Until its contact is closed it indicates
an light indication in driving panel.
Positioned in the door panels.
Provided with a rubber cap cover for
protection from shocks.

Back

Vehicle Speed Measurement.


Located at the transmission or
transaxle.
Uses Saw tooth pulse for
measurement.
Gear wheel - Magnetic Pickup
cuts saw tooth.

Working of Speed Sensor.

Back

Engine angular speed.

Indicated in rpm.
Tachometer Eddy or Drag
Idle & Free run of engine.
Torque measurement.
Ang vel(eng) not equal to Ang
Vel(Wheels).
Energy transferred through gears.
Torque inverse Ang vel.

Engine angular speed.

Back

Tire Pressure Measurement.

Pressure drops for every 6oC.


Stability of tires.
Proper Braking.
Direct TPMS.(Inferential)
Indirect TPMS.

Direct TPMS.

Back

Vibration Monitoring System.


Vibrations sinusoidal displacements - Turbine
blade crack, un even temp, unbalancing.
Cannot be entirely eliminated.
Reduce the life span of engines.
Vibrometers & Accelerometers.
Double Integration.
Rotor vibrations passed away to crank, casing,
bearings,etc.

Vibration Monitoring System.


Types
Proximity
Potentiometer
Photocell

Vibration Monitoring System.

3D Proximity Vibration
Monitoring System.

Contact type VMS.

End of Unit 1

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