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Strength of Materials Lab

Tension Test on a Mild Steel Rod


Ex. No.:
Date :

Aim:
To draw stress-strain curve for the given steel specimen by conducting axial tension
test and hence to find the following:
1.

Yield stress

2.

Ultimate stress

3.

Nominal breaking stress

4.

Actual breaking stress

5.

Percentage Elongation in length

6.

Percentage Reduction in area

Apparatus and Specimen Required:


1.

Universal testing machine (UTM)

2.

Mild steel specimen

3.

Scale

4.

Vernier caliper

5.

Dot punch

6.

Hammer

Procedure:
1.

Measure the length (L) and diameter (d) of the given specimen.

2.

Mark the centre of the specimen using dot punch.

3. Mark two points P and Q at a distance of 150 mm on either side of the centre mark so
that the distance between P and Q will be equal to 300 mm.
4. Mark two points A and B at a distance of 2.5 times the rod diameter on either side of
the centre mark so that the distance between A & B will be equal to 5 times the rod
diameter and is known as initial gauge length of the rod (li).
5. Insert the specimen in the middle crosshead and top crosshead grips of the machine so
that the two points A and B coincide with grips.
6. Apply the load gradually and continue the application of load. After sometime, there
will be a slight pause in the increase of load. The load at this point is noted as yield load
(Py).

Strength of Materials Lab

Tabulation:

1.

Material of the specimen

2.

Length of the specimen, L

mm

3.

Diameter of the specimen, d

mm

4.

Initial gauge length of the specimen, lI

mm

5.

Final gauge length of the specimen, lf

mm

6.

Diameter at neck, dn

mm

7.

Yield load, Py

kN

8.

Ultimate load, Pu

kN

9.

Breaking load, Pb

kN

10. Extensometer gauge length

mm

11. Extensometer least count

mm

12. Extensometer magnification factor

mm

Strength of Materials Lab

7. Apply load continuously till the specimen fails and note down the ultimate load (Pu)
and breaking load (Pb) from the digital indicator.
8.

Remove the specimen from the machine and join the two pieces of the specimen.

9. Measure the distance between the two points A and B. This distance is known as final
gauge length (lf) of the specimen.
10. Measure the diameter of the rod at neck (dn).
11. Determine the yield stress, ultimate stress, nominal breaking stress, actual breaking
stress, percentage elongation in length, percentage reduction in area and Young's modulus
using the following formulae:
i)

Yield stress,

Yield load (Py )

Initial Area (Ai )


ii) Ultimate stress,

iii) Nominal breaking stress,

iv) Actual breaking stress,

bn

ba

Ultimateload (Pu )
Initial Area (Ai )

Breakingload (Pb )
Initial Area (Ai )

v) % Elongation in length

vi) % Reduction in area

Breakingload (Pb )
NeckArea (An )
Final gauge length (Lf ) Initial Gauge Length (li )
x 100
Initial gauge length (li )
Initial area (Ai ) Neckarea (A n )
x100
Initial Area (Ai )

d2
4
dn 2
An = Area at neck =
4
PL
(vii) Young's modulus
=
A
Where, Ai = Initial Area

12. Draw stress-strain curve for the specimen by taking stress along y-axis and strain
along x-axis.

Strength of Materials Lab

Model Calculation:

Strength of Materials Lab

Result :
Tension test for the given specimen was conducted and the results are as follows:
1.

Yield stress,

2.

Ultimate stress,

3.

Nominal breaking stress,

4.

Actual breaking stress,

5.

Percentage elongation in length

6.

Percentage reduction in area =

7.

Stress-strain curve has been plotted.

y
u
bn

N/mm2

N/mm2
N/mm2

ba

N/mm2

=
=

VIVA VOCE:
1. Define Stress.Give its types.
2. Define Strain. Give its types.
3. Define elastic limit
4. Define Youngs modulus and other elastic constants.
5. Define Yield stress.
6. Define Tensile strength.
7. Draw stress-strain curve for different materials and explain.
8. State Hookes law.
9. Define Strain energy.
10. Define Modulus of resilience.

Strength of Materials Lab

Observation:
1. Material of the specimen

2. Diameter of the specimen, d =

mm

3. Load at failure, P

kN

Strength of Materials Lab

DOUBLE SHEAR TEST


Ex. No.:
Date:

Aim:
To determine the maximum shear strength of the given bar by conducting doubleshear test.

Apparatus and specimen required:


1. Universal testing machine (UTM)
2. Mild steel and aluminium
3. Device for double-shear test
4. Vernier caliper / Screw gauge

Procedure:
1. Measure the diameter (d) of the given specimen.
2. Fit the specimen in the double-shear device and place the whole assembly in the
UTM.
3. Apply the load till the specimen fails by double-shear.
4. Note down the load at which the specimen fails (P).
5. Calculate the maximum shear strength of the given specimen by using the following
formula:
Loadat failure (P) in N
Maximum shear strength =
2 x Cross sec tionalarea of the bar in mm2

Result:
The maximum shear strength of the given specimen = __________N/mm2.

VIVA VOCE:
1. Define shear stress and shear strain.
2. What is modulus of rigidity?
3. What is its significance in strength of the materials?
4. Define strength?

Strength of Materials Lab

Observation:
Diameter of the rod =
Length of the rod =

Tabulation:

Sl.
No.

Torque
Kg-cm

Angle of twist
N-mm

Degrees

Radians

Modulus of
Rigidity (C)
N/mm2

Max shear
stress
N/mm2

Strength of Materials Lab

TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD


Ex. No.:
Date:

Aim :.
To draw the torque twist diagram for the specimen and to determine
1. The stiffness of the specimen
2. The modulus of rigidity of the specimen
3. The maximum shear strength induced in the specimen

Apparatus required :
Torsion testing machine, specimen, vernier caliper

Procedure :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Note the dimensions of the specimen.


Align the chucks in position by rotating the handle.
Fix the specimen in the chuck
Make the main scale to coincide with zero by rotating the handle.
By rotating the handle now apply the torque or twisting moment.
Note the angle of twist and the corresponding torque applied.
Draw a graph between torque and angle of twist.

8.

The stiffness of the rod is given by K =


where, T = Torque applied in kgm
= Angle of twist in radians

Strength of Materials Lab

Model calculation :
Torque applied in kgm, T

Angle of twist in radians,

Stiffness, u =

10

Strength of Materials Lab

Result :
1. The torque Vs angle of twist curve has been plotted and the stiffness of the rod = ____
2. The modulus of rigidity of the specimen = ________
3. The maximum shear strength induced in the specimen = _________

VIVA VOCE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Define Torsion
What are the assumptions made in torsional equation?
Define Polar Modulus.
Write the torsional equation.
Define torsional rigidity.

11

Strength of Materials Lab

Observation:
1. Material of the specimen
=
2. Type of notch (i.e. groove)
=
3. Length of the specimen, l
=
4. Breadth of the specimen, b
=
5. Depth of the specimen, d
=
6. Position of groove from one end, (lg) =
7. Depth of groove (dg)
=
8. Width of groove (wg)
=
9. Initial charpy scale reading
=
10. Final charpy scale reading
=

12

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
kg.m
kg.m

Strength of Materials Lab

CHARPY IMPACT TEST


Ex. No.:
Date:

Aim:
To determine the impact strength of the given specimen by conducting charpy impact
test.

Apparatus and specimen required:


1.
2.
3.
4.

Impact testing machine with attachment for charpy test


Charpy specimen
Vernier Caliper
Scale

Procedure:
1. Measure the length (l), breadth (b), & depth (d) of the given specimen.
2. Measure the position of notch (i.e. groove) from one end (lg), depth of groove (dg) and
top width of groove (wg) in the given specimen.
3. Lift the pendulum and keep it in the position meant for charpy test.
4. Adjust the pointer to coincide with initial position (i.e. maximum value) in the charpy
scale.
5. Release the pendulum using the lever and note down the initial reading in the charpy
scale.
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4.
7. Place the specimen centrally over the supports such that the groove is opposite to the
striking face,
8. Release the pendulum again using the lever and note down the final reading in the
charpy scale.
9. Find the impact resistance of the given specimen by using the following relation:
Impact resistance = (Final charpy scale reading - Initial charpy scale reading)

Result:

The impact strength of the given specimen is ______________ J/mm2.

VIVA VOCE:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Define Impact load.


What are the different types of loads?
Define toughness.
What are the uses of conducting Impact test?

13

Strength of Materials Lab

Observation:
1. Material of the specimen
=
2. Type of notch (i.e. groove)
=
3. Length of the specimen, l
=
4. Breadth of the specimen, b
=
5. Depth of the specimen, d
=
6. Position of groove from one end, (lg) =
7. Depth of groove (dg)
=
8. Width of groove (wg)
=
9. Initial izod scale reading
=
10. Final izod scale reading
=

14

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
kg.m
kg.m

Strength of Materials Lab

IZOD IMPACT TEST


Ex. No.:
Date:

Aim:
To determine the impact strength of the given specimen by conducting izod impact
test.

Apparatus and specimen required:


1.
2.
3.
4.

Impact testing machine with attachment for izod test


Given specimen
Vernier Caliper
Scale

Procedure:
1. Measure the length (l), breadth (b), & depth (d) of the given specimen.
2. Measure the position of notch i.e. groove from one end (lg), depth of groove (dg) and
top width of groove (wg) in the given specimen
3. Lift the pendulum and keep it in the position meant for izod test.
4. Adjust the pointer to coincide with initial position (maximum value) in the izod scale.
5. Release the pendulum using the lever and note down the initial reading in the izod
scale.
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4.
7. Place the specimen vertically upwards such that the shorter distance between one end
of the specimen and groove will be the protruding length and also the groove in the
specimen should face the striking end of the hammer.
8. Release the pendulum again using the lever and note down the final reading in the
izod scale.
9. Find the impact resistance of the given material by using the following relation:
Impact resistance = (Final izod scale reading - Initial izod scale reading)

Result:
The impact strength of the given material is ______________ kg.m.

VIVA VOCE:
1. Define any three types of loads.
2. Write some material properties?
3. What are the uses of conducting Impact test?

15

Strength of Materials Lab

Observation:

Sl.
No.

Material

Major
Load

Indenter

(kg)

Average

Average

Average

16

Scale

Rockwell hardness
number
(RHC. or RHB..)

Strength of Materials Lab

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST


Ex. No.:
Date :

Aim:
To determine the Rockwell hardness number for the given specimen.

Apparatus and specimen required:


1.

Rockwell hardness testing machine

2.

Indenter

3.

Test specimen

4.

Stop watch

Procedure:
1.

Identify the material of the given test specimen.

2. Know the major load, type of indenter and scale to be used for the given test specimen
from the following table:
Material type

Major load

Indenter

Sc
al
e

Hardened
steel

150 kg

Diamond cone 120

Mild steel

100 kg

1.58 mm dia. steel ball

Aluminium

100 kg

1.58 mm dia. steel ball

Brass

100 kg

1.58 mm dia. steel ball

Copper

100 kg

1.58 mm dia. steel ball

Sl.
No

3.

Fix the indenter and place the given specimen on the anvil of the machine.

4.

Select the major load from the knob available on the right side of the machine.

5. Raise the anvil using the rotating wheel till the specimen touches the indenter and
then slowly turn the wheel till the small pointer on the dial reaches the red mark position.
Now the specimen is subjected to a minor load of 10 kg.
6. Push the loading handle in the forward direction to apply the major load to the
specimen and allow the load to act on the specimen for 15 seconds.
7. Release the major load by pushing the loading handle in the backward direction and
keep the minor 10 kg load still on the specimen.
8. Read the Rockwell hardness number either from 'C' or 'B' scale, as the case may be,
directly on the dial and record it.
9. Release the minor load of 10 kg by rotating the hand wheel and lowering the screw
bar.

17

Strength of Materials Lab

10. Repeat the experiment to obtain at least 3 different sets of observations for the given
specimen by giving a gap of at least 3 mm between any two adjacent indentations and 1.5
mm from the edge.
11. Find the average value, which will be the Rockwell hardness number for the given
specimen.
Theory:
I. Principle:
The test consists of forcing an indenter of standard type (cone or ball) into the surface of a
test piece in two operations and measuring the permanent increase of depth of indentations
of the indenter under specified conditions. Initially a minor load is applied which is
followed by a major load depending on the indenter and the type of the metal. The major
load is then removed but the minor load is retained while the hardness number is read.

Rockwell Hardness Testing Equipment


II.IS Specifications :(IS: 3804-1966)
The thickness of the specimen shall be at least 8 times the permanent increase of the depth.
No deformation shall be visible at the back of the test piece after the test.
The distance between the centre of two adjacent indentations or of the centre of any
indentation from the edge of the test piece shall be at least three times the diameter of the
impression.

18

Strength of Materials Lab

Result:
The Rockwell hardness number for the given specimens are :
1. Mild Steel
2. Brass
3. Aluminium

= RHC _______ or RHB _______


= RHC _______
= RHC _______

Viva voice:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Define Hardness.
Define Ductility.
Define Machineability.
Define Toughness.
What are the other equipments to measure hardness?

19

Strength of Materials Lab

Observation:
A. Tabulation:

Sl.No.

Material

Load constant
P/D2 value in
kg/mm2

Major Load
(P) in kg

Diameter of
steel ball
indenter (D)
in mm

Diameter of
indentation
(d) in mm

i
ii
iii
Average:
i
ii
iii
Average:
i
ii
iii
Average:

20

Brinell
Hardness
Number
(BHN) in
kg/mm2

Strength of Materials Lab

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST


Ex. No.:
Date :

Aim:
To determine the Brinell hardness number for the given specimen.

Apparatus and specimen required:


1. Brinell hardness testing machine
2. Microscope
3. Indenter
4. Test specimen
5. Stop watch

Procedure:
1. Identify the material of the given test specimen.
2. Know the value of P/D2 and diameter of the indentor (D) to be used for the given test
specimen from the following table:
Sl.No.

Material type

P/D2
value in
kg/mm2

Diameter of
steel ball (D)
indenter in
mm

1.

Steel, Cast iron & Brass

30

2.5

2.

Copper alloys and Aluminium


alloys

10

2.5

3.

Aluminium & Copper

2.5

4.

Lead, Tin and their alloys

2.5

where, P = Major load in kg


3. Calculate the major load to be applied for the given test specimen by knowing the
values of P/D2 and D.
4. Select the major load from the knob available on the right side of the machine.
5. Fix the indenter and place the given specimen on the anvil of the machine.
6. Raise the anvil using the rotating wheel till the specimen touches the indenter and
then slowly turn the wheel till the small pointer on the dial reaches the red mark
position. Now the specimen is subjected to a minor load of 10 kg.
7. Apply the major load to the specimen by pushing the loading-handle in the forward
direction and allow the load to act on the specimen for 15 seconds.
8. Release the major load by pushing the loading-handle in the backward direction.
9. Release the minor load of 10 kg by rotating the hand wheel and lowering the screw
bar.
21

Strength of Materials Lab

10. Measure the diameter of indentation (d) using the microscope.


11. Calculate the Brinell hardness number for the given specimen using the formula given
below.
12. Repeat the experiment to obtain at least 3 different sets of observations for the given
specimen by giving a gap of at least 3mm between any two adjacent indentations
and 1.5mm from the edge.
13. Find the average value, which will be the Brinell hardness number for the given
specimen.

Theory :
Hardness of a material is defined as the resistance to indentation under static and
dynamic load. When a material is to be used under static or dynamic loads, hardness test will
be useful to determine the resistance to indentation.
In Brinell hardness test, a steel ball of diameter (D) is forced under a load (P) on to a
surface of test specimen. Mean diameter (d) of indentation is measured after the removal
of the load.
Formula used:
Brinell hardness number =
Where,

P = Major load in kg.

P
D
D
2

D2 d 2

D = Diameter of indentor in mm.


d = Diameter of indentation in mm.

Result:
The Brinell hardness number for the given specimen
1. Mild Steel = ________ kg/mm2
2. Copper
= ________ kg/mm2
3. Aluminium = ________ kg/mm2

22

kg / mm2

Strength of Materials Lab

Viva voce:
1. Differentiate Hardness and toughness.
2. Differentiate rigid body and deformable body.
3. Differentiate impact load and fatigue load.
4. What are the precautions to be made in Rockwell hardness test and Brinell
hardness test?

23

Strength of Materials Lab

Observation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Material of the beam specimen


Length of the beam, L
Span of the beam, l
Breadth of the beam, B
Depth of the beam, D
Least count (LC) of dial gauge
The value of 'b'
The value of 'x'

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

Tabulation
Case - 1
Load at A
Sl.
No.

Load in
Kg

Dial gauge reading in


divisions
Loading Unloading

Actual deflection in mm
(L.C.xDial gauge reading.)

Stiffness in
N/mm

Average
Case - 2
Load at B
Sl.
No.

Load in
Kg

Dial gauge reading in


divisions
Loading Unloading

Actual deflection in mm
(L.C.xDial gauge reading.)

Average
24

Stiffness in
N/mm

Strength of Materials Lab

DEFLECTION TEST ON BEAMS


Ex. No. :
Date
:

Aim :
To draw load-deflection curve for the given specimen by conducting flexure test and
hence to find the stiffness.

Apparatus and specimen required:


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Flexure table
Test specimen
Dial gauge with stand
Set of weights with load-hanger
Vernier caliper and scale.

Procedure:
1. Measure the length (L), breadth (B) and depth (D) of the given beam specimen.
2. Place the beam specimen simply over two knife edge supports of bending table
apparatus and measure centre to centre distance between the supports. This distance is
known as span of the beam (l).
3. Place the load-hanger at any distance, preferably less than l/2 from the right support.
4. Measure the distance between load-hanger and the right support. Take this value as
'b'.
5. Place the dial gauge at a distance 'x' from the left support, where the maximum
l2

deflection will occur. The value of x =

b2
3

0.5

6. Adjust the dial gauge to read zero.


7. Apply 1 kg load on the load-hanger and note down the dial gauge reading in divisions.
Increase the load at the rate of 1 kg and note down the corresponding dial gauge
readings in divisions.
8. Find the actual deflection ( ) by multiplying the dial gauge reading with least count of
the dial gauge.

25

Strength of Materials Lab

Model Calculation:

26

Strength of Materials Lab

9.

Draw the load-deflection curve for the given specimen.

10.

Find the stiffness of the specimen using K =

where
W = load in N
= Deflection in mm.

Result:
The load-deflection has been plotted and the stiffness of the specimen = _________

VIVA VOCE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Define a beam.
What do you mean by transverse loading on beams?
What are the different types of beam?Explain with the help of a diagram?
List the types of loads? Explain with the help of a diagram?
State Maxwells reciprocal theorem

27

Strength of Materials Lab

Observation:
1. Material of the spring specimen

2. Outer diameter of the spring, D

mm

3. Diameter of the spring coil, d

mm

4. Number of coils / turns, n

Nos.

5. Initial scale reading

cm

mm

Tabulation:

Sl.N Applied Load in


o.
Kg
N

Scale reading in
cm

Actual deflection
in mm

mm

Average

28

Modulus of
rigidity in
N/mm2

Stiffness
in N/mm

Strength of Materials Lab

COMPRESSION TESTS ON HELICAL SPRINGS


Ex. No.:
Date:

Aim:
To determine the modulus of rigidity and stiffness of the given helical spring under
compression.

Apparatus and specimen required:


1. Spring testing machine
2. Compression spring specimen
3. Vernier caliper

Procedure:
1. Measure the outer diameter (D) and diameter of the spring coil (d) for the given
compression spring.
2. Count the number of turns i.e. coils (n) in the given compression spring.
3. Place the compression spring at the centre of the bottom beam of the spring testing
machine.
4. Rise the bottom beam by rotating right side wheel till the spring top touches the
middle cross beam.
5. Note down the initial reading from the scale fitted in the machine.
6. Apply a load of 25kg and note down the scale reading. Increase the load at the rate of
25kg upto a maximum of 100kg and note down the corresponding scale reading.
7. Find the actual deflection of the spring for each load by deducting the initial scale
reading from the corresponding scale reading.
8. Calculate the modulus of rigidity for each load applied by using the following
formula:
3
Modulus of rigidity, N = 64 PR n

d4

Where, P = load in N
R = Mean radius of the spring in mm ( D - d )
2
n = Number of turns in the spring
d = Diameter of the spring coil in mm
= Deflection of the spring in mm
D = Outer diameter of the spring in mm
9. Determine the stiffness for each load applied by using the following formula:
Stiffness, K = P / .

29

Strength of Materials Lab

Model Calculation

30

Strength of Materials Lab

10. Find the values of modulus of rigidity and spring constant of the given spring by
taking average values.

Result:
The modulus of rigidity of the given spring

= ___________N/mm2

The stiffness of the given spring

= ___________N/mm.

VIVA VOICE:
1. Define Stiffness/spring rate.
2. What do you mean by helix angle for close coiled helical springs?
3. Define Modulus of Rigidity.
4. State the applications of open coiled and close coiled helical springs.
5. What is a spring?State the functions of springs.
6. What are the various types of springs?
7. Define helical springs and classify them.
8. What is spring index?
9. What is solid length?
10. Define pitch.
11.What are the differences between open coiled and close coiled helical springs?

31

Strength of Materials Lab

EFFECT OF HARDENING ON STEEL


Ex. No.:
Date:

Aim
To harden the given steel specimen and compose hardness and impact strength.

Apparatus Required
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Rockwell hardness test.


Indents.
Metallurgical microscope.
Specimen.
Impact testing machine.
Muffle furnace.

Procedure
1. The Hardness and impact strength of unhardened steel sample is calculated.
2. The specimen is loaded in the furnace heating continuously until the previously
determined hardening temperature is reached.
3. It is held at the temperature for about 30 minutes.(Soaking Time)
4. The specimen is quenched in any suitable media namely water, oil, salt bath.
5. The hardness of the steel was determined using Rockwell hardness test.
6. The impact Strength was calculated using Charpy / Izod test.

Hardness Comparison
s.no.

Specimen

1.

Unhardened

2.

Hardened

Rockwell Hardness (RHN)

Impact Strength Comparison


s.no.

Specimen

1.

Unhardened

2.

Hardened

Size

Energy required for


fracture (Joules)

Result
The given specimen was hardened and its mechanical properties like hardness and
impact resistance of the steel was examined.

32

Strength of Materials Lab

STRAIN MEASUREMENT USING ROSETTLE GAUGE


Ex. No.:
Date:

Aim
To determine the strain in cantilever beam using rosettle strain gauge.

Apparatus Required
1.
2.
3.
4.

Trainer kit
Cantilever beam strain sensor setup
Weights (100 g* 10 nos)
Power cord

Theory
The operation of an electrical resistance strain gauge is based on the fact that when a
conductor is subjected to mechanical deformation, its length and diameter are altered and a
change in its resistance occurs. The resistance change is measured and corrected to strain or
the physical effect causing strain.
The cantilever beam is fixed on a rigid body. Strain gauge are placed on the surface of
the beam. When the load is applied on the end, a downward force is exerted, it tends to
change the dimension of the beam. This dimensional changes are sensed by strain gauge i.e.
placed on it, strain occurred on the beam is calculated by the formula.
Theoretical strain = 6PL/Bt^2 E
Observation
Applied load to the beam (p) = 1 kg (max)
Thickness of the beam (t) = 0.25 cm (4)
Breadth of the beam (b) =2.8 cm (3)
Length of the beam (l) = 21.8 cm (26)
Youngs modulus (E) of the beam = 2x106 kg/cm2

33

Strength of Materials Lab

Tabulation
S.NO.

APPLIED LOAD

THEORETICAL
STRAIN

ACTUAL
STRAIN

ERROR

Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Install the cantilever strain sensor interface the q pin connector with trainer kit.
Switch on the module.
Initially, unload the beam and nullify the bridge voltage by using zero adjustment.
Now apply the load to the beam, strain will develop on the beam and measure the
bridge.
Voltage across T2 and T3.
Gradually increase the load on the beam and note down applied load and the bridge
voltage.
Tabulate the values of the applied load, the theoretical strain, actual strain and bridge
voltage.
Plot a graph between theoretical strain and bridge voltage.

Result
Thus the strain was measured in the cantilever beam using rosette strain gauge.

34

Strength of Materials Lab

TEMPERING- IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES


Ex. No.:
Date:

Aim
To harden and temper the given specimen and compare this improvement of hardness
and impact test.

Apparatus Required
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Rockwell hardness tester


Indenter
Impact testing machine
Specimen
Muffle furnace

Procedure
1. The specimen is loaded in the furnace. Heating continuous until the previously
determined hardened temperature is reached.
2. It is held at the temperature for about 30 minutes.
3. The specimen is quenched in any suitable media namely water, oil or salt bath.
4. Quenching enable martensitic structure of the obtained within limits of the given
specimen.
5. Again specimen is loaded to the furnace and heat up to suitable tempering
temperature.
6. Hold the specimen for sufficient time.
7. The hardness of the unhardened specimen quenched specimen & tempered specimen
was determined using Rockwell hardness test and their hardness were compared.
8. The microstructure of the hardness specimen, quenched specimen, quenched &
tempered specimen was examined using metallurgical microscope.

Tabulation
1. Hardness Comparison
S.NO.

SPECIMEN

ROCKWELL HARDNESS
NUMBER

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Strength of Materials Lab

2. IMPACT RESISTANCE COMPARISON:

S.NO.

SPECIMEN

ENERGY REQUIRED
FOR FRACTURE

SIZE

Result
The hardness and impact resistance of specimen were examined and compared.

36

Strength of Materials Lab

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF METAL SAMPLE


Ex. No.:
Date:

Aim
To examine the microscopic structure of given hardened and tempered metal
examples using the metallurgical microscope.

Apparatus Required
1.
2.
3.
4.

metallurgical microscope
Specimen.
Etchant.
Emery sheet / polisher.

Procedure
1. A part of the metal (Hardened and Tempered) is taken so as to represent the entire
mass.
2. It is cut and removed with saw (or) abrasive material.
3. Specimen is first grinded for coarse surface and polished (Mirror like surface).
4. Metal is dipped into etching regent.
5. Then the microstructures are examined by microscopy.

Observation:

Magnification:

Magnification:

Material:

Material:

Heat Treatment:

Heat Treatment:

37

Strength of Materials Lab

Microstructure 1

Microstructure 2

Result
Thus the Microstructures of given Hardened and tempered samples are observed.

38

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