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marks)
b) Provide 2 causes that lead to stagnant hypoxia. (3 marks)
c) Explain the stages of hypoxia (9marks)
6. Medically, hypoxia is a pathology condition in which body as a whole or
region of the body is
deprived of adequate oxygen supply.
a) Define histotoxic hypoxia. (2 marks)
b) State 2 major causes that can lead to histotoxic hypoxia. (3 marks)
c) List at least 5 of hypoxia symptoms that can be summarized and describe
each of them. (10 marks)Hyperventilation and Cabin Pressurization
7. They are very few know about the important of adequate carbon dioxide in
the bloodstream. High
or low carbon dioxide in blood can lead to adverse effects on the body.
a) Provide important carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. (4 marks)
b) State the process of hyperventilation (6 marks)
c) Explain the relationship between hypoxia and hyperventilation (5marks)
8. Hyperventilation can result by rapid or deep breathing which occur when
respiratory rate increases
from required 12 per minute to 15 per minute and remain elevated for a
prolonged time.
a) State 3 causes that can result to hyperventilation. (3 marks)
b) List 3 symptoms and 3 treatments of hyperventilation. (8 marks)
c) Explain the ways to prevent or overcome hyperventilation (4 marks)
9. In hyperventilation, low level of carbon dioxide resulting in changes of
body pH value which will
leads to the constriction of the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain.
a) Explain how carbon dioxide tend to be main factor that result in
hyperventilation (3 marks)
b) Explain the different between hyperventilation and hypoxia (9 marks)
c) State three (3) causes of Hyperventilation other than emotional problems.
(3 marks)
23. 70% of aircraft accidents occur because of human error. This human error
involving of low
awareness of flight physiology and safety as well as security, attitude and
miscommunication.
a) Discuss the regulation restricted by Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR)
involving alcohol. (5 marks)
b) Explain how alcohol can lead towards hypoxia. (5 marks)
c) Explain how alcohol can affect the human performance.
24. In US, the percentage of pilot with elevated blood alcohol levels involved
in fatal general aviation
accidents remain 10%-30% in recent time, 43% in early 1960s and 15%-20%
during 1970s.
a) List at least 5 effects of alcohol on impairment of higher cortical functions.
(10 marks)
b) State 5 symptoms of hangover effect. (5 marks)
25. The ingestion of alcohol influences virtually every system in human body
in some way or another.
Discuss in details the effect of alcohol to human body. (15 marks)
Jet lag and Fatigue
26. Studies have shown that complex bodily functions, such as those
measurable by reaction time,
performance and decision time are affected by rapid shifts through several
time zones
a) What is Jet lag? (2 marks)
b) Why does jet lag occur? (7 marks)
c) Explain how jet lag can affect air crew performance. (6 marks)27. Lack of
adequate sleeps and rest results in sleepy and fatigued pilots. Air crash
research revealed
that the unsafe and dangerous situations can result from a crew that has not
had adequate sleep.
a) Define fatigue
(2 marks)