Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2) Periscope / Periskop
Example
1
Diagram shows a student looking at a plane mirror.
ii
iii
iv
u = c ( Object ,O is at C)
v) u = ( Object at infinity)
Uses of
Concave mirror
(1) A shaving mirror or a make-up mirror used
a wide-aperture concave mirror with a large radius
of curvature.
(2) A torchlight or a headlight of motor vehicles used
concave parabolic mirror to produce a beam of
parallel light rays.
Convex mirror
(1) Convex mirror are mounted at a sharp corner of a
road so that the drivers are able to see oncoming
cars on the blind side of the corner.
(2) Convex mirror hung on the corner of ceilings in
supermarkets serve to provide a wide field of view
activities happening in the shopping area.
mendekati normal
n = Real depth
Apparenth depth
= dalam nyata
dalam ketara
n = sin i
sin r
= sin 90
sin c
= 1
sin c
Example 1
Figure shows a light ray AO travelling from medium X to the
air.[The refractive index of medium X = 2.0 ]
Rajah menunjukkan sinar cahaya AO merambat dari medium
X ke udara. [Indeks pembiasan medium X = 2.0]
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a) Angle of incidence 1 is small, light ray is refracted
Sudut tuju 1 kecil, cahaya dibiaskan
(b)Angle of incidence equal to critical angle, c. Angle of
refraction is 90 and the refracted ray travels along the
water-air boundary.
Sudut tuju sama dengan sudut genting. Sudut pembiasan
ialah 90 dan sinar yang terbias merambat mengikut
sempadan air-udara.
(c)Angle of incidence greater than critical angle, 2> c. No
refraction occurs. All the light is reflected within the water.
Total internal reflection occurs.
Sudut tuju melebihi sudut genting, 2> c. Tiada pembiasan
berlaku. Semua sinar cahaya dipantulkan kedalam air.
Pantulan dalam penuh berlaku.
The conditions for the occurrence of total internal
reflection.
Syarat- syarat untuk pantulan dalam penuh berlaku
(1) The light ray must be travel from an denser medium to
less dense medium.
Cahaya merambat dari medium lebih tumpat ke medium
kurang tumpat.
(2) The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical
angle.
Sudut tuju melebihi sudut genting.
The Critical Angle / sudut genting, c
The angle of incidence when angle of refraction of 90o
Sudut tuju bila sudut pembiasan ialah 90o
Example 2
The diagram shows a light ray entering in a glass prism.
[Refractive index of glass = 1.51]
Rajah menunjukkan sinar cahaya merambat melalui prisma
kaca. [indeks pembiasan kaca = 1.51]
In the time when the weather is hot, the incidence ray from the
sun passes through a dense air layer to a less dense air layer.
Finally, the ray of passes through the air layer close to the road
surface at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.
Total internal reflection occurs at this layer. The observer sees
the image of the sky on the surface of the road as a pool of
water.
Pada hari yang panas, sinar cahaya dari matahari akan
merambat dari lapisan udara yang berketumpatan tinggi ke
lapisan udara berketumpatan rendah. Akhirnya, cahaya akan
melalui lapisan udara berdekatan dengan jalan pada sudut
tuju melebihi sudut genting. Pemerhati akan melihat imej maya
langit pada jalan sebagai takungan air.
Fibre optics
The external wall of a fibre optic is less dense than the internal
wall. When light rays travel from a denser internal wall to a less
dense external walls at an angle that exceeds the critical
angle, total internal reflection occurs.
The advantages of the fibre optics:
(i) Cheap
(ii) easily handled
(iii) More information can be transmitted
Dinding dalam gentian optik adalah lebih tumpat berbanding
dinding luar. Bila cahaya merambat dari dinding dalamyang
lebih tumpat ke dinding luar yang kurang tumpat pada sudut
tuju lebih besar dari sudut genting, pantulan dalam penuh
berlaku.
(c)f < u < 2f(jarak objek antara panjang fokus dan dua kali panjang fokus)
(e) u > 2f(jarak objek lebih dari dua kali panjang fokus)
Characteristics of image for Concave lens / Ciri-ciri imej yang dibentuk oleh kanta cekung
v = image distance
panjang fokus
jarak objek
jarak imej
m = linear magnification / pembesaran linear
Example 3
An object of height 2 cm is placed at 30 cm from a
convex lens of focal length 20.0 cm. Calculate
Sebuah objek yang mempunyai ketinggian 2cm diletakkan
pada jarak 30 cm dari kanta cembung yang mempunyai
panjang fokus 20cm. Hitung
(a) the image distance / jarak imej
(b) the magnification / pembesaran imej
(c) the image height / ketinggian imej
(d) the characteristics of the image / ciri-ciri imej
A) SIMPLE MICROSCOPE / MAGNIFYING GLASS
Mikroskop Ringkas / Kanta Pembesar
-uses convex lens
menggunakan kanta cembung
-object placed at distance smaller than focal length
objek diletak pada jarak kurang dari panjang fokus
-image produce is virtual, upright and magnified.
Imej yang terhasil adalah maya, tegak dan diperbesarkan
(d) If the object distance is 5cm and the focal length is 10cm,
calculate the image distance.
Jika jarak objek adalah 5cm dan panjang fokus kanta adalah
10cm, hitung jarak imej
[2 marks]
Example 1 / Contoh 1
Diagram 3.1 shows the image of newspaper seen through an
optical device.
Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan imej suratkhabar yang dilihat melalui
suatu alatan optik
QUESTION
1. (a) A man looks at his reflection in a vertical mirror.
This is shown from the side in Fig. 12.1.
Fig. 12.1
(i) On Fig. 12.1, accurately mark with a clear dot labeled B
where the image of the tip A of the mans beard will be. [1]
(ii) On Fig. 12.1, accurately draw a ray from tip A of the mans
beard that reflects from the mirror and goes into his eye
that enables the man to view the image of tip A.
[3]
(iii) The man can see the image, but it cannot be formed on a
screen. What name is given to this type of image?
.........................................................................................[1]
(iv) Write down the equation that links the angles of incidence
and reflection that the ray makes with the mirror.
...................................................................................[1]
(b) A girl looks into a bathroom mirror to brush her hair. Fig.
12.2 shows what she sees in the mirror.
Objek diletak diantara fo dan 2fo supaya imej yang terbentuk adalah
nyata, songsang dan dikecilkan
-eyepiece is placed so that the distance of the first image from the
eyepiece is less than fe so that final image virtual, inverted and
magnified.
Kedudukan kanta mata dilaraskan supaya jarak imej pertama dari
kanta mata adalah kurang dari fe, supaya imej terakhir yang terbentuk
adalah maya, songsang dan dibesarkan
DIAGRAM 13.1
(a) Name the type of the mirror used by the dentist.
.....[ 1 mark ]
(b) State the light phenomenon that causes the image of the
teeth.
...[ 1 mark ]
(c) State two characteristics of the image formed.
.......[ 2 marks ]
Fig. 12.2
(i) In which hand is she holding the brush? Tick one box.
left hand
right hand
[1]
(ii) She has a spot on her skin just below her left eye.
Figure (a)
(a) (i) Name the light phenomenon involved.
....
3. Diagram 14.1 shows a mirror at the corner of a shop.
Mirror
DIAGRAM 14.1
(a) Name the type of mirror shown in Diagram 14.1.
.....[1 mark]
(b) Name one characteristic of the image formed by the
mirror.
...... [1 mark]
(c) Sketch a ray diagram to show how the image is formed.
Figure (b)
(b) The depth of water is 0.4 m. Calculate the distance of
the image of the foot at point P from the surface of the
water. [Refractive index of water = 1.33]
5.Fig. 6.1 shows a ray of light, from the top of an object PQ,
passing through two glass prisms.
[3 marks]
(d) What is the advantage of using this type of mirror in the
shop?
......[1 mark]
4.
Fig 6.1
(a) Complete the path through the two prisms of the ray shown
leaving Q.
[1]
(b) A person looking into the lower prism, at the position
indicated by the eye symbol, sees an image of PQ.
State two characteristics of this image.
.........................................................................................[2]
(c) Explain why there is no change in direction of the ray from
P at points A, C, D and F.
.......................................................................................[1]
(d) (i)Name the physics concept involved when the light strike
the prism at point B and E.
[1]
(ii)State two conditions for the physics phenomenon in d(i)
to occur.
.
.[2]
(e) The speed of light as it travels from P to A is 3 108 m/s
and the refractive index of the prism glass is 1.5. Calculate
the speed of light in the prism.
[2]
6.The ray diagram in Fig. 6.1 shows one ray from the top of an
object placed to the left of a converging lens.
Fig. 6.1
(a) On Fig. 6.1, use your ruler to draw another ray from the top
of the object until it crosses the ray printed on the diagram.
[2]
(b) On Fig. 6.1, draw the image of the object.
[1]
(c) Which of the following descriptions fit the image formed by
the lens? Tick 3 boxes.
Diminish
Virtual
Upright
Inverted
Real