Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Integrals
Definitions
Definite Integral: Suppose f ( x ) is continuous
Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f ( x )
Indefinite Integral : f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c
*
i
Then
where F ( x ) is an anti-derivative of f ( x ) .
f (x )D x .
a f ( x ) dx = nlim
i
b
=1
*
i
Ex.
1 5x
u=x
cos ( x3 ) dx
1 5x
2
cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
b
b
a cf ( x ) dx = c a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
a f ( x ) dx = 0
a f ( x ) dx = a f ( t ) dt
a f ( x ) dx = - b f ( x ) dx
a
f ( x ) dx
b
If f ( x ) g ( x ) on a x b then
f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
If f ( x ) 0 on a x b then
f ( x ) dx 0
b
a
f ( x ) dx
If m f ( x ) M on a x b then m ( b - a ) f ( x ) dx M ( b - a )
b
-1
cos ( u ) dx
1
3
x = 1 u = 13 = 1 :: x = 2 u = 23 = 8
Integration by Parts : u dv = uv - v du and
a u dv = uv
b
a
xe
-x
u=x
dx
dv = e
Ex.
-x
du = dx v = -e
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
xe dx = - xe + e dx = - xe - e + c
3 ln x dx
u = ln x
dv = dx du = 1x dx v = x
3 ln x dx = x ln x 3 - 3
5
dx = ( x ln ( x ) - x )
5
3
Common Integrals
+1
8
5
1 3
Properties
b
b
b
a f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx a g ( x ) dx
k dx = k x + c
n
n
1
x dx = n+1 x + c, n -1
x dx = x dx = ln x + c
a x + b dx = a ln ax + b + c
ln u du = u ln (u ) - u + c
e du = e + c
cos ( x3 ) dx =
using
= 5ln (5 ) - 3 ln ( 3 ) - 2
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
g b
du = 3 x dx x dx = du
2
cos u du = sin u + c
sin u du = - cos u + c
sec u du = tan u + c
sec u tan u du = sec u + c
csc u cot udu = - csc u + c
csc u du = - cot u + c
2
tan u du = ln sec u + c
sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c
u
a + u du = a tan ( a ) + c
1
u
a - u du = sin ( a ) + c
1
-1
-1
Ex.
tan
x sec5 x dx
= ( sec 2 x - 1) sec 4 x tan x sec xdx
( u = sec x )
= 17 sec 7 x - 15 sec5 x + c
cos x dx
(sin x ) sin x
sin x
sin x sin x
cos x dx = cos x dx = cos x dx
(1- cos x ) sin x
=
dx
( u = cos x )
cos x
(1- u )
1
2
u
+u du
= -
du = -
u
u
sin5 x
Ex.
3
5
2
4
tan x sec xdx = tan x sec x tan x sec xdx
= ( u 2 - 1) u 4 du
2 2
Trig Substitutions : If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and
formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions.
a 2 - b 2 x 2 x = ab sin q
b 2 x2 - a 2 x = ab sec q
cos2 q = 1 - sin 2 q
Ex.
16
4- 9 x2
tan 2 q = sec 2 q - 1
dx
x = sin q dx = cos q d q
2
3
a 2 + b 2 x 2 x = ab tan q
2
3
sec 2 q = 1 + tan 2 q
16
4 sin2 q ( 2cosq )
9
( 23 cos q ) dq = sin122 q dq
= 12 csc dq = -12 cot q + c
2
16
4 4-9 x 2
x2 4-9 x2 dx = - x + c
In this case we have 4 - 9x 2 = 2 cosq .
2
Applications of Integrals
Net Area :
x-axis with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative.
Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are,
y = f ( x) A =
b
a
upper function
P( x )
Q ( x ) . Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of
the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the
denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table.
Factor in Q ( x )
Ex.
ax + b
A
ax + b
ax 2 + bx + c
Ax + B
ax + bx + c
7 x2 +13 x
( x -1)( x 2 + 4)
7 x2 +13 x
( x -1)( x 2 + 4)
( ax
4
x -1
Ak
A1
A2
+
+L +
k
ax + b ( ax + b )2
( ax + b )
+ bx + c )
7 x 2 +13 x
dx
dx =
( ax + b )
Term in P.F.D
Ak x + Bk
A1 x + B1
+L +
k
ax 2 + bx + c
( ax 2 + bx + c )
( x -1)( x2 + 4 )
4
x -1
3x
x2 + 4
3 x +16
x2 + 4
dx
16
x2 + 4
dx
= 4 ln x - 1 + 32 ln ( x 2 + 4 ) + 8 tan -1 ( x2 )
Here is partial fraction form and recombined.
x -1
+C
+ Bx
=
x2 + 4
& x = f ( y) A =
d
c
right function
- left
function dy
A = f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx
b
A = f ( y ) - g ( y ) dy
d
A = f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx + g ( x ) - f ( x ) dx
g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy.
g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy.
g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx.
Ex. Axis : y = a 0
Ex. Axis : y = a 0
outer radius : a - f ( x )
outer radius: a + g ( x )
radius : a - y
radius : a + y
inner radius : a - g ( x )
inner radius: a + f ( x )
A( x2 + 4)+( Bx +C ) ( x -1)
( x -1)( x2 + 4 )
An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in
previous example : 7 x 2 + 13 x = A ( x2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x - 1) . Chose nice values of x and plug in.
For example if x = 1 we get 20 = 5A which gives A = 4 . This wont always work easily.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.
function dx
If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually. Here are some
sketches of a couple possible situations and formulas for a couple of possible cases.
- lower
width : f ( y ) - g ( y )
width : f ( y ) - g ( y )
These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the
y = a 0 case with a = 0 . For vertical axis of rotation ( x = a > 0 and x = a 0 ) interchange x and
y to get appropriate formulas.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.
1
b-a
a f ( x ) dx
b
Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are,
b
L = ds
where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows.
( )
1+ ( )
ds = 1 +
dy
dx
ds =
dx
dy
( dxdt )
( )
dx if y = f ( x ) , a x b
ds =
dy if x = f ( y ) , a y b
ds = r 2 + ( ddrq ) dq if r = f (q ) , a q b
dy
dt
dt if x = f ( t ) , y = g ( t ) , a t b
With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your choice of ds to
match the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute.
Improper Integral
An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or discontinuous integrands.
Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit
doesnt exist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic.
Infinite Limit
f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
1.
3.
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx +
2.
f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
b
t -
Discontinuous Integrand
1. Discont. at a: f ( x ) dx = lim+ f ( x ) dx
b
2. Discont. at b : f ( x ) dx = lim- f ( x ) dx
t a
t b
xp
f ( x ) dx Dx f ( x ) + f ( x ) + L + f ( x ) , xi
b
*
1
*
2
*
n
is midpoint [ xi -1 , xi ]
Dx
f ( x ) dx 2 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + +2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + f ( x )
b
n -1
Dx
f ( x ) dx 3 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + f ( x )
b
n -2
n -1