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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
Generally, the reason is that ionic bonding ____________ the potential energy between positive and negative ions.
Generally, the reason covalent bonds form is to follow the ____________ rule, in which the element is then
surrounded by 8 valence electrons.
__________________ transfers an electron to the ________________ , creating ions with opposite charges that
are attracted to each other.
Li
Li
Li
Cl
Cl
In _______________ bonding, metal atoms pool their valence electrons to form an electron sea that holds the metal-ion
together
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
atomic element
molecular element
molecular compound
ionic compound
a. Iodine
b. NH3
c. Graphite
d. Na3P
e. Ag2(SO4)2
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
The metal then becomes a(n) ____________ (positive ion). and the nonmetal becomes a(n) _____________
(negative ion).
PRACTICE: Determine the molecular formula of the compound formed from each of the following ions.
a. K+
&
P3-
b. Sn4+
&
O2-
c. Al3+
&
CO32-
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
LiF (s)
H = 1050 kJ/mol
In order to calculate the energy of an ionic bond we use the following equation;
Radius = __________________________________
EXAMPLE: For each pair, choose the compound with the lower lattice energy.
a. BaO or MgO
b. LiCl or CaS
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
The metal being from Groups _______ or _______ and the nonmetallic element being a ________________ or
________________ .
1
H of
M (s) + X 2
MX (s)
2
1
HX (s)
X (g)
M (g)
M+ (g) + X (g)
H of =
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
kJ
mol
kJ
mol
H Dissociation = 122
kJ
mol
kJ
mol
kJ
U = 661
mol
EA = 349
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
Polarity arises whenever two elements are connected to each other and there is a significant difference in their
electronegativities.
Generally, electronegativity ________________ going from left to right of a period and ________________ going
down a group.
Bond Classification
Zero (0.0)
Pure Covalent
Nonpolar Covalent
Polar Covalent
Ionic
Example
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
a. H
b.
c.
Br
Cl
Br
PRACTICE 1: Based on the given bond determine the direction of the dipole arrow and the polarity that may arise.
a. H
PRACTICE 2: Based on the given bond determine the direction of the dipole arrow and the polarity that may arise.
a. N
PRACTICE 3: Based on the given bond determine the direction of the dipole arrow and the polarity that may arise.
a.
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
NH3
F2
CaO
NaClO
d. Which of the following compound(s) contains both a polar ionic bond and a polar covalent bond?
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
2A
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
Li
Be
Ne
Its easy to write the Lewis symbol for any Main-Group element:
1) Remember that Group Number equals Valence Electron Number.
2) Place one dot at a time on the four sides (top, right, bottom, left) of the element symbol.
3) Keep adding dots, pairing them up until you have reach the number of total valence electrons for that element.
PRACTICE 1: Draw the electron-dot symbol for the following ion.
Mg2+
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
If the carbon atom were positive or negative then it would make _____ bonds
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
Sometimes elements form compounds in which they have ____________________ 8 valence electrons.
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
Sometimes elements form compounds in which they have ____________________ 8 valence electrons.
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
KrF5+
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
KrF5+
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
2-
PO4
3-
H2SO4
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
2-
PO4
3-
H2SO4
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
The purpose of using the formal charge formula is to determine which Lewis structure is the best answer.
Formal Charge =
a) Use formal charge formula to check to see if you drew your compound correctly.
b) Formal charges must be either _____, ______, ______.
c) If you add up all the formula charges in your compound that will equal the overall charge of the compound.
EXAMPLE: Calculate the formal charge for each of the following element designated for each of the following.
a. The carbon atom in
PRACTICE: Calculate the formal charge for each of the following element designated in the following compound.
!
a.
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CHEMISTRY - SILBERBERG 7E
CH.9 - MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
EXAMPLE: Determine the remaining resonance structures possible for the following compound, CO32-.
O
O
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