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Principle of Superposition
Axial - force / Stress diagram
Strain
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Mechanical
Thermal
Principle of Superposition
P=P1+ P2
The following two conditions must be
valid if the principle of superposition is
to be applied.
P1
P2
Strain
Mechanical Strain
(MPa)
LAB
400
350
LBC
300
200
150
100
50
0
0.00
0.0000
BC
250
AB
AB
pl
AB
0.10
(mm/mm)
0.20
0.30
0.40
AB =
Upper scale
Lower scale
AB
LAB
Strain
Thermal Strain
A
= /L
LAB
LBC
C
()
AB
BC
()AB
(T)AB
=
( T ) AB
(T ) AB
T (Co)
(mm/mm)/oC
( T ) AB = ( T ) AB
(MPa)
A
LAB
400
350
LBC
300
BC
250
AB
AB
200
150
pl
100
50
0
0.0000
AB
(mm/mm)
AB = AB LAB = AB LAB
E
PLAB
=
AE
AB
= /L
LAB
()
A
B
LBC
C
AB
BC
()AB
(T)AB
=
( T ) AB
(T ) AB
T (Co)
(mm/mm)/oC
( T ) AB = ( T ) AB LAB
Total Strains
P1
LAB
()
A
P2
AB
LBC
BC
C
P3
( Total ) AB = ( T ) AB + ( F ) AB
= (T ) AB +
AB
E
( Total ) AB = ( T ) AB + ( F ) AB
= (T ) AB LAB +
PAB LAB
AE
Elastic Deformation
x
(x)
dx
P0
P0
L
x
P0
E=
(mm/mm)
P(x)
=E
A(x)
P (x )
d
=E
A( x )
dx
P(x)
x
(x) =
d =
P ( x )dx
A ( x )E
L
P(x)
A(x)
d =
0
P( x)dx
A( x) E
Axial-force diagram
RA
A
P1/2
P1/2 C
ACD = (/4)(do2 - di2 )
LAB
LBC
di
P2/2
P3
D
P2/2
AAC= (/4)(di2 )
LCD
do
PCD = RA + P1 + P2 = P3
P
PAB=RA
PBC = RA + P1
+
+
x
CD
AB
BC
+
+
x
Deformation diagram
RA
A
P1/2 C
ACD = (/4)(do2 - di2 )
LAB
LBC
P3
D
P2/2
AAC= (/4)(di2 )
LCD
do
PCD = RA + P1 + P2 = P3
P
PAB=RA
x/A (mm)
di
P2/2
P1/2
PBC = RA + P1
+
C
B
+
B = A + B/ A = o +
PAB LAB
AAB E AB
C = C/ A = B + C/B = B +
PBC LBC
ABC E BC
D = D/ A = C + D/C = C +
PCD LCD
ACD ECD
x (mm)
10
Example 1
The rod is made from a solid steel section AB and aluminum section BC. If it is
fixed to a rigid support at A. A solid aluminum having an inner diameter of 30
mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Determine (a) draw the quantitative stress and
strain diagram of the bar (b) the horizontal displacement of end D and the
displacement of C relative to B. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa
100 kN
di = 30 mm
375 kN
400 kN
A
500 mm
100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm
600 mm
D
do = 60 mm
11
100 kN
150 kN
di = 30 mm
375 kN
400 kN
A
500 mm
100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm
do = 60 mm
600 mm
P (kN)
AB =
350
150
x (mm)
-400
Stress diagram
350 kN
( )( 0 . 06 2 )
4
= 159 . 2 MPa
159.2
CD =
-188.6
( )(0.06) 2
4
= 53.05 MPa
BC =
(MPa)
53.05
150 kN
x (mm)
400 kN
( )( 0 . 06 2 0 . 03 2 )
4
= 188 . 6 MPa
12
100 kN
150 kN
di = 30 mm
375 kN
400 kN
D
B 100 kN C 375 kN
Est = 200 GPa
Eal = 80 GPa
500 mm
400 mm
do = 60 mm
600 mm
P (kN)
150
B/A
350
x/A (mm)
x (mm)
-400
C /B
( 350 )( 0 . 4 )
( 0 . 06 2 ))( 200 10 6 )
4
= 0 . 248 mm
0.133+0.248 = 0.381
0.133
( 0 . 06 2 ))( 200 10 6 )
4
= 0 . 133 mm
(
Displacement diagram
(150 )( 0 . 5 )
( 400 )( 0 . 6 )
D /C =
( 0 . 06 2 0 . 03 2 ))( 70 10 6 )
4
= 1 . 617 mm
D = 0.381-1.617 = -1.236
13
Example 2
The assembly shown consists of an aluminum tube AB having a cross-sectional
area of 400 mm2. A steel rod having a diameter of 10 mm is attached to a rigid
collar and passes through the tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is applied to the rod,
determine the displacement of the end C of the rod. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70
GPa.
400 mm
B
A
C
80 kN
600 mm
14
400 mm
B
A
80 kN
C
600 mm
- Rod BC
- Aluminum tube AB
80 kN
A
0.4 m
B/A =
=
PAB = 80 kN
A = 400 mm2
PAB LAB
Atube E al
80 kN
= 1 . 143 10 3 m = 1 . 143 10 3 m
d = 10 mm
80 kN
0.6 m
C /B =
( 80 kN)( 0 . 4 m)
( 400 10 6 m 2 )( 70 10 6 kN / m 2 )
PBC LBC
Arod E st
( 80 kN)( 0 . 6 m )
[ ( 0 . 005 m) 2 ]( 200 10 6 kN / m 2 )
= 3 . 056 10 3
15
Example 3
A rigid beam AB rests on the two short posts shown. AC is is made of steel and
has a diameter of 20 mm, and BD is made of aluminum and has a diameter of 40
mm. Determine the displacement of point F on AB if vertical load of 90 kN is
applied over this point. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.
90 kN
200 mm
400 mm
B
A
F
300 mm
C
16
90 kN
200 mm
- Compatibility Equation
400 mm
600 mm
B
400 mm
F
60 kN
30 kN
0.286 mm
dAC = 20 mm
C
60 kN
A =
dBD = 40 mm
Eal = 70 GPa.
300 mm
D
30 kN
PAC LAC
( 60 kN)( 0 . 3 m )
=
AAC E st
[ ( 0 . 01 m ) 2 ]( 200 10 6 kN / m 2 )]
= 2 . 86 10 4 m = 0 . 286 mm
B =
PBD LBD
( 30 kN)( 0 . 3 m )
=
ABD E al [ ( 0 . 02 m ) 2 ]( 70 10 6 kN / m 2 )
= 1 . 02 10 4 m = 0 . 102 mm
B
0.102 mm
y
0.286 0.102
=
400
600
y = (0.286 0.102)(
400
)
600
y = 0 . 123 mm
F = 0 . 102 + y
= 0 . 102 + 0 . 123
= 0 . 225 mm
17
Example 4a
The rod is made from a solid steel section AB and aluminum section BC. If it is
fixed to a rigid support at A. A solid aluminum having an inner diameter of 30
mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Draw the quantitative stress diagram of the
rod. Temperature in member AB and CD are increase 20 oC and 10 oC
respectively prior to the loads are applied. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, st
= 12x10-6 /oC and al = 23x10-6 /oC.
steel
375 kN
di = 30 mm
aluminum
400 kN
+ 20 oC
900 mm
B 375 kN
+ 10 oC C
600 mm
do = 60 mm
18
steel
350 kN
= 12x10-6 /oC
P (kN)
aluminum
C
400 kN
375 kN
(T)st = 20 oC
Est = 200 GPa
900 mm
(T)al = 10 oC
B 375 kN E = 80 GPa
al
600 mm
AAB = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
di = 30 mm
do = 60 mm
350
+
x (mm)
(MPa)
P
A
350 10 N
( 2 . 827 10 3 m 2 )
= 123 . 8 MPa
3
st =
123.8
-400
x (mm)
400 10 3 N
( 2 . 121 10 3 m 2 )
= 188 . 6 MPa
-188.6 =
al
19
steel
350 kN
= 12x10-6 /oC
P (kN)
aluminum
C
400 kN
375 kN
(T)st = 20 oC
Est = 200 GPa
900 mm
AAB = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
(T)al = 10 oC
B 375 kN E = 80 GPa
al
600 mm
di = 30 mm
do = 60 mm
350
+
x/A (mm)
x (mm)
-400
(350)(0.9)
6
B/ A =
+
(
12
10
)(20)(0.9)
3
6
(2.827 10 )(200 10 )
= 0.557 mm + 0.216 mm = 0.773 mm
0.773
PL
+ (T ) L
AE
x (mm)
0.773-1.479 = -0.706
6
+ ( 23 10 )(10 )( 0 . 6 )
( 400 )( 0 . 6 )
( 2 . 121 10 3 )( 70 10 6 )
= 1 . 617 mm + 0 . 138 mm = 1 . 479 mm
C /B =
20
Example 4b
The rod is made from a solid steel section AB and aluminum section BC. If it is
fixed to a rigid support at A. A solid aluminum having an inner diameter of 30
mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Temperature in member AB and CD are
increase 20 oC and 10 oC respectively. Determine the maximum load P the rod
can take at end C, if the allowable normal stress in steel is (st)allow = 120 MPa
and the in aluminum is (al)allow = 180 MPa . Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa,
st = 12x10-6 /oC and al = 23x10-6 /oC.
steel
375 kN
aluminum
di = 30 mm
P
+20 oC
A
900 mm
B 375 kN
+10 oC C
600 mm
do = 60 mm
21
RA
375 kN
steel
aluminum
P
di = 30 mm
+20 oC
+10 oC C
st = 12x10-6 /oC
375
kN
B
Est = 200 GPa
A
Eal = 80 GPa
al = 23x10-6 /oC
900 mm
600 mm
(st)allow = 120 MPa
do = 60 mm
+
(al)allow = 180 MPa
Fx = 0 : RA + 750 P = 0,
RA = 750 P
C = 0
AAB = (/4)(0.062 )
ABC = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
P (kN)
= 2.827x10-3 m2
= 2.121x10-3 m2
750-P
+
( st ) allow :
750 P
= 120 10 3 ,
3
( 2 . 827 10 )
-P
P1 = 410 . 76 kN
( al ) allow :
P
= 180 10 3 ,
3
( 2 . 121 10 )
P2 = 381 . 78 kN
C :
x (mm)
( 750 P )( 0 . 9)
( P )( 0 . 6 )
6
+
(
12
10
)(
20
)(
0
.
9
)
+
( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 )
( 2 . 121 10 3 )( 70 10 6 )
+ ( 23 10 6 )(10 )( 0 . 6 ) = 0 ,
P3 = 274 . 80 kN
22
Principle of Superposition
P=P1+ P2
P1
P2
23
B P
Co-axial bars
material#1, core
B
A
material#2, sleeve
Parallel bars
(B)1 = (B)2
E
P
LAB
C
LAC
D
LAD
24
d1
RA
P1/2
B P1/2
A
Steel
LAB
P (kN)
d1
P2/2
P2/2
Aluminum
Steel
LBC
LCD
RA+ P1
RA
RD
Est
Eal
RA+ P1 - P2 = RD
x
- Equilibrium Equation : Fx = 0
- RA- P1 + P2 + RD = 0
-----(1)
- Compatibility Equation :
(2)
25
Example 5
A solid steel rod shown in the figure, having an inner diameter of
30 mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Determine the reactions at supports. Draw
the quantitative normal stress and deformation diagrams of the rod. Take E = 200
GPa.
100 kN
A
500 mm
100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm
di = 30 mm
375 kN
600 mm
D
do = 60 mm
26
100 kN
di = 30 mm
375 kN
RA
RD
B
A
500 mm
P (kN)
100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm
AAC = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
RA + 200
RA
600 mm
do = 60 mm
- Equilibrium equation:
RA -550 = RD
-----(1)
- Compatibility equation:
R A ( 0 . 5)
(R A + 200 )( 0 . 4 )
(R A 550 )( 0 . 6 )
+
+
= 0 ( 2 )
( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 ) ( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 ) ( 2 . 121 10 3 )( 200 10 6 )
RA = 211.73 kN
RD = RA - 550 = 211.73 -550 = -338.27 kN
27
100 kN
211.73 kN
di = 30 mm
375 kN
338.27 kN
A
500 mm
P (kN)
400 mm
AAC = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
211.73
100 kN C 375 kN
600 mm
do = 60 mm
411.73
+
x (mm)
-338.27
(MPa)
P
A
74.9
AB
145.64
+
( 211 . 73 kN)
=
(2.827 10 -3 m 2 )
= 74 . 9 MPa
BC =
( 411 . 73 kN)
(2.827 10 - 3 m 2 )
= 145 . 64 MPa
-159.49
x (mm)
CD =
( 338 . 27 kN)
(2.121 10 - 3 m 2 )
= 159 . 49 MPa
28
100 kN
211.73 kN
di = 30 mm
375 kN
338.27 kN
A
500 mm
P (kN)
100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm
600 mm
do = 60 mm
AAC = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
411.73
211.73
x (mm)
-338.27
x/A (mm)
0.19
0.48
x (mm)
D/A =
( 211 . 73 )( 0 . 5 )
( 411 . 73 )( 0 . 4 )
( 338 . 27 )( 0 . 6 )
+
+
( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 ) ( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 ) ( 2 . 121 10 3 )( 200 10 6 )
= 0 . 19 + 0 . 29 0 . 48 = 0 mm
29
Axial
Force
material#1 core, d1
material#1 core, d1
P
A
material#2, sleeve
L
material#2 post, d2
(F1+ F2) = P
x
F1
F2/2
- Equilibrium Equation :
- (F1+ F2) + P = 0
F2/2
B
------(1)
- Compatibility Equation :
(B/A)1 = (B/A)2
F1 L
FL
= 2
A1 E1 A2 E2
( 2)
30
Example 6
The rod is made from a solid steel section AB and a tubular portion made of
steel and having a aluminum core section BC. If it is fixed to a rigid support
at A. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 80 GPa
(a) Compute the normal stress in steel and aluminum.
(b) Determine the displacement of the end C of the rod.
175 kN
B 175 kN
A
1.0 m
0.6 m
200 kN
Aluminum core
dal = 30 mm
C
steel dst = 50 mm
31
150 kN
A
200 kN
B 175 kN
0.6 m
1.0 m
P (kN)
Aluminum core
di = 30 mm
C
do = 50 mm
200
+
-
x (mm)
-150
- Compatibility equation
- Equilibrium equation
(C/B)st = (C/B)al
PL
PL
) st = (
) al
AE
AE
Pst (0.6)
Pal (0.6)
=
(1)
2
2
6
2
6
( / 4)(0.05 0.03 )(200 10 ) ( / 4)(0.03 )(80 10 )
(2)
Pal = 36 . 75 kN
Pst = 163 . 25 kN
32
175 kN
150 kN
A
1.0 m
P (kN)
200 kN
B 175 kN
0.6 m
C
do = 50 mm
200
+
-150
- Normal stress
Aluminum core
di = 30 mm
x (mm)
Pal = 36.75 kN
Pst = 163.25 kN
( BC ) st =
(PBC ) st
(163 . 25 )
=
= 129 . 91 MPa
2
2
Ast
( / 4 )( 0 . 05 0 . 03 )
( BC ) al =
(PBC ) al
( 36 . 75 )
=
= 51 . 28 MPa
Aal
( / 4 )( 0 . 03 2 )
33
150 kN
A
1.0 m
P (kN)
200 kN
B 175 kN
0.6 m
C
do = 50 mm
200
+
-150
Aluminum core
di = 30 mm
x (mm)
Pal = 36.75 kN
Pst = 163.25 kN
( 150 )(1 . 0 )
( 36 . 75 )( 0 . 6 )
+
= 0 . 115 mm
( / 4 )( 0 . 05 2 )( 200 10 6 ) ( / 4 )( 0 . 03 2 )( 80 10 6 )
34
- Compatibility Equation
F
E
P
Ay
A
FBE
B
Fy = 0:
+ MA = 0:
FBE(LAB) + FCF(LAC) + P(LAD) = 0 -----(2)
C
LAC
P
LAB
FCF
C
D
LAD
FBE LBE
FCF
=
ABE EBE ACF ECF
(3)
35
Example 8
The three A-36 steel bar shown are pin-connected to a rigid member. If the
applied load on the member is 15 kN, determine the fore developed in each bar.
Bars AB and EF each have a cross-sectional area of 25 mm2 , and bar CD has a
cross-sectional area of 15 mm2
B
0.5 m
C
A
0.2 m
0.2 m
E
0.4 m
15 kN
36
0.5 m
C
A
0.2 m
FAB
0.2 m
15 kN
0.4 m
FCD
FEF
A
0.2 m
0.2 m
E
0.4 m
15 kN
- Equilibrium Equation
+
Fy = 0:
+ MC = 0:
37
0.5 m
C
A
0.2 m
0.2 m
15 kN
A
A
- Compatibility Equation
0.4 m
C
C C
E
E
A E C E
=
0.8 m
0.4 m
C =
1
1
A + E
2
2
FCD ( 0 . 5 m )
1 FAB ( 0 . 5 m )
1 FEF ( 0 . 5 m )
[
]
[
=
+
]
2
2
2
2 ( 25 mm )E st
2 ( 25 mm )E st
(15 mm )E st
( 3)
38
Thermal Stress
/L
T
(/ L)
T = T dx = (T )dx
0
T
= (/ L)/(T)
Temp(oC)
(mm/mm)/oC
= (T)L
T = (T)
39
RA
A
P (kN)
RB
B
RA = RB
x (mm)
B/A = 0 =
R AL
+ ( T )L
AE
R A = ( T ) AE = R B
40
Steel
LAB
P (kN)
RA
d1
P2/2
P1/2
P2/2
B P1/2
d2
Aluminum
Steel
LBC
LCD
RA+ P1
RD
Eal
st
RA+ P1 - P2 = RD
Eal
al
D/A =
41
Example 7
A solid steel rod shown in the figure, having an inner diameter of
30 mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Draw the quantitative normal
stress and the Elongation of the rod. Temperature in member AB and
CD are increase 30 oC. Take E = 200 GPa, = 12x10-6 /oC.
100 kN
A
500 mm
375 kN
100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm
0.5 mm
600 mm
di = 30 mm
D
do = 60 mm
42
+30
RA
100 kN
oC
375 kN
+30
di = 30 mm
oC
RD
B
A
500 mm
100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm
AAC = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
- Equilibrium equation:
P (kN)
RA
600 mm
ACD = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
= 2.121x10-3 m2
do = 60 mm
RA + 200
+
RA -550 = RD
x (mm)
- Compatibility equation:
0 . 5 10 3 =
R A ( 0 . 5)
(R A + 200 )( 0 . 4 )
6
+
+
+
(
12
10
)(
30
)(
0
.
5
)
( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 )
( 2 . 827 10 3 )( 200 10 6 )
+
(R A 550 )( 0 . 6 )
6
+
(
12
10
)( +30 )( 0 . 6 )
3
6
( 2 . 121 10 )( 200 10 )
RA = 246.32 kN ,
43
100 kN
246.32 kN
di = 30 mm
375 kN
303.68 kN
A
500 mm
P (kN)
400 mm
AAC = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
246.32
100 kN C 375 kN
600 mm
ACD = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
= 2.121x10-3 m2
do = 60 mm
446.32
+
x (mm)
-303.68
(MPa)
P
A
87.13
AB =
157.88
BC =
( 446 . 32 kN)
( 2 . 827 10 3 m 2 )
+
( 246 . 32 kN)
( 2 . 827 10 3 m 2 )
= 87 . 13 MPa
-143.18
x (mm)
CD =
( 303 . 68 kN)
( 2 . 121 10 3 m 2 )
= 143 . 18 MPa
44
100 kN
246.32 kN
di = 30 mm
375 kN
303.68 kN
B
A
500 mm
100 kN C 375 kN
400 mm
600 mm
ACD = (/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
= 2.121x10-3 m2
AAC = (/4)(0.062 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2
P (kN)
446.32
246.32
+
do = 60 mm
x (mm)
-303.68
(mm)
0.4
0.72
0.50
x (mm)
D/ A
( 246.32)(0.5) 103
( 446.32)(0.4) 103
6
=
+ (12 10 )(30)(.500) +
3
6
(2.827 10 )(200 10 )
(2.827 10 3 )(200 106 )
( 303.68)(0.6) 103
+
+ (12 10 6 )(30)(.600)
3
6
( 2.12110 )(200 10 )
= 0.218 + 0.18 + 0.316 0.43 + 0.216 = 0.5 mm
45
Example 8
From the frame shown, determine:
(a) Reactions at all support
(b) Normal stress in steel and aluminum
(c) Displacement at A and B
Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, st = 12x10-6 /oC and al = 23x10-6 /oC.
800 kN
0.75 m
A
0.90 m
B
+20oC
Steel
d = 60 mm
0.5 m
+10oC
Aluminum
di = 30 mm
C
0.6 m
do = 60 mm
0.5 m
46
800 kN
0.75 m
A
Steel
d = 60 mm
Fst
st
Cy
+10oC
Aluminum 0.6 m
di = 30 mm
+20oC
0.90 m
Compatibility
A
0.5 m
st al
=
1 0.5
st = 2 al
st =
0.5 m
(2)
Fst (0.9)
0.5 m
al =
Fal do = 60 mm
0.5 m
B
al
(1)
Fal (0.6)
Fy = 0 :
C y = 142 . 78 kN,
47
800 kN
0.75 m
A
0.90 m
B
+20oC
Steel
+10oC
142.78 kN
Aluminum 0.6 m
di = 30 mm
al
do = 60 mm
114.44 kN
d = 60 mm
542.78 kN
0.5 m
542 . 78 kN
= 191 . 97 MPa (C )
( 0 . 06 2 )
4
114 . 44 kN
=
= 53 . 97 MPa(C )
( 0 . 06 2 0 . 03 2 )
4
st =
0.5 m
st =
+ (12 10 6 )( 20 )( 0 . 9)
( 0 . 06 2 ))( 200 10 6 )
4
= 0 . 864 mm + 0 . 216 mm = 0 . 648 mm
(
( 114 . 44 kN)( 0 . 6 )
al =
+ ( 23 10 6 )(10 )( 0 . 6 )
( 0 . 06 2 0 . 03 2 ))( 70 10 6 )
4
= 0 . 463 mm + 0 . 138 mm = 0 . 325 mm
(
48