Chapter 4

CHAPTER 4
Rung Ladders
This chapter covers the creation and modification of Rung Ladder (RLADDR) elements. The hierarchy of
both Layout mode and Detail mode rung ladders is explained, along with a number of unique features
relating to creation and modification of Rung Ladders.
4.1
Rung Ladder Hierarchy Overview
The administrative hierarchy is the same as other SLH elements; however the component hierarchy varies
depending on the Representation Mode used. The diagrams below illustrate typical component hierarchies
for a Rung Ladder.
Hierarchy for Layout Mode
Element
Description
RLADDR
Rung Ladder element
RLCAGE
Rung Ladder Cage element
RLGATE
Rung Ladder Gate element
This hierarchy represents a ladder created in Layout mode. The ladder has a cage and a gate. The
RLADDR element owns the cage (RLCAGE) and gate (RLGATE) elements. Although the ladder stiles do
not appear in the hierarchy, all major attributes relating to the ladders geometry are owned by the RLADDR
element.
In Layout mode, the representation rung ladder elements in the model is provided by a pre-defined
representations that are applied to the geometric attributes.
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Stairs, Ladders and Handrail Modelling TM-1813
Hierarchy for Detail Mode
Element
Description
RLADDR
Rung Ladder element
RUNGSE
Rung Set element
RLCAGE
Rung Ladder Cage element
LDRSTR
Ladder Stile element
CAGSEG
Cage Segment element
LDRRUN
Ladder Rung element
HOOPSE
Hoop Set element
This hierarchy represents a ladder created in Detail mode. The ladder has a cage and a gate as in Layout
mode, but a detailed hierarchy is used to support the detailed representation. For a Detail mode rung ladder
the RLADDR element owns a Rung Set (RUNGSE), a Rung Ladder Cage (RLCAGE), and Rung Ladder
Stiles (LDRSTR) elements.
The RUNGSE owns a number of Rung (LDRRUN) elements while the LDRSTR element owns GENSECs
corresponding to the left and right stiles. The RLCAGE owns a Rung Ladder Gate (RLGATE) element (if
created) and a series of Cage Segment (CAGSEG) elements, one for each part of the cage. Within each
CAGSEG are a number of GENSECs representing the vertical bars of the cage and a Hoop Set (HOOPSE)
element that owns a number of GENSECs representing the horizontal hoops of the cage.
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4.2
Creating a Rung Ladder
The SLH application enables the user to create Rung Ladders with a variety of cage and exit configurations.
Some dependencies are inherent to the application. If a user
selects an invalid task or action, a suitable error message will be
displayed.
On the SLH tab, in the Create group, clicking the Rung Ladder
button displays the Create Rung Ladder form.
Depending on the Representation Mode selected, the form has two or five pages for the creation process.
Creating rung ladders using both representation modes is described in the worked examples later in this
chapter.
The format of the Create Rung Ladder form is typical of other creation forms within the SLH application. It
makes use of many of the common functions and features noted in previous sections. However, there are
some features unique to the creation of Rung Ladders. These features are described in the following
sections.
4.2.1
Ladder Representation Options
Within the General Attributes page are a number of representation options that allow the user to
significantly alter the manner in which ladders are created in the model.
The display of these options is controlled by the SLH
Administrator via the Default.
The Truncate Stile checkbox enables the bottom of the rung
ladder stiles to cut back. If this option is selected an additional
textbox is displayed allowing the specification of the length of
stile that will extend below the bottom rung or the clearance of
the stile from the bottom FFL, depending on the option in the
Default. The textbox will be pre-populated with a default value.
The Omit Cage checkbox enables a rung ladder to be built
without a safety cage, irrespective of the climbing height. As
safety gates require a safety cage, the Safety Gate options list
becomes inactive. If Detail mode is selected, specification
selections and ladder detail fields pertinent to cages and gates
also become inactive.
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The Omit Top Rung checkbox enables the removal of the top rung from the rung ladder. On selecting this
option an additional textbox is displayed allowing the Stile Extension length above the top rung to be
specified. This option automatically selects the Omit Cage checkbox and invokes its associated effects.
The Omit Cage and Omit Top Rung functions are incorporated to allow modelling of ladders suitable for
entering confined spaces where access requirements are unique and may be outside standard design
codes.
In addition to the representation checkboxes, the SLH

application also restricts the ladder pitch depending on the
ladder Exit Type selected. Side exits are not permitted for
inclined ladders.
If the user selects a side exit, the Pitch field becomes inactive.
Changes to the pitch value are only possible for front exit
ladders.
If the user selects a pitch less than 90 degrees, then selects a
side exit, the application reverts the Pitch to 90 degrees. Priority
is given to the exit type selected.
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4.2.2
Top Exit Edge
The edge selected for the Top Exit Edge needs to reflect the Exit Type selected earlier in the creation
process. It also dictates the orientation of the ladder relative to other elements.
This can be seen in the following examples. Consider the structure below and two choices of exit edge
available, labelled points 1 and 2.
Applying a front exit ladder to the two Top Exit Edge positions produces the following results:
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Applying a left side exit to the two Top Exit Edges produces the following results:
Picking the top exit edge at position 1 allows the ladder to be supported by the nearby perpendicular wall.
However, picking the exit edge at position 2 will result in the ladder being orientated in a manner that would
require an additional supporting structure.
Applying a right side exit to the two Top Exit Edges produces the following results:
In this case, applying the top exit edge to position 2 is appropriate provided the ladder is positioned closer to
the nearby perpendicular wall. Selecting position 1 for the top exit edge would require an additional
supporting structure for the ladder.
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4.2.3
Bottom Rung Spacing Options
A number of Standards allow the bottom rung spacing to differ from the standard rung spacing. By default,
all rungs are spaced equally.
If the rung spacing is modified, the bottom rung is recalculated and checked against the referenced Standard.
If the user wishes to revert the spacing to equal increments

this can be achieved by clicking the Equals button adjacent
to the Bottom Rung Spacing field.
4.3
Modifying a Rung Ladder
On the SLH tab, in the Modify group, clicking the Rung Ladder button displays the Modify Rung Ladder
form which enables the user to change Layout rung ladders to Detail rung ladders in addition to changing
any of the design parameters set during the creation process.
It is not possible to modify a Detail mode rung ladder to become a Layout mode rung ladder.
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4.3.1
Positioning Options
Like stair flights, Rung Ladders can be re-positioned using

a number of methods.
New reference points can be selected graphically using the
Pick Top Exit Edge (FFL) and Pick Bottom Elevation
(FFL) buttons.
The user could also modify the position of the Top Position
reference point by clicking the Modify Position link label
and entering explicit co-ordinates.
Both of these methods instigate a geometry check to
ensure the rung ladder remains valid.
Ladders can also be moved in their X axis direction by

using the X Offset or Nudge options on the Position and
Elevation page.
When using the X Offset function the user can enter a
positive or negative value in the textbox.
This value is then used in conjunction with the adjacent
Pick Offset Edge button to provide an offset position from
a model element.
The Positioning Control form can be used when making
picks for the offset position.
The Nudge textbox allows users to enter a distance to
move the rung ladder by along its X-axis.
The right and left arrows button are then used to move the
rung ladder by the entered increment.
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4.4
Creating and Modifying Rung Ladders A Worked Example
This worked example will add further model elements to SITE-STRUCTURAL-AREA02 of the training
model. A rung ladder will be created in Layout mode on the North wall of building B01 and an inclined rung
ladder will be created in Detail mode, linking the roof areas of building B01 and B02.
4.4.1
Setting up the 3D View
A ladder will be created between the roof of building B01 and the base slab of AREA02. If it is not already
displayed, add ZONE BUILDING_B01 to the Drawlist and set the viewing direction as shown. Ensure the
exterior Level 1 and Level 2 walls are displayed.
Add the element :SLAB BASE_SLAB_2 to the Drawlist from SITE-CIVIL-AREA02.
BUILDING B01 and BASE_SLAB_2
4.4.2
Creating a Rung Ladder in Layout Mode
In Model Explorer navigate to ZONE BUILDING_ B01, hierarchy for Level 01 and make FRMW
B01_LEVEL_01_LADDERS the current element. On the SLH tab, in the Create group, click the Rung
Ladder button to display the Create Rung Ladder form. Ensure the Layout radio button is selected for the
Representation Mode.
In Layout mode two pages of information are required, General Attributes and Position and Elevation.
4.4.2.1 General Attributes

In the General Attributes frame select SLH Training from the Default options list. The Standard
associated with this Default, ISO 14122, is displayed below the Default options list. Note that the
Mandatory information symbol has disappeared and the General Attributes text at the top of the form has
a blue tick adjacent to it and the text is now a link label. This indicates that the mandatory information for this
page is complete and the next page is available, however, further information may be added.
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Enter B01_LEV01_LADDER_1A in the Name textbox.

Enter Escape Ladder B01 in the Description textbox.
Select Front Exit from the Exit Type options list.
As a front exit ladder has been selected, it is permissible
to change the pitch to create an inclined rung ladder.
However, for this example the default pitch of 90 degrees
will be used.
Move the mouse pointer over the Width inside stiles
textbox. A tool tip displaying the minimum and maximum
allowable values, as defined in the Default, is displayed.
Enter 500 in the Width textbox. This ladder will extend to
the base slab level and due to the overall climbing height
will require a cage. As such, the checkboxes under the
Width inside Stiles field can be ignored.
A Safety Gate is required. Select Right-side Hinge from the Safety Gate options list. All information for this
page is now complete. Click the Next link label.
4.4.2.2 Position and Elevation

Top and bottom Reference Points are required for the rung
ladder.
The Top Position reference point must be at the Finished
Floor Level (FFL) of the top landing area.
An edge is picked for the top reference point as this
determines the direction of the rung ladder, i.e. the Y
direction of the rung ladder will be perpendicular to the
picked edge.
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Click the Pick Top Exit Edge (FFL) button and pick the
northern edge of the roof panel near the western end.
The exact position does not matter as the ladder will be

accurately positioned after the elevations have been
established.
An aid point and label are displayed at the picked
position.
The Top Elevation (FFL) textbox is populated with the

elevation derived from the edge pick.
The elevation may be changed manually by entering
another value in the textbox or, similarly to stair flights,
clicking the Modify Position link label to display the
Rung Ladder Position form.
However, the edge pick is required to establish the
direction of the rung ladder.
Note that the mandatory information symbol for the Top
Position frame has disappeared.
The Bottom Elevation reference point also needs to be

at the FFL of the bottom landing area.
Click the Pick Bottom Elevation (FFL) button and pick
the top of BASE_SLAB_2 in the 3D View.
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It does not matter where the pick is made as the bottom

reference point initial position will be determined using
the top reference point and the pitch of the ladder.
The Bottom Elevation (FFL) textbox is populated with
the elevation derived from the pick. The elevation may
be changed manually by entering another value in the
textbox.
An initial evaluation is made of the climbing height of
the ladder against the range given in the Standard and,
if within the limits, the mandatory information is
complete and the rung ladder is displayed in aid
graphics.
Note that the message in the Evaluation frame is
updated, the mandatory information symbols in the
Bottom Position frame and the Evaluation frame have
disappeared and the Build Rung Ladder button is
active.
If the evaluation is unsuccessful, i.e. the climbing height
is outside the range specified in the Standard, a suitable
error message is displayed and the mandatory symbol
is retained until a valid climbing height is obtained.
After picking the Bottom Elevation, the ladder is
displayed in aid graphics
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When the Top Exit Edge (FFL) is picked, the Y direction of the rung ladder is set to be perpendicular to the
picked edge and the application determines the outside of the picked edge such that the ladder is built on
that side of the edge. However, on some occasions the incorrect side of the edge is determined, or the
ladder is required to be built on the inside of the picked edge.
In the Positioning Tools frame clicking the Flip Rung Ladder
Direction button sets the rung ladder Y direction to be the opposite
direction to the direction first determined, i.e. 180 different. This has
the effect of mirroring the ladder around the picked edge.
Ensure the ladder direction is correct, located running down the

outside of the building wall.
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The centre of the rung ladder, i.e. the centre of the rungs and the mid-point between the stiles, is built at the
Foot Clearance criteria default distance away from the picked exit edge. Flipping the ladder maintains the
offset.
In some instances the Foot Clearance at the top exit may not be
sufficient, i.e. if there is an obstruction closer to the rung ladder within
its climbing height.
In
the
Positioning
Tools frame the clicking
the
Pick
Foot
Clearance Edge button
displays the prompt
SLH Rung Ladder
Pick Foot Clearance
Edge:
Picking a suitable edge
moves the rung ladder
in its Y direction such
that the default Foot
Clearance
value
is
maintained at the picked
edge.
The distance from the
picked Top Exit Edge
will increase and may
need to be in-filled,
depending
on
the
Standard being used.
In this example, all
obstructions are in the
same plane as the
reference points, so no
further
action
is
required.
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The X Offset and Nudge positioning tools work in the

same way as described for Stair Flights.
Enter a value of -4750 in the X Offset field then click
the Pick On the Positioning Control form click the
Graphics and Cursor buttons.
Pick the northwest corner of the roof panel to locate
the rung ladder as shown.
Rung Ladders are positioned based on their origin, which is at the mid-point between the stiles in line
with the ladder rungs at the picked Top Exit Edge.
All mandatory information is now complete and the rung ladder is correctly positioned. Click the Build Rung
Ladder button and close the form. The aid graphics are converted to the Layout representation.
Navigate to the newly created RLADDR element in Model Explorer and expand the hierarchy. Note the
elements created for the Layout mode rung ladder.
Save Work.
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4.4.3
Creating a Rung Ladder in Detail Mode
An inclined ladder will be created to provide access between the roof top of building B01 and the rooftop of
building B02. Ensure both buildings are displayed in the 3D view.
Make FRMW B01_LEVEL_03_LADDERS the current element.
On the SLH tab, in the Create group, click the Rung

Ladder button to display the Create Rung Ladder
form. Ensure the Detail radio button is selected for the
Representation Mode.
The process of creating a rung ladder in Detail mode is

similar to that of Layout mode. However, in Detail
mode five pages of information are required, General
Attributes, Position and Elevation, Ladder
Assembly, Specifications and Ladder Details.
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4.4.3.1 General Attributes

In the General Attributes frame select the SLH Training default, if not already selected. Enter
B01_LEV03_LADDER_1A in the Name textbox. Enter Escape Ladder B01 in the Description textbox.
This rung ladder is inclined, therefore, enter 80 in the Pitch textbox.
Select a Left Side from the Exit Type options list. Note that the Pitch value
reverts to 90 degrees and that the Pitch field can no longer be edited. This
is because side exits are no permitted on side exit rung ladders
Select Front from the Exit Type options list and reenter 80 in the Pitch textbox. Leave the Width inside
Stiles set to the default value of 400mm. Select Leftside Hinge from the Safety Gate options list.
Click the Next link label.
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4.4.3.2 Position and Elevation

Click the Pick Top Exit Edge (FFL) button and
pick the edge of the roof panel of building B02,
somewhere near the southwest corner to display
an aid point and label.
Click the Pick Bottom Elevation (FFL) button

and, using the Positioning Control form settings
of Graphics and Cursor, select the roof panel of
building B01.
Aid graphics
displayed.
representing
the
ladder
are
If the aid graphics are incorrectly orientated use

the Flip Ladder Direction button in the
Positioning Tools frame to correct the rung
ladder direction.
The rung ladder is to be positioned 6300mm from

the southwest corner of building B02.
Enter a value of -6300 in the X Offset textbox and
click the adjacent Pick button.
Using the Positioning Control form settings of

Graphics and Cursor, pick the southwest corner
of the roof panel of building B02.
The aid graphics update to reflect the new offset
position. Click the Next link label.
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4.4.3.3 Ladder Assembly

In
the
Ladder
Assemblies
frame
select
the
Training_Rung_Ladder_Assy_with_Flare assembly from the
list
A preview of the selected assembly is shown below the table in
a 3D View.
The preview 3D view behaves in the same manner as the
regular 3D View used in Model.
Users can rotate, pan and zoom into the previewed assembly
to ensure the correct item is selected.
With the Training_Rung_Ladder_Assy_with_Flare assembly
selected, click the Next link label.
4.4.3.4 Specifications
The Specifications page enables the user to select appropriate profile specifications and catalogue items,
limited by the Default being used, for the rung ladder being built.
Specifications are grouped in three frames for rung ladders.
In the Ladder Specifications frame the Rung and
Stile elements are grouped together
Select the SB-D15 CTOP (PROFILE) Rung profile SBFB100.0x8 for the Stile profile from their respective
option lists.
In the Cage Specifications frame the Hoop and Bar
elements are grouped together.
For the Cage Specifications select the SB-FB50x5
LBOT Hoop profile and the SB-FB50x5 LMID Bar
profile from their respective option lists.
In the Gate Specification frame a safety gate may be
selected from the options list. This option will be
greyed out if no safety gate has been specified on the
General Attributes page. A preview displayed in the
form 3D View.
Select Variable_Rung_Ladder_Gate from the options
list.
Click the Next link label.
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4.4.3.5 Ladder Details

The Ladder Details page enables the user to check any of the main geometry attributes of the rung ladder.
Some attributes may be modified with the range of the Standards criteria. Tool tips provide the range values
from the Standard associated with the selected Default.
If the user is uncertain of how the parameter is defined a

check can be made by clicking the adjacent Show
Dimension button.
Some attributes will not be active if design elements,

such as cages, have been omitted.
By default the Rung Spacing and Bottom Rung Spacing values are equal, however, the returned value
may not be suitable for fabrication. Enter 240 in the Rung Spacing textbox and note that the Bottom Rung
Spacing has been re-calculated.
The Rung Spacing and Bottom Rung Spacing may be made equal again by clicking the Equal button
adjacent to the Bottom Rung Spacing caption.
A similar mechanism is available for cage Top Hoop Spacing.
Click the Equal button adjacent to the Bottom Rung Spacing
caption. Leave the remaining Ladder Details as they have been
calculated.
All mandatory information is now complete and the rung ladder is
correctly positioned. Click the Build Rung Ladder button and
close the form.
The aid graphics are replaced with the profiles and catalogue
elements previously selected.
Navigate to the newly created rung ladder in the Model Explorer.
Note the wider range of elements created using this method
compared to Layout mode.
Save Work.
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Exercise 2 Creating and Modifying Ladders
The roof area of building B02 requires an access rung ladder to the top of the stairwell structure. Using the
SLH Training Default and the information provided below create the required ladder
Use the FRMW LADDERS owned by STRU B02-ACCESS to build

the rung ladder
The origin of the ladder should be positioned 750mm from the
western wall of the stairwell structure.
Plan North
Feature
Requirement
Representation Mode
Detail
Exit Type
Front
Pitch
90 degrees
Width
600mm
Truncate Stile
50mm
Safety Gate
Left-side Hinge
Assembly
Training_Rung_Ladder_Assy_no_Flare
Rung Specification
SLH_Complex_Variable
Stile Specification
SB-FB100x10
Hoop Specification
SB-FB50X5 LBOT
Bar Specification
SB-FB50X5 LMID
Gate Specification
600mm_Rung_Ladder_Double_Chain
Save Work.
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CHAPTER 4

Rung Ladder Hierarchy Overview

Hierarchy for Layout Mode

Rung Ladder element

Rung Ladder Cage element

Rung Ladder Gate element

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

Hierarchy for Detail Mode

Rung Ladder element

Rung Set element

Rung Ladder Cage element

Ladder Stile element

Cage Segment element

Ladder Rung element

Hoop Set element

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

Creating a Rung Ladder

Ladder Representation Options

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

In addition to the representation checkboxes, the SLH

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

Top Exit Edge

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

Bottom Rung Spacing Options

If the user wishes to revert the spacing to equal increments

Modifying a Rung Ladder

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

Like stair flights, Rung Ladders can be re-positioned using

Ladders can also be moved in their X axis direction by

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

Creating and Modifying Rung Ladders A Worked Example

Setting up the 3D View

BUILDING B01 and BASE_SLAB_2

Creating a Rung Ladder in Layout Mode

4.4.2.1 General Attributes

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

Enter B01_LEV01_LADDER_1A in the Name textbox.

4.4.2.2 Position and Elevation

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

The exact position does not matter as the ladder will be

The Top Elevation (FFL) textbox is populated with the

The Bottom Elevation reference point also needs to be

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

It does not matter where the pick is made as the bottom

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

Ensure the ladder direction is correct, located running down the

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

The X Offset and Nudge positioning tools work in the

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

Creating a Rung Ladder in Detail Mode

On the SLH tab, in the Create group, click the Rung

The process of creating a rung ladder in Detail mode is

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

4.4.3.1 General Attributes

Click the Next link label.

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)

4.4.3.2 Position and Elevation

Click the Pick Bottom Elevation (FFL) button

If the aid graphics are incorrectly orientated use

The rung ladder is to be positioned 6300mm from

Using the Positioning Control form settings of

AVEVA Everything3D (2.1)