Numerical simulation is required reproduce true physics by solving mathematic equations,

therefore, many physical parameters and numerical parameters are being used. Some physical
parameters have been provided in the Graphic User Interface to control the simulation and
produce the original physical condition as found in the field.

discharge( cumec) per year

45000
40000
35000
30000

discharge( cumec)

25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Discharge:

Dimensions of the model : Width: 8 Km

Length: 108 Km
Height of mid-channel obstruction : 11 m ( Non erodible ) w.r.t.
Bed.
Bank elevation: 11 m ( Non erodible ) w.r.t nearest bed level.

Bed Slope: 1 in 8000

Mesh grids: The whole area is covered under the mesh with :Number of J lines : 500
Number of I lines : 100
RL Orthogonal Mesh with smoothness controls [1] is used to smooth the mesh near mid-channel
initial obstruction.

Initial flow conditions:

Initial water surface > Upstream: 17 m
Downstream: 15 m
Bed roughness is taken as .025 for complete channel.
Timesteps is taken as 100 sec and mixing length model is taken for the flow parameter.
Sediment parameters :
1) suspended load:This load moves in suspension, which physically occupies the flow depth
above the bed load layer . Suspended load varies from 0.08 Kg/m^3 during lean period to 1.4
Kg/m^3 in flood period.
2)Bed load : The bed load is that part of the sediment moving on or near the bed by rolling,
saltation or sliding. Bed load varies from 0.014 Kg/m/s during lean period to 0.24 kg/m/s in
flood period.
D50 value: 0.000172 m
Flow final results : After the completion of simulation the flow parameters expected to be
obtained from the CCHE2d model are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Water surface
Water depth
Velocity
Specific discharge
Shear stress
Eddy viscosity
Froude number

Sediment final results : The following sediment parameter can be obtained after simulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Bed elevation
Bed change
D50 Distribution
Suspended load concentration
Bed load transport rate

CCHE2DMODELLING

In the this text the governing

used in CCHE2D

equations
Numerical model are presented. The details and

requirements of CCHE2D model setup which consists of different geometries used in

simulation, boundary conditions and various data used in simulation are

discussed in detail.
CCHE2D mathematical model is finite
based depth-integrated two dimensional

element
designed

for

simulating turbulent, free surface flow in open channels, sediment transport, channel
morphological change, bank erosion, water quality evaluation, and chemical transport. The
CCHE2D numerical modeling is an integrated system which consists of a mesh generator and
Graphical user interface. CCHE2D model is
bed load and

also able to simulate total load,

suspended load for sediment transportation. The model

can be used to evaluate the effects of the hydraulic structures, such as grade control

structures, dikes, etc. both on river morphology and water quality for habitat
around the river.
CCHE2D
Components

CCHE2D PACKAGE
CHE2D Mesh Generator

PURPOSE
INPUT
To generate the topological Topography data, bed elevation
mesh for simulation

CCHE2D Graphical User

data

To enter the Initial and

Boundary conditions
Model Parameter
Run simulation
Visualization results

Interface

Discharge/hydrograph

data
Stage/rating curve data
Sediment data

1.1 GOVERNING EQUATIONS

1.1.1 Hydrodynamic Model:
The depth integrated two dimensional momentum and continuity equations are solved
using the CCHE2D model.
Continuity Equation:
Z ( h u) ( h v )
+
+
=0
t
x
y

(1.1)

Momentum Equations:

( xy)

y
( xx)

+
x

bx + f cor v
h
u
u
u
Z 1
+u
+v
=g
+
t
x
y
x h

(1.2)

( yy )

y
( yx )

+
x

bx +f cor u
h
v
v
v
Z 1
+u
+v
=g
+
t
x
y
y h
Where u, v

(1.3)

are depth integrated velocities along x and y directions,

Z =water surface elevation.

g =acceleration due to gravity.
h =local water depth.
=density of water.
f cor = Coriolis parameter.
xx , xy , yx , yy = Depth integrated Reynolds stress
bx , by

=Shear stresses on the bed surface.

The Reynolds stresses are approximated based on the Boussinesqs assumption which
states that the Reynolds stress tensor

( ij ) is proportional to the mean strain rate tensor

(S ij ) , illustrated in equations 1.4 to 1.5.3

ij =v t

Ui U j
+
x j xi

xx=2 v t

( U
x )

(1.4)

(1.5.1)

 xy = yx =v t

yy =2 v t

Where

vt

( Uy + vx )

(1.5.2)

( vy )

(1.5.3)

is the eddy viscosity

In CCHE2D, eddy viscosity can be calculated by using three models. They are depth integrated
parabolic eddy viscosity, mixing length and k- models.
1.1.2 Shear stress acting on the bed:
There are two methods by which the bed shear stress can be calculated in CCHE2D from the
shear velocity:
i.

Depth integrated logarithmic law:

Where

( )]

U 1 z0
h
=
1+ln
u z h
z0

(1.6)

U= u2 + v 2

(1.7)

The velocity components, u and v are the previous results obtained from the numerical results of
the time stepping scheme. The variable z0 is calculated from different formulae for different flow
conditions of the hydraulic smooth, rough and transition.
z 0=0.11

v t u k s
5
u v t

z 0=0.0333 k s

z 0=0.11

u k s
70
vt

vt
u k s
+0.0333 k s 5<
<70
u
vt

(1.8.1)

(1.8.2)

(1.8.3)

Where

ks

is the roughness height and

vt

is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Since

is implicit, the above equation is solved iteratively. Darcy-weisbach coefficient

fc

can be

conveniently obtained after the calculation of shear velocity u .

fc
8

0.5

fc
8

0.5

( )

=3+2.5 ln

( )
fc
8

(1.9.1)

u k
h
for s 70
ks
vt

(1.9.2)

( )

=6+2.5 ln

( )

0.5

( )

uk
u h
for s 5
vt
vt

=6+2.5 ln

k s +3.3

vt
u

for 5<

u k s
<70
vt

(1.9.3)

The bed shear stress components are finally obtained

ii.

1
bx = f c uU
8

(1.10.1)

1
by = f c vU
8

(1.10.2)

In this method shear velocity and shear stress is calculated by using mannings
coefficient
1

bx =

1
3

by =

h
The shear velocity is obtained using:

1
3

g n uU

g n2 vU

(1.11.1)

(1.11.2)

 1
u2 = = 2bx + 2by

(1.12)

Since mannings coefficient n is a local constant, which does not change with flow condition
and calculation needs no iterations, the second approach is to more efficient than the first one.
For practical applications the second method is recommended because it is easier to add effects
of bed form, channel geometry, sediment size and vegetation, etc. into this coefficient. But for
detailed simulation where roughness height is known it is better to use the first approach.
1.1.3 Sediment transport model:
Sediment transport in the CCHE2D model is based on equilibrium bed load transport of
uniform materials. Non uniform sediment, non-equilibrium transport, and the suspended
transport are included in the model. Bed form change due to bed load transport can also be
calculated and the influence of the secondary flow on the sediment in curved channel has also
been considered.
1.1.3 (A) Bed load transport model
The bed load transport formula developed by van Rijn (1993) is adopted,

q b=0.053

Where

D =d 50 ( s1 )

T=

s=

0.5

[( ) ]
s
1 g

g
2
v

1
3

cr
cr

1.5

0.3

d 50 D

2.1

(1.13.1)

(1.13.2)

(1.13.3)

(1.13.4)

cr =( s ) g d 50 cr

(1.13.5)

And where

is the dimensionless particle size parameter,

is the bed shear stress

parameter, s is the ratio of the density of the sediment to that of the water, and

cr

is critical

shear stress according to shields.

The critical shear stress is calculated according Yalins suggestion (1972) which is modified the
shields curve.
1

cr =0.24 D for 1< D 4

(1.14.1)

cr =0.14 D0.64
for 4 < D 10

(1.14.2)

cr =0.04 D0.10
for 10< D 20

(1.14.3)

0.29

cr =0.013 D

for 20< D 150

cr =0.055 for D >150

The shear stress

(1.14.5)

in this formula is evaluated from

=g

u
C'

( )

'

Where

Here

(1.14.4)

C =7.8 ln (

(1.15)

12 h
)
3 d 90

(1.16)

'

C is the chezys coefficient due to particle friction. Bed load at solid walls and outlet

boundaries satisfies the condition

qb
=0
n

And at the inlet boundary condition is required,

(1.17)

qb

= constant.

1.1.3 (B) Suspended Sediment Transport model

Suspended sediment transport in natural rivers, lakes are common, and the impact of the
suspended sediment on reservoirs and water quality in the river system is significant. The
CCHE2D can simulate suspended sediment transport. The depth integrated convection diffusion
for the suspended is solved.

c
c
c
+u
+v

t
x
y

Where

] [

c
c
vt
x
y

=S
x
y

vt

c is the depth integrated sediment concentration,

components,

vt

is the eddy velocity,

(1.18)

u and

are flow velocity

is the coefficient to convert the turbulence eddy

viscosity to eddy diffusivity for sediment. S represents source term.

Statistical Analysis of historical flood events

Historic Stage Record Analysis

Typical stage hydrograph of a river with large catchment size during a monsoon period (rainy season) is
depicted in Fig. 3.1. During the monsoon period, number of flood waves can be noticed in the hydrograph
due to several clustered storm events or antecedent wet condition. Among them, a few flood waves with
distinct characteristics can be identified. The hydrograph characteristics are found to be similar over the
years and can be separated into two components, namely flood waves and monsoonal response. The flood
waves are the fast response due to occurrence of the severe and clustered storm event in the river basin.
The other component is the part of the average response of monsoonal rainfall system. As the monsoon
progresses part of the river basin becomes saturated and its runoff response then become more
(Chattopadhyay and Dutta, 2006). This approximation helps to identify the duration of the individual
flood events. The period in between the monsoon onset to the end of monsoon can be identified as shown
in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1 Conceptual diagram of the different components of the synthetic hydrograph

Next, the monsoonal response is approximated using Maxwell distribution (Spiegel, 1992). The
distribution suggested by Maxwell (1960) gives better approximation of the flood wave as it considers the
correlations with peak flows with length ratios (Howard, 1990). The generalised Maxwell distribution
function used for this approximation is given by the following expression:

t
h(t ) hb hs
exp 1
k s

ks

rs

(3.1)

hb
where,

hs
the initial stage,

the seasonal lift of monsoonal response, t the base time, ks and rs are the

fitting parameters depending on the time to peak and base period of the seasonal response, respectively.
For a single flood wave, we can approximate their characteristics using Maxwell distribution:

rfi

t
hi (t ) h if i exp 1 i

k f

k f

toi t (toi tr )
when,

(3.2)

h i (t )
the height of lift of the i th flood wave at time t, hf the maximum lift of the i th flood

where,

k if
wave,

rfi
and

are the fitting parameters, to the time of occurrence and tr the response time period

For n numbers of flood waves and superimposing them with the monsoonal response, we get:

t
h(t ) hb hs
exp 1
ks

ks

rs

t
hif i exp 1 i

k f
i 1
k f

rfi

(3.3)

The lift of monsoonal response can be computed from its relation with total seasonal rainfall (Rs)
at the basin level. Then we can write:

hs f1 ( Rs )
(3.4)

(h mf )
Similarly, annual maximum flood lift,

can be computed using frequency analysis. For a

given return period (T), it becomes:

h mf f 2 (T )
(3.5)

k if
For simplification of the equation (3), the fitting parameters,

rfi
and

can be substituted with

the most frequently occurring values, kf and rf. Finally, the equation (3) can be written after substitution of

h mf
hs and

t
h(t ) hb f1 ( Rs )
exp 1
k s

ks

rs

t
f 2 (T )
exp 1

k f
k f

rf

t
t
h if
exp 1

k
i 1
f
kf
n 1

rf

(3.6)

A brief description of the different parameters used in this equation is presented in Table 3.1.
Two random variables listed in Table 3.1 are computed by random number generation techniques
which require the mean and standard deviation of a random variable and its best probability distribution.
Random number generation for different probability distribution is well described by Wang, (2006). The
required parameters in the random number generation technique are computed from characteristics of
flood waves of the historical stage records. For this, the individual flood waves are fitted with the
Maxwell distribution function by minimising the summation of absolute errors using Microsoft excel
optimisation routine, which follows generalized reduced gradient method. Some minor fluctuations if
required are filtered out from the hydrograph to reduce the absolute error. Fig. 3.2 shows a flow chart for
the stepwise analyses and generation technique followed in the present study.

Parameters
Flood
h mf
wave

(m)

rf
kf
Time of
occurrence
(Ti)(days)

range
0.473.13
0.1014.0
0.2521.5
15-165

Guwahati
avg. (std
dev)
1.52
(0.63)
3.86
(2.64)
6.17
(4.15)
82.73
(42.03)

media
n
1.33

range
0.653.35

3.2

0.45-25

5.6

1-21

--

15-160

Tezpur
avg. (std
dev)
1.63
(0.62)
4.71
(4.35)
8.00
(5.28)
79.12
(41.96)

media
n
1.55
3.3
7
--

Response
time
15.7
5-50
20.1
period (t)
(8.88)
(days)
Table 3.2a Range of parameters for flood waves

7-58

Table 3.2b Range of parameters for monsoonal response

Guwahati
avg. (std
media
Parameters
range
dev)
n
range
hs
(m 2.39-3.60 3.08 (0.33)
3.05
1.6-2.80
Monsoon
)
al
0.65rs 1.00-5.00 2.27 (1.16)
2.1
response
10.0
58.076.10
33.5ks
75
100.0
(11.44)
97.0

19.75
(11.71)

20.1

Tezpur
avg. (std
dev)

media
n

2.26 (0.31)

2.25

2.29 (2.44)

1.38

68.08
(17.12)

67