DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and effort and that it has not been
submitted anywhere for any award where other sources of information have been
used, they have acknowledged. This thesis is being submitted to Dr.Anwar
Hussnain

Signature: ____________

Date: ________________

Page | 1

National
College
of
Business
Administration & Economics
Lahore

Sectoral Growth in Agriculture

Name : Zunair Haider Pasha
Roll # : 2101008

Contents
Page | 2

Sectoral Growth in Agriculture....................................................................................................................4

Introduction:................................................................................................................................................5
Methodology:..............................................................................................................................................6
Literature Review:.......................................................................................................................................6
Objectives :..............................................................................................................................................7
SECTORS OF AGRICULTURE:................................................................................................................8
Growth of Agriculture (annual compound growth rate in %)......................................................................9
Forestry:................................................................................................................................................10
Types Of Forests:.......................................................................................................................................11
Uses :.....................................................................................................................................................13
Dairy:.....................................................................................................................................................13
Crops:....................................................................................................................................................15
Crops seasons of Pakistan:.........................................................................................................................16
Important Crops of Pakistan:.................................................................................................................16
Fishery:..................................................................................................................................................19
Composition of Agriculture output % share...............................................................................................24
Characteristics of Highly Productive Farming...........................................................................................25
Skilled labor:.........................................................................................................................................25
Economies of Scale:..............................................................................................................................25
Training Sessions:..................................................................................................................................26
Use of Technology:................................................................................................................................26
Issues with small farms:.........................................................................................................................26
Water Logging and Salinity:......................................................................................................................28
Solutions:...............................................................................................................................................29
Solution to Increase Crop Yield.................................................................................................................30
Infrastructure.............................................................................................................................................31
Page | 3

Irrigation structure:................................................................................................................................31
Irrigated land:........................................................................................................................................31
Roads structure:.....................................................................................................................................32
Power Shortages:...................................................................................................................................33
Market failure:.......................................................................................................................................33
Solutions:...............................................................................................................................................34
Credit financing:....................................................................................................................................35
Dairy :........................................................................................................................................................36
Background and Introduction................................................................................................................36
Problems:...............................................................................................................................................37
Lack of information:..............................................................................................................................37
Pricing System:......................................................................................................................................37
Access to Cheap Credit Facility:............................................................................................................38
Marketing Of Livestock and Products and Intensive Competition:.......................................................38
Solutions:...................................................................................................................................................39
Lack of Information:..............................................................................................................................39
Distribution of Land in Pakistan and Dairy:..........................................................................................39
Marketing Of Livestock and Products and Intensive Competition:.......................................................40
Infrastructure and Development Issues:.................................................................................................40
The 8 wings:..............................................................................................................................................41
Conclusion and recommendations:............................................................................................................45
References:................................................................................................................................................46

Page | 4

Sectoral Growth in Agriculture

Page | 5

Introduction:
Pakistans agricultural sector has remained a constant and
reliable backbone of the countrys economic stability. While many have tried to
downplay the importance of Pakistan as an agro based economy arguing that the
industrial sector has an almost equal share of GDP as agriculture (whilst the
services sector has an even larger share) what they often fail to take into account
is that the combined share of agriculture and the agro-based industry has the most
significant effect on Pakistan economy.
According to a 2012 World Bank Report two-thirds of the total population of
Pakistan belongs to rural areas out of which two-thirds are below the poverty line.
Compare this to the 1960s when with the rapid growth in agriculture poverty
correspondingly declined also. In the 1970s, agriculture grew slowly and poverty
reduction slowed. In the 1980s, agriculture once again grew rapidly and poverty
declined from 49 percent to 36 percent of the population. In the slow agricultural
growth period between 1989-90 and 2004-05 no change in poverty occurred (US
aid, 2007) A large number of international cross-section studies also confirm this
relationship.
The agriculture sector in Pakistan, it can be argued, has been badly neglected in the
growth phase of the last 10 years. The importance of this sector was bypassed by
policy makers in favor of more emphasis to the services sector. Pakistan is blessed
with amongst the most arable land in the world and even with the best irrigation
system. Our cotton is considered amongst the best cotton in the world. The sector
has huge potential which is not currently fully utilized. By addressing the issues of
agriculture, the result will likely encourage high growth rates and also act as a first,
viable approach to eradicating poverty. The prospect of growth in this sector has
already had the entire preconditions. What is required is a fair effort and policy
framework which can address the issues in agriculture development. Even with a
set of some basic opportunities for all farmers (especially for small farmers poor)
we have the potential to go from being a food deficit country to a surplus country
within just a few years. The important factors that may contribute to a higher
agricultural growth include expansion in cultivated areas, enhanced use of water
Page | 6

and other agricultural inputs, increase in cropping intensity, technological change,

and technical efficiency.

Methodology:
The instruments used for this research are as follow
Interviews and discussions
Analysis of statistics on agriculture
Trip to the farmlands of Vihari
To understand the characteristic of modern farms I interviewed some landlords.
Among them one is the leading farmer and has already placed in the list of highly
productive farmers of Pakistan. Another major interview was carried out with an
expert of cattle farming.
The visit to the farmlands of Vihari included both modern farms and subsistence
farms. I was also guided on the use of advance techniques in agriculture that
include genetically improved seeds, advance cultivation methods and green houses.
Agriculture sector in Pakistan can be divided in two ways of farming. One is
subsistence farming, and the other one is modern farming. The evaluation of
modern and subsistence farming somehow gives the idea of constraints in
agriculture development. As the small farmer in Pakistan have a significant
contribution in agriculture employment and also hold a great portion of farmland.
The policy framework that target small farmer can only lead Pakistan on the path
of sustainable growth.

Literature Review:
Despite of the natural hazards and hard economic conditions
Pakistan agriculture sector still performing better than industrial sector as Mr
Sathio said the industrial sector had shown a negative growth rate for the past 10
months of current fiscal year while growth rate of agriculture sector was 1.8 per
cent despite unprecedented floods.

Page | 7

Objectives :
The support of public sectors from the province and federation agriculture
sector contribution for sustainable economic growth?
Classify and sectaries the agriculture sector?
Find out the share of each sub sector in agriculture sector?
How does improving agriculture help create opportunities and reduce
poverty?
What is the approach towards agriculture development?
How does the climate change effect the agriculture development?
How to promote efficient and sustainable growth in agriculture?
The major reasons for an improper growth in agriculture which is effecting
the economy of Pakistan?
What are the ways that will help decision makers adopt a sustainable,
economically viable and environmental positive agriculture?
The agriculture development effort should be strategic, highly focused and
integrated?
To ascertain the support of public sector from the province and federation?
Existing information dissemination technology to agriculture?

Page | 8

SECTORS OF AGRICULTURE:
1. Forestry
2. Dairy
3. Crops
4. Fishery

Page | 9

60s

70s

80s

90s

Current
Decade

Major
Crops

7.1

2.0

3.4

4.1

2.4

Minor
Crops

4.7

4.4

4.1

3.8

0.3

Livestock

1.9

2.6

5.3

6.8

3.8

Fishing

9.9

-1.5

6.9

3.5

2.4

Forestry

6.0

14.2

6.0

6.5

-5.3

2.4

4.1

4.5

2.6

Agriculture 5.1

Growth of Agriculture (annual

compound growth rate in %)

Page | 10

Forestry:
Forests are crucial for the well being of humanity. They provide
foundations of life on earth through ecological functions, by regulating the climate
and water resources and by serving as habitats for plants and animals. Forests also
furnish a wide range of essential goods such as wood, food fodder and medicines
in addition to opportunities for recreation, and other services. Forests are under
pressure for expanding human and livestock populations with frequently leads to
conversion or degradations of forests into unsustainable forms of land use. When
forests are lost or severely degraded, their capacity to function as regulators of the
environment is also lost, increasing floods and erosion hazards, reducing soil
fertility and contributing to the loss of plant and animal life. The forestry sector of
Pakistan is a main source of lumber, paper, fuelwood, latex, medicine as well as
food and provides ecotourism and wildlife conservation purposes. Less than 4% of
land in Pakistan is covered with forests.

Parameter

Pakistan

Asia

World

Total forest area in 2361

2000(000ha)

504180

3869455

Natural
forest 1381
area
in
2000(000ha)

375824

3682722

Plantation area in 980

2000(000ha)

110953

186733

Percentage
forests

20%

29%

of 3%

Page | 11

Types Of Forests:
1. The coniferous forests occur from 1,000 to 4,000 m altitudes. Chitral, Swat,
Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Malakand, Mansehra and Abbottabad districts of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir and Islamabad district of the Punjab are the main
areas covered with coniferous forests. Silver fir (Abies alba), spruce (Picea
smithiana), deodar (Cedrus deodara), blue pine (Pinus wallichiana), chir pine
(Pinus roxburghii) are the most common varieties. The Coniferous forests also
occur in Balochistan hills. Chilghoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) and juniper
(Juniperous macropoda) are the two most common species of Balochistan.

2. The sub-tropical dry forests are found in the Attock, Rawalpindi, Islamabad,
Jhelum and Gujrat districts of the Punjab, and in the Mansehra, Abbottabad,
Mardan, Peshawar and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa up to a height of
1,000 m. In Balochistan, they are confined to the Sulaiman Mountains and other
hilly areas. Dominant tree species are phulai (Acacia modesta), kau (Olea
cuspidata) and hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa).

Page | 12

3. The tropical thorn forests are dominated by xerophytic scrubs. They are most
widespread in the Punjab plains but also occupy small areas in southern Sindh and
western Balochistan. They are mainly used for grazing purposes, watershed
protection and fuelwood.

4. The irrigated plantations were first developed in 1866 at Changa Manga in

Lahore. Today they occupy about 226,000 ha. Sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo),
mulberry (Morus alba), babul (Acacia nilotica) and species of Eucalyptus and
Populus are the common tree species grown in the irrigated plantations.
5. The riparian forests grow in narrow belts along the banks of River Indus and its
tributaries. They are more commonly found in Sindh and to some extent in the
Punjab. Babul (Acacia nilotica), Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) and Tamarax dioica
are the most common species. Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) and Populus euphratica
are some other species. They are mainly used for lumber.
6. The mangrove wetlands are located in the Indus River Delta. Other saltwater
wetlands are located on the coast of Balochistan such as at Sonmiani and Jiwani.
These support mangrove forestry, mainly of species Avicennia marina as well as
bamboo species and marsh grasses of Apluda and Cenchrus.

Page | 13

Uses :
The forests of Pakistan are a main source of lumber, paper, fuel wood, latex,
medicine as well as human and animal food. Other minor products include resin (a
fluid in tissue of Chir pine plant that becomes solid on exposure to the air) and
'mazri' (used for making baskets). The forests also provide of ecotourism and
wildlife conservation purposes. Forests have also been planted in some areas like
Thal Desert to avoid soil erosion and further desertification.

Dairy:
The macro economic importance of the dairy sector for Pakistans economy, in
general, and for the rural economy, in particular, cannot be over emphasized. While
the contribution of agriculture to Pakistans gross domestic product (GDP) is
Page | 14

declining over time, it still stands at 23 percent. The livestock sector contributes 49
percent of the value addition in the agriculture sector, and about 11.4percent to
Pakistans GDP, which is higher than the contribution made by the entire crops
sector (10.9 percent) of the country. The role of livestock sector in the rural
economy of Pakistan can also be gauged from the fact that 3035 million rural
population of the country engaged in raising livestock (small herds) derives 3040
percent of their income from this sector. Within the livestock sector, milk is the
largest and the most important single commodity. Despite the fact that the dairy
sector in Pakistan faces major problems, and is not performing even close to its
potential, Pakistan is the 6th largest producer of milk in the world. In terms of
market value, milk production contributes more to the GDP of the country than any
single major crop. More than two-third of Pakistans population lives in rural areas
and their livelihood continues to revolve around agriculture and allied activities.

Pakistan is one of the largest milk producing country in the world with dairy as one
of the fastest growing sectors of the country. . The annual milk production of 33.6
billion liters in Pakistan is shared between a 71.1% share for the rural economy and
a much smaller urban share of 29%. The contribution of dairy to the national
economy is PKR 540 billion. Pakistan is rich in dairy sector, blessed with
enormous dairy resources like good breed of milking animal, agriculture base,
Page | 15

massive population and increasingly growing market. Pakistan is located at very

strategic geographical place. Highly trained dairy professionals of dairy
development department through their best HR practices can impact farmers, milk
processors and performance of their own department. The wills of public sector for
best HR services also positively signal to private sector and enable dairy
development department to play pivotal role in the prosperity and growth of
private sector.

Crops:
Agriculture sector has great importance in Pakistan because the economy of
Pakistan is based on it. ALLAH almighty has blessed Pakistan with fertile lands
where we are growing almost all types of crops. Wheat, rice and cotton are the
export crops of Pakistan. We are importing pulses and oil seeds from different
countries, as production are very low of these two crops.

Page | 16

Crops seasons of Pakistan:

1. Rabi crops season: The summer crop season is called the rabi crops
season.
2. Kharif crops season: The winter crop season is called the kharif crops
season

Important Crops of Pakistan:

1. Wheat: it is the most important food crop of Pakistan. It is grown in large
quantity in Pakistan. Pakistan is self sufficient in the production of wheat and is
also exporting wheat and earning foreign exchange. About 90% of the wheat of
Pakistan is grown in the provinces of Sindh and Punjab.

2. Rice: Rice is also one of the important food crop of Pakistan and is largely
grown in Pakistan. This crop is also produced here in large quantity and Pakistan is
exporting this crop in a very large quantity, especially the basmati rice of Pakistan
has great demand in foreign countries. It is grown in many areas of Pakistan. In
Punjab it is cultivated in Sialkot, Wazirabad, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, district
Page | 17

Gujrat, Sargoda, Faisalabad and Kasure. In Sindh, Jacobabad, larkana, Badir,

Thatta, Shikarpur and Dadu district are important in rice cultivation. District
Nasirabad and Baluchistan is also a rice producing area.

3. Cotton: Cotton is the biggest export of Pakistan and a cash crop of Pakistan.
Pakistan is self sufficient in the production of cotton and is exporting cotton to
foreign countries. Cotton is cultivated in many areas of Pakistan specially Punjab
and Sindh. Punjab and Sindh are well known as the home of cotton. It is an
important cash crop for Pakistan known as white gold.
It accounts for 8.2 percent of the value added in agriculture and about 3.2 percent
to GDP; around two thirds of the countrys export earnings are from the cotton
made-up and textiles which adds over $2.5 billion to the national economy; while
hundreds of ginning factories and textile mills in the country heavily depends upon
cotton. Life of millions of farmers is dependent on this crop, in addition to millions
of people employed along the entire cotton value chain, from weaving to textile
and garment exports The area under the cultivation of cotton crops has been
increased significantly in the last 30 years - around 7.85 million acres in 2005-06
as compared to 7.2 million acres in 2002-03. Besides being the worlds fourthlargest cotton producer and the third largest exporter of raw cotton and a leading
exporter of yarn in the world our yield per acres ranks 13th in the world.

4. Sorghum and Millets (Jowar and Bajara ): It is generally not used as

food, it is a part of feed of animals. Pakistan produces this aswel but does not
export it.

5. Pulses: Pulses are the one of the main food crop of our country and it is
commonly used in our day to day life.
Page | 18

6. Oil seeds: Oil seeds are also very important crop of Pakistan. It is mainly
grown in areas where there is abundance of water. As far as the production of oil
seed is concerned it is not for our needs. Pakistan imports 80% oil seeds from other
countries which is a great loss to the economy of Pakistan. The Pakistani
government should take some necessary steps to increase its production.

7. Sugarcane: Sugarcane is the crop from which sugar is produced. It is a very

important cash crop of Pakistan. A lot of water is needed for its growth. Pakistan
produces sugarcane and also exports sugar. The province of NWFP is called The
home of Sugarcane.

8. Maize (corn): Pakistan is self sufficient in the production of corn but is not of
quality so it is used within the country and not exported.
Pakistan is an agriculture country and there are many lands in Pakistan which are
fertile thats why all types of crops are grown in Pakistan. Wheat, rice, cotton and
sugarcane are the major crops of our country. Pakistan is self sufficient in the
Page | 19

production of these crops. These crops are exported to earn a lot of foreign
exchange.

Fishery:
Fisheries are an important source of food, income, jobs, and recreation for people
around the world. A fishery is an area with an associated fish or aquatic population
which is harvested for its commercial value. Worldwide harvest of fishery products
has steadily increased to meet the growing global demand for seafood. Fishery
plays an important role in the economy of the Pakistan. It provides employment to
about 300,000 fishermen directly. In addition, another 400,000 people are
employed in ancillary industries. It is also a major source of export earnings. In
July-May 2002-03 fish and fishery products valued at US $ 117 million were
exported from Pakistan. The fisheries sector as a whole contributes to about 1
percent to the country's GDP and provides jobs for about 1 percent of the country's
labor force. Federal Government is responsible for fishery. Freshwater carp
farming is the major aquaculture activity in three of the country's four provinces
(Punjab, Sindh and Khaibar Pakhton Kha Province [KPK]). The northern
mountains of Pakistan have good potential for trout culture but production in these
colder regions is still very small. According to the latest estimates, the area covered
by fish ponds in Punjab is about 10,500 ha. The average farm size ranges from 510ha.
The aquaculture sector has received a substantial amount of government
investment over the past decade and facilities are now in place that can provide the
basis for a major expansion of aquaculture production. The aquaculture
development programs funded by ADB have supported the development of the
aquaculture infrastructure in Pakistan with a particular impact in Punjab where
mass production of eggs and juvenile fish provided the basis for major expansion.
Continuous efforts are being made by concerned departments to develop
Page | 20

aquaculture sector in modern lines. For this several universities engaged in

academic aquaculture research include the Bahuddin Zakariya University at
Multan, the Agriculture University at Faisalabad, the Sindh University at Jamshoro
and Karachi University. The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) is the
country's largest research organization and it has established the Aquaculture and
Fisheries Research Institute (AFRI) which conducts production technologyoriented research in aquaculture and reservoir fisheries. The center has also
established a trout breeding and production unit near Gilgit in the Northern Areas
of Pakistan. The fisheries development strategy incorporates public and private
sector interventions in all effecting areas, i.e., regulation, technology, management,
marketing and human resources with a view to increase export earnings, create and
sustain employment and bring about qualitative change in lives of millions of
people involved in this sector. The provincial government has also evolved a
comprehensive strategy to modernize the fisheries sector and promotion of the
fisheries in the province. Besides, spending more than Rs 120 million on as many
as 11 fisheries development main schemes in the Punjab, as the government has
focused on the promotion of fisheries. 65,000 metric tons fish was being produced
annually in

Punjab and SMEDA was providing the low-cost staff to the willing fishermen of
Punjab, enabling them to grow up for developing the fisheries sector. The
government has established a special revolving fund of Rs 650 million for those
farmers intending to establish their own fish farms in Punjab and the government
would give them the soft-term easy loans on two percent markup ratio for this
purpose.
Page | 21

Dairy and crops play a vital role in the agriculture sector and also in the GDP of
Pakistan. Pakistan is one of the largest milk producing country in the world.
Buffaloes and cows contribute the major share to milk production and are raised in
rural subsistence and market oriented smallholdings, rural commercial farms, and
peri-urban commercial dairy farms. During the last two decades of the past century,
milk production increased at a growth rate of over 6 percent. Despite a reasonable
growth there are major concerns in the area of milk production faced by the dairy
sector in Pakistan. The national average milk yield is quite low as compared to the
potential yield demonstrated at the research stations or realized at progressive
farms and in the developed and other developing countries. The animals are
generally underfed and use of quality feed is limited. Only a small proportion of
total milk production is marketed and the rural households traditionally process
most of the produce to make ghee (butter oil) and other milk products. The raw
milk marketed through a large chain of intermediaries often lack quality due to
non-adoption of clean milk production practices at the farm level, lack of chilling
facilities, use of substandard containers, and adulteration. Despite of the natural
hazards and hard economic conditions Pakistan agriculture sector still performing
better than industrial sector as Mr Sathio said the industrial sector had shown a
negative growth rate for the past 10 months of current fiscal year while growth rate
of agriculture sector was 1.8 per cent despite unprecedented floods.
Though the agriculture sector is facing many problems in Pakistan yet the major
chunk of money comes from this sector. The crop sector has problems due to
which it lacks in the production of the major and minor crops. The problems are as
follows:
1. No mechanism has been adopted to eradicate the soil erosion and even after
harvesting nothing is done to improve or restore the soil energy. Therefore, the
fertility of soil is decreasing day by day. The thickness of fertile layer of soil in
Pakistan is more than 6 inches but the average yield is lower than other countries
where layer of fertile soil is only 4 inches.
2. Water wastage is very high in our country. The archaic method of flood
irrigation is still in practice in whole of the country which wastes almost 50 to 60
percent of water. A new irrigation system called drip irrigation system has been
Page | 22

introduced in many parts of the world. This not only saves water but also gives
proper quantity of water according to the needs of plants.
3. Thirdly, owing old methods of cultivation and harvesting, Pakistan has low yield
per acre that means the average crop in Pakistan is just 1/4th of that of advance
states.
4. The small farmers are increasing in our country as the lands are dividing
generation by generation. So, there are large numbers of farmers who own only 4
acres of land. These small farmers do not get credit facilities to purchase seeds,
pesticides, fertilizers etc. Additionally, a large area of land is owned by feudal and
the farmers, who work on their lands, are just tenants. This uncertain situation of
occupancy neither creates incentive of work nor does attract capital investment.
5. Water logging and salinity is increasing day by day. No effective measures have
been taken to control it. As the storage capacity of the dams is decreasing so the
water availability per acre is also decreasing. Therefore, the farmers are installing
more and more tube wells to irrigate their crops. This is why salinity is becoming
the major issue in most parts of Punjab.
6. Focusing more on land, crops and yield problems the man behind the plough is
always ignored. While formulating the 5 or 10 years plan, no emphasize has been
laid on the importance of solving the problems of farmers. Most of the farmers are
illiterate, poor and ignorant. In this wake the loans issued by ADBP or other banks
are used by them in other fields like repayment of debts, marriage of daughters etc,
in spite of its befitting use in agricultural sector.
7. The only mean of communication in rural areas is T.V or radio so it is urgently
needed on the part of these mass communication resources to air the programmers
related to the new agricultural techniques and allied sciences. But these
programmers should be telecast in regional or local languages. Because lack of
guidance is the main reason of farmers backwardness. The communication gap
between well qualified experts and simple farmers have not been bridged.
Availability of these experts is not ensured in rural areas as they are reluctant to go
there.

Page | 23

Pakistan is rich in fertile land yet the land is being wasted in different ways. The
reasons are as followed:
1. A major area is owned by feudal. It is difficult to manage such a huge area so
only that part is cultivated which is easy to manage, the rest is left ignored.
2. The rise of industrialization has given threat to this sector. People are
migrating to cities and cities are expanding, thus new towns and colonies are
constructed on fertile lands.

Page | 24

Composition of Agriculture output %

share

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Major
Crops

52

50

57

64

42

37

36

Minor
Crops

12

12

12

16

16

14

12

Livestock

34

37

29

27

38

45

49

Forestry

Fishing

100

100

100

100

100

100

Agricultur 100
e

Page | 25

Characteristics of Highly Productive

Farming
Skilled labor:
Highly skilled labor is the basic feature of modern farming. It does not only reduce
cost of production but also increase the output of crop. Basic techniques of farming
can yield a high output, if they are accompanied by knowledge e.g. to check wind
direction before spray or daily monitoring of weather before taking any decision of
watering crops.

Economies of Scale:
The optimum size of highly productive land in Pakistan is 50 to 250 acre. There are
numerous reasons behind this. The landholdings above 250 results to idle land and
below 50 have the issues of economies of scale.
The use of machinery like one tractor is enough for 50 acre and two for 250 acre
and hence one tube well for 50 and two for 250. Many other types of machines are
also used and feasible for these farmers like harvester for cutting crop or machines
for spray and plough.
To save excess water in the rainy season they have reservoirs and water course.
Such kind of infrastructure can only be feasible for more than 50 acre landholding.
Small farmer cant afford such things and enjoy economies of scale.
The modernized farms use sprinkle water system (drip irrigation) for easy
management of water to avoid water wastage. The most important technique used
to avoid water wastage is land laser leveling, due to land leveling, water equally
distribute in the whole land. Interestingly method of land laser leveling is not so
much expensive. It only requires 2-3 thousand per hectare.

Page | 26

Training Sessions:
Training sessions are held to train labor. Agriculture experts and doctors are invited
to give lectures and guidance. Due to such seminars and lecture programmers
farmers of this sector are trained to cope with current problems.

Use of Technology:
Highly productive farms make greenhouse which is also called tunnel farming in
which they can grow out of season crops which would sell in high price, in this
mostly vegetables and cotton crop grow by most of the farmers to maximize their
profits.
Another major factor is the use of improved seeds which are genetically modified
for high production. These genetically improved crops are more resistant to viruses
and insects and have higher yield.

Issues with small farms:

Small and medium farmers commanding 65 % of the total cultivated area of
the country. The average crop yield per hectare is 2.3 to 5.7 times less than
the developed countries. There are numerous reasons behind their low output
and competitiveness. The major reasons of low output that we identified are
the high cost of using advance cultivation methods.
Small farms dont have economy of scales, if they use harvesters, tractors
and other agriculture machinery.
Page | 27

 Secondly their main purpose of production is their own survival (subsistence

farming) and they are resistant to try advance techniques in agriculture. Such
as majority of small farmers produce wheat. And production and cultivation
of wheat can only be profitable if it is accompanied with advance techniques
and machinery. Wheat is the crop of large farms; it is not the type of crop
which can generate a lot of profit from small land.
The optimum use of pesticide can increase production by 25 times, due to
the importance of pesticides, and their optimum their importance is highly
significant. Small farmers face two problems regarding to the pesticide use.
They cant afford cost of pesticides, due to the high cost e.g. unlike other
countries.
They dont have proper awareness of the use of these pesticides. In Pakistan
large manufacturing companies of pesticides have the services of guidance
to their customers but these services are only limited to their valued
customers.
With an intensive use of land, it loses its fertility. As the land in small farms
of Pakistan is most intensively used. The methods to regain the fertility of
land and avoid loss of soil minerals and salts are not used by these farmers.
Thats become a basic reason in their low output.
Appropriate use of fertilizers is also a key problem faced by small farms.
One the cost of these fertilizers makes it difficult for small farmers as they
are not aware of its cost and benefit analyses. Secondly in Pakistan the
fertilizers cost more than other countries like India. Only DAP bag cost 1000
Rs in India, which is about 4000 Rs in Pakistan.

Page | 28

Water Logging and Salinity:

Pakistans agricultural land is facing many problems and some of the major
problems are the conversion of the arable land into non-agricultural uses, water
logging and salinity scenarios are the most disastrous of the present day crises.
Over the years about 40 percent of the irrigated cropping land in Pakistan, which
produced about 90 percent of the total agricultural output of the country, has come
under water logging. This makes the land non-cultivable and poses a serious threat
to the agriculture sector and to the country, as agriculture is the bloodline of
Pakistans economy.
Salinity and water logging are adversely affecting agriculture at alarming rate in
Pakistan. These difficulties have overlapped over more than 6 million hectares in
the country. These two problems are inter linked and co-exist in most of the places.
Experts reports say that the impact of water logging and salinity is startling. A
decrease in the depth of the water level within five feet inhibits root growth and
causes yields of the major crops to decline rapidly. The impact of salinity on
agriculture productivity is similarly severe, robbing Pakistan of about 25 percent of
its potential production of major crops.
This is happening in the most productive and fertile agricultural areas of the
country and it is clear that unless the twin peril of water logging and salinity is
countered on the urgent basis and with a new approach, agriculture productivity of
the country would be lowered. The reason of these two problems is mainly because
Page | 29

of inefficiency and mismanagement in irrigation. These inefficiencies occur when

there are no sub-surface drainage facilities, lack of proper operation and
maintenance, over exploitation of groundwater (public and private tube wells), and
seepages from the canals due to the lack of canal lining.

Solutions:
The first step is the removal of dirty and salty water from this land. To do this we
have to make a proper drainage system. This system would be in the form of
canals.
After the removal of above ground water, the next step will be removal of salinity
from this land. Water logging and salinity both are the interrelated issues. To
reduce salinity we have to do the following measures.
Make deep ploughing with chisel and disc ploughing instruments. This will
reduce hardness of soil and make it receptive for the fertilizers.
Put 20-25 bags of gypsum in one hectare and fulls it with canal water. Make
borders of land strong to stay water in land.
Then grow special species of grass to remove salts repeat it every year up to
three years.
After the completion of these steps, grow special species of grass to remove
salts and repeat it every three years.
Rice crops, that need abandoned water, is highly useful crop to prevent water
logging.
To tackle the issues of water logging is not so much costly. It only cost 10000 Rs
per hectare per year.

Page | 30

Solution to Increase Crop Yield

Make cooperative societies owned by government it has offices in every tehsil,
they hire highly literate people like MSc or PhD in agriculture and practical
experience on field. This cooperative society makes agreement with subsistence
farmers that they will invest on their land and farmer still work so that they will
take high productivity from small land. They use modern techniques and
machinery also grow such a crops like vegetables, flowers etc. which will give
high return by small investment it only take proper attention some research work
which would be done by highly skilled management. By this method our illiterate
farmers would learn so much and make self-confidence it encourage them to earn
more and do something different from other farmers to maximize their profits as
they got too much awareness. After crop sell cost will refund to government and
the remaining profit will goes to farmer so that it will help to improve their living
standards and take them out from poverty level. It would help to overcome on
shortage of food and also help to control prices which are getting unaffordable for
poor people.
My third recommendation is to make cottage industry in every village houses in
which poor families work in their houses which are not very technical and no need
of any specific skill. In this small and medium enterprises
In the rural areas of Pakistan biogas technology is feasible for small holders with
livestock producing 50 kg manure per day, an equivalent of about 3 cows or maize
silage, sewage sludge and food waste.
This biogas technology is already successfully use in china where 30 million rural
households that have biogas digesters. It is an air-tight tank which transforms
biomass waste into methane in this it produces renewable energy that can be used
for heating, electricity and much more. one cow can produce enough manure in
one day to generate three kilowatt hours of electricity; only 2.4 kilowatt hours of
electricity are needed to power a single one hundred watt light bulb for one day.
Biogas is now running diesel engines, gas generators, kitchen ovens, geysers, and
other utilities in Pakistan but its growth is not sufficient to fulfill our needs if we
develop this kind of alternative source of energy it will help to generate lot of
Page | 31

employment from rural areas and not only fulfill their household basic energy
needs but also help to overcome on energy crisis in Pakistan.

Infrastructure
Irrigation structure:
Water is getting scares in Pakistan it has many reasons in which some of them are
natural but mostly it is done due to lack of proper infrastructure in which
inadequate storage facility is the major issue now a days. The old methods of
irrigation are still being used by the farmer who wastes about 50 to 60 percent of
water. The recent floods which are biggest of this century gave warnings to
Pakistan to think serious on water reservoirs which have wasted it carelessly.
Without additional storage, the shortfall will increase by 12 per cent over the next
decade. Agriculture sector is totally dependent on water which causes serious issue
to save countrys economy. As per SOE 2005, the shortage has been estimated at
29% for the year 2010 and 33% for 2025. Its total area under irrigation is 19.02
million hectares; about 67% of the land is irrigated with canals (Agricultural
Statistics of Pakistan 2005-06).

Irrigated land:
Thirdly water saving technologies should be use such as laser land leveling,
channel irrigation and high efficiency irrigation systems like drip & sprinkle
technologies. Improved seeds are also very helpful to consume less water and give
high output it is also considered very important factor to save water.
Page | 32

Roads structure:
One in every five rural communities of Pakistan does not have access to an allweather motor able road where 15% of the population lives and three in every ten
communities have no transport service available. This show that poor people of
rural areas do not have access to market or it is too expensive for them so they are
not able to sell their crops or milk or any other product which they produce in local
markets, by this they consume it by themselves or sell it to middleman at very low
price which hardly cover their cost. There is no proper market setup even in urban
areas of Pakistan which is totally ignored by government I personally visit these
areas and find out that brokers are the only access to farmers whom products
should be sell and they make their own method to set prices and take huge profits
in between. Only influential farmers can sell direct to mills or in market, small
farmers do not get good income because as we discuss previous so they do not able
to improve their living standards.
To improve the rural infrastructure, the Provincial Governments should take major
projects to construct roads from farm to market; these roads facilitate the rural
population to access to services and markets for the agricultural produce. Under a
phased program in 2004, 2713 kilometers of roads have been constructed in
various districts of Pakistan which is mostly constructed in Punjab. This is not
enough for development of agriculture sector. Now Government should implement
these projects in at least Baluchistan. Sindh and KPK it should undertake this
program under Rural Development Project.

Page | 33

Power Shortages:
Likewise industrial sector agriculture sector also faced the consequences of energy
crisis. The impact is both direct and indirect. The indirect, in a sense, impact on
agro-based industry. But the direct impact is on input cost of agriculture
production. Like if we power on tube well on electricity it may cost almost 200250 Rs per hour and if we use generator power it cost around 800 Rs per hour it
shows that generator power cost more than three times expensive, as we store and
use canal water it cost so little that it is almost like free.

Market failure:
Export of crops without fulfilling local demand by influential people is another big
problem of Pakistans market which creates shortage of basic necessities for people
like wheat, sugar etc. Like how they create shortage and hike in prices to fulfill
their own interests which also cause huge loss in balance of payment. In Punjab
sugar cane is sold 200 Rs. per 40 kilograms. It was purchased and later on stocked
by Industrialist in their stores. When Brazil bought sugarcane from International
Market and prices become high, the Pakistan sugar mills owners planned demand
of selling sugar at high prices, thus Pakistan faced sugar crisis. Then Pakistan had
to import Sugar at high prices therefore, the prices of sugar went high in local
markets. Like this there are many other examples in which Pakistani government is
failed to protect our local market.
Another disappointed situation creates when we know that in Pakistan there is
large number of pesticides companies who are selling fake pesticides which causes
huge loss in crop productivity and balance of payment. They are selling pesticides
at high price as they create monopoly and there is no government checkup,
pesticides companies only making their profits they do not have concern about
poor farmers.
The same case is of fertilizer producers which are selling fake products;
unfortunately the quality of fertilizers can only be analyzed at the time of
cultivation. He has no prove to claim the fertilizer producer. At the peak time of
usage of fertilizers seller make artificial hike in prices. At this situation farmer is
bound to purchase at a higher price.
Page | 34

At the seed market there is monopoly of Monsanto (an American company). It

produces 91% of worlds genetic engineered seeds at different prices to different
countries. This company is selling seed at 1700Rs per kg to Pakistan and RS 700
per kg to India. International seed makers are providing those seeds which are not
successful in our country as these seeds are not tested on our soil. It cause huge
loss to our economy, these companies do not have any concern with our poor
farmers they only concentrate to maximize their profits.

Solutions:
Government should intervene and make farmer friendly policy. Country must be
divided into different agricultural zones by which different zones must be facilitate
by their respective specialty, like in Multan zone its a mango and cotton specialist
area, there must be cotton and mango related markets which help to utilize our
products more easily and give facilities to farmers. This plan will also help
government to target certain specialized zone for the promotion of certain crops. It
also helps to specialize that markets and no need to find random market to sell or
buy goods. It helps to make more government control and systematic market to
adjust and support prices. Storage should be ban to make artificial hike in prices
also export of goods must be banned and export should be conditional on local
demand. Government should own storage and services corporations. Strong price
control strategy should be implemented. Surplus vegetables, fruits and flowers
from their respective zones must be exported to earn foreign exchange. The very
important point on which government must make strong policy that is to
discourage middle man by making its profit down this will directly help to small
farmers, this would be possible when government take buying responsibility by its
own.
Now a days small farmers are facing huge difficulty which is in the form of fake
pesticides, seeds and fertilizers. For this government should make testing
laboratories in every tehsil. These laboratories can help farmers to test the samples
of pesticides, seeds and fertilizers before they apply, these laboratories also help
farmer to make checkup of their soil as well, by which they can estimate and use
appropriate fertilizer. This step can make dramatic change in agriculture sector
which can make enormous productivity and make farmers huge profits. It will help
to ban all companies who sell fake products.
Page | 35

To improve agriculture productivity and profitability through high tech

involvements, the government should encourage corporate agriculture farming, for
which, the government should lease out big chunks of state-owned uncultivated
land to potential investors along with various incentives such as discount in stamp
duty and registration fee, etc. It is expected to produce high quality products, value
addition at farm level, provide job opportunities and exportable surplus, and ensure
international competitiveness. For improving the conditions of farming
communities, concentrated efforts will be directed to increase the flow of credit to
the agriculture sector with a new thinking and method to find the farmers needs
and capacity to utilize credit. The credit needs have certainly increased due to
enhanced mechanization, certified seed, use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Credit financing:
Government should target a vast majority of small landholders to help improving
productivity. The major challenge to shift the focus of institutional credit support
from land owners alone to rural poor that include landless, tenants, agricultural
artisans, women, and other disadvantaged groups who are disorganized. This will
need to organize the rural communities. Then state owned land distributed in small
farmers this distribution of land will be fully supported with the provision of
infrastructure, availability of agricultural machinery and other inputs. Micro-credit
window will be available to them through Khushali Bank, Zarai Tarqiati Bank
Limited and other institutions.

Page | 36

Dairy :
Background and Introduction
Pakistan ranks as the 5th largest producer of milk in the world and dairy is the
largest livestock sector in the country. Dairy contribute 13.4% of our GDP during
the year 2004-05 (Economic Survey). The most important thing that attracts our
attention towards dairy for this research is participation of poor class in dairy. In
Pakistan 98% of dairy consist of informal sector and remaining only 2% consist of
formal sector. Informal sector contributes 97% to dairy in national income.
According Dr Pasha rules of poverty elimination; target those sectors where poor
are employed, area where they live. So dairy is the perfect area of target to achieve
inclusive and sustainable growth. The improvement and growth of dairy also have
a great gradient to the GDP of our country. There are still huge opportunities of
growth in this sector. Today 20% of milk is lost in Pakistan; by only controlling
this amount of milk we can experience a significant change in our GDP and
poverty indicators.

Page | 37

Problems:
The average milk yield in Pakistan is very much low as compare to other countries
like New Zealand and America. The average yield in New Zealand in equal to
three cows in Pakistan and in America it is equal to seven cows in Pakistan.
The basic reason behind low milk yield is inadequate feeding. So there is a need to
work on such factors more thoroughly in order to enhance yield and milk
nutritional quality. Animals are fed through chopped fodder and wheat straw. In
few cases home grown grains, kitchen wastes and some concentrates are also
provided to milking animals. Due to improper livestock nutrition milk production
is greatly affected. In modern livestock farming, animals nutrition concentrate of
wheat bran, cottonseed cake and rice polishing or crushed wheat.

Lack of information:
One of the problems faced by livestock farmers is due to lack of information. Due
to lack of information there are many losses in livestock due different to diseases
every year. Due to lack of proper information, the small livestock farmers only
give attention to only those diseases which are life threatening and do not pay
proper attention to less serious disease problems. This causes considerable loss in
form of productivity of livestock. Hiring the services of veterinary doctors in
traditional farmer does not have enough importance till now.

Pricing System:
Variation in prices of livestock and its products also creates problems for livestock
farmers. There are great seasonal fluctuations in the price of livestock products due
to variation in demand and supply. For example, in summers demand for milk
increases, before Eid the price of livestock increases due to rapid increase in
demand. It is fact that the livestock-based economy is uncertain as compared to
other investments.

Page | 38

Access to Cheap Credit Facility:

Both private and public sectors do not show willingness to pay soft loans to these
farmers as too much risk is involved. Public sector mostly issues loans to big
landlords involved in commercial livestock farmers due to political influences. One
of the main purposes of private financial institutions is to provide loans to only
those who not only able to return principal amount but also heavy interest rate
amount. Due to lack of funds availability these small livestock farmers are unable
to bring any development in this sector. Due to lack of this facility, these farmers
are not able to purchase freezers and other equipment to store milk so productivity
of livestock is affected.

Marketing Of Livestock and Products and

Intensive Competition:
Poor marketing of livestock and its products is one of the problems faced by
livestock farmers. There are no equipped markets in rural areas where these
livestock and their products could be traded. The livestock markets are operated in
an old-fashioned way. Livestock and its products are sold in traditional weekly
rural markets. Animals are purchased and sold according to their physical
characteristics. Mostly, animals are bought by the middlemen who only estimate
the weight of animals from its appearance. These middlemen sell animals in city
and earn heavy profits. Livestock product milk reaches the city markets after
long chain of middlemen who are involved at every point. During this very long
chain of trade, many operations are done during handling like addition of ice or
water and skimming. Intensive competition from big livestock and its products
producing firms like Tetra Pack is also a problem for small farmers now days.
However, commercial dairy farmers supply milk directly to the retailer, some
advanced commercial farmers have their own milk shops in city centers and they
directly sell their milk to the consumers and get reasonable profit this way. The
price of milk is high in summer as compared to winter because demand for milk
increases due to sale of curd and Lassi (a summer beverage).

Page | 39

Solutions:
Lack of Information:
Disease surveillance and reporting system also needs special attention by the
government. Disease surveillance and reporting system should be accomplished at
Tahsil and District levels. Their duty should be to monitor effective measures
required to control to make animals disease free. Disease diagnostic labs need to be
strengthened and manned with qualified personnel. Further government should
inform people about diseases and new methods, technology and diseases through
radio programs and newspapers.
There should be organizations which could provide facilities to livestock farmers
the information and methods of improved nutrition requirements of livestock. They
should be taught how quality of poor fodders and straws can be improved with
treatment of urea and molasses. The urea is cheap source of nitrogen while
molasses provides ample energy to the ruminants.
These farmers should be also taught improvement of breed potential as it could
increase growth rate and milk yield. These farmers should be taught that surplus
milk in winter could be preserved by converting it into powder instead wasting it.
This could help us to save large amount of foreign exchange reserves.
Government should initiate programs to train untrained labors. In this program
labor should be taught ways to handle different challenges such how to identify
different diseases among livestock and best suitable diet for livestock.

Distribution of Land in Pakistan and

Dairy:
In Pakistan 70% of farmers hold less than 5 acre of land. If this land is used to
support dairy, it will have higher return than for traditional crop. For the herd of 40
cows or buffaloes we need to acre of land. The fodder provide by 2 acre of land is
enough for these animals. Government should provide facility to small farmers that
they can get interest free loan on this land and use it to buy cows and buffaloes. So
by this credit they can make their dairy farm on this land. The rate of return to this
Page | 40

sector is very high. The herd of 40 cows or buffaloes can convert to 300 within few
years. Easy availability of credit can change the fate of these farmers within few
years.

Marketing Of Livestock and Products and

Intensive Competition:
Government should focus on establishment of new livestock markets in rural areas
as they are established in urban areas. It should ensure there are all the facilities
available such as refrigerators. Availability of rural market will minimize the milk
loss and ensure the proper channeling of milk from producer to consumer.
Secondly it will also minimize the role of middlemen that will lead to higher
income of poor. This will be an efficient poverty reduction measure.

Infrastructure and Development Issues:

In Pakistan price system of livestock commodities depends on location (Urban or
Rural), availability of livestock in market and on middlemen involvement. Prices
are higher in cities as compared to villages those are away from urban markets.
Lack of infrastructure is one of the biggest problems faced by livestock farmers.
Livestock is produced in rural areas so the transportation plays a role in decreasing
the farmers profit. Mostly rural areas do not have proper infrastructure like roads
so it is difficult for livestock producers to bring their livestock at economical price
to the market. Result of increased transportation cost is visible in form of high
Page | 41

prices. Secondly there are many areas where there is no access through road. The
milk demand in these areas is lower than the production of milk. So due to
accessibility issue we have a great lost of milk production.

The 8 wings:
1. Agriculture extension: This wing consists of the farmers training
school and field demonstration in which the farmers are properly trained for
the technicalities of agriculture. The head of the department demonstrates
each and every task that is to be performed by the farmers for easy and
effective learning.
2. Agriculture research: Punjab has different zones and each zone has its
own research center. Each crop has its own research center in which a
research is carried out on the diseases, viruses and genetics of the crop. They
find out ways to improve its genetics by which the diseases in the crops are
removed and also for the removal of the viruses that the crops have.
Genetics when improved maximize the output and minimize the cost in the
form of less pesticides and water. Its head quarter is in Faisalabad.
3. Water management: This wing is responsible for managing the water
distribution in all seasons (rabi and kharifkj0). Water flow is managed in the
following way. It is first taken from the rivers to the canals then from the
canals to minor and further sent to water courses. The water management
department guides the farmers in leveling the land using the laser leveling
method for the finest leveling and also for the equal distribution of water to
take maximum output by utilizing the water resources fully.
4. Field wing: This wing is the fourth department in which again the people
of the department guide in finding out the depth of land water to install a
tube well on that particular point. The provincial government is installing the
bio gas plants which will help in producing electricity for the tube wells.
This department installs tube wells for the small farmers on subsidiesed
rates.
Page | 42

5. Pest warning and quality control: This wing has a qualified

inspection team that visits the fields to check the healthiness of crops and
also to maintain standards. They also make surprise visits to different
industries to check the quality of pests and fertilizers.
6. Agriculture Punjab: This wing gives awareness to the farmers through
print and electronic media. They also publish weekly magazines known by
the name of Zarat Nama.7. Crops reporting services: This wing estimates
the annual production of the crops planted by the farmers and they also find
out about the expected production and accordingly set the prices. After
production they keep annual records.

Directorate of flowery culture: This wing handles all the fields

7.

related to flowers.

Problems

Conclusions

Recommendations

Power
shortage

Tractors are being used as a source of generator

to make the tube wells work. This process is 3
to 4 times more expensive than normal
electricity

Dams should be build that would provide

water easily through canals. Which if
almost free of cost

Credit
financing

the govt. gave loans through khushali bank and

zarai tarakiati bank limited which rather then
being a help to the farmers it brought the
farmers under pressure as they later on had to
pay the loans taken from the bank

Bigger landlords who have lands that are

not being used simultaneously, the
government should take their lands and
shift it to the small farmers. The govt.
should help the small farmers through
credit financing which is directly in the
hands of the government.

Road
structure

In 2004, 2713km of road had been constructed

mostly in Punjab but thats not enough for the
development of the agriculture sector

Now the govt. should implement these

projects in sindh, balochistan Khyber
pakhtunkhawa to make an easy access to

Page | 43

the market.
Irrigation
structure

Old structure being used of irrigation which

wastes about 50 to 60 percent of water. recent
floods gave warning to the govt. to think
seriously on water reservoirs

Improve water courses by line the head

sections where silt deposits raises the bed
level. They should be properly maintained
which would help in the equal
distribution of water. as a result 15(maf)
of water will be saved.

Market
failure

Crops, fertilizers, pesticides, have no proper

market facilities by which influential people
take benefits by creating monopoly

Strong price strategy should be

implemented by the govt. The govt.
should make testing laboratories in every
tehsil

Training
session

In Pakistan there is no proper plan of training

the labor.

Before major crops are plowed the govt.

should conduct seminars and lecture
programs by which labor of this sector
are trained to cope with current
problems.

Water
logging and
salinity

In Pakistan over 6million acres of land are

affected with water logging and salinity which
effects 25% of its potential production of major
crops.

There are very simple methods but the

problem is the govt. showed give
awareness to the people and help them to
make this braid land into fertile and

Lack of
information

People are not aware or educated which cuts

down the live stock.

Hiring the services of qualified veterinary

doctors instead of traditional doctors.

Pricing
system

There are seasonal fluctuations in the price of

life stock products due to the variation of
demand and supply.

Govt. should make a standard pricing

system that is strictly followed upon.

Access to
cheap credit
facility

Private and public sectors are not willing to pay

soft loans to the small farmers as to much risk
involved.

By changing methods of issuing loans by

which farmers are able to purchase
freezers and other equipments to store
milk to enhance the productivity of life
stock.

Market of
life stock

The life stock markets are operated in an old

fashioned way animals are purchased and sold
by middle man who only estimates the weight of
animals by its appearance. Milk reaches the
city markets after a long chain of middle man
who are involved at every point in which many
operations take place during handling such as
the addition of ice, water and skimming.

There should be a simple method in

which farmers supply milk directly to the
retailer. Some farmers should have their
on milk shops in city centers to sell the
milk directly to the consumers.

Dairy :>

Page | 44

Page | 45

Conclusion and recommendations:

Agriculture is the largest sector
of the economy and would stay an important sector for quite some time. The higher
growth rate for the agriculture sector than performed in the past is imperative for a
continuous growth of the economy, macroeconomic stability, employment and
reduction in rural poverty in Pakistan. The shortage of irrigation water would be
the most limiting factor in the coming years and there is a need to maximize output
per drop of water through developing/adopting water conserving technologies,
enhancing irrigation efficiency etc. additional reservoirs need to be built soon to
store every drop f water in excess of what is required. The expansion of cultivation
had slowed down. The cultural waste lands of 9million hectare may offer good
opportunity for bringing in more lands into production, it would require huge
investment. The factors like higher crop intensity, increased fertilizer, and intensive
use of pesticides are expected to play relatively less important role in future so
Pakistan has to rely more heavily on productivity enhancement through
technological change and improvement of technical efficiency for the desired and
increased growth in future. The national agricultural research system (NARS) is
poorly funded, ill equipped, weakly linked with international and national
stakeholders, thinly staffed with mostly low capacity and unmotivated scientific
manpower, lack autonomy, and generally mismanaged. The NARS cannot deliver
up to the future expectations without funding at a higher level, essential human
resource development, provision of modern laboratories and good library.

Page | 46

References:
A. Sathio, (June 2, 2011) Agriculture tax to burden farmers. Dawn News.
Retrieved
August
29,
2011.
From
http://www.dawn.com/2011/06/03/agriculture-tax-to-burden-farmerssca.html
B. Catley, Our Planet. More crop: Per Drop. Intense competition
C. Abro.H, 2011. Development of agriculture-sector for sustainable growth and
food security. http://sappk.wordpress.com/2011/02/14/development-of-agrisector-for-sustainable-growth-and-food-security/
D. Steiner,
World
bank,
UNEP.
Our
Planet.
http://www.unep.org/PDF/OurPlanet/OurPlanet_WorldBank_web_en.pdf
E. Roux, 2011. Global Network of Leading
http://www.globaldairyfarmers.com/nieuws/nestl

Dairy

Farmers.

F. Mintel, 2011. Global Network of Leading Dairy Farmers. Nestle to double

dairy output in Pakistan: Opportunity to grow
G. Alam, (March 27, 2000) Agricultural Technology and Pakistan. Industry &
economy.
Retrieved
August
27,
2011.
From
http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/issue2000/issue13/i&e3.htm
H. Sriskandarajah, Bawden & Packham, 1989. Extension's role in sustainable
agricultural development. Sustainability and levels of action.
I. Ali.M, 2010. Agriculture Problems in Pakistan And Their Solutions.
Solutions
For
Agricultural
Problems
In
Pakistan.
http://sappk.wordpress.com/2010/03/08/agriculture-problems-in-pakistanand-their-solutions/
J. Tahir.A, habib, (March 07, 2011) How to improve the problems and issues
of water resource sector of Pakistan. Rupee news. Retrieved August 25.2011.
http://rupeenews.com/?p=36113

Page | 47

K. Meijerink & Roza, 2007. Markets, Chains and Sustainable Development

Strategy & Policy volume 4. The role of agriculture in economic
development.
L. Aziz.S, 2003. Accelerating Economic Growth and Reducing Poverty: The
Road Ahead. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Government of Pakistan.
M. Cervantes.D & Dewbre.D, 2010. OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries
Working volume No. 23. Economic Importance of Agriculture for Poverty
Reduction.
N. Gylfason.T, 2000. Resources, Agriculture, and Economic Growth in
Economies in Transition.
O. Weidemann Associates, March 2009. Report to USAID/Pakistan.
PAKISTAN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE PROJECT. The Employment
Impact of Agricultural Growth.
P. http://www.scribd.com/doc/29506620/Analysis-of-Fertilizer-Industry-ofPakistan
Q. http://sappk.wordpress.com/2011/01/10/managing-safer-use-of-pesticides/
R. http://www.sbp.org.pk/reports/annual/arfy07/Chp-2.pdf
S. http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Thesis/15S.pdf
T. http://www.agrihunt.com/pesticide-industry/1968-health-hazardsenvironmental-effects-and-externalities-of-pesticide-use-in-pakistan.html

Page | 48