PHYSICS

INVESTIGATOR
Y
PROJECT
TOPIC: TO CONSTRUCT AN
AMPLIFIER USING A
TRANSISTOR

MADE BY:

Chinmay Shah

CLASS - XII-B
GUIDED BY Mrs. Soma
Bandyopadhyay
BOARD ROLL NO.

Physics Investigatory Project

Chinmay Shah

CERTIFICA
TE
This is to certify that Chinmay
Shah, student of class XII-B has
successfully
completed
the
Physics
Project
under
the
guidance of Mrs. Soma
Bandyopadhyay. This project is
genuine and is not plagiarism of
any kind. The references used in
making this project file are
declared at the end of the file.
Externals Sign:
Sign:
______________
_____________

Internals

Principals signature
School stamp
Transistor as Amplifier

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Physics Investigatory Project

Chinmay Shah

ACKNOWLEDG
EMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude
and sincere thanks to the Principal,
Mrs Murial Fernandez, Ryan
International School, Sanpada for
her encouragement and for all the
facilities she has provided for this
project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to my
subject teacher Mrs. Soma
Bandyopadhyay and Lab Assistant
Devesh Sir who guided me to the
successful completion of this
project. I take this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude
for their invaluable guidance,
constant encouragement and
immense motivation which has
sustained my efforts at all stages of
this project work. I cant forget to

offer my sincere thanks to my

classmates who helped me to carry
out this project work successfully
and for their valuable advice and
support which I received for them
time to time.

Transistor as Amplifier

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Chinmay Shah

Physics Investigatory Project

INDEX
Sr
Contents
No.
1 Aim of the Experiment
2
Introduction
3 Apparatus Required
4
Circuit Diagram
5
Theory
6
Procedure
7
Observations
8
Graph
9
Result
10
Conclusion
11
Precautions
13
Bibliography

Page
No.
5
6
9
10
11
13
14
16
17
18
19
20

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Chinmay Shah

Physics Investigatory Project

AIM
To construct amplifier
using n-p-n transistor
and study its current
gain and identify its
active region

Transistor as Amplifier

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Physics Investigatory Project

Chinmay Shah

INTRODUCTI
ON

An Amplifier is a device which is used for

multiplying the Amplitude of variation of
alternating voltage or current or power.

Heres a diagram of how an amplifier works:

A transistor is a semiconductor device

used to amplify or switch electronic
signals and electrical power. It is
composed of semiconductor material
with three terminals for connection to an
external circuit.

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Chinmay Shah

Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick

layer of the transistor which is heavily
doped;
Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor
which is lightly doped;
Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick
layer of the transistor which is moderately
doped;
A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by
growing a thin layer of thin layer of n-type
semi-conductor in between two relatively
thick layers of p-type semi-conductor.

A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by

growing a thin layer p-type semi-conductor in
between two relatively thick layers of n-type
semi-conductor.

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Chinmay Shah

In this experiment, we will use a n-p-n

transistor.
The common-emitter amplifier is designed so
that a small change in voltage (Vin) changes
the small current through the base of the
transistor; the transistor's current amplification
combined with the properties of the circuit
mean that small swings in Vin produce large
changes in V out.
Various configurations of single transistor
amplifier are possible, with some providing
current gain, some voltage gain, and some
both.
From mobile phones to televisions, vast
numbers of products include amplifiers for
sound reproduction, radio transmission, and
signal processing. The first discrete-transistor
audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred
milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity
gradually increased as better transistors
became available and amplifier architecture
evolved.
Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to
a few hundred watts are common and
relatively inexpensive.

APPARATUS
REQUIRED

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Chinmay Shah

Physics Investigatory Project

1.

A n-p-n transistor;

2.

Two battery eliminators;

3.

Two High resistance Rheostats;

4.

Connecting Wires;

5.

Two One Way keys;

6.

Two Ammeters;

7.

Two Voltmeters;

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Physics Investigatory Project

THEORY
The circuit details using an n-p-n transistor as a
common base amplifier are shown in the circuit
diagram

 The base is common to both the input and the

output circuits.
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Physics Investigatory Project

The input (Emitter Base) circuit is forward

biased by using a low voltage battery Vbb.
The output (collector base) circuit is
reverse biased by using a high voltage
battery Vcc.
Let Ie, Ib and Ic be the emitter current, base
current and collector current respectively.
Then, according to Kirchhoffs first law:

Current

Ie = Ib + I c

Output Current

Gain ()=

Input Current

( is defined as AMPLIFICATION and generally has a

large value of)

Voltage gain =

Output

Input Voltage

Voltage

Ic.RL
IB.Ri

Vo

Vi

In the output circuit,

Vcc = Vce - VL
Vce = Vcc - VL
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Physics Investigatory Project

Vce = Vcc - Ic.RL

Transition output is
Vce

(1)

When Input signal forward biases the ( - E)

section, Ic section is large: ICRL > Vcc
and Vce is negative from eqn. (1)

When input section is reverse biased, by signal,

So, Vce =
Vcc
(approx.)
c
Output is therefore 180 out of phase w.r.t
input and hence, a second stage of
amplification is required.
Ic.RL 0

PROCEDURE
Connect the apparatus accordingly as shown
in the circuit diagram.

 Determine the least count and the zero

errors of voltmeters and ammeters.
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Physics Investigatory Project

Keep the potential of the battery Vb at a low

voltage
Make all the connections neat, clean and
tight.
Note the Least count
Increase the voltage from input battery Vb
from 0 to 0.6 V.

Note the input current at this point.

Now increase the input current by changing
the resistance of rheostat and record the
corresponding output current.
Ensure that the input voltage does not
exceed 1 V (input and output voltage will
change correspondingly).
Plot the readings of the current taken in the
graph of Current (inp) vs Current (out).

OBSERVATIONS

VOLTMETER
1. Least count of Voltmeter (Vi)= 0.2
V
2. Range of Voltmeter (Vi)= 10 V
3. Zero Error of voltmeter (Vi)= 0 V
4. Least count of Voltmeter (Vo)= 0.2
V
5. Range of Voltmeter (Vo)= 10 V
6. Zero Error of Voltmeter (Vo)= 0 V

 AMMETER
1. Least count of Milliammeter (inp)=
2 mA
2. Range of Milliammeter (inp)= 100
mA
3. Zero error of Milliammeter (inp)= 0
mA
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Physics Investigatory Project

4. Least count of Milliammeter (out)=

10 mA
5. Range of Milliammeter (out)= 500
mA
6. Zero error of Milliammeter (out)= 0
mA

OBSERVATION
TABLE:
Current(Input
)(mA)
0.09
0.14
0.25
0.31
0.41
0.47

Current(Output
)(mA)
1.13
1.36
2.1
2.24
2.9
3.15

1.1
1.2
1.3
Transistor as Amplifier

11
12.9
13.7
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Physics Investigatory Project

2.1
2.5
4.2

16.7
19
21.1

Current (inp) vs.

Current (out):

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Physics Investigatory Project

tCurren

(out)

20
15

10

0.09

0.14

0.25

0.31

0.41

0.47

1.1

1.2

1.3

2.1

Current (inp)

RESULT
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Physics Investigatory Project

1. As seen from the graph, the

active region with maximum
current amplification is from
0.41A to 2.0A.
2. Current gain(amplification)() =
=
8.48
3. A minimum of 0.6V needs to be
provided as activation voltage to
input part of circuit, i.e., baseemitter (BE) section.

CONCLUSION
Transistor as Amplifier

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With the experiments carried out

in the laboratory to study the
characteristics of the NPN
transistor proved the aim defined
in the report. The NPN transistor
has got current amplification in
the tune of 8.5 in the region of
0.4 to 2 ma.

PRECAUTIONS

 All the instruments for current and

voltage should be of proper range
and least count.
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Chinmay Shah

There should be a proper forward

and
reverse
biasing
to
the
transistor input and output section
by connecting the batteries with
proper polarities.
The readings in voltmeters Vi and Vo
should be zero before switching on
the batteries.
Never exceed the ratings for the
current given in the transistor
manual.

A n-p-n transistor
which broke due to the
passage of excessive
current.

BIBLIOGRAPHY


colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Experi
ment7.pdf
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Chinmay Shah

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor#Transisto
r_as_an_amplifier
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter
230nsc1.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npnce.html
tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece327/lab1_b
jt/lab1_bjt_transistor_ basics.pdf
hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.html

BOOKS Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS

Class 12;
Pradeep Reference Guide for PhysicsClass 12;
NCERT Physics Part -II Class 12;

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