Digestion

Pg. 435-437
#2-6,11,14,17,38
Pg. 438 439
#3-8, 16

Respiration
Pg. 471-473
#1,2,7,10,17,35,37
Pg. 474 475
#2,5,9,12,14,23

Circulatory
Pg. 513-515
#1-3, 6 8, 26 (a,b,d), 36, 39
(b no frog), 40
Pg. 516-517
#1,6,14,15

Solutions
Pg. 435-437
11.] Mucous lining in stomach protects it from acid

14.] Creates bile salts which emulsify the lipid. This creates a larger surface area for lipase to do
its work more efficiently.

17.] Weight will be reduced because no proteins will be absorbed by the body since Pepsin is no
longer produced. Since there is no Pepsin, polypeptide chains are not broken down in to smaller
chains. Since they are not smaller chains, Trypsin and Erepsin cannot further break protein into
amino acids. Without amino acids your body cannot repair or create new tissue.
38.]
A

Salivary
Glands
Gall Bladder
Small
Intestine
Appendix

E
F
G

Esophagus
Stomach
Pancreas

Large
Intestine
Rectum

B
C

Produce saliva to lubricate food and amylase which breaks

polysaccharides in to disaccharides
Stores Bile which emulsifies fat
Enzymes break macromolecules into monomers so that villi
can absorb them in to the blood stream
A vestigial organ that no longer plays a role in our digestive
system
Allows food to quickly travel
Where food is churned and protein is broken down by pepsin
Where trypsin and erepsin are made to break down protein.
Also where Amylase, lactase, maltase, and sucrase are made
to break down carbohydrates. Lipase is also made here to
break down lipids
Water is reabsorbed and bacteria help us absorb vital minerals
and vitamins
Where stool is formed and held

Pg. 438 439

16.] Peristalsis is a wave like muscle contraction that pushes food down. It is very powerful and
food is forced down to the stomach, even when someone is upside down.

Respiration
Pg. 471- 473
10.] During inspiration the diaphragm moves downwards to increase volume. This decreases
pressure in the chest, creating a difference in pressure between the chest and the outside
environment. Due to this difference in pressure, air flows from outside in to the chest. During
exhalation, the diaphragm moves upwards, this decreases volume and increases pressure. This
creates a higher pressure in pressure in the chest compared to the outside environment. This
causes air to flow out of the lungs.

Pg. 474-475

12.] The trachea and esophagus sit side by side, and the epiglottis sits on top of the larynx
(above the trachea). When we swallow food, the epiglottis seals the trachea shut, and food can
only travel down the esophagus. When we are breathing, the epiglottis stays open, and air
comes down the trachea due to the vacuum in our chest

14.] Oxygen is carried in haemoglobin and Carbon dioxide is mainly carried in the plasma as
Carbonic acid. In the body, Oxygen is pulled off haemoglobin and diffuses in to the body cells.
Carbon dioxide leaves the body cells and dissolves in the plasma of our blood, creating carbonic
acid. During gas exchange in the lungs, the opposite occurs. Carbonic acid turns back into
Carbon Dioxide and enters the alveoli. Oxygen leaves the alveoli and bonds to haemoglobin.

23a.] Trachea
b.] creates an opening so that air can continue to come in and out of the lungs.

Circulation
Pg. 513 -515
26a.] They separate the ventricle from the rest of the body
b.] It takes oxygenated blood to the body systems
d.] It depends where they are. Pulmonary veins can carry oxygen rich blood. Pulmonary Arteries
can carry oxygen poor blood.

36.] The blood vessels in your extremities are vasodilating to get rid of the excess heat. Your
heart beat has probably increased to increase the blood flow to your extremities to get rid of
even more heat.

39.b.] Deoxygenated and Oxygenated blood would be allowed to mix. This means some of the
blood that the body receives will not have oxygen. Due to this mix of blood, this means that parts
of the body may not be receiving the oxygen they should and they will not be able to get rid of
as much Carbon Dioxide. This means that the defective heart is not working as efficiently as a
normal heart would.

40.]Not having enough iron in your diet means less haemoglobin can be made, this will result in
less oxygen being transported to the body which could result in fatigue. Certain diseases can
have the same effect by reducing your bodys ability to create red blood cells. Finally, some
pollutants may bond tightly to haemoglobin once it enters the blood stream. This could prevent
oxygen from bonding to haemoglobin, which could also lead to inadequate oxygen in the body
and therefore fatigue.

Pg. 516-517

14.] If the right ventricle cannot pump blood properly, not as much blood will reach the alveoli to
carry out gas exchange. The lungs will change the rate at which it takes in air to keep pace the
blood flow going through the alveoli.

15.] The blood vessels in the feet have vasoconstricted a lot, which decrease or prevents blood
flow to the feet. Since blood flow has decreased, less temperature is carried with the blood. This
means that not as much heat will be lost through the feet.