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Figure1.OriginalNortonEquivalentModelofaLOADElementinHarmonicsMode
ThismodelwassufficientformostcaseswhereLOADobjectswereretainedforharmonicsanalysis.
Mostharmonicsproblemsondistributionsystemsaretheresultofresonancewithpowerfactor
correctioncapacitorbanks.Adistributionplannerwantingtogetanideaofwhetherornotacapacitor
configurationwouldcauseaproblemcouldsimplesolveapowerflowandthenexecuteaSolve
Mode=Harmonicscommand.ThiswouldautomaticallyconvertallLOADobjectsintothemodelin
Figure1andsolveforallfrequenciespresentisallSPECTRUMobjects.
Forfrequencieswherethesystemisnotnearresonance,mostofthecurrentexitedthemodelthrough
theterminalsintothepowersystem.ThevaluesofGandBaredeterminedtoyieldthespecifiedload
kWandkvarat100%ratedvoltage.Theshortcircuitimpedanceofthetypicalpowersystemlookinginto
itfromaloadisusuallylessthan5%oftheloadsequivalentimpedance.Therefore,verylittlecurrentis
siphonedoffintotheshuntadmittancebranchofthemodel.
Atfrequencieswherethesystemwasnearresonance,thedrivingpointimpedancelookingintothe
systemcanbeveryhigh.Therefore,asignificantportionoftheharmoniccurrentisbledoffintothe
admittancesofmodel,whichalsoprovidessignificantdampingoftheresonanceaswillbediscussed
later.
shuntadmittancepathwascompletelyremoved.This,incidentally,wastheoriginalapproachwhen
OpenDSSwasfirstdevelopedin1997.Whenuserscomplainedthatthemodelgreatlyexaggeratedthe
voltagesthatwouldappearatfrequenciesnearresonantconditions,theequivalentshuntadmittances
wereaddedtotheLOADmodel.UserswerecontentwiththisapproachuntilMarch2013whenthe
shuntadmittancesweretemporarilyremoved.Soitnotsurprisingthatusersonceagainobjectedto
therebeingnorepresentationoftheloaddamping.
Inresponse,optionswereaddedtotheprogramandtotheLOADobject,specifically,togivetheuser
controlovertheloadmodelinHarmonicsmode.AsofVersion7.6.3.13,theLOADmodelforharmonics
modeisasshowninFigure2.
Figure2.RevisedLOADModelinHarmonicsMode
UserscanspecifywhatpercentageoftheloadistobemodeledasaserriedRLandtheremainderwill
beconsideredtobeaparallelRLmodel.APropertyhasbeenaddedtotheLOADobject:
Property
%SeriesRL
Description
PercentofloadthatisseriesRLforHarmonicstudies.Defaultis50.Remainderis
assumedtobeparallelRandL.Thishasasignificantimpactontheamountof
dampingobservedinHarmonicssolutions.Thevaluesoftheshuntadmittances
aredeterminedbythespecifiedpowerat100%ratedvoltage.
Inaddition,aglobaloption,NeglectLoadY,hasbeenaddedthatwillenableuserswhosodesireto
completelyneglecttheloaddamping.Itisdefinedasfollows:
Option
NeglectLoadY
Description
{YES/TRUE|NO/FALSE}DefaultisNO.ForHarmonicsolution,neglecttheLoad
shuntadmittancebranchthatcansiphonoffsomeoftheLoadinjectioncurrent.
IfYES,thecurrentinjectedfromtheLOADatharmonicfrequencieswillbenearly
ideal.
Tousethis,youwouldusetheSetcommand,forexample:
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SetNeglectLoadY=Yes
Solve!(powerflow)
SolveMode=Harmonics
InJanuary2015,anotheroptionforthedefiningtheshuntadmittanceoftheLOADmodelbecame
available.TheSeriesRLbranchofthemodelisgenerallythoughttoapproximatelyrepresenttheservice
transformerreactanceandotherreactancesinserieswithmostlyresistiveloads.Thisiswhatthemodel
wouldmostcloselyrepresentifitsvaluesaredeterminedfromthespecifiedpower(kWandkvar)
values.TheseriesRLbranchisalsogoodrepresentationofmotorsforharmonicsstudies,butthevalues
wouldnotbedeterminedfromthepowervalues.Theywouldbedeterminedbytheblockedrotor
impedancesorsubtransientimpedances.Foramotor,theXwoulddominateinsteadoftheR.
Therefore,twomorepropertieswereaddedtotheLOADmodeltoforcetheseriesbranchtomore
closelymodelmotorandotherrotatingmachineloads:puXharmandXRharm,definedasfollows.
Property
puXharm
XRharm
Description
Specialreactance,pu(basedonkVA,kVproperties),fortheseriesimpedance
branchintheloadmodelforHARMONICSanalysis.Generallyusedtorepresent
motorloadblockedrotorreactance.Ifnotspecified(thatis,set=0,thedefault
value),theseriesbranchiscomputedfromthepercentageofthenominalloadat
fundamentalfrequencyspecifiedbythe%SERIESRLproperty.
AppliestoloadmodelinHARMONICSmodeonly.
Atypicalvaluewouldbeapproximately0.20pubasedonkVA*%SeriesRL/100.0.
X/RratioofthespecialharmonicsmodereactancespecifiedbythepuXHARM
propertyatfundamentalfrequency.Defaultis6.
Bydefault,puXharm=0,whichsignifiestotheprogramthattheseriesRLbranchofthemodelistobe
computedfromthepowervalues.Ifspecifiedasavalue>0itisinterpretedasaperunitvalueonthe
kVAbaseofthemachinerepresentedbytheseriesbranch.Iftheseriesbranchissetto50%(the
default)thatmeanshalfofthekVAisassumedtobemotorloadandthatisusedasthebasetosetthe
valueofXintheseriesbranch.TheRvalueintheseriesbranchisthendeterminedbytheassumedX/R
ratioatfundamentalfrequency.ThetypicalrangeforX/Rforconventionalmotorswouldbe
approximately36.However,somehighefficiencymotorscanhavevaluesgreaterthan10.
Thiskindofseriesbranchmodelmayreducesomeofthelowerharmonicsbecauseitoffersalower
impedancetotheinjectedcurrent,butishighlyinductiveandtendstoblockcurrentsfromflowinginto
theshuntpathathighfrequencies.Andbecauseitisinductive,itcancauseashiftinsystemresonances.
Thisisaneffectthathasbeenobservedinpracticeandiswhatinspiredtheadditionofthiscapabilityto
theLOADmodel.
Description
={Yes|No}DefaultisNO.SignifieswhetherornottheX/Risassumedcontantfor
harmonicstudies.
IfXRConst=YESthewindingRisincreasedproportionaltofrequencyjustlikeX.Thisisatypical
assumptionofharmonicsanalystswhennootherdataareavailable.Thisapproximateswhathappensin
somelargepowertransformers.Itwillnotbeagoodfitforsometransformers,butatleastitaddssome
dampingtothemodeltonullifytheexaggeratedhighvoltagesandimpedancesthatwouldotherwisebe
predicted.
Thisparameterisnotgenerallyascriticalforsmallutilitydistributiontransformersinthefrequency
rangeuptothe13thharmonic.Thewindingsareconstructedwithwirehavingasmallcrosssectionand
thestrayeddylossesdonotgenerallyincreaseasrapidlyasforlargepowertransformers.Thenormal
lowX/Rofthesetransformerstendstocontributesomewhattothedampingofresonanceanyway,
yieldingresultsthatareonlymoderatelyconservative.
NotethatthedefaultisNO.Thus,scriptsfrompriorstudieswillyieldthesameresultwhenrunagain.
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FutureversionsofOpenDSSareslatedtohaveuserdefinedfrequencycorrectioncurves.Thecurveswill
beapplicabletotheREACTORmodelaswell.Untilthatfeatureisimplemented,ifitisnecessaryto
adjustRforfrequency,userscanscripttheresistanceandsolveforeachfrequencyseparatelyrather
thanusingthebuiltinHarmonicssolutionmodeorusetheREACTORmodeltoachieveanapproximate
frequencydependentresistancevariation.
Figure3showsaonelinediagramoftheOpenDSSREACTORmodel.Themodelisnominallyaseries,
multiphaseRLwithuserdefinedpropertiesofRandX.Inadditiontoscalarvalues,RandXmayalsobe
definedasmatrices.Afeatureofthemodelthat,perhaps,isseldomusedistheparallelresistance,Rp,
aroundtheentirebranch.Itsdefaultvalueisinfinite(open)sothatitdoesntenterintothecalculations.
However,itcanbeemployedtomodelfrequencydependenceofRLelements,includingtransformers.
ThiswouldrequireaseparateREACTORtobeaddedinserieswiththetransformeranddefinedwithan
appropriatevaluesothatthetotalthroughimpedanceofthetransformeriscorrect.
Figure3.OneLineDiagramofREACTORObject
Comparison of Models
Figure4illustratesthedifferentresultsthatcanbeobtainedbythevariousassumptionsabouttheload
dampingmodel.
ThisfigurewascreatedbyplacinganISOURCEonthesubstationbusofalargedistributioncircuitwith
1745busesand487LOADobjectsandrunningseveralcasesvaryinghowtheLOADshuntbranchmodel
wascreated.TheharmoniccurrentsourcesoftheLOADobjectsweredisabled.Thereare4capacitor
banksinthismodel.TheISOURCEwasassumedtohaveamagnitudeof1Aatallfrequenciesfromthe
fundamentaltothe25thharmonicin5Hzincrements.Thistypeoffrequencyscanisacommonwayto
characterizethefrequencyresponsecharacteristicofafeeder.
Thehighestandsharpestresonanceoccurswithnoloadtodampouttheresonance.Thismodeldoes
includetheresistancesofthelinesandtransformers.SettingtheXRConst=Yesforthesubstation
transformerdampsthesharpresonanceslightly.ThenexthighestresonanceoccursassumingtheLOAD
objectsarerepresentedbyaseriesRLderivedsolelyfromthespecifiedkW,kvarvalues.
ThecharacteristiclabeledDefaultis50/50parallel/series.ThemagnitudesarebetweentheAllSeries
RLmodelandtheAllParallelRLmodelasexpected.TheAllParallelRLmodelyieldsthemostdamping.If
wetaketheDefaultmodelanddeclarethattheseriespartismotorloadwithafundamentalfrequency
reactanceof0.20pu,weseethecharacteristicshifttotheright(higherfrequency)onthediagram.This
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makessensebecauseadding487smallsusceptancesinparallelwiththesubstationwillreducethenet
apparentreactanceinvolvedintheresonance,increasingtheresonantfrequencyfromapproximately
the10thharmonictothe12thharmonic.
ComparisonofHarmonicScanswith
DifferentLoadModelAssumptions
1000
NoLoad
|Z|DrivingPoint
NoLoad,X/RConst
100
AllSeriesRL
Default
Default+puXHarm=0.2
10
AllParallelRL
1
0
10
15
20
25
30
Harmonic
Figure4.ComparisonofEffectofUsingDifferentLoadModels
Figure5showsanothercomparisonoftheimpactofthedifferentLOADobjectmodels.Thisrepresents
theharmonicdistortionsolutionforbus82inthe123bustestfeeder.Itwasobtainedbydoing:
1. Apowerflowsolutionatthegivenloadlevel(SolveinSnapshotmode)
2. SolveMode=Harmonics
TheLOADobjectsatnonfundamentalfrequenciesareconvertedtocurrentsourcesusingthe
DefaultLoadharmonicSPECTRUMobject.Thus,OpenDSSsolvesatharmonics3,5,7,9,11,and13.The
resultsforthedifferentwaysofmodelingtheshuntadmittancebranchoftheLOADobjectsare
displayedonthefigure.
Thehighestdistortionispredictedwhentheshuntadmittancebranchisneglected(SetNeglectY=yes).
Thiswouldbetheexpectedresult.However,the7thharmonicvoltageispredictedtobehigherforboth
6
th
theAllSeriesandDefault+Motorcases.TheIEEE123BusTestFeederhasresonancesnearthe5 and
7thharmonics.Itisinterestingtonotethatatfrequencieswherethesystemisnotresonant,theresults
arenotparticularlysensitivetothemodeloftheshuntadmittance.Itisonlyatfrequenciesnearthe
resonancesthattherearesignificantdifferences.
IfweignoretheNeglectY=yescase,thepredictedharmonicvoltagesdifferbylessthanafactorof2.
BecauseTHDiscomputedbysquarerootofsumofsquares,therewillgenerallybeevenlessdifference
intheTHDvalues.Interestingly,thedefault50/50modelcomesinaboutaverageforallcasesandthis
suggestsitshouldbeagoodguesswhennothingelseisknown.Employingthenewlyaddedcapabilityto
betterrepresentmotorloadsshiftsthesystemresonanceslightlyhigher,whichresultsinthe5th
harmonictobelowerandthe7thharmonictobehigher.Themainfactorsindeterminingthedistortion
arethecharacteristicsofthefeederlines,substationtransformer,andcapacitorbanks.
500
450
400
|V|atBus82
350
Default50/50
300
Default+XRConst
250
AllParallel
200
AllSeries
150
Default+Motor
100
NeglectY=Yes
50
0
3
11
13
Harmonic
Figure5.HarmonicDistortionSolutionforIEEE123BusTestFeeder