Institute for Solar Energy Systems (

New materials for silicon solar cells:

Research at PUCP towards applications in Peru

Dr. Jan Amaru Palomino Tfflinger

Group of materials research Physics Prof. Roland Weingrtner

Outline

Need for renewable energy sources and potential of solar energy

History of photovoltaics
Research and cooperation with the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB)
Research and cooperation with the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy
Systems (ISE)
Summary

Increasing demand for energy

104,000 TWh

www.iea.org - Key World Energy Statistics 2014

Man-made climate changes

efecto invernadero

Earth

www.greenpeace.org/

Man-made climate changes

CO2 conzentration and temperature

during the last 500.000 years

Earth

Global temperature annomaly (C)

homo sapiens

Data from
Vostok Ice Core

http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/temperature/
5

Impacts of global warming

Global temperature annomaly (C)

Earth

Source: NASA

Impacts of global warming

Sources: WG1 & 2 , IPCC AR5, 2013

and 2014; US NRC, 2013 report

2015

Impacts of global warming

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Effects_of_global_warming

Potential of solar energy

Tsurface: 6000 K

Earth

Source: F. Nitsch, DLR

Perez et al., 2009, "A Fundamental Look At Energy Reserves For The Planet", p.3

Potential of solar energy

Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina

share the area with the highest solar irradiation in the world!
10

Potential of solar energy

Germany: world leader in PV installations

11

Potential of solar energy

8

Horizontal Irradiation
(kWh/m2/day)

7
6

Santiago

Arequipa

Lima (region)

Cusco

4
3
2
1

Munich
Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p
Oc
t
No
v
De
c

Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n

0
Source: gaisma.com, average 1983 - 2005, NASA Langley Research Center

Germany: world leader in PV installations

12

Potential of solar energy

8

Horizontal Irradiation
(kWh/m2/day)

7
6

Lima (region)

5
4
3
2
1

Lima (PUCP)

Munich

Ju
l
Au
g
Se
p
Oc
t
No
v
De
c

Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay
Ju
n

0
Source: gaisma.com, average 1983 - 2005, NASA Langley Research Center
Lima (PUCP): Estacin Meteorolgica "Hiplito Unanue"

Irradiation in Lima city is similar to Munich

(sunniest city in Germany)

Germany: world leader in PV installations

13

Power consumption

1.2 MW
10 TWh/a
60 W
16 TW
140 000 TWh/a

Power 1 W 1 kW

1 MW

1 GW

1 TW

Average household
in Latin America
~1800 kWh/a
(global average: 3500 kWh/a)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(power)

14

Photovoltaics (PV)
Principle:
Technical potential:
Special feature:

Direct conversion of solar light to electricity

As high as primary energy need
Scalable from kW to multi-MW systems

Largest PV plant
579 MW (Ca, USA)

Worldwide PV 2014
178 GW
1 600 TWh/a

60 W
16 TW
140 000 TWh/a

@PUCP

Power 1 W 1 kW

1 MW

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics

1 GW

1 TW
15

Photovoltaics Terminology

16

Global PV installations
178 GW

2014

Source: EPIA Global market outlook for photovoltaics 2014-2018

17

Cost of a PV system

Data: BSW-Solar. Graph: PSE AG 2014

18

Estimation of cost of a PV system (in Lima)

average household
~1800 kWh/a

Global formula :

in Lima City

E = A * r * H * PR

E = Energy (kWh)

1847 kWh/a

A = Total solar panel Area (m)

14 m

r = solar panel yield (%)

16%

H = Annual average irradiation on tilted panels

1100 kWh/m.a

PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses

0,75

Total power of the system (at 1 sun)

2,2 kWp

~ 3200 US$
in Lima Region
E = Energy (kWh)

10.145.833 kWh/a

A = Total solar panel Area (m)

1.2 MW
10 TWh/a

47000 m

r = solar panel yield (%)

16%

H = Annual average irradiation on tilted panels

1800 kWh/m.a

PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses

0,75

Total power of the system (at 1 sun)

x6

7520,0 kWp

< 10 Mio US$

http://photovoltaic-software.com/PV-solar-energy-calculation.php
19

Brief history of photovoltaics

Front passivation
(standard SiNx)

Photovoltaic effect:
1.
-

3.

c-Si (p)

2.
Al-BSF (p++)

> 200 m

(n+)

1. Absorption of light
and generation of charge carriers
2. Separation of charge carriers
(p/n-junction: E-field)
3. Extract photo-voltage and -current
-> electric power

20

Best research-cell efficiencies

http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/
Green et. al. (2014) Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 45), Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl., 23, 19

21

Best research-cell efficiencies

Multijunction and GaAs cells $$$$
Space & concentrator applications
Fraunhofer ISE / Soitec
46.0 %
Crystalline Si cells $$
Commercial use
Panasonic (HIT)
SunPower

25.6 %
25.0 %

Thin-Film cells $$
Commercial use
ZSW (CIGS)

21.7 %

Emerging PV $
Unstable, mostly low efficiency
KRICT (Perovskite)
20.1 %

http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/
Green et. al. (2014) Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 45), Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl., 23, 19

22

Future trends in solar cell technology and research

Wafer thickness for mass production

Efficiency

50%

40%

20%

Dye/organics/
hybride

Thin
film

Si
wafer

III/V
Conc.

Cost per area

International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic

Results 2014_Rev.1, July 2015

Graphic from B. Rech, HZB

23

Fraunhofer-Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE)

www.ise.fraunhofer.de
86,1 million Euro
annual budget

1277 employees
122 PhD students

Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE)

Europes largest solar energy
research institute
Member of

Gesellschaft
ISE in Freiburg

Europes largest application-oriented

research organization.

24

Fraunhofer-Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE)

www.ise.fraunhofer.de
86,1 million Euro
annual budget

1277 employees
122 PhD students

International Network

Center for Solar Energy

Technology (CSET),
Santiago
Founding member (2015):
Pontificia Universidad
Catlica de Chile (PUC)

25

Solar energy research at the ISE

Silicon Photovoltaics

Dye, Organic and Novel Solar Cells

Storage Technologies
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology
Solar Thermal Technology
Energy Efficient Buildings

III-V and Concentrator Photovoltaics

Photovoltaic Modules and Power Plants

Energy Efficient Power Electronics

Zero-Emission Mobility
System Integration and Grids
Energy System Analysis

26

Cooperation PUCP with ISE

Industrial solar cell

Laboratory solar cell

Low efficiency = 15-16 %

cheap

High efficiency > 20 %

expensive

(n+)

c-Si (p)
Al-BSF

Passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC)

(p++)

Backside
passivation
(standard AlOx)

(n+)
c-Si (p)
(p++)
Al

< 150 m

> 200 m

Front passivation
(standard SiNx)

Now being introduced into

industrial production
27

Cooperation PUCP with ISE

Passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC)
Efficiency > 20%

SiNx

(n+)

c-Si (p)
(p++)

AlOx

Motivation: Replace standard passivation

materials with AlN
AlN or AlN/SiNx stack:
Optimize electrical properties of c-Si/AlN
interface

Al

PUCP:
Investigate passivation properties (Dit, Qox) of AlN and AlN/SiN layers,
compare with cell efficiency results.
G. Krugel, et. al., Energy Procedia 55, 797804 (2014).

28

Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB)

Location in Wannsee

Location in Adlershof

neutron source BER II

Photovoltaics

Institute Silicon Photovoltaics

and PVcomB
synchrotron radiation source
BESSY II

Member of

Association
Germanys largest
scientific organisation

29

Research at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB)

www.helmholtz-berlin.de

1100 employees

110 million Euro

annual budget

100 PhD students

Solar energy
Photovoltaics
Solar fuels

Materials &
technology
Photons
Synchrotron

Neutrons
Magnetism
30

Solar Energy research at the HZB

Solar Cells & Materials
Silicon
Chalcopyrites/Kesterites
Nanotechnology

Solar Cell Technology

Crystallized thin-film
Silicon
CIGSe flexible Solar
Cells

Novel Materials

Solar Fuels

PVcomB Technology Transfer

Catalysis
Hydrogen-Generation
Energy-Storage
Photovoltaic Competence Center
Technology Transfer

31

Cooperation PUCP with HZB

< 10 m

Thin-film (laser-crystallized) poly-Si solar cells,

Efficiency ~ 10%

D. Amkreutz, et. al., IEEE J. of Photovoltaics 4, 6 (2014), 1496

32

Cooperation PUCP with HZB

Thin-film (laser-crystallized) poly-Si solar cells,
Efficiency ~ 10%

< 10 m

laser-crystallization

a-Si

D. Amkreutz, et. al., IEEE J. of Photovoltaics 4, 6 (2014), 1496

poly-Si

33

< 10 m

Cooperation PUCP with HZB

Thin-film (laser-crystallized) poly-Si solar cells,
Efficiency ~ 10%

Motivation: Characterize electrical properties

of poly-Si/interlayer interface
C(V)
500 nm

metal
poly-Si

200 nm
800 nm
3.3 mm

interlayer
molybdenum
glass

SiON
SiO
SiN

PUCP:
Investigate passivation properties (Dit, Qox) of interlayer through C(V),
compare with cell efficiency results.
N. Preissler, A. Tfflinger, et. al., 17/09/15, ICANS26, Aachen, publication to follow soon
D. Amkreutz, et. al., IEEE J. of Photovoltaics 4, 6 (2014), 1496

34

Summary

PERU: Huge potential for solar energy applications!

Chance to contribute to a new era

of renewable energies!

New investigation line at the PUCP: Materials for Si solar cells

Colaboration with:

New interdisciplinary course at the PUCP: Seminar for fotovoltaics

35

Additional Information

36

Increasing demand for energy

Solar/wind/geothermal
Biofuels/waste
Hydro
Nuclear
Natural gas
Oil

Coal

www.iea.org - Key World Energy Statistics 2014

37

Potential of solar energy

e.g. Lima

38

State of the art - commertial solar modules

Crystalline Si cells
90% market share

Thin-Film cells
10% market share

39

Warranty and degradation of solar panels

A gradual degradation in module performance can be caused by:

infiltration of contaminants (usually water vapor)

long-term UV exposure
high temperatures: metal ions migration through the cell

http://energyinformative.org/lifespan-solar-panels/
http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/degradation-and-failure-modes

40

PV module price developement

Data: ISE, study 2015 - Current and Future Cost of Photovoltaics

41

Future cost of a PV system

International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic

Results 2014_Rev.1, July 2015

42

PV Production Development by Technology

2015: 90% market share for (mono- and multi-) crystalline Si

43

Europe PV installations
Cumulative installed capacity in Europe 2000-2013

Epia - global market outlook for PV 2014-2018 - report

44