CS101x S434 Introduction To Object Oriented Programming Structures IIT Bombay PDF

IIT Bombay
Computer Programming
Dr. Deepak B Phatak
Dr. Supratik Chakraborty
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT Bombay
Session: Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming -- Structures
Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay
Quick Recap of Relevant Topics

IIT Bombay
Basic ingredients for programming in C++

Data types, variables, constants, arrays
Sequential and conditional statements
Iterative constructs
Functions
Overview of This Lecture

IIT Bombay
Basic idea of object-oriented programming

Introduction to structures in C++
Acknowledgment
IIT Bombay
Some examples in this lecture are from

An Introduction to Programming Through C++
by Abhiram G. Ranade
McGraw Hill Education 2014
All such examples indicated in slides with the citation
AGRBook
Designing A Complex Program [Ref. AGRBook]

IIT Bombay
We want to design a book check out/return/claim management

system of a small library
How does the system work?
Every patron has a unique numerical id

Every book has an accession number
Check out: A patron can check out upto 3 books at any time
Claim: If X has not already checked out 3 books, she can claim a book
checked out by Y
When Y returns the book, it is held for X and cannot be lent to others
Return: A patron can return a book checked out by her at any time
No late charges!
Designing a Complex Program

IIT Bombay
Should we jump into writing code?
Keep adding variables/arrays and functions as and when needed

For each book:
Title and authors (char arrays)

Price in Indian Rupees (double)
Accession number (int)
Check out status (bool)
Claimants id (int), if any
For each patron:
Name and address (char arrays)

Unique id (int)
Number of books checked out (int)
Claimed books accession number (int), if any

IIT Bombay
Keep adding variables and function as and when needed

For each book:
1000 books implies 1000-sized
Title and authors (char arrays) arrays of

Price in Indian Rupees (double) char array (book title)
char array (authors names)
double (price)
int (accession number )
For each patron:
bool (check out status)
Name and address (char array) int (claimant id )
Unique id (int)
Perhaps
manageable,
but out
not(int)
natural to split information
Number
of books checked
about
book
in six (int),
different
Claimed
bookssame
accession
number
if any arrays

IIT Bombay
Must store information about a 1000-sized arrays of

char array (book title)
book at same index in all arrays
char array (authors names)
title[5], authors[5], price[5],
double (price)
accNum[5],
int (accession number )
checkOutStatus[5],
bool (check out status)
claimantId[5]
int (claimant id )
must refer to the same book
How do we find claimant for the book with acc. number 123456?
Unnecessarily
Find index such that accNum[index] is 123456
convoluted !!!
Then access claimantId[index]
Is There A Better Way?

IIT Bombay
Wouldnt it be nice if we could do the following?

Group all information about a book into a book entity
Have an array of these book entities
Once we search this array and find an entity whose

accession number is 123456, we can read off the claimant
information for this array element.
Similarly, we could
Group all information about a patron into a patron entity
Have an array of these patron entities
Structures in C++
IIT Bombay
C++ provides structures to group a set of variables of possibly

different data types together
struct Book {
C++ keyword
char title[50];
char authors[500];
double price;
int accNum;
bool checkOutStatus;
int claimantId;
};
10
Structures in C++
IIT Bombay

struct Book {
char title[50];
Structure type name
char authors[500];
(can be used like other data
double price;
type names such as int, char)
int accNum;
int claimantId;
};
11
Structures in C++
IIT Bombay

struct Book {
char title[50];
Members
of structure
Book
Members
of structure
char authors[500];
double price;
int accNum;
Members
of structure
Members
of structure
Book
int claimantId;
};
12
Structures in C++
IIT Bombay

struct Book {
Members can be arrays or
char title[50];
variables of other data types
char authors[500];
(including
other
structures)
(including
structures)
double price;
int accNum;
int claimantId;
};
13
Structures in C++
IIT Bombay

struct Book {
Member name
char title[50];
char authors[500];
double price;
int accNum;
Member type
int claimantId;
};
14
Structures in C++
IIT Bombay

struct Book {
Declaring variables of type Book
Book myChoice, yourChoice;
char title[50];
Note similarity with declaring
char authors[500];
int myInt, yourInt;
double price;
int accNum;
Declaring an array of type Book
Book libraryShelf[1000];
int claimantId;
Note similarity with declaring
};
int rollNumbers[1000];
15
Structures in C++
IIT Bombay

struct Book {
struct Patron {
char name[50];
char title[50];
char address[100];
char authors[500];
int uniqueId;
double price;
int numBooksChkdOut;
int accNum;
int claimdBookAccNum;
};
int claimantId;
};
16
Overall Design Philosophy
IIT Bombay
Identify entities (physical or conceptual) involved in the

working of the system
E.g., Books and Patrons
Entities also called objects
Think of system functionality in terms of operations on and

interactions between objects
E.g., Patron checking out a book, patron claiming a book
Abstract away (hide) details not necessary for an operation

Implement system modularly by focusing on entities, their
interfaces and their interactions
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (in one slide)

17
Entity or Object
IIT Bombay
Contains information specific to the object

Fixed information usually doesnt change as objects interact
Name of patron, title of book, authors of book
State information can change as objects interact
Check out status of book, number of books checked out by patron
Unambiguous, well-defined boundaries

Clear specification of what information is part of an object
When a patron claims a book, where is the information stored?
Claimants id is in Book object
Claimed books accession number is in Patron object
18
Interactions between Objects

IIT Bombay
Ideally, every interaction between two objects should

happen through well-defined interfaces of objects
Allows hiding unnecessary details of object from programmer
When a patron checks out a book by accession number, do we
need to access books title, authors name or price?
Abstraction, data encapsulation: To be covered later in course
19
Summary
IIT Bombay
Motivation for object-oriented programming

Introduction to structures as objects in C++
20

IIT Bombay
Keep adding variables and function as and when needed

1000 books implies
For each book:
Title and authors (char arrays) 2000 character arrays (title, authors)
Price in Indian Rupees (double) 1000 double variables (price)
1000 int variables (acc. numbers)
1000 bool variables (check out status)
1000 int variables (claimant ids)
For each patron:
Not quite manageable

Recipe for disaster!
Name and address (char array)

Unique id (int)
Number of books checked out (int)
Claimed books accession number (int), if any
21

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IIT Bombay

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

Quick Recap of Relevant Topics

Basic ingredients for programming in C++

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

Overview of This Lecture

Basic idea of object-oriented programming

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

Some examples in this lecture are from

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

Designing A Complex Program [Ref. AGRBook]

We want to design a book check out/return/claim management

Every patron has a unique numerical id

Designing a Complex Program

Should we jump into writing code?

Keep adding variables/arrays and functions as and when needed

Title and authors (char arrays)

For each patron:

Name and address (char arrays)

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

Designing a Complex Program

Should we jump into writing code?

Keep adding variables and function as and when needed

Title and authors (char arrays) arrays of

Designing a Complex Program

Must store information about a 1000-sized arrays of

Is There A Better Way?

Wouldnt it be nice if we could do the following?

Once we search this array and find an entity whose

C++ provides structures to group a set of variables of possibly

C++ provides structures to group a set of variables of possibly

C++ provides structures to group a set of variables of possibly

C++ provides structures to group a set of variables of possibly

C++ provides structures to group a set of variables of possibly

C++ provides structures to group a set of variables of possibly

C++ provides structures to group a set of variables of possibly

Overall Design Philosophy

Identify entities (physical or conceptual) involved in the

Think of system functionality in terms of operations on and

Abstract away (hide) details not necessary for an operation

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (in one slide)

Contains information specific to the object

Unambiguous, well-defined boundaries

Interactions between Objects

Ideally, every interaction between two objects should

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

Motivation for object-oriented programming

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

Designing a Complex Program

Should we jump into writing code?

Keep adding variables and function as and when needed

For each patron:

Not quite manageable

Name and address (char array)

Dr. Deepak B. Phatak & Dr. Supratik Chakraborty, IIT Bombay

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