()

24
()
6
16
(on
line)

()

()

()

()

(
)

()


:
()

(1)

(2)

()

1.
1.
(1)

(2)

(
)

a.
b.
2.
2.
(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)
(5)
3.
3.

(1)

(2)

(3) 800900mm
(4)

4.
4.

5.
5.

()


1.
2.
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

3.10 50

90
4.
5.
6.

7.

8.

9.

()

1.

2.

3.

4.

()

1.
1.
(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)

2.
2.
(1)

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

(2)

(3)

3.
3.

4.
4.
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
(5)

(6)
(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)
(11)

(
)

(12)

()

1.

2.
3.

WAP

12

(Construction Management)

()

()

()

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
()
1.
2.
3.
()
1.
2.
3.
4.
()
1.
2.
3.


1.

()

2.

3.

4.

5.

()


P3
20 P3
P3

P3 P3

()
1.
1.

( 1)

2.
2.

2
( 3)

3.
3.

P3

P3

( 5)

()

P3 ( 4)

( 3)

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1.

P3

P3

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2.

()
()
(PLAN)(DO)(CHECK)(ACTION)
P.D.C.A.
4

DO

(
(
)
)

CHECK

()
1.
1.

2.
2.

3.
3.

4.
4.

()

)
)

ACTION

( )

(
(

PLAN

__

()
ISO9001

1.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)/
3.
(1)
(2)
(3)
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4.
(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)
5.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
6.
7.
ISO9001

(VE)

()

1976

()

1.
2.
3.
4.

()

29

 29.94

(40 )
(60 )

178 183 180 144

193 197 132 133 131
6)

DK183

79.279.3

800,000,000

63,709,200

7.9%

DB144

82.982.10

4,475,068,000

238,280,000

5.3%

87.987.10

9,050,000,000

150,000,000

1.7%

DK197

88.288.3

5,500,000,000

350,000,000

6.3%

DK132 133

88.888.9

9,780,000,000

620,000,000

6.3%

88.888.10

6,568,000,000

144,850,000

2.2%

DK193

DK131

()
1.
1.(
( 7)

()

7
2.
2.

3.
3.

4.
4.

5.
5.

()
8

GIS

( 7)( 8)
( 9)
Geographic
Information System GIS(
6)

( 10)

Server

Modem

Internet

10

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)

(5)

(6)

42
(7)

42
(8)
44
(9)
45
(10)
89

4 15
90.78

150000
3.5

17

4 6

173962
65

14.6

3 20 6

95800
33

2.5

2 16 3.6

26500
12

 1 9~11 87 12

132762

4 16 20 88 7

75924

2 18 88 7

5488

2 8 88 12

46000

3~4 6~8 89 1
235958

89 6
81000

1~2 5~12 89 7

128900

1 7~14 89 11

95000

1 8~14 89 12

50000

3 11~14 90 3

444400
54 390

1 14 90 4

129640

2 4~7

47000 2
28

20

27.47

( 1 6
1A )

34280
7.353

6.8

40.8

P3

(Barrier)
(Liner)

 Stern[1]

Stern
Stern
Stern
(Diffusion Layer)
Gouy-Chapman

1
=
K

D 0 kT
2n0 e 2 v 2

(1)

1
K

D(Dielectric Constant)
0 (permittivity of vaccum)

Boltzmann constant
T(K)
no(ions/cm3)
e
v

(1) D
no v

(Flocculated)

()

(Koalinite)
(Illite) Hoytville Lufkin (Smectite)
1

( 0.01N Caso4)(Methanol)(Heptane)
2
1 2

(%)
(%) (%)
(0.074-4.74mm (0.005-0.074mm) (0.005mm )

Kaolinite

Kaolinite

98

2.63

Hoytville clay

Illite

13

22

65

2.73

Lufkin clay

Smectite

18

38

44

2.69

 2 2

20C 20C 20C

(g/cc) (debyes)

(cp)

H2O

18.02

0.9982

1.002

80.10

1.87

CH3OH

32.04

0.7914

0.544(25C)

33.62

1.70

C7H16

100.21

0.6837

0.409

1.92

0.0

3
3

3 2

Kaolinite

Hoytville clay

Lufkin clay

LL
PL

54
31

48
19

56
14

PI

23

29

42

LL
PL
PI

74
45
29

35
29
6

33
N.P
--

LL

116

None

None

PL
PI

---

N.P
--

N.P
--

()

4
(ZnSO4)
+2
(Pb(NO3)2)(PH=2.5) Zn
+2
200mg/lPb 15mg/l
4
4 5

PL

LL

(g/cm3)

(%)

PH

3
(g/cm )
(%)
CC

8.67

19.1

32.0

2.66

1.62

20

0.99

N.P.

N.P.

2.27

--

--

0.107 CL
--

5
5

ML

3.65
--

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

5.

5.
6.

1.
2.

1.
2.

3.
4.

1.

2.

3.

24 ASTM D698

()

1.
1.

K i
K i


K 10

K i

2.
2.
(1)

(Flocculate)(Aggregate)
K

K
K K 10

 K
i=15


-7
( K=6 x 10 cm/sec)
i=2

K
K

(2)

K K
K K
K

3.
3.

(Porous material)
()

2+
+
Ca Na

2+

2+

Zn Pb

1.
1.

6 4

(kg/cm2)

2.0

k(cm/sec)
1.8910-7

1.53

km(cm/sec)

-7

0.40

2.1310-7

-5.51

3.9010-7

2.0

1.510

2.0

8.510-8

6 ab c
K
Bowder & Daniel2( 7
)
k
(kf/kw1)

7 3

Kf

K f /K w

PV f

(C/C 0 ) f

Kf

K f /K w

PV f

(C/C 0 ) f

(a) Kaolinite
0.95

3.3

1.1

7.3x10-8

1.2

3.7

0.78

Pure

1.0x10-10 0.003

0.1

0.0

1.4x10-5

140

2.5

1.00

1100mg/l

-9

1.5

3.0

1.0

1100mg/l

7.6x10

-7

(b) Illite-Chlorite
5.1x10

0.80

2.6

1.0

-10

2.1x10-8
-6

Pure
2.7x10
0.05
0.1
0.0
5.0x10
500
0.23
1. Kf:the final measured hydraulic conductivity to the permeant liquid
2. Kw: the hydraulic conductivity to water
3. PVf:the total(final) number of pore volumes of flow
4. (C/C0)f:the final normalized effluent concentration of organic carbon

1.0

()

CaCl2

2.
2.
8 R1R2 0.79R1
0.064 R2
0.126 k R1 1.36

8 4
e I() e f () k(cm/sec k
)

9.810-7 92.20%
1.110-6
R1
0.791
0.855

1.410-6 95.61%
1.510-6
R2
0.793
0.919

R3
R4

0.771

1.089

6.510-6

84.51%

7.710-6

(5%)+

0.752

0.779

5.010-7

92.86%

5.410-7

0.732

0.766

1.110-7

95.77%

1.110-7

R5 (5%)+

R3 5
0.771 1.089
7.710-6 R1 7
R3

(3).

5%
8 R4 R5
R1R2 R3
0.027 0.034 5.410-7 1.110-7

1.

2.

K
K
K

3.

4.

(1)Stern,O.,Zur Theorie der, Elekrolytischem Doppelschicht, A

Electrochem,(1924)
(2)Foreman ,D.E.and Daniel,D.E.Permeation of Compacted Clay with
Organic
Chemicals journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division ASCE,
vol.112,No.7.
p669~681(1986)
(3)Bowders,J.J.andDaniel,D.E.Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted
Clay to Dilute
Organic Chemicals journal of the Geotechnical Engineering
Division ASCE,
vol.113,No.12. pp1432~1448(1987)
(4)
(I)
,(1995)
(5)Boynton,S.SandDaniel,D.E.Hydraulic Conductivity Tests on
Compacted Clay
journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division ASCE, vol.111,No.4.
pp465~478(1985)

P/M
AASHTO 1993 AC
AC(AI) MS-17
PCI AI (CR)

,P/M
P/M

()

(PMS, Pavement Management Systems) PMS

()[01]
[01]
1.(PMS) 1960 1970
OECO (Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development)
2.

(1) (Data Acquisition)

(2) (Models/Analysis)
(3) (Criteria/Optimisation)
(4) (Consequence/Implementation)

3.(Data Acquisition)
()
(1)(Structural Condition of Pavement)
a.(Construction History)

b.(Geometric Data)
c.
d.
e.(Surface distress)
f.()
(2)(Functional Condition on Pavement)
a.(Longitudinal Evenness)
b.(Transverse Evenness)
c. (Skid Resistance)
d.(Surface Texture)
e.(Surface Impermeability)
f.(Noise Generation Properties)
(3)(Traffic Condition)
a.(Traffic Surveys)
b.(Travel Time)
c.

(4) (Costs and Benefits)

a. (Maintenance : Including Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction)
b.(User Costs)
c.(Social Costs)

4.
(Pavement Condition Index)

(1)PSI (Present Serviceability Index)

(2)PCR (Pavement Condition Rating)
(3)PCI (Pavement Condition Index)
(4)PSR (Pavement Surface Rating)
(5)SCI (Surface Condition Index)
(6)RR (Ride Rating)
(7)SI (Structural Index)
() AASHTO 1993
1993 [02]
[02]
1. AASHTO (Rehabilitation Concepts) 4R
4R (Resurfacing)
(Restoration)(Rehabilitation)(Reconstruction)

(Pitch hole)(Seals)(Overlay)
(Reconstruction)
2.(Selection of Pavement Rehabilitation
Methods)
AASHTO (Phase)
(1)(Problem Definition)
(Data
Collection)(Evaluate Data) ,
(Identify Constraints)
a.

(a)(Pavement Condition)
(b)(shoulder Condition)
(c)(Pavement Design)
(d)(Geometric Design)
(e)(Material and Soil Properties)
(f)(Traffic Volume and Loading)
(g)(Climate Conditions)
(h)(Drainge Condition)
(i)(Safety Considerations)
b.(Data Evaluation)

Field Survey

(Roughness Measurement)(Deflection Testing)

(Skid Resistance)

(Final Evaluation Report)

c.
()

(Utilities)(Clearances)(Right-of-way)

(Agency Policies)
(2)(Potential Problem Solution)
(Select Candiate
Solutions)(Feasible Rehabilitation

Solutions)(Development of Preliminary
Design)
(3)(Selection of Preferred Solution)

(Flexibility)
a.(Cost Analysis)
b.(Nonmonetary Considerations)

(Service Life)(Duration of Construction)

(Reliability)(Constructibility)
(Maintainability)
c.(Preferred Rehabilitation Alternative)
(4)(Detailed Design)
(5)

()(AI)
(AI)
(AI)[03]
[03]
1.
1.

AI (Routine Maintenance)
(Overlay)(Reconstruction)
(Condition Rating)

2.
2.
(1) 30~70
(2) 1

() PCI [04]
[04]
(PCI, Pavement Condition Index)

1. PCI
(1) HM L
(2) PCI

2.
2. PCI
PCI 2

()[05]
[05]
1.
1.

(1)
(AC
2.5cm)
(2)
( Overlay)
)

2.
2.
3 4

3

(mm)
(mm)
(mm)

%
(cm)

25

20

30

0.25

3m
3.5

30~40

30

40

0.25

3m
30~40
4.0~50

40

30

20

40~50

20
20
20

1. 80km/hr
60km/hr
2.

4 ()

(%)

5~10 %

11~30 %

31 %

()
1.
2.( 4) 3

3. PMS AASHTO 1993

4. PCI

5. AI MS-17
6. AI PCI

AI MSMS-17 [03]
[03]
()
AI MS-17
(Effective Thickness)(Deflection Methods)

(Design
Period)
()
1.
1.
()


(
)
2.
2.

(To) (Tn)
(Te) ----(1)
3.
3.
(Tn)
(Tn)
(1) AI AI CP-1
DAMA 7.715.6 24
24
AI MS-17 (1990 )
a. AI CP-1 DAMA (
) AI
b. 80 kN ESAL
80 kN ESAL
c. Mr CBR
d. Tn 80 kN ESAL Mr

(2)(Te)
TeTC ------------------------------------------(2)
Tecm
Tcm
C(Conversion Factors) 5

4.
4. 1
10
6
80 kN ESAL1.010 AI

(1) AC 10cm M
(CTB)15cm
(AS)20cm
50MPa
(2)(Te)
5 C (2) Te
Te(AC) = 100.5 = 5cm
Te(CTB) =150.3 = 4.5cm
Te(AS) = 200.2 = 4.0cm
Te()13.5cm
(3) 80kN ESAL1.0106 50MPa
Tn =26.5cm
(4) To = TnTe26.513.513.0cm AC
()
AI
(Rebound Deflection)
(RRD, Representive Rebound
Deflection),
RRD

1.
2.

3.
(1) AI MS-17 (Benkelman
Beam) AASHTO T256
AI MS-17

4.

RRD
5. RRD

(1) RRD

( x + 2S)C (3)
x = x =xifi/n

S=

S =

X 2 X X
n 1

, (x=

=)

fi=
xi=
n=
C=
(2) C
a. C 1
b. C
(3) (f)
a. (21)
f

b. f

6.
(1) RRD(3)
(2) 80 kN ESAL (
)AI MS-11991 AI MS-17, 1990
(3) RRD 80 kN ESAL
AC

7. ()
(1) (ESALr) RRD

(2) (ESALd)

ESALr
ESALd
(3) GFr

(4) GFr r 6 (
)

(GROWTH FACTOR*)

% [Annual Growth Rate, Percent (r)]

Design
Period
Years(n)

No
Growth

10

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

2.0

2.02

2.04

2.05

2.06

2.07

2.08

2.10

3.0

3.06

3.12

3.15

3.18

3.21

3.25

3.31

4.0

4.12

4.25

4.31

4.37

4.44

4.51

4.64

5.0

5.20

5.42

5.53

5.64

5.75

5.87

6.11

6.0

6.31

6.63

6.80

6.98

7.15

8.34

7.72

7.0

7.43

7.90

8.14

8.39

8.65

8.92

9.49

8.0

8.58

9.21

9.55

9.90

10.26

10.64

11.44

9.0

9.75

10.58

11.03

11.49

11.98

12.49

13.58

10

10.0

10.95

12.01

12.58

13.18

13.82

14.49

15.94

11

11.0

12.17

13.49

14.21

14.97

15.78

16.65

18.53

12

12.0

13.41

15.03

15.92

16.87

17.89

18.98

21.38

13

13.0

14.68

16.63

17.71

18.88

20.14

21.50

24.52

14

14.0

15.97

18.29

19.16

21.01

22.55

24.21

27.97

15

15.0

17.29

20.02

21.58

23.28

25.13

27.15

31.77

16

16.0

18.64

21.82

23.66

25.67

27.89

30.32

35.95

17

17.0

20.01

23.70

25.84

28.21

30.84

33.75

40.55

18

18.0

21.41

25.65

28.13

30.91

34.00

37.45

45.60

19

19.0

22.84

27.67

30.54

33.76

37.38

41.45

51.16

20

20.0

24.30

29.78

33.06

36.79

41.00

45.76

57.28

25

25.0

32.03

41.65

47.73

54.86

63.25

73.11

98.35

30

30.0

40.57

56.08

66.44

79.06

94.46

113.28

164.49

35

35.0

49.99

73.65

90.32

111.43

138.24

172.32

271.02

*FACTOR

(1 + ) n 1
where

ratae
100 and is note zero.

If Annual Growth is zero, Growth FactorDesign Period

AASHTO AC (1993
(1993 )[02]
)[02]
AASHTO (1993 )
AC AC

AC

AC

AC : Asphalt concrete

AC

PCC

PCC : Portland cement concrete

AC

JPCP, JRCP, CRCP

AC

AC/JPCP,AC/JRCP

JPCP : Jointed plain concrete pavement

JRCP : Jointed reinforced concrete pavement

AC/CRCP

CRCP : Continuously reinforced concrete pavement

Bound PCC

JPCP, JRCP CRCP

AC/PCC: AC-overlaid Portland cement concrete

Unbound PCC

JPCP, JRCP CRCP

PCC

AC

(JPCP, JRCP, or CRCP)

Bound PCC:

()
1.(Feasibility)
AASHTO (Rehabilitation)
(Rehabilitation Method Other Than Overlay)
(Rehabilitation Method with Overlay) ,
(Recycling) AC AC

(1) H (High-Severity Alligator)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5) AC
2. (Pre-Overlay Repair) :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(Alligator Cracking)H m
(Linear Cracking) 6mm
(Rutting)
(Surface Irregularities)

3. (Reflection Crack Control)

4.
()
1.
(Nondestructive
Deflection Testing NDT)()
()
2.
SN01 = a01D01=SNfSNeff --------------------------------------(4)
SN01=
a01 = AC
D01 =
SNf =
SNeff =
3.
(1)
a.
b.
c. a b
(2)
a. Np (80 kN ESAL)

b. Nf
(3)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

H M L
H M L

(4) (NTD )

a.
AASHO FWD(Falling Weight Deflection)
ASTM D4694 D4695
b.

Mr =

0 . 24 P
dr

----------------------(5)

Mr =(Back calculate)psi
P=( 9000 lbs)
dr= r ()
=()
r0.7ae -------------------------------(6)

ae =

Ep
+ D3

2
Mr

----------------------(7)

ae =
a = NDT ()
D = ()
EP = Mr psi
Mr= psi
c.

d. (EP)
Mr
(7)

d0=1.5pa

Mr

1
D E
p
3
1+
a
Mr

1 +

E p

2
D

-----------------------------(8)

d0= FWD
( 68F(20)
p=NDT psi
a=NDT
D=
Mr=psi
Ep=psi
(a) Ep/Mr [102]
a ()=5.9 Ep/Mr
Ep Mr

(b) d0 68 F(20)

(5) ()
a.

b.
(a)MrAASHTO T292
(b) CBR R AASHTO T193 T190
(6) (SNf)
a.
(a)
( X S )
(b) FWD Mr

0 . 24 P

dr
Mr=C

---------------------------------(9)

C 0.33 [102]
b. PSI = P1-P2 --------------------------------------(10)

 P1= PSI
P2= PSI
PSI =1.2~2.5 (AASHTO )
c. (Reliability)AASHTO 95%
d. (Overall Standard Deviation, So)AASHTO
0.49
e. SNf
(a)

(b) 80 kN ESAL (Nf)

Mr PSI (1.2~2.5 1.5) R(0.49)
(7) SNeff
NDT ()

SNeff
a. NDT (Nondestructive Deflection Testing Method) :
3
SNeff = 0.0045D EP -------------------------------------(11)

D=
Ep= Mr psi

b.
(a) SNeff (12)
SNeff = a1D1+a2D2m2+a3D3m3 -------------------------(12)
a1a2a3 = [ 7 ]
D1D2D3 =
m2m3= 1

7 AASHTO AC

0.350.40

<10%L <5%M H 0.25~~0.35

>10%L <10%M 0.20~~0.30
AC >5~10% M H
>10%M <10%H 0.14~0.20
>10% M H
>10%H >10%H

0.08~~0.15

0.20~~0.35

<10%L <5%M H 0.15~~0.25

>10%L <10%M 0.15~0.20

>5~10% M H

>10%M <10%H 0.10~0.20

>10% M H
>10%H >10%H

0.08~~0.15

0.10~~0.14

0.00~0.10

(b) 7

 H (Patching)AC
H

(Erosion)
(Degradation)(Contamination)
(Layer Coefficients)

( m ) 0 .3048
( m 2 )

( )
( ft 2 )

100

100 (13 )


(
AC )
c.
(a) RL = 100-

Np

N 1 . 5

-----------------------------(14)

RL = %
Np = (80 kN ESAL)
N1.5 = (80 kN ESAL)
PSI = 1.5 R=50%
(b) SNeff
SNeff =CFSNo --------------------------------------(15)
CF=
SNo =

(c) 8

AASHTO AC

(1)NDT SNeff
D
Mr
Ep
SNeff = 0.0045D 3 E p

_____________cm()
_________________MPa,(psi)
______________ MPa,(psi)
= ______________

(2) SNeff
AC D1

= ______________cm()

a1

= ______________cm()

D2

= ______________cm()

a2

= ______________

m2

= ______________

D3

= ______________cm()

a3

= ______________

m3

= ______________

SNeff=a1D1+a2D2m2+a3D3m3

= ______________

(3) SNeff
Np

= ______________

N1.5

N p

1.5

= ______________

RL=100 1 N

= ______________

CF()

= ______________

AC D1

= ______________ cm()

AC ()

= ______________

D2

= ______________ cm()

()

= ______________

D3

= ______________ cm()

()

= ______________

SN0=a1D1+a2D2m2+a3D3m3 = ______________
SNeff=CFSN0

= ______________

(8)
a.
D01 =

(SN f SN eff
SN 01
=
a 01
a 01

)
-------------------------------(16)

SN01 =
a01 = AC
D01 =
SNf =
SNeff =
b. R
s
(9) 3
a. AC 10cm AC
40cm 1.0106
6
10 3.010

 FWD 40 kN (9,000 lb) a=5.9

500m(0.01968 ) 305mm(12 )610
mm (24 ) 914 mm (36 ) 350m(0.01377
)200m(0.00787 ) 150m(0.0059 )
o

25(77 F) NDT
AC
b.
(a) Mr Ep
o

77 F AC =4
0.94 d0=0.94500=470m
(18.50 miles)

(5) Mr =

0 . 24 P
dr

0 .24 9000
= 36 0.0059 = 10,169 psi

d0=18.50 miles
Mrd 0 10169 18.50
=
= 23.5
P
9000

Mrd 0
P =23.5 (D)=20

Ep/Mr = 6
Ep=610169=61014 psi
(7) ae
a

ae =

+ D 3

E p
Mr

5 . 9 2 + 20 3 6

]2 = 36.8

0.7ae
0.736.8
25.8 OK(=36 )
0 . 24 P

dr
Mr = C

= 0.3310169= 3356 psi(235 kgf/cm2)

(b) SNf

(80 kN ESAL) =30106

Mr = 235 kgf/cm2 (3356 psi)

PSI=4.0-2.5=1.5

R=0.90 (ZR= -1.282) = 90%

So = 0.49

SNf () = 5.74

(c) NDT SNeff

D =50 cm

=23.1MPa (3356 psi)

Ep =421MPa (61014 psi)

SNeff=0.0045 D

3E

(d) SNeff

= 3.54

AC D1 = 10cm (4 )

a1 = 0.35

D2 = 40cm(16 )

a2= 0.08

m2 = 1.0

D3 = cm ( )

a.3 =

=
SNeff =a1D1+a2D2m2+a3D3m3 = 2.68
(e) SNeff :

Np= 1.0106

N15=1,178,710

RL=100

N
p
N 15

= 15.2

CF () = 0.73

AC D1= 10cm (4 )

AC a1() = 0.42

D2 = 40cm(16 )

a2() = 0.12

= 1.0

D3= cm ( )

a3() =

=
SN0 =a1D1+a2D2m2+a3D3m3= 3.60
SNeff =CFSN0 =0.733.60=2.63

(f)

AC a1=0.42SNf=5.74
(16) 9

18cm

AASHTO

SNeff

SN01
cm()

NDT

3.54

2.20

13.3 (5.24)

2.68

3.06

18.5 (7.28)

2.63

3.11

18.8 (7.40)

()
1. (Seal)(Overlay)
()
2. AASHTO 4R Resurfacing ,
Rehabilitation
3. AI Routine Maintenance(CR 80 )

(CR 20~80 )
()
1. 2.5cm 2.5cm 2.5cm
AI
2. 2.0cm 2.0cm Resurfacing 2.0cm
AASHTO FHWA
()

1. P/M

2. P/M

(P/M)
(P/M)
(P/M)
() P/M
1. 2~3cm

2. P/M P/M

P/M
()
P/M
1.
(Road Rater)(FWD)
Road Rater FWD 700

Road Rater FWD ( Road Rater)

AASHTO FWD
2.
P/M

() P/M
1.
Road Rater, FWD Road Meter (Road Roughness)

2.
3.
4.


1. (Rehabilitation)

2. (PMS)

3. (Overlay Design)

4. (AI)(Condition Rating)
PCI (Pavement Condition Index)
PCI

5. (
)()

6. (Benkelmen Beam)
(FWD)
FWD

7. AI
AI MS-17
8. 2.5cm
2.5cm
()

9. AASHTO PMS
AI

[01] Road Transport Research Pavement Management Systems

Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 1987.
[02] AASHTO Guide forDesign of Pavement Structures,1993, P..
[03] Asphalt Institute Asphalt Overlays for Highway and Street
RehabilityAI MS-17, 1990.

[04] US Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research

Laboratory The Practical Use of Paver in Planning Programming, and
Developing Projects for Pavement Maintenance and Repair, Technical
Report M-86104, 1986.
[05] 78 6

(IES)(CIE)

IES
CIE

(
)

1.

(1)IES

(cd/) /

A
B

0.6
0.4
1.0
0.8
0.6
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.3

3.5
6
3.5
6
3
5
3
5
3.5
6
3
5
3
5
3.5
6
3
5
3.5
6
4
8
6
10
6
10
6
10

0.3
0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.4

(2) CIE

(cd/
)

/ /

(G

(TI.)

10

10

10

10

20

10

20

0.4

0.7

0.5

0.4

0.5

20

0.5

20

2.

(1) IES

A
B

(LUX)

R1
6
4
10
8
6
12
9
6
8
6
4

R2 and R3
9
6
14
12
9
17
13
9
12
9
6

R4
8
5
13
10
8
15
11
8
15
11
8

10

5
3

7
4

8
5

(2) CIE

3
3
3

3.IES CIE

(1)CIE IES
(2) IES / CIE

(3)IES CIE

(4)CIE
R

()
1.IES

(1)()

1.0 2.25
4.5


2.25 3.75
7.5


3.75 6
12
(2)()
50



1.0

1.0
1.75

1.75
2.75

2.75

1.0
(3)



1000 90

25cd 80 100cd

1000 90
50cd 80 200cd


2.CIE
(1)()

90

90
60

90
60 70

90
70
(2)()

 90

90
45

90
45 55

90
55
(3)(SLI)

2

2 4

4
SLI=13.84 3.31 log I 8 0 1.3 log I 8 0 /I 8 8 0 . 5 0.08
log I 8 0 /I 8 8 +1.29 logF+C
I 8 0 80 (cd)
I 8 0 / I 8 8 80 88
F 76
C

0.4
0.1
0.1
(4)

65 1000 90
10cd 80 30cd


75 1000 90
50cd 80 100cd


3.IES CIE

(1)IES CIE
(2)CIE IES

(3) CIE IES

(4)CIE IES

(
)

1.

IES

CIE

(Ep)

(Ep)

n
2

EpIi(cii)/h2cos3i

EpIi(ii)/h cos i
i=1

i=1

(Lp) 3.1 (Lp) 3.1

n

LpR(ii) I(ii)/h

LpR(ii) I(cii)/h2

i=1

i=1

(Lv)

(Lv)

n
2

Lv10Evi/(i +1.5i)

Lv10Evi/i2

i=1

i=1
(TI.)

0.05cd/ Lav( ) 5 cd/

TI. 65Lv/Lav 0 .8
Lav( ) 5 cd/
TI. 95Lv/Lav 1 .05
G
G=13.84 3.31 log I 8 0 1.3 log I 8 0 / I 8 8
0.5

0.08 log I 8 0 / I 8 8 +1.29

logF+0.97logLav 4.41logh 1.46logp

C

Ev

I 8 0 80 (cd)
I 8 0 / I 8 8 80 88
F 76
h
p 1000M
C
0.4
0.1

0.1

3.1

QO

S1

S2

R1

0.1

0.25

1.53

R2

0.07

1.11

2.38

R3

0.07

0.58

1.80

()

R4

0.08

1.55

3.03

QO
S1

1 S1R(0,2)/R(0,0)

S1

2 S2QO/ R(0,0)

R(0,0)00 00
R(0,2)00 arctan263.40
2.

IES

CIE

IES

12

()

()

5M 10

IES

()

()

1/4

1/10

()1/2

()1/5

(CIE )

1.45M(4.757in)

1.5M(4.92in)

83M(272.3in)

60M(196.85in)

1/4

1/4 /
/

()

()

500M 2

1/4

20

(/)

90M(295.3in)
(TI.)

1.45M

= 10

83M
IES

1.5M

= 1.50

=0.50

60M
160M
CIE
3.

(1)IES
Project: IES-Illuminance
All Units of Linear Measure are in METERS
Lane Width
3.65
Lane Quantity (One Side of Median)
2.00
Median Width
3.20
Initial Lumens
26000
Light Loss Factor
0.650

ROADWAY LAYOUT
1 2 3 4 <--------Curb & Fixture Line Numbers
|
|
|
|
|
-O|

|
|
|
|
|
|

| | (Note: Curb Line 3 is the Y axis)

| |
| |O| | Pole Configuration:
| | Stagger Thru Median
M| |

| | | |
| | E | |
| | +----+O- <---+
| | D |......| |
| | |......| |
-O| | I |......| >--meter array (One fixture cycle)

| | |......| |
|
|
|
|

|
|
|
|

A |......| |
+----+O------+------> X axis
N| |
| |

-O|
|
|
|

|
|
|
|

|
|
|
|

|
|
* |<-----Approximate Observer Location(s) for
|O- Luminance Calculations (not to scale)

LUMINAIRE SUMMARY
Fixture Spacing along Roadway

Line

25.000

Fixtures per Pole (Same Orientation)

Fixture Setback (Outside Curb)

1.50

First Y

Cycle

No Qty Offset Fixture

Last Y Mounting ---Fixture--

Increment

Fixture Height

Orient

Tilt
1

6 -12.000

-75.000

50.000

175.000

10.0

90.0

-50.000

50.000

150.000

10.0

270.0

5.0
8.800

5.0

METER ARRAY FOR

HORIZONTAL ILLUMINANCE
Measurement Units are in LUX
|---X Coordinates--->
Y
2.74
6.39
Coord 0.91
4.56
-------------------45.00| 14.2 19.3 28.1
40.00| 16.0 18.3 20.5
35.00| 12.7 12.9 13.0
30.00| 11.2 10.9 10.3
25.00| 12.0 11.6 11.2
20.00| 11.2 10.9 10.3
15.00| 12.7 12.9 13.0
10.00| 16.0 18.3 20.5
5.00| 14.2 19.3 28.1
0.00| 15.2 17.1 21.7

36.0
20.2
12.7
9.59
10.1
9.59
12.7
20.2
36.0
24.9

ILLUMINANCE

SUMMARY

Average Illuminance (Lux)

16.38

Minimum Illuminance (Lux)

9.59

Maximum Illuminance (Lux)

35.98

Uniformity (Overall Average/Minimum)

1.71

Uniformity (Overall Maximum/Minimum)

3.75

Coefficient of Variance
Maximum Gradiant (Parallel to Axis)

0.40
1.78

(2)CIE
Project: CIE-Illuminance
All Units of Linear Measure are in METERS
Lane Width

3.65

Lane Quantity (One Side of Median)

2.00

Median Width

3.20

Initial Lumens

26000

Light Loss Factor

0.650

ROADWAY LAYOUT
1

3
|

4 <--------Curb & Fixture Line Numbers

|

(Note: Curb Line 3 is the Y axis)

| | | |
| | | |O| | | | Pole Configuration:
| | | | Stagger Thru Median
-O|
|
|
|
|

|
|
|
|
|

M| |
| |
E | |
+----+O- <---+
D |......| |

| | |......| |
-O| | I |......| >--meter array (One fixture cycle)
| | |......| |

| |A |......| |
|
|
|
-O|

| +----+O--+------> X axis
|N | |
| | |
| | |

| | | |
| | |* |<-----Approximate Observer Location(s) for
| | | |O- Luminance Calculations (not to scale)

LUMINAIRE SUMMARY
Fixture Spacing along Roadway

Line

25.000

Fixtures per Pole (Same Orientation)

Fixture Setback (Outside Curb)

1.50

First Y

Cycle

Last Y

Increment

Fixture

Mounting

---Fixture-No Qty Offset Fixture

Height Orient

Tilt
1

-12.000

-75.000

50.000

125.000

10.0

90.0

5.0
8.800

-50.000

50.000

100.000

10.0

270.0

5.0
METER ARRAY FOR
HORIZONTAL ILLUMINANCE
Measurement Units are in LUX
|---X Coordinates--->
Y
Coord

1.10
0.37

2.56
1.83

4.02
3.29

5.48
4.74

6.94
6.20

--------------------------------------------------------------------45.00| 13.3 14.6 16.6 18.8 21.5 25.1 29.1 33.2 35.5 35.9
40.00| 15.3 16.2 17.0 18.0 19.2 19.9 20.7 21.0 20.4 19.5
35.00| 12.7 12.7 12.8 12.8 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.9 12.7 12.2
30.00| 11.2 11.2 11.1 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.2

9.98 9.66 9.29

25.00| 12.2 12.0 11.8 11.7 11.5 11.3 11.1 10.6 10.2

9.7

20.00| 11.2 11.2 11.1 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.2 9.98 9.66

9.2

15.00| 12.7 12.7 12.8 12.8 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.9 12.7

12.2

4
9
10.00| 15.3 16.2 17.0 18.0 19.2 19.9 20.7 21.0 20.4 19.5
5.00| 13.3 14.6 16.6 18.8 21.5 25.1 29.1 33.2 35.5 35.9
0.00| 14.8 15.3 15.9 16.8 18.1 20.1 22.3 24.1 24.8
3
ILLUMINANCE SUMMARY
Average Illuminance (Lux)

16.36

Minimum Illuminance (Lux)

9.29

Maximum Illuminance (Lux)

35.90

Uniformity (Overall Minimum/Average)

.568

Uniformity (Overall Minimum/Maximum)

.259

Coefficient of Variance
Maximum Gradiant (Parallel to Axis)

0.40
1.84

(3)IES
Project: IES-Luminance
All Units of Linear Measure are in METERS
Lane Width
Lane Quantity (One Side of Median)

2.00

Median Width

3.20

Initial Lumens

26000

Light Loss Factor

0.650

ROADWAY LAYOUT
1 2
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |

3.65

3 4 <--------Curb & Fixture Line Numbers

| (Note: Curb Line 3 is the Y axis)
|
|O| Pole Configuration:

| | | | Stagger Thru Median

-O| |M | |
| | | |

25.

| |E | |
|
|
|
-O|

| +------+O- <---+
|D |......| |
| |......| |
| I |......| >--meter array (One fixture cycle)

|
|
|
|

| |......| |
|A |......| |
| +----+O------+------> X axis
|N | |

|
-O|
|
|

|
|
|
|

|
|
|
|

|
|
|
* |<-----Approximate Observer Location(s) for

| | | |O- Luminance Calculations (not to scale)

LUMINAIRE SUMMARY
Fixture Spacing along Roadway

25.000

Fixtures per Pole (Same Orientation)

Fixture Setback (Outside Curb)

1.50

Line

First Y

Cycle

Last Y

Mounting

Increment

Fixture

Height

Orient

---Fixture-No Qty Offset Fixture

Tilt
0

6 -12.000

-75.000

50.000

175.000

10.0

90.

-50.000

50.000

150.000

10.0

270.0

5.0
8.800

5.0

METER ARRAY FOR

PAVEMENT

LUMINANCE

Values are in CANDELA PER SQUARE METER

Pavement Reflective Characteristics are Contained in the File:
RTABLE3.PAV

All Values are Normalized to a Q-Zero of: 0.07

Computed in Accordance with IESNA RP-8 Procedures
Moving Observer Viewing 1 Degree Down in +Y Direction Parallel
to Curb
|---X Coordinates--->
Y
Coord

2.74
0.91

6.39
4.56

-------------------45.00| .779 .983 1.41 1.92

40.00| .965 1.21 1.55 1.84
35.00| .953 1.16 1.52 1.92
30.00| .920 1.12 1.41 1.86
25.00| 1.04 1.26 1.61 2.15
20.00| .898 1.09 1.39 1.73
15.00| .857 .968 1.21 1.47
10.00| .885 1.00 1.15 1.34
5.00| .734 .926 1.20 1.54
0.00| .776 .809 .949 1.13
Longitudinal Uniformity
Max/Min| 1.41 1.56 1.69 1.90
LUMINANCE SUMMARY
Average Luminance (Candela per Sq. Meter)
Minimum Luminance (Candela per Sq. Meter)

1.24
0.73

Maximum Luminance (Candela per Sq. Meter) 2.15

Uniformity (Overall Average/Minimum)

1.69

Uniformity (Overall Maximum/Minimum)

2.93

Coefficient of Variance
Maximum Gradiant (Parallel to Axis)

0.29
1.43

METER ARRAY FOR

VEILING

LUMINANCE

Measurement Units are in CANDELA PER SQUARE

METER

Computed in Accordance with IESNA RP-8 Procedures

Observer is Located at the Array Meter Positions (Z= 1.45)
Observer Viewing Parallel to Roadway Surface and Parallel to
Curb
|---X Coordinates--->
Y
Coord

2.74
0.91

6.39

4.56

------------------------45.00| .151 .147 .160 .178

40.00| .181 .195 .220 .233
35.00| .199 .227 .253 .261
30.00| .236 .289 .334 .355
25.00| .256 .305 .345 .349
20.00| .228 .261 .290 .299
15.00| .203 .225 .244 .250
10.00| .186 .197 .205 .206
5.00| .165 .167 .170 .170
0.00| .160 .148 .143 .142
VEILING LUMINANCE SUMMARY
Average Veiling (Candela per Sq. Meter)
Minimum Veiling (Candela per Sq. Meter)

0.22
0.14

Maximum Veiling (Candela per Sq. Meter) 0.35

Maximum Veiling / Average Luminance

0.29

Uniformity (Overall Average/Minimum)

1.57

Uniformity (Overall Maximum/Minimum)

2.50

Coefficient of Variance
Maximum Gradiant (Parallel to Axis)

0.27
1.37

(4)CIE
Project: CIE-Luminance
All Units of Linear Measure are in METERS
Lane Width

3.65

Lane Quantity (One Side of Median)

2.00

Median Width

3.20

Initial Lumens

26000

Light Loss Factor

0.650

ROADWAY LAYOUT
1 2 3 4 <--------Curb & Fixture Line Numbers
| | | | (Note: Curb Line 3 is the Y axis)
| | | |
|
|
|
-O|

|
|
|
|

| |O| | Pole Configuration:

| | Stagger Thru Median
M| |

| | | |
| | E | |
| | +----+O- <---+
|
|
-O|
|

| D |......| |
| |......| |
| I |......| >--meter array (One fixture cycle)
| |......| |

|
|
|
|
-O|
|

|A |......| |
| +----+O------+------> X axis
|N | |
| | |
| | |
| | |

| |

| * |<-----Approximate Observer Location(s) for

| |

| |O- Luminance Calculations (not to scale)

LUMINAIRE SUMMARY

Line

Fixture Spacing along Roadway

25.000

Fixtures per Pole (Same Orientation)

Fixture Setback (Outside Curb)

1.50

First Y

Cycle

Last Y Mounting

---Fixture-No Qty Offset

Tilt

Fixture

Increment

Fixture Height

Orient

5 -12.000

-75.000

50.000

125.000

10.0

90.0

-50.000

50.000

100.000

10.0

270.0

5.0
8.800

5.0
METER ARRAY FOR
PAVEMENT

LUMINANCE

Values are in CANDELA PER SQUARE METER

Pavement Reflective Characteristics are Contained in the File:
RTABLE3.PAV
All Values are Normalized to a Q-Zero of: 0.07
Computed in Accordance with CIE TC-30 Procedures
Fixed Observer at X= 5.48, Y= -60.00, Z= 1.50
|---X Coordinates--->
Y

1.10

Coord

0.37

2.56

1.83

3.29

4.02
4.74

5.48

6.94

6.20

------------------------------------------------------------45.00| .734 .756 .824 .915 1.04 1.19 1.42 1.69 1.86 1.95
40.00| .889 .937 1.01 1.12 1.26 1.38 1.55 1.70 1.80 1.96
35.00| .878 .909 .982 1.07 1.19 1.33 1.50 1.69 1.89 2.06
30.00| .843 .889 .945 1.01 1.12 1.23 1.41 1.60 1.87 2.11
25.00| .927 .961 1.04 1.12 1.24 1.39 1.58 1.89 2.19 2.44
20.00| .799 .835 .878 .952 1.05 1.14 1.36 1.56 1.79 2.04
15.00| .784 .787 .811 .863 .923 1.04 1.17 1.30 1.53 1.71
10.00| .867 .859 .869 .893 .945 1.03 1.13 1.23 1.41 1.51
5.00| .718 .731 .768 .813 .910 1.05 1.20 1.40 1.59 1.67
0.00| .807 .764 .736 .732 .775 .851 .938 1.06 1.17 1.24
Longitudinal Uniformity
Min/Max| .775 .761 .708 .651 .615 .611 .594 .560 .534 .509
LUMINANCE SUMMARY
Average Luminance (Candela per Sq. Meter) 1.21
Minimum Luminance (Candela per Sq. Meter) 0.72
Maximum Luminance (Candela per Sq. Meter) 2.44
Uniformity (Overall Minimum/Average)
.592
Uniformity (Overall Minimum/Maximum)
.294
Coefficient of Variance
0.33

Maximum Gradiant (Parallel to Axis)

1.36

METER ARRAY FOR

VEILING LUMINANCE
Measurement Units are in CANDELA PER SQUARE
METER
Computed in Accordance with CIE TC-30 Procedures
Fixed Observer at X= 5.48, Y= -60.00, Z= 1.50
|---X Coordinates--->
Y

1.10

Coord

0.37

2.56
1.83

4.02
3.29

5.48
4.74

6.94
6.20

-------------------------------------------------------------45.00| .150 .145 .142 .142 .146 .153 .163 .174 .182 .184
40.00| .177 .181 .185 .193 .205 .216 .229 .241 .244 .245
35.00| .192 .203 .217 .230 .246 .257 .268 .276 .280 .278
30.00| .228 .252 .278 .301 .325 .348 .369 .388 .395 .396
25.00| .254 .275 .298 .324 .345 .367 .388 .395 .397 .394
20.00| .231 .247 .263 .280 .299 .318 .330 .340 .346 .344
15.00| .210 .220 .231 .245 .259 .271 .281 .289 .294 .291
10.00| .197 .201 .208 .216 .224 .231 .238 .243 .246 .242
5.00| .178 .177 .179 .183 .188 .193 .198 .202 .205 .202
0.00| .177 .169 .164 .163 .163 .164 .166 .170 .173 .173
VEILING

LUMINANCE SUMMARY

Average Veiling (Candela per Sq. Meter)

0.24

Minimum Veiling (Candela per Sq. Meter)

0.14

Maximum Veiling (Candela per Sq. Meter)

0.40

Maximum Veiling / Average Luminance

0.33

Uniformity (Overall Minimum/Average)

.586

Uniformity (Overall Minimum/Maximum)

.358

Coefficient of Variance
Maximum Gradiant (Parallel to Axis)

0.29
1.43

(,
,)
)

(T. Bar lifeQuad liftTriple lift

)

1.

2.

3.

4.

()

()(TO AND FRO OR JIG-BACK)

:
(1)

(2)()()

(3) 20~150
l0M/SEC
(4)
(5)
(6)
2,000M

(6812)
3(12)(30~61)

3(22)(30~166)

4(22)(41~166)

(6812)
(8~24)

3(8~24)
2(8~24)

(6812)
(2)

(3)
(4)

(6)

(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)

(1)
(2)

()

:
(1) 4~12

(2)
5M/SEC 0.16M/SEC

(3)
5M/SEC
(4)
15

(5)
(6)
250
(7)(4~12 )
2,400~3,000 /
()

:
1.
1.
(1):

(2):

2.
2.
(1):

10M/SEC
100 125 150

(2):
1.5~3.5M/SEC2.0~5.0M/SEC

4 6
8 10 12
3.
3.
(1):

(2): 4~12

4.
4.

(1):

(2):

5.
5.
(1):
(Trained car)

(2):

()
1.
1.

6812

6
(m/sec.)

12

5~6

(sec.)

10~12

10~12

10~15

(m)

50~72

50~72

60~80

1800

2400

2880

(/)

2.
2.
6m/s
5m/s

( 12 24 )

3.

1.
1.

(1) CNS 5085 A1025 69 1 28

4.1(4)
(
)()
4

15~16.021m

(2)(GB12 352-90)1990
6 13

3.1.3

35%(
35%)
20%
() 20%
0.5m
35%
0.5m
35%
10%

0.5m
35%
0.5
CD (line gage) E

78

2.1.3
2.
2.

(1) CNS 5085 15~16.021m

(2) 10.910~11.902m
3.
3.

CNS

CNS 5085
11m

(
)

1.
1.

2.
2.

R.C.

3.
3.

4.
4.

(Electrical
Stop)(Service Stop)(Emergency Stop)

5.
5.

6.
6.

(
)

1.
1.

2.
2.

3.
3.

4.
4.

(
)

25M40M
4~6M~

(
)

1.
2.

(1)

(2)

3.
0.8~1.0mmpy

4.
(1)
* 5%
*
*
(2)()
5%
(3) 5%
(4)
* 5%
*

5.
(Relay)

(
)

1.
1.
(1)
(2)

2.
2.

(
)

1.

(1)
(2)

(3)

2.

(
)

:
1.
1.

2.
2.

3.
3.

4.
4.

5.
5.

6.
6.

7.
7.

8.
8.

9.
9.

(
)(TO AND FRO OR JIG-BACK)

CNLA

CNLA

CNLA Chinese National Laboratory

Accreditation

CNLA ISO/IEC 17025

ISO
CNLA
CNLA

CNLA
ISO/IEC 17025 ( ISO
Guide 25)CNLA CNLA
1999 1 1
ISO

CNLA

()

1.
2.
3.
4
5.
()

)
(Criteria)
()
(Random Error)
(Systematic Error)

(Errora)
()

N() (
S )

1.() 68%
2.(2) 95%

3.( 3) 99.7%
()

()(3)
99.7% 68%
4(3)()
()
() 68%

()

()

(International Standard Organization; ISO)

1993 1995 1999

CNLA 1999 ISO

()

y
n

xi i=1 ()
(1)
n

y=f (xi i=1 ) = ( x1, x2, x3, xn) ------------------------------- (1)

()

(1)

uc(y)
(2)
y 2
[
x ] u 2 ( x )
i
i ----------------------------------- ---(2)
i
u (y)= =1
n

2
c

yxi y xi

u(xi)
()
(2) u(xi)

A B
1. A
A

(1) n
(2) x
(3) S ( S )
(4) S n
n
n30
n
2. B
B

(1)
(2)
(3)S

(1)
(2)
(3)U

a
(1)u(xi)= 3 a --------------------(3)
a
(2)u(xi)= 6 a ---------------------(4)

a
(3)u(xi)= 2 a ---------------------(5)
Ue
(95) B

u(xi)=Ue/k ---------------------------------------------------------(6)
A B

()
(2)
Uc(y)
u(xi) A B
u(xi)(yxi)
uc(y) uc(y)
() Ue

k k uc(y) Ue
(7)
Uek uc(y) ------------------------------------------------------(7)
95% k
2.0
()
Ue
(yUe)(yUe)

 y uc(y)
Ue

()
CNS 1233
ISO 1999

()
1. CNS 1230 CNS 1231

2. ( CNS 1230 CNS 1231 )

3. 50%
2
8.7912.31 kgf/cm /min
4.
1mm ()
()
1.
2

RPL/(bd ) ---------------------------------------------------(8)
Rkgf/cm2
Pkgf
Lcm
bcm
dcm
2.
Rc[(R1+1)+ (R2+2)+ (R3+3)+ -----------+(Rn+n)]n
n

i=1 (Ri)/n+avg ---------------------------------------------(9)

(8) R i
0 avg0
3.
(1)RPL(bd2)
(2)RL0 (L=45.72 cm)
(3)RbPL(b2d2)
(4)Rd2 PL(bd3)

(5)R1
4.
L 2 2
PL 2 2
PL 2 2
[
]
u
[
]
u
[
-2
] ud
2
P
b
2
2
2
b d3
u2(xi) bd
b d

u ------(10)
(10)

(1) P up
(2) b ub
(3) d ud
(4) u
()
1.
(1) P=3800 kgf 1%
(2) b=15.00 cm 0.5mm
(3) d=15.00 cm 0.5mm
(4) L=45.72 cm
(5)
R1=49.21 kgf/cm2
R2=50.04 kgf/cm2
2

R3=48.78 kgf/cm
R4=46.55 kgf/cm2
R5=47.50 kgf/cm2
2.up
up =(38000.01) 3 =21.939 kgf
3.ub
ub =0.05 3 =0.028868 cm
4.ud
ud =0.05 3 =0.028868 cm
5.u
(1)R1R5 x=48.416 S=1.389
(2) u=1.389 5 =0.621
()
1.

R
L
45.72
2
2
3
(1) P = bd = 15 15 =0.0135 kgf/cm
PL
3800 45.72
R
2 2
2
2
(2) b = - b d = - 15 15 = - 3.432 kgf/cm3
R
PL
3800 45.72
3
3
3
(3) d = -2 bd = -2 15 15
= - 6.864 kgf/cm
R
(4) =1

2. 1
2
uc(y)=0.7228 kgf/cm

(3800x0.01)kg

ui

R
x i

R 2
)
x i u i2

21.939

0.0135

0.0877

0.05 cm

0.028868

-3.432

0.0098

0.05 cm

0.028868

-6.864

0.0393

1.389

0.621

0.3856

R 2
)
2

uc(y) = x i u i =0.5224
uc(y) = 0.7228 kgf/cm2
(

()
95% k
2.0 Ue=kuc(y)=20.7228=1.446 kgf/cm2
()

R=(48.421.45) kgf/cm2 ( 95%)

1.

()

2.
U

100%
3.


(1) N
1998 12

(2)
2000
10
(3)ISO/IEC 17025

2000 10
(4)1989 7
(5)CNLA

2000 6
(6)CNS 1233 A3046,1984 4
(7)CNS 1230 A3043
1985 7
(8)CNS 1231 A30441982
10

e e 50

90.5.15