2

( 2 )

1/85

2/85

200

20

15

21 12 1

3/85

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

11

2.1

12

2.2

12

2.3

14

2.4

16

2.5

18

2.6

2.6.1

19

2.6.2

20

2.6.3

20

2.6.4

22

2.6.5

23

2.6.6

27

2.6.7

29

2.6.8

29

2.7

2.7.1

30

2.7.2

31

33

2.8

P-V

3.1

34

3.2

34

3.3

35

3.4

36

3.5

36

3.6

36

3.7

Heat Balance

37

3.8

38

3.9

38

4/85

4.1

40

4.2

42

4.3

43

4.4

43

4.5

44

5.1

49

5.2

49

5.3

49

5.4

50

5.5

50

5.6

51

5.7

52

6.1

56

6.2

56

6.3

57

6.4

59

6.5

62

6.6

62

7.1

63

7.2

63

7.3

64

7.4

66

8.1

Cooling

68

8.2

lubrication

69

9.1

73

9.2

74

9.3

75

9.4

5/85

9.4.1

76

9.4.2

77

9.4.3

79

81

1.1

6/85

14 17 1)
1600 2)1600
3) 1700

100

0.68PS4) 0.5kW 1PS

0.7355kW

200PS 60000kW
30
40 50
0.30.7PS

0.5PS/1 1860

220PS2LDOHC
89640PS12RTA96C2004

7/85

60
50

40
30
20
10
0
1840

1880

1920

1960

2000

1)

6000K

2)

3)

4)

1.2

8/85

W12 mgh

h
+Q

1.3

810

1621

30

4050

Top Dead Center, TDCBottom Dead Center, BDC

V1

V2
VS V1 V2

V1
V2

V2

1.4

9/85

V1

(1)

2 1

1 1

()

13

14

(2)

2
q2

q1

q2

q1

1 2

2 4

10

10/85

1700

1800

1417
17
1600
1600
1700

1777
1800 Dalton

1680 ()
1688 ()
()
1705(12?) () 0.5%
1774(65?) () 2%
1805

1816 ()

11

1805 ()
1823(20?) ()

1824 ()

1857 ()

1860(67?) ()
2cycle0.5PS 4%
1862 ()4cycle
1867 ()()

0.5PS 8%
1874 ()
8%
1876 ()
4cycle 14(16?)%
1881 ()2cycle
1891 ()2cycle

1.
2,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1860 ()

4%

1885 ()
4cycle15%
1886 ()
4cycle

1954 (),
1958 NSU
1967

11/85

1893 (),
1897 MAN
4cycle 30%

1900

1600

3
BC600
BC500

 2 2

12/85

1 2

2.1

Pa

m3

m3/kg

m3/mol

J/kg

J/mol

J/kg

J/mol

J/kg

J/mol

J/kg

J/mol

J/K

J/kg/K

J/mol/K

2.2

PV nRT

Pv RT

n [kg][mol]R [J/kg/K]
[J/mol/K]
12

 2 2

13/85

or

V
P 2 P
2

P V

v
v P 2 P
2

P v

V 2VP

P
2

v 2vP

P
2

P Pa N/m 2 , V m 3 PV N/m 2 m 3 Nm J

nkg , R J/kg/K , T K nRT kg J/kg/K K J [J]

m 3 /kg
N/m 2 m 3 /kg Nm/kg J/kg
P Pa N/m 2 , v 3
Pv

2
3
m /mol
N/m m /mol Nm/mol J/mol

J/kg/K
J/kg/K K J/kg
, T K Pv
R

J/mol/K
J/mol/K K J/mol
[J/kg] or

[J/mol]

PV P [Pa] V [m3][J]

Pv P [Pa] 1kg 1mol [J/kg or J/mol]

P

P
P

(V, P)

n [kg or mol]

W PV

V [m ]

P V

PV

13

0
PV

 2 2

P
P

(v, P)

1 kg or mol
1mol

14/85

w Pv

P v

Pv

0
Pv

P-V P-v

P-V
P-v

2.3

(1)

Kinetic

Energy, KEPotential Energy, PE

[m]
z

[K]

m v=0

KE 0, PE mgz

1 2
mv , PE 0
2

h c p dT
0

KE

h=0J

KE PE v 2 gz

Potential Energy
T

H n C p dT

[J]

h C p dT
0

14

[J/mol]

 2 2

15/85

(2)

H U PV

[J]

h u Pv

[J/mol]

U n C v dT

[J]

u C v dT

[J/mol]

dQ dU

[J]

dq du

[J/mol]

dQ dU dW12

[J]

dq du dw12

[J/mol]

dQ
dq

dQ
dq

U U dU dW12 0
u u du
dw12 0

U U dU
u u du

dW12
dw12

15

 2 2

dU 0, dW dQ

du 0, dw dq

16/85

[J/mol]

dQ
dq
1
1
dU
dQ [J] du
dq
, dW
, dw

[J/mol]

Cp
Cv

dU dQ, dW 0

1 dU

dQ

, dW

[J]

du dq, dw 0

[J/mol]

1
dQ

P1

W12
Q

2.4

[J]

H1 1

Wt

Wt

P2

H2

V2 V

V1

Wt

W12
P2

P1

V1

V2 V

W12

dQ dU dW

[J]

Q U 2 U 1 W12

dq du dw

[J/mol]

q u 2 u1 w12

P-V P-v

W12 PdV

[J]

w12 Pdv

[J/mol]

P-V P-v

16

 2 2

Wt VdP

17/85

wt vdP

[J]

[J/mol]

H 1 H 2 Wt

[J]

h1 h2 wt

[J/mol]

H 1 U 1 P1V1

[J]

h1 u1 P1v1

[J/mol]

H 2 U 2 P2V2

[J]

h2 u 2 P2 v2

[J/mol]

U 1 P1V1 U 2 P2V2 Wt
Wt P1V1 U 1 U 2 P2V2

[J]

u1 P1v1 u 2 P2 v2 wt
wt P1v1 u1 u 2 P2 v2

[J/mol]

dQ 0

dq 0

dQ dU dW 0

dq du dw 0

[J]

[J/mol]

1 2
2

dU dW 0
1

du dw 0

U 2 U 1 W12 0

u 2 u1 w12 0

[J]

W12 U 1 U 2

[J/mol]

w12 u1 u 2

Wt P1V1 W12 P2V2

wt P1v1 w12 P2 v2

[J]

[J/mol]

P1V1 P1v1 1

W12 w12 1 2

P2V2 P2 v 2
P-V
P-v

Wt VdP

wt vdP

[J]

[J/mol]

P1V1

P1

W12

P1

V1

V2 V

P2V2

P1

P2

P1

P2
V1

V2 V

17

Wt

P2

V1

P2

V2 V1

V1

V2 V

 2 2

18/85

2 P-V

P1

P1

P2

V2 V

V1

P2

V2 V

V1

2.5

P-V P-v

P1

P2
V1

V2

W PdV

P-V P-v

18

 2 2

19/85

P1

P2

Q>0

P2

V2 V

V1

P1

W12 0

W12

W W12 W21 0

Q<0

() P1

W21 0
P2

V1

V2

V1

V2

W21

P2

Q>0

V1

P3
P1

W12 0

V2 V

P2

P3
P1

W23 0

V1

V2

W12

W W12 W23 0
3
1

P2

P1

V1

V2

W21

3 P3 P1

2.6
2.6.1

4
1

19

 2 2

20/85

P1 1
Q1
P4

P2
P3

Q2

V1

V2

2.6.2

2.6.3

P-V T-S

P-V 4 5

1
1

20

 2 2

Q23

W34

Q41
W12

W45

Q51

W12

V1 V

V2

q 23

Q41

W12

V1 V

V2

Q34W34

4
1

W34

Q23 W23

21/85

V1 V

V2

P-V

W34

W34

W12

Q41

Q23 W23

W12

Q23

T-S

T-S

[J]

dq Tds

[J]

q Tds

[J/mol]

a b

Q TdS

[J/mol]

Q23
2

Q41

T-S

Q23 TdS

[J]

q23 Tds
2

21

Q51
S

dQ TdS

W12

Q41

Q34W34
Q23 3
4
W45

[J/mol]

 2 2

22/85

Q41 TdS TdS

4

[J]

q41 Tds Tds

4

[J/mol]

P-V 4 2
4 1

PdV

Q23

Q23

V1 V

V2

2
3

Q23

Q23

Q41

Q41

2.6.4

Q41

V1 V

V2

Q41

PdV

12

>0 <0

>0 <0

W12 U 1 U 2 PdV PdV 0

Q12 0

q12 0

w12 u1 u 2 Pdv Pdv 0

1

23

34

Pdv 0

Q23 U 3 U 2 0

W23 PdV 0

q 23 u3 u 2 0

w23

W34 U 3 U 4 PdV 0

Q34 0

q34 0

w34 u3 u 4 Pdv 0
3

22

 2 2

23/85

41

Pdv 0

Q41 U1 U 4 0

W41 PdV 0

q41 u1 u 4 0

w41

12

>0 <0

>0 <0

W12 U 1 U 2 PdV PdV 0

Q12 0

q12 0

w12 u1 u 2 Pdv Pdv 0

Q23 U 3 U 2 W23

W23 PdV P2 V3 V2

q 23 u3 u 2 w23

w23

23

34

Pdv P v
2

v2

W34 U 3 U 4 PdV 0

Q34 0

q34 0

w34 u3 u 4 Pdv 0
3

41

Pdv 0

W41 PdV 0

Q41 U 1 U 4 0

q41 u1 u 4 0

w41

12

>0 <0

>0 <0

W12 U 1 U 2 PdV PdV 0

Q12 0

q12 0

w12 u1 u 2 Pdv Pdv 0

1

23

Pdv 0

Q23 U 3 U 2

W23 PdV 0

q23 u3 u 2

w23

Q34 U 4 U 3 W34

W34 PdV P3 V4 V3

q34 u 4 u 3 w34

w34

34

45

Pdv P v
3

v3

W45 U 4 U 5 PdV 0

Q45 0

q45 0

w45 u 4 u5 Pdv 0
4

51

2.6.5

Pdv 0

W51 PdV 0

Q51 U 1 U 5 0

q51 u1 u 5 0

w51

23

 2 2

24/85

Q1 q1 Q2 q 2
w q1 q 2
W Q1 Q2
th

th

Q1
Q1
q1
q1
P-V P-v

34 12

W W12 U 3 U 4 U 1 U 2
nc T T
U U1
T T
W
th
34
1 4
1 v 4 1 1 4 1

Q23
Q23
U3 U2
U3 U2
ncv T3 T2
T3 T2

th

w w12 u 3 u 4 u1 u 2
c T T
u u1
T T
w
1 4
1 v 4 1 1 4 1
34

q 23
q 23
u3 u 2
u3 u 2
cv T3 T2
T3 T2

TV 1 const

Tv 1 const

and V4 V1

v3 v 2

and

T1v1

T2 v2

V3 V2

v4 v1

T1V1

T2V2

and T3V2

T4V1

and T3 v2

T4 v1

T4 T1 V1 1 T3 T2 V2 1
T4 T V2

T3 T2 V1

T4 T1 v1 1 T3 T2 v2 1
T4 T v2

T3 T2 v1

th 1

th f ,

234 12

th

W W34 W12 W23 U 3 U 4 U 1 U 2

U 4 U1
W
23

1
Q23
U 3 U 2 W23
U 3 U 2 W23
U 3 U 2 W23

th

w w34 w12 w23 u 3 u 4 u1 u 2

u 4 u1
w
23

1
q23
u3 u 2 w23
u3 u 2 w23
u3 u 2 w23

P2 P3 , P2V2 nRT2 , P3V3 P2V3 nRT3

24

P2 P3 , P2 v2 RT2 , P3 v3 P2 v3 RT3

 2 2

W23 P2 V3 V2 nRT3 T2

th 1
1

ncv T4 T1
ncv T3 T2 nRT3 T2

th 1
1

th 1

25/85

w23 P2 v3 v2 RT3 T2

cv T4 T1
cv R T3 T2

c p cv R

cv T4 T1
cv T3 T2 RT3 T2

cv T4 T1
cv R T3 T2

cv T4 T1
T T
1 4 1
T3 T2
c p T3 T2

12
1

T1V1

T2V2

T2 v2

T1v1

T1 v2

T2 v1

T2 T3

V2 V3

T2 T3

v 2 v3

V3 T3

V2 T2

T4V1

T3 v3

T4 v3

T3 v1

T1 V2

T2 V1

23

v3 T3

v2 T2

34
T3V3

T4V4

T4 v4

T4 v1

T4 V3

T3 V1

V
3
V2

V2

V1

v
3
v2

v2

v1

T4 T4 T3
1

1
T2 T3 T2

T4 T1
1
1

1 1
T T2
1 1

th 1 2
1 1
1
1
1
T

3 1
T2

th f , ,

345 12

W34 W45 W12

W U 4 U 5 U1 U 2
U 5 U1
W
th
34
1

Q23 Q34 U 3 U 2 U 4 U 3 W34

U 4 U 2 W34
U 4 U 2 W34

25

 2 2

th

w34 w45 w12

w u 4 u 5 u1 u 2
u 5 u1
w

34
1
q 23 q34 u 3 u 2 u 4 u 3 w34
u 4 u 2 w34
u 4 u 2 w34

P3 P4 , P3V3 nRT3 , P4V4 P3V4 nRT4

P3 P4 , P3 v3 RT3 , P4 v4 P3 v4 RT4

w34 P3 V4 V3 nRT4 T3
ncv T5 T1
th 1
ncv T4 T2 nRT4 T3
1

w34 P3 v 4 v3 RT4 T3
cv T5 T1
th 1
cv T4 T2 RT4 T3

T5 T1
T4 T2 1T4 T3

T5 T1
T4 T2 1T4 T3

T1 5 1
T5 T1
T5 T1
T1
th 1
1
1
T4 T2 T4 T3 T4 T3
T3 T2 T4 T3
T

T2 3 1 T3 4 1
T2

T3

12
1

T1V1

T2V2

T2 v2

T1v1

v
T2 T1 1
v2

V
T2 T1 1
V2

23

1
1

T1

T1 1

P T
T2 T3
3 3
P2 P3
P2 T2

34
T3 T4

V3 V4

T3 T4

v3 v 4

V4 T4

V3 T3

T4 v4

v4 T4

v3 T3

45
T4V4

T5V5

T5V1

T5 v5

T5 v1

T5 V4

T4 V1

V
4
V3

T5 v4

T4 v1

v
4
v3

V
4
V3

v
4
v3

V3

V1

V2

V1

1
1

v3

v1

v2

v1

1
1

T5 T5 T4 T3 T2
1

1
T1 T4 T3 T2 T1

26

26/85

 2 2

T3

th 1

27/85

T3 T2
T1 1T1
T2 T1

T1 1
1
1

1 1 1
T1 1 1 1T1 1

th f , , ,
2.6.6

1
1

1
th 1 1

th 1

1
1

th 1

1
1 1

12

234234
234541

4 151 Q2 q 2

P P
Q2 U 4 U 1 ncv T4 T1 ncv 4 1 T1
P1

P P
q2 u 4 u1 cv T4 T1 cv 4 1 T1
P1

P-V P-v P4 P1
P4' P1 P5 P1

T-S T-s 1 4 b a1 4 b a
1 5 b a
q q2
th 1
Q1 q1
q1

16 21 10

27

 2 2

28/85

V2

V1 V

Qloss

2
4
5
4
1

b b b

4 =1.4=2=2

5
=1.4=2=2 1 20

P-V P-v T-S T-s

P-V P-v
414 1
P4 P1 P4' P1 T-S T-s
1 4 b a1 4 b a

28

3 3

3
3

2
2

V2
2.6.7

4
4
1

29/85

2 2

Qloss

V1 V

1
a

P-V T-S

P-V T-S
0

2.6.8

29

 2 2

30/85

1400

2.7

2.7.1

P-V T-S
0

COC

30

 2 2

31/85

a.

b.

c.

P-V
3~4

1860 P-V
2 34%
2.7.2

P-V

P-
P-V

31

2 2

32/85

180

P-V

100Load

1/2

180

1/2
1/2

180

P-

32

 2 2

33/85

P-V

y = log P

2.8

PV n const

-n

PV n =const

log P n log V const

y log P,

x logV

x = log V

log P-log V

y const n x

log P log V n
n n=
P-V P-V
log P-log V

log P

log V

6 V1, P1V2
V2 P2

y = log P

P-V
logP-logV

P-V

P2

P-V
1.4

P1

1
V2

V1
x = log V

log P-log V
33

34/85

3.1

(1)

T F r
T F r [N m]
T
r F

(2)

[W]
[PS]1kW=1.4PS
r n [rpm] 1s F 2 r

60

L F 2 r n 60 2nT 60

T
r

s 2 r
r

3.2

(1)

n
60

P-V

(2)

P-V
P-V

(3)

P-V

34

35/85

1 P-V W n
[rpm]4 2 1 2 1
1 W 1

n 1 Wn
4 L W

2 60 120
2 L W n

1 Wn

60 60

1 i
L

3.3

Wn
30i

i 4 or 2

P-V
W PdV Pm V1 V2 PmVS

VS
Pmth Pmi Pme

3
Wth PmthVS

Wi PmiVS

We PmeVS

Pm

V2

4 L

Wn PmVs n z

120
120

35

4
1

V1 V

2 L

36/85

Wn PmVs n z

60
60

1 i
L

PmVs n z
30i

z z Vs

7 4 2000cm3 4 5000rpm 180Nm

3.4

3
th

Wth

Wi

We
L [ W ]

BH

B [g/s]H [J/g]

3.5

3.6

Wi i
P V
P

mi s mi
Wth th PmthVs Pmth

We e PmeVs Pme

Wi i PmiVs Pmi

[W][g/s]
b [g/W/s]

B [g/s]
L [ W ]

H [J/g] L e HB

1
L

HB Hb

[km/]

36

 2 3 37/85

8 4 2000cm3 4 5000rpm 180Nm

7.65g/s
44kJ/g
3.7

Heat Balance

30

30
100%

5
30
35

37

 2 3 38/85

3.8

1
1

4
v c

1Vi
M i

Vs
M s

M d
M o

1
1atm=1013.25Pa,, 0

38

 2 3 39/85

1013.25Pa,, 20
ICAO ICAO 1964 1013.25Pa, 15.0

3.9

M n M nVn

M g
M gVg

1M s
M Vs
s
M h
Vh

tr

M n
M nVn

1M s
M sVs

1
1

NO
EGR(Exhaust Gas Recirculation)
EGR

M n

1
Ms

39

4
4.1

40/85

(1)

p.40

C H

CnH2n+2

n-

C H

CnH2n

CnH2n2

CnH2n4

CnH2n

CnH2n6

CnH2n12

H
H
H C

H H

H H

C C

H H

H H

H H

H C
H

H
H

C C

H H

H H
C

n-

()

()

H H

C
H

H
H
H

C
C

H
H

(ISO-)

()

()

()

n- C8H18 2,2,4-
(CH3) 3CCH2CH(CH3) 2

(2)

H H

CnH2n+2

iso-

CnH2n+2

40

41/85

CnH2n

CnH2n

C5H10

CnH2n -6

CH4

C2H6

C3H8

C4H10

C2H4

C3H6

C4H8

C5H10

C5H12

C6H12

C6H14

C7H14

C7H16

C8H16

C8H18

C9H18

C9H20

C10H22

C11H24

C12H26

C14H30

C6H6

C15H32

C7H8

C16H34

C8H10

C18H38

C9H12

C20H42

C10H14

LPG

n-

(3)

CnH2n+2CnH2n CnH2n

-6

C4 C50

41

7988%

8287%

9.514%

11.714.7%

04%

0.13.0%

03.3%

01.0%

01.1%

01.0%

42/85

00.1%

25

10%

iso

25

10%

50

30%

(4)

50%

100

600

500

400

300

200

100

50

100

4.2

(1)

42

43/85

vapor lock

percolation

(2)

knock

n- 0iso-(2,2,4 ) 100 CFR

n iso iso-

CFR F-1 F-2

4.3

(1)

0 100 CFR

(2)

DI

A [ F ] APIG
100

43

44/85

[F]
API G

141.5
131.5
60F

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

18 20 24 28 30 34 37 40 43 46 50 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 75 78 81

4.4

(1)

A
B C
(2)

(3)

4.5

(1)

CHS

C + O2 = CO2 + 407 MJ/mol

C + O2 = CO + 123 MJ/mol

CO + O2 = CO2 + 284 MJ/mol

H2 + O2 = H2O + 286 MJ/mol

S + O2 = SO2 + 297 MJ/mol

SO2

SO2 + H2O = H2SO4

44

(2)

45/85

n
n

C m H n m O 2 mCO 2 H 2 O
4
2

10 CmHn 1mol

1mol 0.21mol 0.79mol

CmHn

n
n
n
100
79
m Air mCO 2 H 2 O
m N 2
21
4
2
21
4

11 C8H18
21:79

(3)

H2O

100H2O

H2 O

H2 , O2

(4)

1400

n
n
O 2 mCO 2 H 2 O
4
2

CmH n m

1
CO 2 CO O 2 282940kJ (67580kcal)
2

45

(5)

1
H 2 O H 2 O 2 241790kJ (57750kcal)
2

46/85

1500 NO
Zeldovich
k 1f

N 2 O NO + N
k1 r

k 2f

N O 2 NO + O
k2r

k 3f

N OH NO + H
k 3r

Zeldovich

NO NO2 NO2

(6)

(7)

46

47/85

mol
CmHn

CmH n

100
m
21

n
n
79
Air mCO 2 H 2 O m
4
2
21

n
N 2
4

Hu
ti [] 1mol

ti

100
m
21

cv , f dt

ti

cv ,a dt 0

tb []

CO2

H2O

n
2

tb

tb

cv ,CO 2 dt
cv ,H 2O dt

79
m
21

N2

tb

cv, N 2 dt 0

Hu

ti

cv , f dt

n
100
m
21
4

ti

cv,a dt m

tb

cv,CO2 dt

n
2

tb

cv,H 2O dt

n
79
m
21
4

tb

cv , N 2 dt0

tb []

(8)

[J/deg]

dQ dU PdV ncv dT PdV

dQ dU
dV
dT
dV

P
ncv
P
d
d
d
d
d

PV nRT

dT
dP
dV
P
nR
d
d
d

dT 1 dP
dV
V
P

d R d
d

47

48/85

cv dP
dQ cv dP
dV
dV
dV
dV
V
P

P
P
V
P
d
R d
d
d c p c v d
d
d

1 dP
dV
dV
V dP
P dV
P

V
P
1 d
d
d 1 d 1 d

Z r 1 cos 2 sin 2

Vc

dV

V AZ Vc Ar 1 cos 2 sin 2

V
c

dV
cos
Ar sin 1

2
d
sin 2

r r
AVc

dP
P

dQ

12
Z r 1 cos 2 sin 2

dV
cos
Ar sin 1

d
2 sin 2

48

5
5.1

49/85

5.2

5.3

49

50/85

-360

-180

+180

+360

-180

+180

5.4

5.5

2
2

50

5.6

51/85

4
2

51

5.7

(1)

52/85

P1
V1
VS1

P2
V2
VS2

P3
V3
VS3

P1 P3< P2
V1V2 < V3
VS1 <VS2VS3

(2)

()

()

P
VS 2 2 VS1
P1

n ad ad

Tad T1
T2 T1 T1 T2

ad

T2 'T1

T2 T1

52

 2 5 53/85

2 2

log P

P 2
2

T2

T2

P1

T1

log V
log P-log V

T-S

300K (m3/s)

P2/P1

53

 2 5 54/85

(3)

P-V

0-1-2-3-4-1-0

0-0-1-2-3-4-1-1-0 0-0-1-0

2
2
0
0
0

4
4
1
1
1

V1 V

V2

(4)

1
1) 2

54

 2 5 55/85

T/C

13
14

55

 2 6

56/85

6.1

6.2

(1)

knock

P-

56

 2 6

57/85

(2)

Pb(C2H5)4

MTBE(CH3OC4H9)

15

95

73

6.3

(1)

57

 2 6

Q w2>w1 P2<P1

58/85

P1

P0

P2

P0

P2

P0

w1

w2
Q

P1 P0

1
1 w1 2
2

P2 P0

1
2 w2 2
2

1 w1 2 w2

w1 w2

1
1
1
1 w1 2 2 w2 w1 2 w2 2
2
2
2

P1 P2

(2)

0.1

O2
O2

58

 2 6

59/85

O2

0.2MPa

100

NO

HC
50
CO
0 0.94

1.00

1.06

CPU

O2

6.4

810

(1)

59

 2 6

60/85

10000V
(2)

(3)

(4)

60

 2 6

61/85

100

100
0.20.3mJ

30100mJ

100

16

(5)

400800

1mm

61

 2 6

62/85

6.5

()

()

P-

6.6

62

 2 7

63/85

7.1

810 1621
ignition

ignition ignition

7.2

(1)

63

 2 7

64/85

(2)

7.3

20MPa 100MPa

(1)

64

 2 7 65/85

(2)

65

 2 7 66/85

7.4

(1)

66

 2 7 67/85

n s

(2)

3040%
0.40.6

50%
0.9

17
18

67

68/85

8.1

Cooling

(1)

2000

(2)

Tg

T1

Q
T2
Q

Tw
w

kW/m2/K
1
1
1

k g w

QW/m2

Q k Tg Tw g Tg T1

T1 T2
g T1 Tw

40 W/m2/Kw 50006000 W/m2/K

g

68

g 0.054 P 2 / 3Tg 1 / 3 1 1.24C m

0.421 Tg 100 Tw 100

69/85

Tg Tw

PkPa

TgK

TwK

Cmm/s

Eicherberg2

g 0.247P Tg 1 / 2 C m1 / 3
800 W/m2/K

Woschini

g 12.3D 0.214 C m P 0.786 T 0.525

Dm
300 W/m2/K
(3)

direct cooling, direct air cooling

indirect cooling, water cooling, liquid cooling

8.2

lubrication

(1)

(2)

69

70/85

n p

np

(3)

(4)

(5)

SAE SAEThe Society of Automotive Engineers

0W 60 11 W Winter

0F-17.8 210F98.9
10W-30

70

71/85

30

SAE
(cSt
SAE No.
0F(-17.8)
210F(98.9)
5W
4000(8609)
10W
6000(1303)12000(2606)
20W 12000(2606)48000(10423)
20
45(5.73)58(9.62)
30
58(9.62)70(12.93)
40
70(12.93)85(16.77)

-30 -20 -10

cSt

30
20

#30

10W-30

10
5
0F

20

5W-20
5W-30

10000
5000 20W
3000
2000 10W
1000 5W

10

10W-30
10W-40
10W-50
15W-40
15W-50
30
20W-40
20W-50

#50
#40
#30
#20
210F

-30 -20 -10

10

20

30

(6)

API APIAmerican Petroleum Institute

S C

SA
SB

SC

SD

SE

SF
SG
CA

CB
CC
CD

CE
(7)

API

19641967
1968
19711972
1980
1989

1983

71

72/85

(8)

19
20
21
22

72

9
9.1

73/85

COHCNOx 3
NOxSOxPM 3
95 NO NO
N2 NO
N2 NO
NO NO2
NO HC CO

SOx S SOx
H2SO4 PM
SPM

CO2

H2O

H2

N2

N2

H2

CO

O2

HC

NOx

SOx

N2

73

PM

SOF

74/85

PM Particulate Matter,PM C:H=5:2

SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
SOF Soluble Organic Fraction

9.2

(1)

EGRExhaust Gas Recirculation

NO N
EGR NO
EGR

(2)

NO HC CO
NO HC CO

Pt Rh Pd COHC
NO
NOHCCO
0.2
O2

100

NO

HC
50
CO
0 0.94

1.00

1.06

74

75/85

CO NO
CO 2 H 2 O N 2

HC O 2
NO CO HC
2NO N 2 O 2
2CO O 2 2CO 2
2HC 4O 2 2CO 2 H 2 O

9.3

NO
PM

(1)

NO

EGR

(2)

HC

(3)

SOx

(4)

PM

75

9.4
9.4.1

76/85

1940 15
1950 25
1960 35
1966 41 7
1968 43 CO
1970 45 5
7 18
12
1972 47
1975 50 50 COHC90NO
1976 51 51
1978 53 53 CO,HC,NO9054565763
19892 4
1992 4 10 1015 9
1994 6 6 7 10 11 12 13 14
2005 17 101511
9.1

CO, g/km
HC, g/km
NOx, g/km
PM, g/km

1961 1963 1965 1966 1967 2000

S48 S50 S52 S53 S54 H12

0.67
18.4 2.1

0.08
2.94 0.25
2.18 1.2 0.6 0.25 0.08
10 mode
1015 mode

76

2005 2009
H17 H21
1.15 1.15
0.05 0.05
0.05 0.05
0.005
Combine

77/85

9.4.2

1965 40 50
1979 54 545758
1986 61 6 10 6163
2
1992 4 NOx 4 5
1994 6 6 13
g/(kWh) 40
1997 9 9 10 11
2001 13 NOxPM 14, 15, 16
2005 17 101511
2009 21 PM
2015 27 3.5 20 11 2002 12.2%
12.1%
9.2

CO, g/km
HC, g/km
NOx, g/km
PM, g/km

1986 1997 2002 2005 2009

S61 H9
H14
H17
H21

2.1
0.63 0.63 0.63

0.4
0.12 0.024 0.024
0.4 0.28 0.14 0.08
0.08 0.052 0.013 0.005
Combine
1015 mode

77

9.3 NOxPM

2000

H12
CO, g/km
HC, g/km
0.48
NOx, g/km
0.055
PM, g/km

9.4.3

78

78/85

(1)

79/85

Web http://www.mlit.go.jp/kaiji/imo/imo_.html
1912 45
4 14 46,328 2200
1500
1914 3 1

1958 32 IMCO 1975 IMO2000

3 158 2
1973 48 1973
1978 53
2 1973
1978 MARPOL73/78)
1988 IMO
MEPCBCH
1997 9
9
VI

2005 17 5 19

9.4 MARPOL73/78 2005 12 31

()
()
()
I/II/
1978/2/17 1983/10/2
138
98
III 1978/2/17 1992/7/1
123
94
IV
1978/2/17 2003/9/27
113
75
V
1978/2/17 1988/12/31
128
96
VI
1997/9/26 2005/5/19
37
72
(2)

VI1997

NOx
2000 1 1 130kW

n=130rpm

n=130rpm 2000rpm

n= 2000rpm 9.8g/kWh

17g/kWh
45*n-0.2g/kWh

SOx
4.5

2000 1 1
PCB

79

80/85

15 50
12 2003 12 54 34

80

81/85

1 V n
dH nC p dT
dQ dH VdP dH nC p dT

dT

dQ
nC p

dU nCv dT

Cv dQ dQ

Cp

dW dQ dU dQ

dQ

1
dQ

3
P1V1 P2V2 P2 P1

V1
V2

P2V2 P3V3 P3V1

V
P3 P2 2
V1

V
P1 1
V2

V2

V1

V
P1 2

V1

V
V2
1 2
V1
V1

V
P3 P1 2
V1

P1

th 1

1
0
.4

th 1

1.171

0.4

th 1

1.126

0.4

81

100

80

60

40

20

0
0

10

15

20

y = log P

P2

P2

P1

1
V2

V1
x = log V

log P-log V

Pm

4T
4 180

1.13 106
6
Vs z 2000 10

[Pa]

2 nT 2 5000 180

94250
60
60

e
b

L
94250

0.280 28.0%
HB 44000 7.65

B
7.65

8.12 10 5 g/W/s
L 94250

n-

H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | |
HCCCCCCCCH
| | | | | | | |
H H H H H H H H

82

82/85

83/85

CH 3 H
CH 3 H
H
|
|
|
|
|
HC C C C CH
|
|
|
|
|
H
H
H
CH 3 H

10
CmHn

79
100
79
100
n
n 21
n
n

O2
N 2 mCO 2 H 2 O
m
m Air C m H n
m N 2
21
4
21
4 100
100
2
21
4

11
1mol

100
m
21

n
[mol]
4

21
79
32
28 28.84
100
100

m=8n=18

100
18
8 28.84 1716.7 g
21
4

12 8 1 18 114

1716.7
15.06
114

12
Z r r cos cos r 1 cos 1 cos

sin r sin sin sin

r
cos 1 sin 2 1

sin 2

sin 2

Z r 1 cos 1 1

2
2
r 1 cos sin

V AZ Vc Ar 1 cos 2 sin 2 Vc

dV
1

Ar sin
d
2

cos

2 sin cos Ar sin 1

2 sin 2
2 sin 2

13

14

83

 2 84/85

15

16

100

17

18

19

20

21

22

84

 2 85/85

( 2 )

16 4 1

( 2 )

21 12 1 2

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85