Proc. of Int. Conf.

on Advances in Civil Engineering, AETACE

Seismic Analysis of Chimneys on Piled Raft

Foundations Considering the Flexibility of Soil
Jisha S. V1, Jayalekshmi B. R2, Shivashankar R3, and SooryaNarayana S4
1,2,3&4

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India

jpn.nitk@gmail.com, br.jaya@gmail.com, shivashankar.surathkal@gmail.com, sooryanarayana65@gmail.com

Abstract Seismic soil-structure interaction (SSI) analysis of 100m and 300m high
reinforced concrete (RC) chimneys on piled raft foundation subjected to Elcentro (1940)
ground motion in time domain is carried out in the present study. The three dimensional
finite element analyses were conducted using ANSYS software by assuming the linear elastic
behavior of structure-soil system. The direct method of SSI was employed in the analysis.
To understand the significance of SSI, four different types of soil were selected based on the
shear wave velocity. The influence of frequency content in the ground motion was also
investigated. The stress resultants of the raft of piled raft were evaluated. It is found that the
responses in the raft depends on the soil in which it rests and the characteristics of ground
motion.
Index Terms dynamic soil-structure interaction, chimney, piled raft foundation, ground
motion

I. INTRODUCTION
Chimneys are significant part of any industry to discharge the pollutants at higher elevation of atmosphere.
The chimney elevation varies from a few meters to more than 400m. Raft is the best suited foundation for
such tall chimneys. If the soil condition is not favorable, then the piled raft is used as the foundation for
chimney. Studies of tall chimneys without considering the foundation and vice versa may lead to incorrect
judgment of response of both chimney and foundation. Conventional analysis of structure assumes the
rigidity at the base of the structure. In reality, the structure-foundation system is founded on soil which may
not be rigid always. Therefore the analysis of structure-foundation-soil system is required for the proper
evaluation of output response. The seismic analysis of SSI of the above system will be too complex. The
present three dimensional study deals with the seismic analysis of RC chimney with piled raft foundation
considering the flexibility of soil.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The diversity of geotechnical property of soil affects the structural response and vice versa and hence the SSI
problem is very popular from last two decades. There are many ways to model the structure and the soil for
the SSI analysis. The two approaches for modeling the problem of SSI are referred to as the direct and
substructure approaches [1]. In direct method, the entire soil-foundation-structure system is modeled and
analysed in a single step whereas in substructure approach the soil-structure system is divided into two or
more substructures. Each substructure is modeled independently and the general structure is formed by
Elsevier, 2013

connecting these individual substructures through the interface of adjacent to other substructures. The two
most common soil models are winkler spring model and elastic continuum model. In winkler spring method,
soil medium is assumed to be consisting of a series of closely spaced springs on which the foundation slab
lies. The springs are linear in nature and it is dependent on the subgrade modulus [2]. Elastic continuum
model is a conceptual approach of physical representation of the infinite soil media [3,4]. Elastic continuum
soil model can be easily implemented in finite element numerical platform. For the finite element model, the
accuracy is valid to the extent of realistic estimate of the elastic modulus of the soil and poissons ratio.Real
progress in the area of three dimensional SSI has taken place with the advent of digital computers [3,4]. The
present study is focused on the dynamic SSI analysis of chimney with piled raft foundations.
Seismic analysis of chimney has been carried out in many studies without considering the foundation and the
supporting soil. The earthquake effect on the design of RC chimneys wascritically examined by Selvamet
al.[5].Some of the studies of chimney were considered the effect of SSI. A semi analytic mathematical model
of SSI of tall chimneys based on both seismic and aerodynamic response is proposed by Pour and
Chowdhury [6]. The effect of foundation is neglected in the above study.
If the supporting soil is weak, then the piled raft foundations were generally used to support chimneys. There
are various interactions involved in this type of foundation such as pile-to-pile, pile-to-raft, raft-to-raft and
pile-to-soil interactions. Therefore the analysis of piled raft foundation is a complex problem.Numerical
methods were widely used by many researchers for the analysis and design of piled raft foundations. For the
analysis of piled-rafts, boundary element formulation was presented by Ai and Cheng[7]. The behaviour of
piled raft foundations was studied by Bourgeoiset al. [8] using finite element method. The finite difference
method was utilized by Lin and Feng [9] for the analysis of piled raft on layered subsoil subjected to vertical
loading. Poulos [10] critically reviewed a number of methods for the analysis of piled raft foundation and
pointed out that the three dimensional numerical analysis is the most accurate method. It is also seen that
many recent research on piled raft foundation [8] accounted only the settlement of piled raft foundation and
interaction between various elements in this complex system. The effect of superstructure is not considered in
the above studies.
Very few studies analysed the integrated chimney-foundation-soil system. Effect of long duration
earthquakes on a 215m tall chimney with raft foundation considering SSI was studied by Mehta and Gandhi
[11] and found out that the time period increases up to 9% for soft soil in fundamental mode and up to 8085% for higher modes. The SSI analysis of tall chimney with raft foundation under wind load was carried out
by Jayalekshmi et al. [2].
It is found that limited research has been done in the area of three dimensional dynamic SSI analysis of
chimney with piled raft foundation. In this study, a three dimensional seismic SSI analyses of RC chimney
with piled annular raft foundations were carried out. The study was done using finite element technique
based on the direct method of SSI assuming the linear behaviour of chimney, piled raft and soil. The stress
resultants in the annular raft of piled raft were evaluated incorporating SSI and compared with conventional
method of analysis of annular raft foundation assuming the rigidity at the base of foundation.
III. PROBLEM DEFINITION
Dynamic SSI analyses were conducted for RC chimneys with piled raft foundation.Chimneys of different
elevation were selected for the parametric study. Various soil types ranges from loose sand to rock were
chosen on the basis of the strength parameters such as modulus of elasticity, poissons ratio and density.
Time history analysis was carried out for the integrated chimney-piled raft-soil systemusing finite element
software ANSYS based on direct method of SSI assuming the linear elastic behavior of structure and soil.
The stress resultants in the raft of piled raft were evaluated from finite element analysis of integrated
chimney-piled raft-soil system and compared with that obtained from the conventional analysis of raft
foundation as per IS:11089-1984 [12]. The effects of SSI and frequency content on the response in raft of
piled raft were studied in detail.
A. Characteristics of Chimney
Tall RC chimneys of 100m and 300m elevations with slenderness ratio (ratio of height to base diameter) of
17 were selected for the study. The taper ratio (ratio of top diameter to base diameter) and ratio of base
diameter to thickness at bottom were considered as 0.6 and 35 respectively. These ratios were selected based
on the study conducted by Menon and Rao [13]. The thickness at top of chimney was taken as 0.4 times the
thickness at bottom but the minimum thickness at top was kept as 0.2m. Details of different geometric
parameters of chimney are given in Table I.
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B. Characteristics of Piled Raft

Piled annular raft is chosen as foundation for chimney.The pile group is supported by annular raft of uniform
thickness. The overall diameter of raft for a concrete chimney is typically 50% greater than the diameter of
the chimney shaft at ground level [14]. The ratio of outer diameter to thickness (Do/t) of raft was taken as
17.5 based on the study [2]. RC friction piles of 20m length (l) and 1m diameter were considered. For friction
piles, the optimum spacing recommended is 3d where d is the diameter of the pile. Spacing (s) of 3d ensures
that interference of stress zones of adjacent friction pile is minimum and results in a high group efficiency.
Therefore, s/d of 3 was selected for the study. Table II gives the details of different geometric parameters of
piled raft foundation.
M30 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel were selected as the materials for chimney and piled raft
foundation.
TABLE I.GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF CHIMNEY
H (m)

Db(m)

Dt(m)

Tb (m)

Tt(m)

100

3.6

0.2

0.2

300

18

10.8

0.5

0.2

H= Height of chimney, Db = Diameter at base of chimney, Dt= Diameter at top of chimney, Tb = Thickness at base of chimney, Tt=
Thickness at top of chimney
TABLE II. GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF PILED RAFT FOUNDATION
H (m)

Do (m)

Di (m)

t (m)

No. of piles

100

14

0.8

18

300

42

2.4

151

Do= External diameter of the raft, Di= Internal diameter of the raft, t= thickness of the raft

C. Geotechnical Characteistics
A depth of 30m homogenous soil stratum was considered in the analysis. Bedrock was assumed at a depth of
30m below the soil stratum [3]. The diameter of the soil stratum was taken as four times the external diameter
of the raft.
The properties of the soil stratum were varied to understand the significance of SSI. For this, four types of
dry cohesionless soil were selected in the study and they are S1, S2, S3 and S4 which represent loose sand,
medium sand, dense sand and rock respectively. The properties of the soil stratum were defined by its shear
wave velocity, mass density, elastic modulus,poissons ratio and angle of friction as per Bowles [15]. The
properties of the soil stratum are given in Table III.
TABLE III. PROPERTIES OF SOIL TYPES
Soil types

Shear wave velocity,

Vs (m/s)

Poissons ratio,

Density, (kN/m3 )

Elastic modulus, E
(kN/m2 )

Angle of friction
( o)

S1
S2
S3
S4

100
300
600
1200

0.4
0.35
0.3
0.3

16
18
20
20

108,752
445,872
1,908,257
7,633,028

30
35
40
45

D. Finite Element Modeling

Dynamic soil-structure interaction analyses of chimney- piled raft- soil system were carried out using the
finite element method. The finite element modeling and analyses were carried out by using the finite element
software, ANSYS. In the finite element modeling, SHELL63 elements were used to model the chimney and
the raft. SHELL63 element is defined by four nodes having six degrees of freedom in each node. The three
dimensional soil stratum and the pile weremodeled with SOILD45 elements with eight nodes having three
translational degrees of freedom at each node. The surface-surface contact elements were used to evaluate the
interaction between pile and soil. The pile surface was established as target surface (TARGE170), and the
soil surface contacting the pile as contact surface (CONTAC174), these two surfaces constitute the contact
pair. The coefficient of friction was defined between contact and target surfaces and is shown in Table III.
The chimney shell was discretised with element of 2m size along height and with divisions of 7.5o in the
869

circumferential direction. Diameter and thickness of chimney were varied linearly along the height. The pile
was descritised as 2m size along the length of pile. Three dimensional finite element model of the integrated
chimney-piled raft-soil system was generated using the ANSYS software and is shown in Fig. 1.The finite
element model of piled raft and that of a single pile are also shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1.Finite element model of (A) integrated chimney-piled raft-soil system (B) Piled Raft (C) Pile

In the finite element analysis, the boundary of infinite soil medium needs to be restricted to a finite distance.
The non-reflecting boundaries were kept at the soil boundaries to prevent the reflection of waves propagated
from the soil at the soil finite boundary. In this analysis, viscous boundaries [4] were used as non-reflecting
boundaries and it was applied in the lateral boundaries of the soil medium. The finite element mesh at the
lateral boundary of three dimensional soil stratum with viscous boundaries is depicted in Fig. 2. In this figure,
An, At1 and At2 are the fields controlling the viscous dampers, and are the normal and shear stresses
occurring in the boundaries of the medium, and the subscripts n and t represent normal and tangent directions
in the boundary. The well-known equation of motion can be written as follows when the viscous boundaries
are taken into account.

[M ]{u&&(t)}+ [C]{u&(t)} + [C* ]{u&(t)}+ [K]{u(t)} = {P(t)}

(1)

whereC* is the special damping matrix that may be considered as follows

An v p
0

[C ] =
*

0
At1vs
0

0
0

At1vs

(2)

wherevp and vs are the dilatational and shear wave velocity of the considered medium.
IV. TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS
The time history analysis of the integrated SSI system was carried out for ground motion corresponding to
the longitudinal component of Imperial Valley earthquake at El Centro (1940) with a magnitude of 7.0 and
peak ground acceleration of 0.319g. The total duration of the ground motion taken is 30 seconds.
Acceleration time history and associated fourier spectrum of this ground motion are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig.
4 respectively. The time history of acceleration was applied in the global X direction of the integrated
structure-foundation-soil model.
Rayleigh damping was taken into consideration in the seismic analyses [4]. The mass and stiffness
proportional damping equivalent to 5% of critical damping was assumed as structural damping. The
horizontal loading due to wind and other causes were neglected.
870

Figure 2.Viscous boundaries in three dimensional finite element SSI model [4]

V. CONVENTIONAL ANALYSIS
The basic assumptions of conventional analysis of annular raft given in IS:11089-1984 [12] are i) The
foundation is rigid relative to the supporting soil and the compressible soil layer is relatively shallow; and ii)
The contact pressure distribution is assumed to vary linearly throughout the foundation. The cross sectional
elevation and plan of chimney with annular raft foundation and the pressure distribution under annular raft
are given in Fig. 5. The formulae for tangential and radial moments (Mt and Mr) are given below.
For r < c,
b 2

a 1 c 2
41 + 2 log e + 2

c 2 2a
pa 2 r

Mt =

2
2
2
2
2
16 r 2 4b2

r
a
a
a
r
b
a
+
3
1
+
log e + + 2 + 2 2 2 2 log e
2
2
a
a
a 43 b
r a b r
b

(3)

b 2

a 1 c 2
4 1 2 log e + 2

2
r
c
a
2
2

pa

Mr =

2
2
2
2
2
16 3r 2 4b2

r
a
a
a
r
b
a

3
+
2 log e + 1 + 2 2 + 2
2 log e
2
2
a
a
a 4 b
r a b r
b
(4)

For r > c ,
M t = (M t )r< c +

pa 2 b 2
c 1 c 2
41 2 log e + 2
16 a
r 2 2r

M r = (M r )r< c +

pa 2
16

b 2
c 1 c 2
41 2 log e + 2
r 2 2 r
a

871

(5)

(6)

wherea and b are the outer and inner radius of annular raft respectively, r is the radial distance and c is the
radius of chimney windshield at base.
As per IS:11089-1984 [12], the non-uniform pressure distribution under annular raft is modified to uniform
pressure distribution p, and is given by p1 + 0.5 p2, where p1 is uniform pressure due to dead loads (V) and p2
is pressure due to bending effects (M) as shown in Fig. 5.

Figure 5.(A) Cross sectional elevation of chimney and annular raft foundation (B) plan view of chimney and annular raft foundation (C)
pressure distribution under the annular raft due to dead weight and bending moment

The stress resultants in raft of piled raft foundation of 100m and 300m chimneys obtained from conventional
analysis were compared with that obtained from finite element analysis. The effect of flexibility of soil and
the effect of frequency content in the ground motion on the stress resultants in raft were studied.
VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The tangential and radial moments in annular raftof piled raft foundation is evaluated from the three
dimensional seismic analysis of chimney-foundation with rigid base (conventional method) and with flexible
base (finite element method). The responses obtained from both the methods were compared. Effect of soilstructure interaction and the effect of frequency content in the El Centro ground motion on the bending
moment response in the raft were investigated. The bending moments evaluated from conventional method is
designated as IS11089 in graphs and tables
A. Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction
Four types of soils were selected namely S1, S2, S3 and S4 which represents loose sand, medium sand, dense
sand and rock respectively in order to study the effect of SSI on the tangential and radial bending moment in
raft of piled raft foundation.
Tangential moment in raft:Fig. 6 shows the representative graphs for the absolute maximum tangential
moments at various radial locations from inner to outer edge of the annular raft of 100m and 300m
chimneys.The tangential moment in raft decreases with increase in stiffness of soil. This may be due to the
fact that the raft of piled raft foundation behaves as a flexible plate when the structure interacts with rock.
From the conventional analysis, it is seen that the maximum tangential moment in raft is obtained at inner
edge of the raft and it decreases towards the outer edge of the raft. The tangential moment distribution in raft
obtained from SSI analysis shows a different pattern. It is found that the maximum moment is obtained at
chimney wind shield location in raft compared to inner edge of the raft. It is noticed that for 300m chimney
founded on soil type S1 and S2, the higher moment in raft is also concentrated at the inner edge of the raft. It
is clearly seen that the maximum tangential moment is obtained at chimney wind shield location in the raft of
the same chimney resting on soil type S3 and S4. For 100m chimney, the tangential moment in raft is
obtained at the chimney wind shield location in raft when the structure interacts with all soil types. Therefore,
it is well clear that, the behavior of the raft of piled raft changes when it interacts with dense sand and rock
compared to loose sand and medium sand. For 100m chimneys, the piles are very effective in adding the
stiffness to the raft and the area of raft that interacts with soil is less compared to raft of higher elevation
chimneys (H=300m). Hence it shows higher moments exactly at the chimney wind shield location in the raft.
The maximum tangential moment obtained from SSI analysis and conventional analysis are given in Table
IV. It is observed that the maximum tangential moment obtained from SSI analysis is less than the
872

conventional analysis. The variation of tangential moment in raft is reduced by 71.29% and 57.51%
respectively for 100m and 300m chimneys founded on loose sand from that obtained from the conventional
analysis.
Radial moment in raft:The radial moment response in raft of piled raft foundation wasinvestigated due to the
effect of soil-structure interaction. The variation of radial moment in raft with flexible base from that with
rigid base was obtained. The representative graphs for absolute maximum radial moments at various radial
locations from inner to outer edge of the annular raft of 100m and 300m chimneys are shown in Fig. 7. From
conventional analysis, it is observed that the maximum radial moment is obtained at chimney windshield
location in the raft. Similar kind of behaviour is observed for the radial moment distribution in raft from the
SSI analysis. Generally, it is seen that the radial moment in raft decreases with increase in stiffness of soil.
Raft behaves as flexible plate when the foundation is founded on very stiff soil.
The maximum radial moment in raft obtained from the seismic analysis of chimney with piled raft foundation
with rigid base and flexible base are shown in Table 5. It is found that the maximum radial moment in raft
obtained from the conventional analysis is less than that obtained from the analysis of structure-foundation
system resting on loose sand. The variation of radial moment in raftresting on loose sand from that with rigid
base of 100m and 300m chimneys are 11.34% and 19.47% respectively. The raft of 300m chimney founded
on medium sand also shows the variation of maximum moment of 25.13%. The maximum radial moment in
raft of 100m chimney resting on soil type S2, S3 and S4 and 300m chimney resting on soil type S3 and S4 is
less than that obtained from conventional analysis.
A
IS11089
S1
S2
S3
S4

1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.2

0.4

0.6

3500

Tangential moment (kNm)

1200

0.8

1.0

3000

IS11089
S1
S2
S3
S4

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Radial distance from centre (r/a)

Radial distance from centre (r/a)

Figure 6.Tangential moment in raft of (A) 100m and (B) 300m chimney

2000
IS11089

400

S1

300

S2
S3

200

S4

100
0
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Radial moment (kNm)

500

Radial moment (kNm)

Tangential moment (kNm)

1400

B
IS1108
9
S1

1500
1000

S2

500
0
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-500

-100
Radial distance from centre (r/a)

Radial distance from centre (r/a)

Figure 7.Radial moment in raft of (A) 100m and (B) 300m chimney
TABLE IV.M AXIMUM TANGENTIAL MOMENT IN RAFT
Height of chimney
H (m)

Tangential moment from

IS11089 (kNm)

100

1281.54

300

3041.42

Soil Type
S1
S2
S3
S4
S1
S2
S3
S4

873

Maximum tangential moment

(kNm)
367.92
222.91
124.05
83.96
1292.31
838.98
508.98
274.86

1.0

TABLE V.MAXIMUM RADIAL MOMENT IN RAFT

Height of chimney
H (m)

Radial moment from

IS11089 (kNm)

100

401.10

300

1437.54

Soil Type

Maximum radial moment (kNm)

S1
S2
S3
S4
S1
S2
S3
S4

446.59
311.06
201.18
127.75
1717.50
1798.75
1296.20
890.05

B. Effect of frequency content in the ground motion

The time history plot of tangential and radial moment in raft at chimney wind shield location of 100m
chimney is shown in Fig. 8. The absolute maximum tangential and radial moment responses in raft are
obtained at different times when the chimney-raft-soil system interacts with different types of soil. The
absolute maximum radial and tangential moments in raft occurred at 4.56s, 4.42s, 4.38s, 4.36s respectively
for chimney with foundation resting on soil type S1, S2, S3 and S4.
The natural frequency of 100m chimney with flexible base ranges from 0.38 Hz to 0.42 Hz and that of 300m
chimney with flexible base ranges from 0.174 Hz to 0.194. It is found that the variation of radial moment in
raft resting on medium sand is more than that resting on loose sand. There is no significant frequency content
in the ground motion in which fundamental frequencies of 300m chimney with flexible base lies. A peak in
the amplitude of FFT plot of ElCentro ground motion is observed for the frequency (1.9 Hz) of higher mode
(3rd mode) of 300m chimney resting on medium sand. Therefore it shows more variation of radial moment in
raft of 25.13% compared to that obtained from the analysis of 300m chimney founded on loose sand.

Tangential Moment
(kNm)

200
100

0
-100 0
-200 4.36s
-300
-400

10

20

S1
S2
S3
S4

30

4.38s
4.42s
4.56s

Time (s)

600

Radial Moment (kNm)

400
300

400
200

S1
S2
S3
S4

0
-200
-400
-600

0
4.36s
4.38s
4.42s
4.56s

10

20

30

Time (s)

Figure8.Time history plot of (A) tangential moment (B) radial moment in raft of 100m chimney

VII. CONCLUSION
The analysis of raft of piled raft of 100m and 300m chimney were evaluated from conventional analysis
based on IS:11089-1984 and from SSI analysis based on finite element analysis. The properties of the soil
types were varied to study the effect of soil-structure interaction. The effect of frequency content of ground
motion was also investigated. The responses in terms of radial and tangential bending moment in raft were
considered for study. The absolute maximum radial and tangential bending moment response in raft from
conventional analysis is compared with that obtained from SSI analysis.
The following conclusions are derived from the present study.
The tangential moment in raft obtained from SSI analysis is less than that of conventional analysis.
The radial moment in raft obtained from SSI analysis is more than the conventional analysis when the
chimneys with piled raft foundation rest on loose and medium sand.
The conventional method predicts higher tangential moments in raft compared to the radial moments
while SSI analysis gives higher radial moments than tangential moments.
The bending moments in raft of piled raft foundation decreases with increase in stiffness of soil
The frequency content of ground motion is significant for determining the response of the raft.

874

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