Sixth Edition

CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
David F. Mazurek

Analysis and Design

of Beams for Bending

Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sixth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Contents
Introduction
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Sample Problem 5.1
Sample Problem 5.2
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
Sample Problem 5.3
Sample Problem 5.5
Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending
Sample Problem 5.8

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Introduction
Objective - Analysis and design of beams
Beams - structural members supporting loads at
various points along the member
Transverse loadings of beams are classified as
concentrated loads or distributed loads
Applied loads result in internal forces consisting of a
shear force (from the shear stress distribution) and a
bending couple (from the normal stress distribution)
Normal stress is often the critical design criteria
x

My
I

Mc M

I
S

Requires determination of the location and

magnitude of largest bending moment
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Introduction
Classification of Beam Supports

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Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

Determination of maximum normal and
shearing stresses requires identification of
maximum internal shear force and bending
couple.
Shear force and bending couple at a point are
determined by passing a section through the beam
and applying an equilibrium analysis on the beam
portions on either side of the section.
Sign conventions for shear forces V and V and
bending couples M and M

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Sample Problem 5.1

SOLUTION:
Treating the entire beam as a rigid
body, determine the reaction forces

For the timber beam and loading shown,

draw the shear and bend-moment
diagrams and determine the maximum
normal stress due to bending.

Section the beam at points near

supports and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on resulting
free-bodies to determine internal shear
forces and bending couples
Identify the maximum shear and
bending-moment from plots of their
distributions.
Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the corresponding maximum
normal stress.

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Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Sample Problem 5.1

SOLUTION:
Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine the
reaction forces
from

F y 0 M B : R B 46 kN R D 14 kN

Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses on

resulting free-bodies
Fy 0

20 kN V1 0

V1 20 kN

M1 0

20 kN 0 m M 1 0

M1 0

Fy 0

20 kN V2 0

V2 20 kN

M2 0

20 kN 2.5 m M 2 0

M 2 50 kN m

V3 26 kN

M 3 50 kN m

V4 26 kN M 4 28 kN m
V5 14 kN

M 5 28 kN m

V6 14 kN M 6 0
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Sample Problem 5.1

Identify the maximum shear and bendingmoment from plots of their distributions.
Vm 26 kN

M m M B 50 kN m

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

determine the corresponding maximum
normal stress.
S 16 b h 2 16 0 .080 m 0 .250 m 2
833 .33 10 6 m 3

MB
50 10 3 N m

S
833 .33 10 6 m 3

m 60 .0 10 6 Pa

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Sample Problem 5.2

SOLUTION:
Replace the 10 kip load with an
equivalent force-couple system at D.
Find the reactions at B by considering the
beam as a rigid body.
Section the beam at points near the
support and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on resulting
The structure shown is constructed of a
free-bodies to determine internal shear
W10x112 rolled-steel beam. (a) Draw the
forces and bending couples.
shear and bending-moment diagrams for the
beam and the given loading. (b) determine
normal stress in sections just to the right
Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
and left of point D.
determine the maximum normal stress to
the left and right of point D.

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Sample Problem 5.2

SOLUTION:
Replace the 10 kip load with equivalent forcecouple system at D. Find reactions at B.
Section the beam and apply equilibrium
analyses on resulting free-bodies.
From A to C :
Fy 0
M1 0

3x V 0

3 x

1
2

x M 0

V 3 x kips
M 1 .5 x 2 kip ft

From C to D :
Fy 0

24 V 0

V 24 kips

M 2 0 24 x 4 M 0 M 96 24 x kip ft
From D to B :
V 34 kips

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M 226 34 x kip ft

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Sample Problem 5.2

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the maximum normal stress to the
left and right of point D.
From Appendix C for a W10x112 rolled steel
shape, S = 126 in3 about the X-X axis.
To the left of D :
M 2016 kip in

S
126 in 3
To the right of D :

m 16.0 ksi

M 1776 kip in

S
126 in 3

m 14.1 ksi

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Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

Relationship between load and shear:
F y 0 : V V V w x 0
V w x

dV
w
dx
xD

V D VC w dx
xC

Relationship between shear and bending

moment:
M C 0 :

M M V x wx

M V x 12 w x 2

x
0
2

dM
V
dx
M D MC

xD

V dx

xC
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Sample Problem 5.3

SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
Apply the relationship between shear and load to
develop the shear diagram.
Draw the shear and bending
moment diagrams for the beam
and loading shown.

Apply the relationship between bending

moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram.

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Sample Problem 5.3

SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the
reactions at A and D.
MA 0
0 D 24 ft 20 kips 6 ft 12 kips 14 ft 12 kips 28 ft
D 26 kips
Fy 0
0 A y 20 kips 12 kips 26 kips 12 kips
A y 18 kips

Apply the relationship between shear and load to develop

the shear diagram.
dV
w
dx

dV w dx

- zero slope between concentrated loads

- linear variation over uniform load segment
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Sample Problem 5.3

Apply the relationship between bending moment
and shear to develop the bending moment diagram.
dM
V
dx

dM V dx

- bending moment at A and E is zero

- bending moment variation between A, B, C
and D is linear
- bending moment variation between D and E
is quadratic
- net change in bending moment is equal to
areas under shear distribution segments
- total of all bending moment changes across the
beam should be zero
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Sample Problem 5.5

SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at C.
Apply the relationship between shear and
load to develop the shear diagram.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading
shown.

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Apply the relationship between bending

moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram.

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Sample Problem 5.5

SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine
the reactions at C.
F y 0 12 w0 a RC
a

M C 0 12 w0 a L M C
3

RC 12 w0 a

M C 12 w0 a L
3

Results from integration of the load and shear

distributions should be equivalent.
Apply the relationship between shear and load to
develop the shear diagram.
a

x
x 2

V B V A w0 1 dx w0 x

a
2 a

0
0
a

V B 12 w0 a area under load curve

- No change in shear between B and C.

- Compatible with free body analysis
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Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Sample Problem 5.5

Apply the relationship between bending moment and
shear to develop the bending moment diagram.
a

x 2 x3

x2
M B M A w0 x dx w0
2 6a

2a
0
0

M B 13 w0 a 2
L

M B M C 12 w0 a dx 12 w0 aL a
a

a w0
a
M C 16 w0 a3L a
L
2
3

Results at C are compatible with free-body

analysis

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Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the
maximum bending moment occurs.
m

M max c M max

I
S

A safe design requires that the maximum normal stress be less

than the allowable stress for the material used. This criteria leads
to the determination of the minimum acceptable section modulus.
m all
S min

M max

all

Among beam section choices which have an acceptable section

modulus, the one with the smallest weight per unit length or
cross sectional area will be the least expensive and the best
choice.
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Sample Problem 5.8

SOLUTION:
Considering the entire beam as a freebody, determine the reactions at A and D.

A simply supported steel beam is to carry

the distributed and concentrated loads
shown. Knowing that the allowable
normal stress for the grade of steel to be
used is 160 MPa, select the wide-flange
shape that should be used.

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Develop the shear diagram for the beam

and load distribution. From the diagram,
determine the maximum bending
moment.
Determine the minimum acceptable beam
section modulus. Choose the best
standard section which meets this criteria.

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Sample Problem 5.8

Considering the entire beam as a free-body,
determine the reactions at A and D.

M A 0 D 5 m 60 kN 1 .5 m 50 kN 4 m
D 58 .0 kN
F y 0 A y 58 .0 kN 60 kN 50 kN
A y 52 .0 kN

Develop the shear diagram and determine the

maximum bending moment.
V A A y 52 .0 kN

V B V A area under load curve 60 kN

V B 8 kN

Maximum bending moment occurs at

V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
M max area under shear curve , A to E
67 .6 kN
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Sample Problem 5.8

Determine the minimum acceptable beam section
modulus.
S min

M max 67 .6 kN m

160 MPa
all

422 .5 10 6 m 3 422 .5 10 3 mm 3

Shape

S 10 3 mm 3

W410 38.8
W360 32 .9

637
474

W310 38 .7

549

W250 44 .8

535

W200 46 .1

448

Choose the best standard section which meets this

criteria.
W 360 32 .9

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