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SPECIFICATION
QUANTITY
PRICE
MICRO CANTROLLER
ATmega8 controller
180
PCB BOARD
DSIGNED PCB
200
SENSOR
IR (INFRARED)
SENSORS
416
LEDS
YELLOW
20
LEDS
GREEN
20
LEDS
RED
20
635
POWER SUPPLY
12V DC POWER
SUPPLY
SERIAL CABLE
----------------------------
-------------------------
60
CONECTING WIRE
----------------------------
-------------------------
60
MICROCANTROLLER ATMEGA8:
Features:
High-performance, Low-power AtmelAVR
8-bit Microcontroller
Pin Descriptions:
resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active,even if the clock is not running.
PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O
pin. Note that the electrical characteristicsof PC6 differ from
those of the other pins of Port C.If the RSTDISBL Fuse is
unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on
this pinfor longer than the minimum pulse length will generate
a Reset, even if the clock is not running.. Shorter pulses are not
guaranteed to generate a Reset.The various special features of
Port C are elaborated on
Port D (PD7..PD0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up
resistors (selected for each bit). ThePort D output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
sourcecapability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally
pulled low will source current if the pull-upresistors are
activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active,even if the clock is not running.Port D also
serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega8
as listed on
RESET
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the
minimum pulse length will generate areset, even if the clock is
not running.
AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, Port C
(3..0), and ADC (7..6). It should beexternally connected to
VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it
should be connectedto VCC through lowpass filter. Note that
Port C (5..4) use digital supply voltage, VCC.
AREF
IR SENSOR:
Principles of Operation:
We have already discussed how a light sensor works. IR Sensors
work by using a specific light sensor to detect a select light
wavelength in the Infra-Red (IR) spectrum. By using an LED
which produces light at the same wavelength as what the sensor is
looking for, you can look at the intensity of the received light.
When an object is close to the sensor, the light from the LED
bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results in a
large jump in the intensity, which we already know can be
detected using a threshold.
Detecting Brightness:
o Since the sensor works by
looking for reflected light,
it is possible to have a
sensor that can return the
value of the reflected light.
This type of sensor can
then be used to measure
how "bright" the object is.
12 V POWER SUPPLY:
When the voltage across the capacitor plates tends to rise, it stores
up energy back into voltage and current. Thus, the fluctuation in the
output voltage is reduced considerable
Diode:
Diodes provide uncontrolled rectification of power and are used
in applications such as
electroplating, anodizing,
battery charging, welding,
power supplies (dc and ac),
and variable frequency drives.
They are also used in feedback
and the freewheeling functions
of converters and snubbers.
Shows the diode symbol and its volt-ampere characteristics. In
the
Voltage regulator:
Nominal Output
Voltage
5V
6V
8V
8.5V
10V
12V
15V
18V
24V
Regulator IC'S
A 7805C
A7806C
A7808C
A7885C
A7810C
A7812C
A7815C
A7818C
A7824C
SERIAL CABLE:
This cable is one type of female cable is used i circuit
for connecting a pcb with the ir sensor circuit.
CONECTING WIRE:
This type of wire is a simple wire for connecting
circuit.
IR
sensors,
atmega8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Power circuit:
EXPLANATION OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CONECTION OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Connect 12V battery or adaptor to the development
board.
Switch on the supply.
Burn the program to the ATmega8 microcontroller by
keeping the programming switch sw2 in program
mode.
Connect four IR sensors to PORT C.
Connect Traffic lights to PORT B and PORT D.
ADVANTAGES&DISADVANT
AGE
ADVANTAGES:
LESS AIR POLUTION
LESS NOICE POLUTON
SAVING OF TIME
SAVING OF FUEL
DISADVANTAGES:
1. IR sensors sometimes may absorb normal light also. As a
result, traffic system works in improper way.
2. IR sensors work only for fewer distances.
3. We have to arrange IR sensors in accurate manner
otherwise they may not detect the traffic density.
APPLICATION:
FUTURE PLANING
FUTURE PLANING
In future this system can be used to inform people
about different places traffic condition.
Data transfer between the microcontroller and
computer can also be done through telephone
network, data call activated SIM.
This technique allows the operator to gather the
recorded data from a far end to his home computer
without going there.
Traffic lights can be increased to N number and
traffic light control can be done for whole city by
sitting on a single place.
Distribution of work :
Monil
Sagar
Bhadresh
&
Bhavin :