Wind Energy

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal

Lecturer, Agri. Engg. Dept.
UET Peshawar

Wind Energy

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and

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Dr. Muhammad Ajmal

Lecturer, Agri. Engg. Dept. UET Peshawar

Wind Energy
Contents
What is Wind and from where it comes
Wind energy potential in the country
Application of wind energy (domestic/agriculture)
Importance of vertical and horizontal axis for wind mills
Wind operated pumps for water lifting

Where Does the Wind Come From?

Wind
The wind is a by-product of solar energy.
The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun.

About 2% percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which is

about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all
plants on earth.
The surface of the earth heats and cools unevenly,
creating atmospheric pressure zones that make
air flow from high- to low-pressure areas.

Where Does the Wind Come From?

Wind

What is Wind Energy?

Wind Energy
Wind is simply air in motion that carries kinetic energy with it.
The kinetic energy is first converted to mechanical energy and

then electrical energy through generators.

The Harnessing of electrical power from wind is gaining
momentum due to the depletion of fossil fuels and their rising
running cost.
Wind energy can be used for driving ships, pumping water,

grinding grains etc.

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Wind Energy
Wind Energy Influence and Conversion
Winds are influenced by the ground surface at altitudes up to
100 meters.

Wind is slowed by the surface roughness and obstacles.

When dealing with wind energy, we are concerned with surface winds.
A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the force of the
wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the rotor blades.
The amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor depends on
the density of the air, the rotor area, and the wind speed.

Wind Energy
Wind Energy Influence and Conversion
The kinetic energy of a moving body is proportional to its mass (or
weight).

The kinetic energy in the wind thus depends on the density of the air, i.e.
its mass/volume.
In other words, the "heavier" the air, the more energy is received by the

turbine.
At 15C air weighs about 1.225 kg/m3, but the density decreases
slightly with increasing humidity.

Wind Energy
Wind Power
Wind power is a measure of the energy available in the wind. It is
a function of the cube (third power) of the wind speed.

If the wind speed is doubled, power in the wind increases by a

factor of eight.
This relationship means that small differences in wind speed lead
to large differences in power.

Wind Energy
Wind Power
The amount of power available in the wind is determined by the
equation:

P = 1/2 A v 3
where P is power, is air density, A is the rotor area, and v is the

wind speed.
Air density varies according to elevation, temperature and weather
fronts.

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Wind Energy
Wind Power
The amount of power available in the wind is determined by the
equation:
K.E.
Power

time

(mass) (velocity)2
time

mass
density area velocity
time

Power 1 2 ( density) area ( velocity)

3

AV 3
2

A is the rotor area, and V is the wind speed.

Air density varies according to elevation, temperature and weather
fronts.
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Wind Power - Example

Example:
V = 10 m/s
A = (2 m)2 = 4 m2
= 1.2 kg/m3
http://enneagon.org/footprint/jpg/dvc01w.jpg
http://z.about.com/d/gonewengland/1/0/5/C/leaf5.gif

Power 1 2 ( density) area ( velocity)

3

AV 3
2

Wind Power Example, cont.

1.2 kg m 4m 10 m s
P
3

kg m 2
kg m m
m
2400 3 2400 2 2400 N
s
s
s
s
N m
P 2400
2400W Theoretical Maximum
s
Betz Limit (Albert Betz, 1928): 59.3% of the theoretical is the
maximum amount extractable by a wind energy conversion device
(WEC)

PBetz 0.593( 2400W ) 1423.2 W

Practical Maximum

Wind Turbine Size-Power

Comparison
Turbine Options: Vertical Axis
vs. Horizontal Axis

Power production Wind power equation

Swept area At of turbine
blades:

v
1

vt

v
2

The disks have larger

cross sectional area
from left to right
because
v1 > vt > v2 and
the mass flow rate
must be the same
everywhere within the
streamtube.
Therefore, A 1 < At < A 2

v
x

Power production Wind power equation

v

1. Wind velocity:

x
t

2. Air mass flowing: m Ax

3. Mass flow rate at swept area:

4a. Kinetic energy change:

1
KE m v12 v22
2

5a. Power extracted:

P

Qt

m At x

At vt
t
t

4b. Force on turbine blades:

F ma m

KE 1 m 2 2 1

v1 v2 Qt v12 v22
t
2 t
2

v m
v Qt v1 v2
t t

5b. Power extracted:

P Fvt Qt vt v1 v2

6b. Substitute (3) into (5b):

6a. Substitute (3) into (5a):
2
2
2
P

A
v
t t (v1 v2 )
P (1 / 2) At vt (v1 v2 )
7. Equate

Power production Wind power equation

(1 / 2)vt (v22 v12 ) vt2 (v2 v1 ) (1 / 2)vt (v1 v2 )(v1 v2 ) vt2 (v1 v2 ) (1 / 2)(v2 v1 ) vt

8. Substitute (7) into (6b):

P At ((1 / 2)(v1 v2 ))2 (v1 v2 )

9. Factor out v13:

P

At v13
4

(1 (

v2 2
v
) )(1 2 )
v1
v1

At
4

(v12 v22 )(v1 v2 )

Power production Wind power equation

10. Define wind
stream speed ratio, a:

v2
a
v1

11. Substitute a into

power expression of (9):

This ratio is fixed for a given

turbine & control condition.

At v13

12. Differentiate and find a

which maximizes function:

13. Find the maximum power

by substituting a=1/3 into (11):

(1 a 2 )(1 a)

P At v13

2a (a 1) (1 a 2 ) 0
a
4
2a 2 2a 1 a 2 3a 2 2a 1 0
(3a 1)(a 1) 0 a 1 / 3, a 1
P

At v13
4

At v13 8 4 8At v13

1 4
(1 )( )

9 3
4 93
27

Power production Wind power equation

14. Define Cp, the power (or performance) coefficient, which
gives the ratio of the power extracted by the converter, P, to
the power of the air stream, Pin.
power extracted
At v13
P
(1 a 2 )(1 a)
by the converter
4
power of the P KE 1 m v 2 0 1 Q v 2 1 A v v 2 1 A v 3
in
1
1 1
t 1 1
t 1
t
2 t
2
2
2
air stream
At v13
P
Cp

Pin

(1 a 2 )(1 a )
1
At v13
2

1
(1 a 2 )(1 a )
2

1
P C p Pin C P At v13
2

15. The maximum value of Cp occurs when its numerator

is maximum, i.e., when a=1/3:
The Betz
P 1 8 4 16
Cp
( )( )
0.5926
Pin 2 9 3 27
Limit!

Power production Cp vs. a

Horizontal Vs Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Horizontal Vs Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Advantages:

The towers are relatively tall which allows the blades to face
much higher velocity winds in high altitude.
In some places, the power output of the wind turbine could
increase up to 30% every ten meters in altitude because the
wind speed is increased by 20%.
High efficiency, the blades always move perpendicular to the
wind, receiving power through the whole rotation unlike
vertical axis wind turbines.

Horizontal Vs Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Disadvantages:

High construction and installation costs. Large Machinery is

needed.
Aesthetically unpleasing. Wind turbines are unappealing to
an otherwise beautiful and visually pleasing landscape.

Horizontal Vs Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Advantages:

Does not have to be pointed towards the wind to be effective.

This creates a flexible location for placement of the turbine
in an area with varying wind direction.
Capable of operating during minimal wind speed. Long
curved propellers are designed to be pushed by a small
amount of wind.
Does not have to installed at a very high place via a tower.
City ordinance regulations do not take effect and lowers cost
due to materials needed for construction. Aesthetically more
pleasing.

Vertical Vs Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Easily visible to wildlife. While spinning or at rest, a

vertical axis turbine appears as a solid object.
The generator does not have to be installed on the top of
a tower. Important for maintenance considerations.
Disadvantages:
The lower the place, the slower the wind. This reduces
the turbines efficiency which makes it less cost effective

Wind Turbine Configurations

HAWT

VAWT

Boyle, G., Renewable Energy, 2nd ed., Oxford

University Press, 2004

Wind Turbine Comparison

Configuration Tradeoffs
Factors
Efficiency

Power produced per unit cost

Directionality
Support configuration
Speed of rotation
Reliability
Cost
Maintainability

Which type is best, HAWT or VAWT?

Two Types of Turbine Designs

Drag

Designs

Savonius

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Savonius_Querschnitt.png

Lift

Designs

VAWT Darrieus
Most HAWT designs

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Darrieus.jpg

THANKS!!!
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