CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION

Base on the result obtained, it shows that time taken for the image of indication
appear for alternating current is slower than the time taken for the indication to appear
using half wave direct current. Alternating current will get the poor field penetration
while half wave direct current has the excellent field penetration. The best current to use
is half wave direct current to find surface and subsurface discontinuities because half
wave direct current combines the benefits of direct current and alternating current which
is high penetration as with direct current is high particle mobility. It is pulsed with wide
intervals between pulses. The direct current provides good penetration and the pulsing
makes particle mobility excellent.
Between direct magnetization and indirect magnetization, the most effective and
fast in terms of time taken for the indication to appear is using direct magnetization. The
current produce magnetic field flow directly through the material as indirect
magnetization produce longitudinal magnetic field that is created in part. In all cases,
the magnetic field leaves the part. In the case of coil, a north and south pole are created
at opposite ends of the part. It has formula which to approximate the appropriate current
level to apply to a coil when the coil has a part resting directly on the coils diameter.
The formula states that the larger the diameter, the more current is required and the
longer the part, the less the current is required. When a part is magnetized in a coil,
magnetic poles appear at the end of the part. These poles are formed such that they
decrease the magnetizing force within the part, an effect called self-demagnetizing.
Their effect on the overall magnetization diminishes as the part length increase. In this
case, the diameter of the coil is also need to be considered as it may increase the
sensitivity and improved the time taken for the indication to appear on test piece. The
time taken for indication to appear increase as the diameter of the coil increase.

It is proven that time taken for the indication to appear on circular bar is faster
which is high sensitivity than rectangular bar. Base on longitudinal magnetic field, when
a long component is magnetized using a solenoid having a shorter length, only the
material within the solenoid and about the same length on each side of the solenoid will
be strongly magnetized. This occurs because the magnetizing force diminishes with
increasing distance from the solenoid. Therefore, a long component must be magnetized
and inspected at several locations along its length for complete inspection coverage. As
for circular magnetic field, when a circular magnetic field is forms in and around a
conductor due to the passage of electric current through the certain factor can be said
about the distribution and intensity of the magnetic field. The factor is field strength that
varies from zero at the center of the component to a maximum at the surface. Then, the
field strength at the surface of the conductor decreases as the radius of the conductor
increases (when the current strength is held constant). The field strength inside the
conductor is dependent on the current strength, magnetic permeability of the material.
The field strength outside the conductor is directly proportional to the current strength
and it decreases with distance from the conductor.
In a magnetic conductor carrying direct current, the field strength within the
conductor is much greater than it is in the nonmagnetic conductor. This is due to the
permeability of the magnetic material. The external field is exactly the same for the two
materials provided the current level and conductor radius are the same. Same goes to the
magnetic conductor is carrying alternating current, the internal magnetic field will be
concentrated in a thin layer near the surface of the conductor (skin effect) base on the
test result in detecting subsurface indication, only indication with 1mm depth from the
surface appear. The external field decreases with increasing distance from the surface
same as with direct current.
From the result obtained in the second objective, maximum depth that magnetic
particles can detect a discontinuity is 3mm depth from the surface. It is supported as
half wave direct current theory stated that the maximum or the deepest depth is 6.35mm
from the surface. However, based on the experience inspector the suitable depth of
subsurface in performing magnetic particle inspection is between 1.27mm to 2.54mm. It
can go beyond that limit as the current increase drastically. Small bench unit limit for
the current applied is 1000mA which can only detect subsurface defect until 3mm depth
form the surface. Depth that is deeper than 3mm is undetectable.
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