Input Devices

Input devices are devices used to input data or information into a computer.
For example scanner, keyboard, mouse, joystick etc.

Output Devices

Output device is any electronic or electromechanical equipment connected to

a computer and used to transfer data out of the computer. For example
speaker, monitor, floppy disk, printer etc..
I/O devices can be roughly categorized as storage, communications, userinterface, and other
I/O devices can be characterized by behavior, partner, data storage.

I/O Bus connection

I/O Bus connection is bus that connects the CPU to main memory on the
motherboard. I/O buses, which connect the CPU with the systems other
components, branch off of the system bus.

Input Output Module

Input output module is the part of a modular which input and output devices
are connected. Such as :

Interface to CPU and Memory

Interface to one or more peripherals

Function Of Input Output Module

1.

Control and Timing CPU ask I/O module check status attached
device,then I/O module tell the status, After that if device already,CPU request
for data transfer lastly I/O module gathers the data and transfers to the CPU..

2.

CPU Communicating Can use Command Decoding,data,status

reporting and Address recognition for the devices connected to it.

3.

Device Communication Involves command, status information and

data transfer.

4.

Data Buffering To overcome speed mismatch.

5.

Error Detection Allow detecting such errors, Like paper jam,bad data
etc.
INPUT OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
System Characteristics

The Dependability is important especially for storage devices.

Performance measures

1.

Latency(response time)

2.

throughput(bandwidth)

3.
4.

Desktops and embedded systems for response time and diversity of

device
Servers

Dependability
The system dependability is and to plan the time and resources needed to
complete the case.
Interconnecting Component

Must have interconnections between CPU, memory, I/O controllers.

Bus: shared communication channel

Parallel set of wires for data and synchronization of data transfer
Can become a bottleneck

Performance limited by physical factors

1.

Wire length

2.

number of connections

More recent alternative: high-speed serial connections with switches

Like networks
Bus Types

Processor-Memory buses must short, high speed and design is

matched to memory organization

I/O buses
Longer, allowing multiple connections
Specified by standards for interoperability
Connect to processor-memory bus through a bridge

Bus Synchronization

A bus can be classified as synchronous or asynchronous.

The time for any transaction over a synchronous bus is known in

advance. In accepting and/or generating information over the bus, devices
take the transaction time into account.

Asynchronous bus, on the other hand, depends on the availability

of data and the readiness of devices to initiate bus transactions.

In a single bus multiprocessor system, bus arbitration is required in

order to resolve the bus contention that takes place when more than one
processor competes to access the bus.

The bus arbitration logic decides, using a certain priority scheme,

which processor will be granted access to the bus during a certain time
interval (bus master).

Random priority,
simple rotating priority; after each arbitration cycle all
priority levels are reduced one place, with the lowest priority processor
taking the highest priority.

Equal priority; when two or more requests are made, there

is equal chance of any one request being processed.

Least Recently Used (LRU) priority; the highest priority is

given to the processor that has not used the bus for the longest time.

The process of passing bus master ship from one processor to

another is called handshaking and requires the use of two control signals:
bus request and bus grant.

the first indicates that a given processor is requesting

master ship of the bus,

the second indicates that bus master ship is granted.

a third signal, called bus busy, is usually used to indicate

whether or not the bus is currently being used.