GE Energy

GEH-6676B

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and

EX2100e Excitation Control
User Guide

These instructions do not purport to cover all details or variations in equipment, nor to provide for every possible contingency
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2010 General Electric Company, USA. All rights reserved.
Revised: 2011-01-06
Issued: 2010-10-27
* Trademark of General Electric Company
Biquad is a trademark of Eugene F. Goff, dba Biquad.
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Safety Symbol Legend

Indicates a procedure, condition, or statement that, if not strictly
observed, could result in personal injury or death.

Warning

Indicates a procedure, condition, or statement that, if not strictly

observed, could result in damage to or destruction of equipment.

Caution

Indicates a procedure, condition, or statement that should be

strictly followed in order to optimize these applications.

Attention

To prevent personal injury or damage to equipment, follow all

GE safety procedures, LOTO, and site safety procedures as
indicated by EHS.

Warning
This equipment contains a potential hazard of electric shock,
burn, or death. Only personnel who are adequately trained and
thoroughly familiar with the equipment and the instructions
should install, operate, or maintain this equipment.

Warning
Isolation of test equipment from the equipment under test
presents potential electrical hazards. If the test equipment
cannot be grounded to the equipment under test, the test
equipments case must be shielded to prevent contact by
personnel.

Warning

To minimize hazard of electrical shock or burn, approved

grounding practices and procedures must be strictly followed.

To prevent personal injury or equipment damage caused by

equipment malfunction, only adequately trained personnel
should modify any programmable machine.

Warning
Always ensure that applicable standards and regulations are
followed and only properly certified equipment is used as a
critical component of a safety system. Never assume that the
HMI or the operator will close a safety critical control loop.

Warning

Contents
Chapter 1 Overview ................................................................................................................ 1-1
Acronyms/Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 1-1

Chapter 2 Power System ...................................................................................................... 2-1

Power System Stabilizer ............................................................................................................................ 2-1
Power System Stability ....................................................................................................................... 2-1
Synchonous Machine Oscillations......................................................................................................... 2-1
System Modeling............................................................................................................................... 2-2
PSS Implementation .......................................................................................................................... 2-4
Integral of Accelerating Power PSS....................................................................................................... 2-5

Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power ............................................................................ 3-1

EXDSPEED............................................................................................................................................ 3-3
PSS Model (IEEE) ................................................................................................................................... 3-4

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning........................................................................................... 4-1

PSS Enable and PSS Active ....................................................................................................................... 4-2
PSS Parameter Usage and Settings............................................................................................................... 4-4
PSS Inertia ....................................................................................................................................... 4-7
PSS Gain ......................................................................................................................................... 4-7
PSS Lead/Lag 1 and PSS Lead/Lag 2 .................................................................................................... 4-7
PSS Output Upper/Lower Limits .......................................................................................................... 4-7
PSS Washout .................................................................................................................................... 4-7
PSS Ramp Tracking Filter ................................................................................................................... 4-7
PSS Hi Watts Enable, Low Watts Disable ............................................................................................... 4-7
PSS Biquad ...................................................................................................................................... 4-7
Initial PSS Commissioning......................................................................................................................... 4-8
Initial Conditions .............................................................................................................................. 4-9
Gain Margin Test............................................................................................................................. 4-10
Online AVR Step With PSS Disabled .................................................................................................. 4-15
AVR Step Test with PSS Enabled........................................................................................................ 4-19
Impulse Test with/without PSS........................................................................................................... 4-20
AVR Closed Loop Frequency Response ............................................................................................... 4-23
PSS Open Loop Frequency Response .................................................................................................. 4-27
PSS Testing Complete ...................................................................................................................... 4-28
Processing PSS Frequency Response Test Data (Optional)....................................................................... 4-28
AVR Closed Loop Transfer Function ................................................................................................... 4-28
PSS Open Loop Transfer Function ...................................................................................................... 4-31
PSS Disable and Enable Testing (Optional)........................................................................................... 4-33
Additional Unit PSS Testing ............................................................................................................. 4-33

Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................. G-1

Index ......................................................................................................................................... I-1

GEH-6676B

Contents

Notes

Contents

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

Chapter 1 Overview
This document includes information on power system stability fundamentals, EX2100 and
EX2100e Power System Stabilizer (PSS) theory, and site-commissioning.
Note This document covers both the EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Controls.
References to the exciter are applicable equally to either the EX2100 or EX2100e
exciter.

Acronyms/Abbreviations
ACLx

Application Command Layer (for EX2100 systems, can be either an ACLA or an ACLE)

AVR

Automatic Voltage Regulator

DAC

Digital-to-Analog Converter

DSA

Digital Signal Analyzer

EMF

Electromotive Force or Field Voltage

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

MMF

Magnetomotive Force

PSEC

Power Systems Energy Consultants

PSS

Power System Stabilizer

VAR

Volt-Ampere Reactive

GEH-6676B

Chapter 1 Overview

User Guide

1-1

Notes

1-2

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

Chapter 2 Power System

Power System Stabilizer
The PSS is an automatic control designed to improve synchronous machine stability.
This control function is used with field excitation systems. There are many different
implementations of a PSS. A fully integrated digital PSS, based on the integral of
accelerating power principle, is available for GE EX2100 or EX2100e excitation control.

Power System Stability

Providing a reliable supply of electricity depends on machine stability. The simplest
definition of stability for synchronous machines indicates that in spite of unanticipated
load shifts between machines, the system maintains a constant voltage and frequency.
Also, when a transient event occurs and the subsequent machine voltage and frequency
oscillations are sufficiently damped to regain steady state operation, the system is stable.
Dynamic stability, also known as steady-state stability, allows a system to correct for
small changes.
This document requires a basic
understanding of synchronous
machines and electric power
flow.

Transient stability allows a system to recover from large changes, such as electrical
faults cleared by operation of an instantaneous load rejection due to the operation of a
power circuit breaker. If there is enough synchronizing torque, the unit remains stable.
Modern generating units equipped with high-gain voltage regulators enhance transient
stability but tend to detract from dynamic stability. The PSS improves small signal
(steady-state) stability by damping power system modes of oscillation through generator
excitation modulation.

Synchonous Machine Oscillations

Synchronous machine oscillations often fall into one of four categories:

Local machine-system (local mode)

Inter-area

Inter-unit

Torsional

Local mode generally involves one or more synchronous machines at a power station
swinging together against a comparatively large power system or load center. Frequencies
are usually in the range of 1.0 to 2.0 Hz. Some low inertia turbine generators can have
local node frequencies up to 4.0 Hz.
Inter-area usually involves combinations of many synchronous machines in one part of
a power system swinging against another part of the system. The frequency range is
0.1 to 0.7 Hz.

GEH-6676B

Chapter 2 Power System

User Guide

2-1

Inter-unit typically involves two or more synchronous machines at a power plant or

nearby power plants in which machines swing against each other. The frequency range
is 1.5 to 3 Hz.
Torsional involves relative motion between a unit's rotating elements (synchronous
machine, turbine, and rotating exciter), with frequencies ranging from 15 Hz for two-pole
(8 Hz for four-pole) and above.
The PSS provides the control
action that allows the power
system to maintain stability.

While change of rotor angle in a single machine is a concern, a more important concern is
the behavior of all the machines closely connected to a system. During a system transient,
all rotor angles should move in the same relative direction over time. The focus is on the
difference in rotor angle between machines.

System Modeling
Static excitation systems with high-gain and fast-response times greatly aid transient
stability (synchronizing torque), but at the same time tend to reduce small signal stability
(damping torque). The objective of the PSS control is to provide a positive contribution to
the damping of the generator rotor angle swings, which are in a broad range of frequencies
in the power system.
The following figure illustrates the effect of excitation systems on the damping of local
mode oscillations. The figure is a simplified, linearized block representation for a
single-generating unit connected radially to an infinite bus. The generator is also equipped
with an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR).
The characteristic small-signal dynamics of a synchronous machine connected to a power
system are described by the swing equation linearized about an operating point, as
illustrated by the solid lines (also known as the torque-angle loop) in the following figure.
The mechanical loop is shown at the top of the figure while the electrical loop is shown
in the middle. Phase relationships show that a positive synchronizing torque component
(enhanced by modern high-gain wide-bandwidth excitation systems) restores the rotor
to a steady-state operating point by appropriately accelerating or decelerating the rotor
inertia. A positive damping torque (decreased by modern high-gain wide-bandwidth
excitation systems) dampens rotor oscillations of the torque-angle loop. With proper phase
compensation, the exciter control provides air gap torque to dampen the oscillations.

2-2

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

Linearized Block Diagram of a Single Machine to Infinite Bus Power System

GEH-6676B

Chapter 2 Power System

User Guide

2-3

The coefficients K1 through K6 are defined as follows.

K1

Change in electrical torque due to a change in rotor angle assuming a

constant d-axis flux

K2

Change in electrical torque due to a change in d-axis flux assuming a

constant rotor angle

K3

Impedance factor

K4

Demagnetizing effect due to a change in rotor angle

K5

Change in terminal voltage due to a change in rotor angle assuming a

constant voltage from d-axis flux linkages

K6

Change in terminal voltage due to a change in d-axis flux linkages assuming

a constant rotor angle

Except for K3, coefficients K1 through K6 are all affected by the operating point of the
machine. All the coefficients are normally positive, resulting in a stable system. However,
K5 can be negative under conditions of heavy load, which can create an unstable condition.
The previous figure shows the addition of a PSS to the control. The PSS is used to
supply a component of positive damping torque to offset the negative contribution of the
AVR, resulting in a compensated system that adds damping and enhances small signal
(steady-state) stability. This is accomplished by creating a signal in phase with rotor
speed, and summing the result with the AVR reference. Also, since the generator field
circuit and AVR function has an inherent phase lag, a corresponding phase lead is required
to compensate for this effect.

PSS Implementation
Since the primary function of the PSS is to add damping to the power oscillations,
basic control theory would indicate that any signal in which the power oscillations are
observable would make a good candidate as an input signal. Some readily available
signals are direct rotor-speed measurement, bus frequency, and electrical power. From
a system design point of view, there are a number of considerations when selecting the
appropriate input signal. For instance, direct speed measurement may be susceptible to
turbine-generator torsional interactions.
Since the early development of the PSS, the GE design and application has been
extensively based on either speed or frequency input signal. The first applications were
speed-based, and the frequency signal was later used for two reasons, one being the more
practical means of obtaining the rotor velocity for hydro-turbines without shaft speed
measurements, and the lower torsional signal content for four-pole (nuclear steam) turbine
generators. The signals for either speed or frequency are similar in many respects, but the
lower torsional content of the frequency signals makes it better in many cases.
Another choice is electrical power, which has been extensively applied in some markets.
There have also been many applications where multiple input signals have been studied
and applied. In principle, many different signals can be used. The PSS can be approached
as a problem to be solved using multi-variable control design programs. The control
design program decides the type of control gains and phase compensation to be applied
to each input.

2-4

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

Integral of Accelerating Power PSS

Refer to Chapter 3 Integral of
Accelerating Power for specific
design of this system.

The latest-generation PSS is based on the principle of accelerating power. Measurement

of accelerating power requires a mechanical power signal. In a practical sense, the
mechanical power cannot be measured, so it becomes necessary to develop this signal
from speed and electrical power. The integral of accelerating power is a signal that
provides machine speed relative to a constant frequency reference.
The PSS control can provide significant improvements in inter-area mode damping,
with application of stabilizers to most units that participate in these power-swing
modes. Improved damping can result in eliminating operating restrictions during system
contingencies, and increase power transfer limits. The classic example of inter-area mode
oscillation is the 0.3 Hz mode in Western US (WSCC), between the Southern California
region and the Pacific Northwest region.
The PSS performance is often evaluated from the damping of the local mode, the generator
swinging against the rest of the power system. This mode is usually at frequencies
between 0.7 and 2 Hz. Stronger system ties and lighter loading tend to give higher
local-mode frequencies. Conversely, weaker ties and heavier loading tend to give lower
local-mode frequencies. The PSS control must be properly tuned to provide acceptable
performance over a wide range of system conditions resulting from different operating
circumstances (such as out-of-service lines or varying load levels).
Very elaborate mathematical models (instead of the simplified model shown in the
previous figure) are used to predict the performance of the PSS under steady-state and
transient conditions.

GEH-6676B

Chapter 2 Power System

User Guide

2-5

Notes

2-6

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power

The integral of accelerating power principal is based on generator electro-mechanical
equations. The dynamic equation for rotor speed, as a function of torque, is

where:
= rotor speed
H = generator inertia constant (MW-sec/MVA)
Tm = mechanical (turbine) torque
Te = electro-mechanical (air-gap) torque
Tacc = accelerating torque
This is called the synchronous machine swing equation. In a per-unit (pu) system, torque
and power are equivalent in value. Replacing torque (T) with power (P), and rearranging
the equation above to solve for mechanical power gives the following:

where the derivative operator has been replaced by the equivalent Laplace operator s.
Mechanical power is difficult in practice to measure. This equation allows you to
synthesize the mechanical power signal from measurements of speed and electrical power,
which are relatively easy to obtain. Electrical power can change rapidly during a transient
event on the power system. Mechanical power changes slowly, moving in ramps rather
than steps. Thus, a special low-pass filter (ramp tracking) is used to filter the synthesized
mechanical power signal. The following figure shows the process of deriving mechanical
power. The ramp tracking filter is shown as G(s).
P'm represents the mechanical power signal, with the prime superscript indicating that this
is a synthesized signal. The next step develops the accelerating power signal that is P'acc
= P'm - Pe. The accelerating power is labeled as a synthesized or derived signal at this
point, since it is made up from synthesized mechanical power.

GEH-6676B

Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power

User Guide

3-1

The two input signals, speed and electrical power, both have some steady-state value, and
may change slowly over long periods of time. For this reason, in most PSS designs,
a high-pass filter is applied to both inputs. This filter also functions as a washout filter,
since it washes out or eliminates the low-frequency signals. The form of the washout
filter is as follows:

where TW is the washout time constant, normally set in the range of 2 to 10 seconds. This
gives a break frequency of 1/TW rad/sec.
As a final step, both inputs are divided by the factor 2H and integrated (equivalent to
dividing by s in Laplace terminology). The block diagram for developing the integral of
accelerating power is as follows:

The equation 1/(2H) times the integral of accelerating power is speed. If mechanical
power could be derived exactly, there would be this equivalence. Because of the nature
of the method used to derive the mechanical power signal, the resulting input has the
characteristics of speed at lower frequencies and electric power at higher frequencies.
Also, the derived signal has a relatively low component of the torsional mode components
in the measurements. This very important factor could potentially impact PSS
performance, since the application limits any potential situation where the stabilizer might
interact with the turbine-generator torsional response. Because the integrator essentially
cancels the washout in the electric power signal path, a double washout is used in both the
speed and power paths.

3-2

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

EXDSPEED
The integral of accelerating power signal is called EXDSPEED and is found using the
following relationship:

For a signal proportional to rotor speed, generator current is multiplied by the d-axis
transient reactance, X'd, and vectorially added to terminal voltage to yield an internal
machine voltage Eq'. The change or deviation in phase of Eq' is proportional to deviation
in rotor speed from synchronous speed.
An electrical power signal is calculated in the EX2100 from generator voltage and current.
Both the rotor speed signal and power signal are processed by two washout stages to
remove low-frequency effects.
The equivalent speed signal (EXDSPEED), found by integrating (Pm-Pe) and dividing
by 2H, is responsive to rotor speed without excessive phase lead at low frequencies
(which has detrimental effect on synchronizing torque) and less susceptible to generator
terminal voltage offsets caused by rapid mechanical power changes inherent in electrical
power input PSSs.
The following figure shows that the EXDSPEED signal is processed by two lead/lag
stages, an adjustable gain stage, and an output limiter stage to tailor the PSS for the
specific application.
Some units (primarily 4-pole nuclear units) require band reject filters to reduce the
response to torsional oscillations. The third lead/lag stage in this figure is used to represent
the low frequency equivalent of a two-stage torsional filter.

GEH-6676B

Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power

User Guide

3-3

PSS Model (IEEE)

The integral of accelerating power is the input to the part of the PSS that applies phase
compensation (two or three lead-lag stages), and a gain and output limit function. The
IEEE-type PSS2B PSS model is shown in the following figure. This model conforms with
the standards on excitation systems, identified as IEEE 421/5-2005. The two model inputs
are VSI 1 as speed, and VSI 2 as electrical power.

PSS 2B IEEE Model

The EX2100 and EX2100e implementation of an integral of accelerating power PSS is
available in a standard form, as shown below.

3-4

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

A specialized version with Biquad filters is shown in the following figure:

Specialized Version with Biquad Filters

GEH-6676B

Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power

User Guide

3-5

Notes

3-6

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

Initial operational testing and settings verification of the PSS is highly recommended. The
PSS should not be placed into service until qualified test personnel complete a thorough
check of the PSS settings and performance. This should include, as a minimum

System tuning and PSS optimization studies

Review of PSS parameters

Instability gain margin measurements

AVR step response testing with PSS enabled and active

Impulse Test with and without PSS

AVR frequency response testing

System open loop frequency response testing

Optional tests and studies recommended for assurance of proper PSS operation but not
required for placing the PSS into service include

These optional tests are

recommended to assure proper
PSS operation but are not
required for placing the PSS
into service.

GEH-6676B

Compensated phase calculations

PSS Enable and Disable Testing

The minimum PSS setup and operational checks are discussed in this document, as
well as basic instructions for some of the optional testing. For more information about
the additional tools, testing, and studies available, contact the Controls COE Post Sales
Service group in Salem, VA.

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-1

PSS Enable and PSS Active

The PSS can be enabled (turned on or available for operation) or disabled (turned off or
unavailable for operation) through operator interface commands. PSS then becomes active
(in service) or inactive (not in service) based on satisfying operational conditions.
The PSS must be enabled through the turbine control operator interface screen, which
sends a command through an EGD connection to the exciter controller, or through the
operator interface (keypad or touchscreen). This is accomplished through the command
PSS Enable.

The PSS can be enabled or disabled at any time, and at any load point.
Once enabled, the PSS is not active (available to supply compensation to the AVR input
summing junction) unless the following three conditions are met:

The exciter must be in AUTO regulator control.

The exciter must be running.

The generator must be online at a load point above the parameter value <PSS Hi
Watts Enable>

If any of these three conditions are not met, the PSS becomes inactive, but still remains
enabled.

4-2

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

The PSS can be disabled through the turbine control or exciter operator interface (enabled
is also known as "armed" in software, as seen in figure below where PSSARMD=FALSE
equates to PSS disabled) at any time and at any load. If load is reduced below the
parameter value <PSS Lo Watts Disable>, the PSS becomes inactive. Changing the
regulator to Manual or opening the 52G breaker also causes the PSS to become inactive.

GEH-6676B

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-3

PSS Parameter Usage and Settings

A graphical representation of the PSS including parameter values, input variables, and
output variables can be found in the applicable Control System Solutions (CSS toolbox)
or ToolboxST file under the DIAGRAM heading, on the Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
diagram.

A list of PSS parameters can be found through the CSS toolbox or ToolboxST application.
In the CSS toolbox application open the applicable exciter file and from the Outline View,
select Power System Stabilizer.

4-4

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

In the ToolboxST application open the applicable exciter file and from the Component
Editor Settings tab, expand Power System Stabilizer and select Parameters.

A list of the PSS with Biquad parameters can be found in the CSS toolbox application
by opening the applicable exciter file and from the Outline View, select Power System
Stabilizer with Biquad and expand Parameters.

GEH-6676B

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-5

The following default values disable a Biquad, so if Biquad is not used in the tuning
study ensure it is set accordingly.

PSS biquad3 num damp = 0.5 damp

PSS biquad3 num damp = 0.5 damp

PSS biquad3 nat r/s = 62r/s

In the ToolboxST application open the applicable exciter file and from the Component
Editor Settings tab, expand Power System Stabilizer with Biquad and select Parameters.

4-6

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

PSS Inertia
To obtain proper scaling for the synthesized mechanical power signal, the generator inertia
constant M is used in the washed out integral of Watts path of the PSS. The generator
manufacturer should supply this value.

PSS Gain
Select the PSS gain to provide stable operation at all load points. Typically set to an initial
value of 15, this parameter is adjusted during PSS commissioning. It should be verified by
testing that the gain is less than a value of 1/3 of the gain setting that would just cause the
PSS loop to be unstable.

PSS Lead/Lag 1 and PSS Lead/Lag 2

Select the phase lead and lag time constants to cancel the natural phase lag of the AVR
and generator at full load. Lead values are typically around 0.2 seconds. Lag values
around 0.05 seconds.

PSS Output Upper/Lower Limits

Upper and lower limits on the PSS output should be selected to reduce the ability of the
PSS to override the regulator during large disturbances. Typical values are +10% and
-10% but are customer-selectable.

PSS Washout
Large enough washout time constants are selected to pass low frequencies of interest with
little attenuation or excessive phase lead. In most cases, this implies that the washout time
constants can be set between 2 to 10 seconds.

PSS Ramp Tracking Filter

The time delay for responses to slow increases in power during system daily load changes;
it is typically set to 0.1 seconds.

PSS Hi Watts Enable, Low Watts Disable

If the PSS has been enabled, the PSS is automatically activated above the Hi Watts enable
setting, and automatically inactivated below the Low Watts disable setting. It is typically
selected to be 15% and 10% respectively.

PSS Biquad
It is an enhanced PSS that provides for up to three stages of biquadratic filtering to
eliminate torsional interaction, three stages of lead/lag filtering with gain and output
limit, and switchable washout to provide attenuation of voltage changes during large
signal events.

GEH-6676B

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-7

Initial PSS Commissioning

The following tools are necessary for PSS commissioning and testing.

GE CSS toolbox or ToolboxST application with trend recording option

Help file printout of the Frequency BODE Analysis and Step Test diagram
(Right-click, ITEM HELP on white space of diagram)

If testing EX2100 with any version of ACLA or ACLE with firmware prior to
V09.00.00C for static exciter and V03.03.00C for the regulator, consult GE Salem
COE and/or GE Energy Consulting as there are some setup differences from those
shown here.
Note If you need to download software to the ACLA, DO NOT create or download a
compressed controller file.

Optional tools include the following:

4-8

Results from GE Power Systems Engineering Consulting or customer PSS tuning

study with applicable parameters for PSS entered into the exciter configuration file.

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

Initial Conditions

Pay particular attention to the information in this section to

ensure proper testing.

Attention

Ensure PSS is disabled and Gain=0 prior to unit going online to ensure no inadvertent
activation of PSS prior to testing.

Prior to testing the PSS, other offline and online testing documented in GEH-6631,
EX2100 Thyristor Control 77, 53, and 42 mm Installation and Startup Guide,
GEH-6674, EX2100 Regulator Control Installation and Startup Guide, or GEH-6694,
EX2100 Thyristor Control 100 mm Installation and Startup Guide should be
completed.

Any deficiencies in PT or CT feedback circuits including Watts or Var calculations

should be corrected.

The unit must be capable of full-load operation. For gas turbine units bring load
slightly below full load to get turbine control into speed/droop rather than exhaust
temperature control. If full load is not possible, it is generally acceptable to perform
tests at greater than 80% of full load. If required by site conditions, consult with
Energy Consulting or the tuning study provider to determine if less load is acceptable.

It is strongly recommended to perform all testing with unit at near unity power factor
(0MVars). Perform all testing at as close to same load and VARS as possible.

Any other outer loop regulator functions in EX, turbine, or plant controls, such as
Var/PF and auto MW load changing, should be turned off or disabled.

Use the tuning study provided by GE Energy Consulting to review PSS parameters
in the exciter configuration file for accuracy and completeness. If settings are not
provided by Energy Consulting, consult with GE Salem COE before using customer
or default settings. Incorrect and/or default settings may result in unstable unit
operation or inadequate PSS operation.

Caution

GEH-6676B

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

The exciter must remain in AUTO regulator throughout the

PSS test. If, at any time, unstable operation with the PSS active
is noticed, removing the PSS enable should stop the instability.
Transferring to MANUAL regulator should also stop any
instability.

User Guide

4-9

Gain Margin Test

The instability point of the PSS is dependent upon many factors, including system
configurations, relative size of the unit with respect to the local grid, and transmission
characteristics. To find the point of instability, it is necessary to operate the exciter with
the PSS active and gradually increase the gain of the PSS to determine what gain causes
PSS instability. Typical valves for PSS gain are 6-15 pu (2 lead-lag designs) or 24-60 (3
lead-lag designs). Testing is done up to a gain of four times the nominal recommended
gain.

Without a PSS tuning study recommendation, a PSS gain of 10

pu should be used. Do not exceed four times this gain during
gain margin testing.

Caution
Higher gain operation can be
used but should be confirmed
by the Controls COE in Salem
or the Energy Consulting group
in NY.

4-10

GE recommends a minimum gain margin of 10 db, which is a factor of three times the
nominal set gain. Testing is normally done with gain up to four times the nominal set
gain value. If an instability gain is encountered, the final gain should be not more than
1/3 of the instability gain.
To test the gain margin
1.

Set the parameter <PSS Gain> (on the PSS diagram) to an initial value of 0 pu.
Perform all PSS testing at 80% load or higher and close to unity power (0 MVars).
Refer to the section, Initial Conditions for further unit operation requirements.

2.

With the exciter in AUTO regulator, enable the PSS through the keypad or turbine
operator interface. If the unit is above the <PSS Hi Watts> value, the PSS should
be enabled and active.

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

3.

Configure the Trender to monitor the following variables in real time.

Note Ensure that within the trend the Trend Recorder Configuration sample interval is
set to 32 ms. It is also recommended to set the Trender Time Axis to 300 seconds so the
entire trend can be viewed throughout the test.
Signal

Range

GN_VMAG

Average 0.01 pu

GN_VFLD for Bus-Fed systems, or

REGEXCURR for Brushless systems
AFFL < 10A
AFFL 10-20A
AFFL > 20A

Average 50 V

WATTS

Average 0.02 pu

VARS

Average 0.05 pu

AVR\PSS_OUT

0.01 pu

PSSGN

0 - 4 x nominal PSS gain + 10

Average 2 A
Average 4 A
Average 6 A

4.

Start recording the above variables for 30 seconds, then increase the PSS gain
from 0 pu to normal gain setting, and observe any of these variables for signs of
instability. Instability would be recognized as sinusoidal swings in power, VARs or
voltage. These swings usually start small and increase in amplitude over time. It
is also possible that the power swings could occur suddenly at a fixed-amplitude
of oscillation. If either phenomenon is observed (refer to the figure Unstable Gain
Margin Example), then select PSS disable from the keypad, COI, or turbine control.
(Best practice is to have someone standing by to do this if necessary).

5.

Hold at nominal gain for 60 seconds then continue to increase the PSS gain to twice,
three times, and four times nominal gain. Hold at each point for 60 seconds. The
oscillations in the MW trend begin to grow and have longer settling times. Look for
any signs of instability (refer to the following three figures for examples of unstable
and appropriate gain margin tests) and select PSS disable if it occurs. Once four
time nominal gain is complete reduce gain back to zero, continue recording for 30
seconds and then stop the Trender.

6.

After test completion, again review trend for signs of instability using gain margin
test examples (following three figures). If instability is or has been observed contact
tuning study provider for changes and leave PSS disabled with PSS Gain = 0 until
corrected. Repeat testing as necessary.

7.

If no instability is found, the nominal gain setting can be used for the remainder of the
test. Select PSS disabled and reset PSS gain = 0 before continuing.

Once a final gain setting is obtained, use the Trender to monitor

generator watts at this setting for at least five minutes to verify
that no instability occurs.

Caution
Experience with the integral of accelerating power PSS indicates that gain optimization
is not required to obtain acceptable performance. Most applications provide adequate
damping to local mode operations with a PSS gain of 15 or less.
GEH-6676B

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-11

Brushless Regulator, Unstable Gain Margin Example

4-12

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

Bus Fed, Noisy but no Instability and Good Gain Margin Example

GEH-6676B

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-13

Bus Fed, Standard (Good) Gain Margin Example

4-14

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

Online AVR Step With PSS Disabled

This test provides a baseline
of AVR operation with the PSS
disabled for comparison to
AVR operation with the PSS
enabled.

To demonstrate PSS effectiveness step the AVR with PSS disabled.

Before stepping the AUTO regulator, verify the AVR step is

configured for no more than a 2% step. If requested by the
tuning study provider, a higher value such as 3% is acceptable.

Warning

This testing changes the output of the generator and can rarely
cause local instability on some power systems.

Caution
To step the AVR
1.

Ensure PSS Test Capture block is set correctly for the type of unit (Bus-fed [Static]
or Brushless, as seen in the following two figures). If change is required, minor
differences will show up. Perform Validate/Build/Download using "initialize all
constants" in accordance with the appropriate installation and startup guide (such as
GEH-6631, EX2100 Thyristor Control 77, 53, and 42 mm Installation and Startup
Guide).

PSS Capture Block for Static Fed Units

GEH-6676B

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-15

PSS Capture Block for Brushless Units

2.

4-16

Using the help message for the Frequency (Bode) Analysis or Step Test Diagram,
configure the step wizard for an AVR regulator 2% step by making the following
settings:

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

GEH-6676B

3.

If redundant controls, perform teach of new settings to other controllers in accordance

with the appropriate installation and startup guide (such as GEH-6631, EX2100
Thyristor Control 77, 53, and 42 mm Installation and Startup Guide).

4.

Click the Start / Stop Analysis button to initiate the AVR step test.

5.

Upload the PSS Test Capture Buffer to the Trender.

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-17

As observed in the trend file, the unit MW (green trend, third from top) oscillates or
rings proportionate to the amount of natural damping in the system. For larger systems
and larger generators, there may be more oscillations recorded before the MW readings
stabilize.

4-18

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

AVR Step Test with PSS Enabled

GEH-6676B

1.

Set PSS Gain to nominal and select PSS enable.

2.

Once again step AVR, this time with PSS active.

3.

Upload the PSS Test Capture Buffer to the Trender. There should be a marked
difference (decrease) in the number and amplitude of oscillations in the power (MW)
variable on the Trender. This demonstrates the effectiveness of PSS.

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-19

Impulse Test with/without PSS

This test provides further analysis of PSS and demonstration of its effectiveness. It is
similar to the Step Test, except it provides a high AVR step change for a short duration and
allows less terminal voltage change while increasing MW oscillations.

4-20

1.

With PSS still enabled and gain at nominal, set Bode diagram as shown in the
following figure. After the settings are complete, perform teach of parameters if
EX2100 has redundant controls.

Set ACL Bode Level = 0.05 (5%), can use up to 0.08 (8%) if requested by tuning
study provider (such as Energy Consulting)

(CRITICAL) Set Step Time = 0.1

Set the rest in accordance with standard step test setup.

2.

Click the Start/Stop Analysis button to initiate the impulse test.

3.

Upload the PSS Test Capture Buffer to Trender.

4.

Select PSS disable and set PSS Gain = 0, repeat the test and upload the PSS Test
Capture Buffer to the Trender. As noted in the example in the following two figures,
the trend with PSS enabled should have a marked difference (decrease) in the number
and amplitude of oscillations in the power (MW) variable. This again demonstrates
the effectiveness of PSS.

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

Impulse Test without PSS

GEH-6676B

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-21

Impulse Test with PSS

4-22

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

AVR Closed Loop Frequency Response

To perform the AVR Closed Loop Frequency Response
Note For help, right-click anywhere in the diagram white space and select Item Help.
During the frequency response tests, AVR setpoint will randomly change. Terminal
voltage may move as much as 1% causing VAR swings. Monitor MW for any large
sustained oscillations and terminate the test if required. Inform operations of this before
doing the test, but only terminate if they indicate major system not unit issues.

GEH-6676B

1.

Ensure PSS is still disabled and PSS Gain = 0

2.

Verify the following block exists somewhere (It could be a different block number.)
within AVR_TSK to transfer PSS lead lag output to DSPX for trending in DSPX
capture block during AVR Closed and PSS Open Loop testing.

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-23

3.

As shown in the following figure, verify that the connection is made on the diagram
for the PRBS block to be input to the AVR.

Note In the step testing procedure, this was set to Step Source so that the step test
would be input, not the PRBS data.

4.

4-24

To get the AVR frequency response, select from the right side of the diagram, as
follows.

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

5.

Click the Start / Stop Analysis button as shown in the following figure. The At
NowPass box displays the current pass.

When the test is finished, the Bode averaging done coil becomes true (black square).
6.

Select the DSPX Capture Buffer from the Block Collected menu. Perform an upload
and select Change without Save.

A sample of the AVR trend file, as follows, shows the input signal (AVR Setpoint) and
output (AVR Feedback), which is terminal voltage. It is not apparent how this relates to
the frequency response, without processing it to calculate the transfer function.
The following information should be verified by the field engineer when the data is
collected:

GEH-6676B

The input signal is small relative to normal feedback signal.

The noise input is not driving terminal voltage signal excessively. This means that the
operator is not seeing large swings in voltage and vars as the data is being collected,
which is the general idea of being non-invasive in measurement.

There is no apparent limit action occurring in the AVR setpoint signal. That is, the
noise is not driving the excitation control into any observed limits. Such limit action
would result in inaccuracies in the resulting transfer function calculation.

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-25

Sample of Collected Data from AVR Frequency Response Test

4-26

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

PSS Open Loop Frequency Response

To perform the PSS Open Loop Frequency Response
1.

Repeat the AVR closed loop frequency response test except for the following:

* Set the Bode Type = PSS

2.

After the file has been uploaded to the Trender (refer to the sample of a PSS trend
in the following figure) and saved, the frequency response test data collection is
complete.

PSS Open Loop Frequency Response Example

GEH-6676B

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-27

PSS Testing Complete

This completes PSS testing. Send data to the tuning study provider for analysis (such
as Energy Consulting) and leave PSS disabled with Gain=0 until results are approved.
Repeat testing as required and after the results are approved enable PSS with the approved
gain setting. If settings are provided by GE Energy Consulting in Schenectady, send a
copy of the as running file to them.

Processing PSS Frequency Response Test Data

(Optional)
Processing the raw frequency response data into transfer function form is typically done
by Energy Consulting staff in Schenectady. However, this section of the document
presents a general overview of the data processing activity for situations where the field
engineer wishes to do a quick site check of the frequency response data.
We compute two transfer functions; one for the AVR Closed Loop transfer function, one
for the PSS Open Loop transfer function.
The program that performs the transfer function calculations can be found in the CSS
toolbox application using the following path:
C:\Program Files\GE Control System Solutions\Ex2100 Excitation Control\Ex2100
Analysis Tool
The link takes you to a batch file called FreqAnaz.bat that runs a MATLAB executable
code to do the transfer function calculations and plot the results, as noted in the following
sections, AVR Closed Loop Transfer Function and PSS Open Loop Transfer Function.

AVR Closed Loop Transfer Function

The AVR closed loop transfer function, which is compared against the predicted phase
lag in the field circuit at local mode frequency (1-2 Hz), is approximately the same as the
uncompensated phase near local mode. A 90-100 degrees phase lag compensated by the
phase lead in the PSS control is expected.
To calculate the AVR closed loop transfer function

4-28

1.

Load the recorded AVR Closed Loop trend file into the CSS toolbox application.

2.

From the File menu, select Export Trend Data and in the Trender Export Data
Options box, select the Column Headers and Time Stamps options, click OK,
and save as a *.csv file.

3.

Open the transfer function calculation tool (FreqAnaz.bat). The Analysis Tool
dialog box displays.

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

GEH-6676B

4.

Select AVR Analysis.

5.

Select the previously saved *.csv file. The program performs the AVR Closed Loop
transfer function and generates three graphics windows.

6.

Maximize the middle window and print (or screen capture) it for sharing with the
customer.

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-29

Typical AVR Closed Loop Transfer Function Plot

4-30

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

PSS Open Loop Transfer Function

The PSS open loop transfer function plot allows calculation of the actual instability gain
point. The loop crossover point in the phase plot on the following page (lower blue curve)
has zero phase at 6.5 Hz, at which point the gain in the upper curve reads approximately
0.005 pu. The instability gain is the inverse of the measured gain at crossover, so it
is calculated that the PSS loop will reach instability at a PSS gain of 200 pu with an
oscillation frequency of 6.5 Hz. With this instability gain of 200 pu, and assuming a
recommended PSS gain setting of 10 pu, a gain margin of 26 dB (20:1) is calculated.
To calculate the PSS Open Loop frequency response

GEH-6676B

1.

Load the recorded PSS Open Loop trend file into the CSS toolbox application.

2.

From the File menu, select Export Trend Data and in the Trender Export Data
Options box, select the Column Headers and Time Stamps options, click OK,
and save as a *.csv file.

3.

Open the transfer function calculation tool (FreqAnaz.bat).

4.

Enter the as-left (tuned) PSS lead and lag settings in the appropriate locations as
shown in Figure 5 (for example, PSSTld1). Retain the defaults for the UEL and
FCR constants.

5.

Select PSS Analysis.

6.

Select the previously saved *.csv file. The program performs the PSS Open Loop
transfer function and generates three graphics windows.

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-31

7.

Maximize the left window and print (or screen capture) it for sharing with the
customer.

Typical PSS Open Loop Transfer Function Plot

4-32

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

PSS Disable and Enable Testing (Optional)

Test the <Low Watts Disable> and <Hi Watts Enable> settings.
Note Simulation testing of this function is recommended, as it is unlikely to perform
this testing with the unit in service, where it will likely be at or near full load. Only
perform online if PSS testing is complete and the customer is able to lower load.
To test the <Low Watts Disable> and <Hi Watts Enable> settings
1.

With the PSS enabled, decrease unit load until the PSS becomes inactive. This should
be at the corresponding value of <Low Watts Disable> parameter.

2.

From the operator control interface, disable PSS and raise unit load above the <Hi
Watts Enable> parameter. The PSS should remain disabled and inactive.

3.

Reduce load below the <Low Watts Disable> setting and select PSS enable. Again
raise load above the <Hi Watts Enable> parameter and the PSS should become active
when the <Hi Watts Enable> value is reached.

Additional Unit PSS Testing

If more than one identical unit exists on site, the gain setting is the same on subsequent
units.
It is preferred that the same testing noted the previous sections be repeated on each unit.
However, with tuning study provider approval, certain tests can be skipped. At a minimum
the gain margin and step test should be done on every unit.
It is best to have the PSS active on the first unit while testing the second unit. Further, the
third unit would be tested with the PSS active on the first and second units and so on.
Note The site referred to in this section assumed the units are being brought online and
having PSS tested/approved sequentially. If the site has units already in operation (such
as a PSS retrofit) that have not had PSS testing completed/approved the aforementioned
first unit refers to first unit with PSS tested/approved. In other words, be sure not to
enable PSS for other units, even at the same site, that have not been tested/approved.)
Finally, as noted in PSS Testing Complete section, send data for each unit to the tuning
study provider for approval and leave PSS disabled until approved.

GEH-6676B

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning

User Guide

4-33

Notes

4-34

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

Glossary of Terms
automatic voltage regulator (AVR)
the generator terminal voltage.

AVR is controller software that maintains

block Instruction blocks contain basic control functions, which are connected together
during configuration to form the required machine or process control. Blocks can perform
math computations, sequencing, or regulator (continuous) control.
bus
data.

Upper bar for power transfer, also an electrical path for transmitting and receiving

configure To select specific options, either by setting the location of hardware jumpers
or loading software parameters into memory.
CSS toolbox or ToolboxST A Windows-based software package used to configure
the EX2100, EX2100e, and other GE Energy controller products.
dynamic stability
changes.

Steady-state stability; allows a system to correct from small

EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control GE static exciter; regulates the

generator field current to control the generator output voltage.
EXDSPEED

EXDSPEED is the integral of accelerating power signal.

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. A United States-based society

that develops standards.
power system stabilizer (PSS) PSS software produces a damping torque on the
generator to reduce generator oscillations.
signal

The basic unit for variable information in the controller.

simulation
exciter.
torque

Running the control system using a software model of the generator and

The mechanical-to-electrical energy link.

transient stability

GEH-6676B

Allows a system to recover from large changes.

Glossary of Terms

G-1

Notes

G-2

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

Index
A
Automatic Voltage Regulator

1-1, 2-2

E
EXDSPEED

3-3

G
Gain Margin Test

4-10

I
Inertia 4-7
Integral of Accelerating Power PSS

2-5

L
Lead/Lag 1
Lead/Lag 2

4-7
4-7

P
Power System Stabilizer

2-1

R
Ramp Tracking Filter

4-7

S
System Modeling

2-2

T
toolbox 4-4
Trender 4-11, 4-17

GEH-6676B

Index

I-1

Notes

I-2

Power System Stabilizer for EX2100 and EX2100e Excitation Control

GE Energy
1501 Roanoke Blvd.
Salem, VA 241536492 USA
1 540 387 7000
www.geenergy.com