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MANUAL ON
TEST SIEVING METHODS
Prepared by ASTM Committee E-29
as Guidelines for Establishing
Sieve Analysis Procedures
1985 EDITION
With editorial changes to conform to the latest
revisions of USA Standard Sieve Series
specifications (ASTM E-11, E-161, and E-323)
ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 447 B
04-447020-23
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NOTE
The Society is not responsible, as a body,
for the statements and opinions
advanced in this publication.
Printed in Mars. PA
December 1985
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Foreword
This manual on test sieving methods is intended for use as a supplement
to and not a substitute for the many published ASTM standards relating to
the sieve analysis of materials. There has been a need for a manual that
would bring together from many sources proved methods for making reliable sieve analyses to serve as a guide for the novice and a reference for the
more advanced. Some of the material in both the text and the tables is
published here for the first time.
Test Sieving Methods was originally compiled by W. C. Mahlig and
A. E. Reed now deceased. The latest revisions to this manual were made by
a working committee of ASTM E-29.01 consisting of W. C. Mahlig ATM
Test Sieves, Inc. 645 South 94th Place, West AUis, Wisconsin; Mr. R. H.
Smith, Gilson Company, Inc., P.O. Box 677, Worthington, Ohio 43085;
and Mr. C. W. Ward, Consultant, 5778 Robinwood Lane, Ostrander, OH
43061.
Please eontact members of this working committee for any additional
information or a list of suppliers of equipment mentioned in the manual.
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Related
ASTM Publications
Liquid Particle Size Measurement Techniques,
04-848000-41.
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Contents
Introduction
1. Wire Cloth Sieves
2. Perforated Plate Sieves
3. Precision Electroformed Sieves
4. Centerline Sieves
5. Samples and Sampling
6. General Test Sieving Procedure
7. Hand Sieving Method
8. Mechanical Sieve Shaker Method
9. Wet Testing
10. Combined Wet and Dry Testing
11. Weighing
12. Calculation
13. Graphic Presentation of Test Results
14. Care and Cleaning of Test Sieves
15. Miscellaneous Suggestions
Appendix
Table 1--U.S. standard sieve series (ASTM Designation E 11)
Table 2--U.S. standard perforated plate sieves
(ASTM Designation E 323)
Table 3--International Standard (ISO)
Table 4--Precision electroformed sieves
(ASTM Designation E 161)
Suggestions on Procedures for Making Sieve Analysis
with Precision Electroformed Sieves
Table S--Suggested bulk volume of test sample for sieve
analysis with 8-in. and 20-mm round sieves
Table 6--Typical bulk densities of various particulate materials
Table 7--List of ASTM published standards on sieve analysis
procedures for specific materials or industries
Table 8--List of ASTM published standards on sampling of
particulate materials
2
2
3
3
4
10
10
12
16
18
18
19
21
23
26
28
30
31
32
34
35
36
37
41
Nomenclature
42
References
46
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STP447B-EB/Dec. 1985
Int:roduc ion
Standard test sieves are an accepted means for determining the
classification, according to particle size, of divided solid material from
its raw state through the various stages of processing, crushing, pulverizing, and screening to the finished product. By the use of a series of
sieves, with apertures embracing the size range of the material being
tested, complete information on the particle size distribution in the
sample can be quickly and accurately obtained.
Because of the widely different properties of the various materials to
be sieved, such as size of particles, density, moisture, hygroscopic
properties, particle shape, friability, abrasiveness, cohesiveness, etc., it
is not possible to specify a single procedure to follow in making all sieve
tests. Fortunately, standard sieve test procedures have been established
for many important materials and groups of similar materials, and,
whenever such standard procedures exist, it is important that they be
followed to the letter by all laboratories or individuals making sieve tests
of the materials the standards cover. For a list of published ASTM standards pertaining to sieve analysis and sampling procedures, see Tables 7
and 8 in the Appendix of this manual.
In spite of the considerable standardization work that has been done,
there are hundreds of granular materials for which sieve analysis data
are desired but for which standard test procedures have not been
established or published. One of the objectives of this manual is to
meet this need for supplementary procedures for specific materials by
summarizing the most accepted general procedures for making sieve
tests and also by providing guidelines for developing new standard sieve
analysis procedures when none are available.
Copyright9
by ASTM International
www.astm.org
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1.
3.1 Precision electroformed sieves, made to conform to ASTM specification E 161 (Table 4), are available with apertures as fine as 5 micron.
With the use of proper care and the special procedures outlined in the instructions following Table 4 (Appendix), sieve analysis results can be obtained in the range of 40 to 5 micron that is unattainable by any other
sieving means. Electroformed sieves, when properly calibrated and used
are sometimes employed as a reference standard in the range of 1820 microns to 5 microns.
3.2 Because of the delicacy of the electroformed sheet from which the
sieves are made, they must be handled with extreme care, and the same
procedures as for tests with the wire cloth sieves cannot be used.
3.3 Because of the small size of the sieves, 3 in. (76 mm) and their very
limited open area, especially in the sieves apertures, very small size sampies, .002 g in many cases, must be used together with very sensitive analyrical balances that are capable of weighing to + -- 1 mg. Eight inch (203
mm) sieves are also available and they require sensitive analytical balances, but proportional large sample, can be made. All precision electroformed sieves are matched sieves.
4.
Centerline Sieves
4.1 ASTM Specifications E-11 specify certain manufacturing tolerances permitting a slight plus or minus variation in the average opening for
each sieve. Where extreme accuracy is desired on very closely sized material more closely graded sieves may be required.
At least one sieve manufacturer has available Centerline Sieves. The
openings of a test sieve can be very accurately measured on a mass basis
through the use of a computerized optical comparator.
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should be suitably spaced to represent the length and width of the car
and then combined into a single gross sample. ~
5.8 Sampling Btdk Shipments o[ Fine Material with a Sampling
Tube--An alternate and simpler method of sampling a carload, or other
bulk quantity of fine or granular material is by the use of a sampling tube
which, for this purpose, should be 11/2 in. (31.75 mm) by approximately
6 ft (1.829 m). Five or six insertions of the tube will produce approximately a 10-1b (907-g) sample. 4
5.9 Sampling from a Carload o] Bagged Material--One method of
sampling a carload of material shipped in bags is to select, at random,
a number of bags equal to the cube root of the total number of bags in
the car and to take suitable portions (800 to 1000 g for minus 6-mm
material) from each o[ the selected bags for a combined gross sample. 5
5.10 Reduction o/ Gross Sample to Test Size [or Sieve Analysis-After the gross sample has been properly taken, the next step is to
reduce it to a suitable size for the sieve analysis test without impairing
in any way the particle size distribution characteristics of the original
sample. This phase of the operation should follow the applicable ASTM
published standards, or the procedures described in the succeeding sections, and should be performed with as much care as was used in the
collection of the gross sample and in making the sieve test.
5.11 Coning and Quartering--Pile the gross sample in a cone (Fig. 1),
place each shovelful at the apex of the cone, and allow it to run down
equally in all directions. This will mix the sample. Then spread the
sample in a circle and walk around the pile, gradually widening the
circle with a shovel until the material is spread to a uniform thickness.
Mark the flat pile into quarters, and reject two opposite quarters. Mix
again into a conical pile, taking alternate shovelfuls from the two
quarters saved. Continue the process of piling, flattening, and rejecting
two quarters until the sample is reduced to the required size. 6
5.12 Sample Splitters and Reducers--Gross samples, if not too large,
may be reduced to test sample size by one or more passes through a
sample splitter or Jones type riffler (Fig. 2), which will divide a sample
in half while maintaining the particle size distribution of the original
sample. By repeated passes, the sample can be split into quarters,
eighths, etc, until the size of the sample desired is obtained. For larger
gross samples, sample reducers are available which will select a representative 16th part with a single pass (Fig. 3). By just two passes
through such a unit, a representative 1-1b sample can be obtained from
an original 256 lb. Three passes will give a 1-1b sample from two tons
~For further details on sampling from carloat shipments of fine granular
materials in both bulk and bagged form, see AS-I~ ~ Test for Sieve Analysis of
Granular Mineral Surfacing for Asphalt Roofing an.: Shingles (D 451).
6 The operations of mixing, coning, and quartering are illustrated and described
in detail in Method of Sampling Coke for Analysis (D 346).
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fine material, it is best not to use too large a sample. A smaller sample
properly taken and carefully reduced will usually give more accurate
and consistent results than a larger sample which might overload one or
more of the sieves. The reverse may be true when testing coarse
materials, such as coarse aggregates where larger samples are required
to constitute a representative portion.
5.15 Determination of Test Sample Size--As a check method to
determine the correct size of a sample, the following procedure is suggested. With a sample splitter, accurately split samples of varying
weights, such as 25, 50, 100, and 200 g. Then run these various
samples on the sieves selected for a period of approximately 5 rain,
preferably on a mechanical sieve shaker. A comparison of these results
will show the most suitable size sample to use. For example, if the test
with the 100-g sample shows approximately the same percentage passing
the finer sieves as the 50-g sample, whereas the 150-g sample shows a
lower percentage through the finest sieve, this would be an indication
that a 150-g sample would be too large, but a 100-g sample would be
satisfactory. Once the correct size sample is determined for a particular
test, this same size sample should be used for all such tests.
5.16 Table ot Suggested Sample Sizes--A useful table of recomCopyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Sep 29 14:32:55 EDT 2016
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I0
mended sample sizes for tests with 8-in. or 200-ram sieves is Nven in
Table 4. Note that the table gives sample sizes by volume. Recommended sample weights (in grams) can be determined by mutiplying
the values in Columns 3 and 4 by the bulk density (in grams per cubic
centimeter) of the material to be tested, rounded out within a tolerance
of 4- 25 percent. If the actual bulk density of the material being tested
has not been determined, the typical density factor for the most nearly
similar material listed in Table 5 may be used. The values in Table 4
are a useful guide where standard test sample sizes have not already
been established, but it is suggested that the sample sizes obtained by
the use of Table 4 be verified by the procedure outlined above before
adopting them as standard.
6.
6.1 If the test sample is not dry and free flowing because of moisture,
it should be dried to a constant weight usually at a temperature of 230
9 F (110 ___ 5 C), except in cases where such temperature might have
some adverse effect on the material.
6.2 Weigh and record the weight of the test sample to an accuracy
(in general) of 0.1 percent.
6.3 Select the sieves to be used in the test from the ASTM standard
sieve series listed in the Appendix. Most sieve analyses are made with a
nest of sieves, and it is desirable that this nest consist of as few sieves as
possible and still give adequate information on the size distribution of
the material being tested. For example, for a minus 1-in. (25-mm)
material, every other sieve or every third sieve could be used, provided
such a selection gives the desired information and does not result in the
overloading of any of the sieves. In some cases, coarser sieves are used
in the nest to protect the finer sieves from excessive wear or overloading.
For graded materials with a narrow particle size range, such as abrasives,
filter sand, etc., every sieve in the fourth root of two ratio in the series
should be used. In other cases, such as a test for production control, it
may be that only one sieve is needed. Where high precision and close
comparability of test results are desired, matched sieves (see Section 4)
should be used.
6.4 Nest the selected sieves in sequence with the coarsest sieve at
the top and the solid pan at the bottom. Place the test sample on the
top sieve and close the nest with a cover. Proceed with the test using
either the hand sieving method (see Section 7) or the mechanical sieve
shaker method (see Section 8).
6.5 Grain-Size Analysis oJ Soils--Making sieve analysis tests of soils
is a highly specialized procedure, and it is recommended that such
tests be made using the procedures outlined in ASTM method for Dry
Preparation of Soil Samples for Grain-Size Analysis and Determination
of Soil Constants (D 421); Method for Grain-Size Analysis of Soils
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11
(D 422); Test for Amount of Material in Soils Finer Than the No. 200
Sieve (D 1140); and Method for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for
Grain-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants (D 2217).
7.
7.1 Hand sieving is the original basic method of making sieve analyses. In hand sieving, the tests are made, or at least completed, on one
sieve at a time. The best procedure is to place the test sample on a clean
dry sieve with the pan attached. While holding the uncovered sieve and
pan in both hands, sieve with a gentle rotary motion until most of the
fine material has passed through and the residue looks fairly clean.
This operation usually takes only 1 or 2 min for sieves coarser than No.
I00 and 3 or 4 min for sieves No. 100 and finer. When the residue
appears clean, place the cover on the sieve, turn it upside down, and
remove the pan. Then, with the sieve and cover held firmly in one
hand, gently tap the side of the sieve with the handle of the brush used
for cleaning sieves. Dust adhering to the sieve and particles in the
mesh will be dislodged, and the underside on the sieve may be brushed
clean. Empty the pan and thoroughly wipe it with a cloth or waste,
replace it on the sieve, restore the assembly to an upright position, and
carefully remove the cover. Replace on the sieve any coarse material
that has been caught in the cover during the tapping. Continue the
sieving without the cover, as described above, until not more than 1
percent by weight of the residue passes any sieve during 1 min. The
gentle sieving motion involves no danger of spilling the residue, which
should be kept well spread out on the sieve. Continuously rotate the
sieve during the sieving.
7.2 "'End-Point" Tests--Hold the sieve, with pan and cover attached,
in one hand at an angle of about 20 deg from the horizontal. Move the
sieve up and down in the plane of inclination at the rate of about 150
times per minute, and strike the sieve against the palm of the other hand
at the top of each stroke. Perform the sieving over a white paper to
avoid losing particles that may pass between the lid and the sieve.
Return any material collecting on the paper to the sieve. After every
25 strokes, turn the sieve about one sixth of a revolution in the same
direction. As an aid to proper sieve rotation, the sieve cover may be
marked with three straight lines, intersecting at 60 deg through the
center, with one of the lines marked with an arrowhead to indicate the
starting point. Continue the sieving operation until the additional
material which passes through in 1 min of continuous sieving fails to
change the amount on that sieve by more than 1.0 percent. In reporting sieve tests, calculations should be carried out to 0.1 percent.
7.3 Procedure with a Stack o/ Sieves--In hand sieving, when a
number of sieves are to be used in the test, arrange the sieves in a stack
(include a bottom pan) with the coarsest sieve at the top, and place the
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12
sample to be sieved on the top sieve. Give the whole nest of sieves a
preliminary shaking for 2 or 3 min. The most practical way to do this
is to place the stack on a table and shake the sieves with a circular
motion accompanied by a tapping action. After this preliminary shaking, shake each sieve separately starting with the coarsest, to complete
the separation as described in Paragraph 7.2. Add all material passing
in each individual sieve to the next smalleI: sieve in the sequence.
7.4 Consistency Important in Hand Sieving--The operator should
try to be consistent with the hand sieving method to always reproduce
the same circular motion and tapping action. If hand sieving is to be
used for repeated tests by more than one laboratory, it is important
that a detailed hand sieving procedure be established and specified.
7.5 Hand Sieving as a R e f e r e e - - I n general, in case of doubt or
dispute on the correctness of the results of a sieve analysis, the questioned figures should be checked against results obtained by hand
sieving, using the procedures described under Paragraphs 7.1 and 7.2,
which shall be final.
8. Mechanical Sieve Shaker Method
8.1 Mechanical sieve shakers are used in practically all laboratories
where frequent tests are made. They not only eliminate much tedious
hand labor, but, when properly used, will produce more consistent
results.
8.2 There are several general types of mechanical sieve shakers. One
type is designed to simulate hand sieving by using a circular motion
combined with a tapping action. Figures 4 and 5 are examples of this
type.
13
8.3 A type of sieve shaker which will handle a stack of 18-in. (45.7cm) square sieves is shown in Fig. 6. This type produces a vigorous
agitation especially suitable for handling large samples of coarse
materials such as crushed stone, gravel, etc.
8.4 Another type uses an eleetromagnetically induced high-speed shortstroke vibration with a control to vary the intensity of the sieving action.
This type is illustrated by Figs. 7 and 8.
8.5 A distinct method for obtaining particle distribution, operating on a
different principle than any of those previously described is shown in Fig.
9. This type uses an oscillating column of air developed within the stack of
sieves to effect classification of the test sample. The "lift" action of the air
column is adjustable. The unit uses 3-in. (76.2-mm) sieves and is limited to
testing small samples of not over 30 g by weight or 10 em3 by volume. Wire
cloth and electroformed type sieves can be used, with dry separations down
to 5 micron.
8.6 In using mechanical sieve shakers, it is necessary to determine the
length of sieving time best suited to the type of materials being tested, and,
for shakers with variable controls, it is necessary to determine and establish the exact setting of the controller for best results.
8.7 For routine plant control tests, 3 to 5 min is usually sufficient to give
the desired result, while for more difficult materials a sieving time of from
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14
15
16
9.
Wet Testing
17
18
10.
11.
Weighing
11.1 After completion of the agitation of the sieves, the entire nest
of sieves should be brought to the weighing station for recording of the
analysis. Weighing should always be done, in grams for most tests, on
a balance accurate to 0. I percent of the weight of the test sample. One
suitable type of balance for sieve analysis work is shown in Fig. 11.
The material retained on each sieve should be weighed separately. The
material passing through the finest sieve into the pan should also be
weighed to provide an overall check. Since the weight of each fraction
is determined to within 0.1 percent of the total sample weight, the maximum error for the test should not exceed 0.1 percent times the number
of weighings. If the sum of the weights of the material retained on the
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19
FIG. 11--Balance.
various sieves plus that in the pan does not deviate from the weight of
the original sample by more than the above tolerance, the sum of the
weights, rather than the original sample weight, can be used as 100
percent for calculation of the sieve analysis percentages. Another common practice is to assume that a deficiency of up to a maximum of
0.5 percent in the sum of the fraction weights compared to the weight
of the original sample is "dust loss" and can be added to the pan fraction. If the variation is greater than the above tolerance, the figures
should be rechecked for possible errors in weighing, calculation, blinding
of the sieve apertures, or accidental spillage loss. (In wet sieving, the
material through the finest sieve is usually lost, and this check is not
possible.)
11.2 When working with small samples and using 3-in. (76-ram)
sieves, it is often desirable to determine a tare weight for each sieve
and pan to permit determination of weights without removal of the
retained fractions. With small fractions there is great danger that loss
of material during removal from the sieve will upset the accuracy of
the test (see Table 4).
12.
Calculation
12.I The weights of the material retained on each sieve and the
weight of the original test sample are the basic data from which percenCopyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Sep 29 14:32:55 EDT 2016
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20
tages are calculated (see Paragraph 11.1). These weights are not usually
reported. The results are presented in the form of percentages of the
total test sample retained on, or passing through, each sieve.
12.2 The percentage retained on each sieve is calculated by dividing the "total weight coarser" than that sieve by the total weight of the
test sample. The total weight coarser includes the material retained on
that particular sieve plus all material on all coarser sieves. This cumulative percentage is very useful as it represents the total percentage of
the test sample coarser than the aperture of that particular sieve.
Most sieve test tabulations are set up on the basis of the percentage
of material retained on each sieve; however, it is also acceptable to set
up the specifications and report test results on the basis of the perLABORATORY REPORT OF SIEVE ANALYSIS
NAHS
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.
.
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t 84
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FIG.
12--Laboratory
'
100.0
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O N TEST S I E V I N G M E T H O D S
MANUAL
21
WITH
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29.9
! 17.1 2~.7
r l h . h ~7.I
16.2! 38.~
i io.? ~9.8
10.2 61.~
k..,aI ?z.z
.I~
I
g~.fl
98.8
i .21 .2
r g.gr 6.z
I 1=;.912~.o
1.0
99.8
20.0 I00.0
Totals
~oo.o !
/21100.C
tOO.Of
~8.~)~.i~
11oo.oi
.<
87.1
98.9
99.h
?,c (;,6.8
28.? loo.c
100.0
[,.6~ ,oo.o
:00
.l
l.g
16.8
.l
~.0
i~.0
12.0
~.o
~I.0
6%0
7~.o
28.0
I00.0
%8
00.0
REMARKS
B y . - - 7 a" Be. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FIG.
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22
D~
on
SERIES
Sample of
SLA'I~ CO.
SLATE D U S T
D~e . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1oo
I IJ!-~.
_i i i / b ~
I
i
7c
I A ~-t4~
i~ ;/i
I I~11
,o
i / i / ] IHN ~
!/ Y ! 1 Itr
i I ''+~
II / I
,o
J/
II
,~
.........
~o
,.( [I
../I/
I II111[
//I
;1;;I
4---~
I i iiiiii
i i i:;:~
9_ _
- -
:_ _ - -
. . . . . . .
t
,1
,=
20
30
=oo
20o
.___
I~2ST~eI~EE~-.
NO. 2 SCREE~
___.
so
to
~ _ , _ - 20.0 - - - -
14o
=oo
~:8-a~8---
____
2oa
i to~l~,
FIG.
Per Ce~t
'
,o
4s
en
pc, ce~t
=o
2s
1so
: 100.0i
fourth root of two on an equally spaced scale (for example, the distances
between the No. 4 and No. 8, the No. 8 and No. 16 and the 3,4 in. and
3/~ in. are all the same since the larger sieve in each case has an aperture twice that of the smaller). The scale for percentages is usually
linear but may occasionally be logarithmic. On the linear scale, equal
differences in percentage are depicted as the same distance.
13.3 Examples of the two principal types of graph used for sieve
analysis work are shown in Figs. 14 and 15. Figures 16 and 17 show
the use of interpolation percentages that would pass or be retained on
a screen opening other than the one used in the test to determine the
size opening that would pass or retain a given percentage.
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23
U. S. SIEVE SERIES
Cumulative Logarithmic Diagram of Screen Analysis on Sample of
I~%
Name
r .
DOE SLATE, CO
,JOHN
.
Dal'~
L . . . . . .
~ [ J , )I , ,],
Ii i i i i m. . . . . . . . .
~iIilHiHl!!Mfl~li~s~ttHfl~l-i
.~~"
SLATE DUST
.
'I':'''I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-t1!ltfJttl;iit~Itti~lt~,~:~tqttttllitHd~gbt~i-.-il;i,i~:iiiiill
: :::'
::11 :;:; :=.
'i L
:
...............
~ii;i":~'TEiill
i i
III..~2~Gt~
iiiiii$i44G"
I~+,;-H-H--.~
~t.
.:
~
,l~J''----~!''
"
"
' "
'
:It
--"
ep;~,~Bs
........
,.
~+-~-~n-,-
:--:~
-M!!!iii~'il
l~-~4t~H~iF~tt~,it:M~i.:-"!!!!!!iiiiii
~ ~
..................... ~ t
....
c i 2:::,4, .... i
I
,::::::::::il~iiii
[~ilF:',iHiiiiiii~iiii
i i~-4}
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -:::, : : :
'
i ~ _ _
I
;
i"'~
14
20
'
'=:
~5
i
I
I
4s
loo
40
i oo
ii
SrJle SiN
I
i
loo
leo
14o
'
Ioo
4.
~-~
FROMNII2i
! ......
=oo
'~J~
C_J~D-UNOI.eSlze
ao
I .......
.
I
i '~
"
14.
14.1 Test sieves should be kept thoroughly clean and dry. After
each sieve analysis test, the sieves should be carefully cleaned and stored
in a cabinet. For cleaning the sieves, a soft brass brush (Fig. 18) is
used for sieves coarser than No. 100 (149 /zm) and a nylon brush
(Fig. 19) for sieves finer than No. 100 (149 /zm). This is done by
brushing the underside of the wire cloth with a circular motion taking
care not to exert too much pressure against the wire cloth. The frame
of the sieve may be gently tapped with the wooden handle of the brush,
taking care not to batter the edges of the frames and pans as this will
interfere with the proper fitting together of the sieve, pan, and cover.
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olu! so^at.s aq~ dip ol s! p o q p t u ~sojes zq~ 'I!ej spoqlom anoqe zq~ JI
"aAO.ISoql Jo ,~oeanooe oq~ ,~oa~sop pue
q~oIo oJI~ oq~ ti t OAe0A~ oq~ U0SOOI II!ta l! ' o s I v "s~u!uodo oql o~aelUa
pu~ o~!~ oql Jo ao~otueip oq~ oonpoa iiita p!oe oq~ se 'SOA0XS ~U!Ue010 aoj
popuotutuoooa lou oae suo!lnlos p[oe lSOlA[ "uoIPe ~u!ueolO aql u[ p!~ ol
ao~,e~ oql u.[ o[!q~a poqsnaq s
oq ueo OAO.tSoql Jo op!saopun o q z
9SOlOilaed qsotl1-Jeou oql oAolalo.i ol uo!lnlos zo~e~ pug deos tua~A e ul
SOAO!S oq~ q s g ~ O1 keSSOOOU 0q g e m ~! glleUO!SeooO--Sulvsv M E'*,I
9oIpoou ao ~Io!d e qllm s ~ m u o d o
oql ]o 1no pooaoj oq SOlOi~aed poppoqulo plnoqs soouelstun3j!o ou Jopttfl
"~Pl aVI u! pa~n a~ovl uoql aaVlo sgu!uado uo pattlvlaa aq
.to sgvd PlnOat lottl 98olua91ad aUlUl.talgp o1 UOlJOlod.lalu! [o oldutox~t--9I " D E I
,
O.~i,
'.~,~
"
.. 3L_ ~ I1" . . . . .
.
~n
oe
n~
o~
o~
o~
ot
t.
9 t
,T-
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8
9
........
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....... 1
.......
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!!!iii
iiilll
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illill
i
i
i
i
r ~
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'
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r
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I I
/
mill
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iiiiii i
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,"
EIIIII i
HI+tJ I
I}ll~ l I
..
.~
iiiiii i"
iiiii iA
IlllLii
i iii2;i i
llIll
II
luHl!
........................
~le(i
"JO a l d u s e S
L ~ f l ( I ,q~&-VvI~
uo s!sAleu v
~t111|$ IAZl$
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9NIA=IIS
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"$ "n
153331 N O
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lr6
25
U. S. SIEVE SERIES
Cumulative
Name
Direct
Diagram
of Screen
Analysis
on
Sample
Pit e+mt
I.ehe+
Hesh
me +,
too.
SLATE DUST
of
Date
Pc, ce~t
samplt
we,+ms
l
t
4
S
4
6
~ _ _
l
J
10
12
9s
30
s+mol+
w+++~ts
P+, C+.t
t
I
:.m.+It~
We+lhtJ
t
!
-3
......
200
+oo
~;.2
12 ~ . 6
+ ~..+_.__~
200
200
a 5 percent solution of boiling acetic acid and, after brushing the particles from the openings, wash the sieves thoroughly in water to remove
all traces of the acid.
14.3 New Sieves New sieves should be cleaned with benzol or
other suitable solvent to remove any grease or oil before making the
tests. Alcohol is not recommended because it will attack the protective coating of lacquer usually used on the sieve frames.
14.4 Ultrasonic cleaners are available and are very useful for cleaning sieves. Here the sieves are immersed in a detergent solution in the
ultrasonic cleaner, which does a remarkable job of cleaning the openCopyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Sep 29 14:32:55 EDT 2016
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26
15.
Miscellaneous Suggestions
27
STP447B-EB/Dec. 1985
28
APPENDIX
T A B L E I--U.S. standard sieve series (ASTM Desiglmtion Ella).
Sieve Designation
Standardb
Alternative
Nominal
Sieve
Opening.
ins
Nominal
Wire
Diameter.
mma
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
125 m m
106 m m
100 m m a
90 m m
75 m m
63 m m
53 m m
50 m m d
45 m m
37.5 m m
31.5 m m
26.5 m m
25.0 ram,/
22.4 m m
19.0 m m
16.0 m m
13.2 m m
12.5 m m d
11.2 m m
9.5 m m
8.0 m m
6.7 m m
6.3 m m a
5.6 m m
4.75 m m
4.00 m m
3.35 m m
2.80 m m
2.36 m m
2.00 m m
1.70 m m
1.40 m m
1.18 m m
1.00 m m
850 ,um/
710 /zm
600 u m
500 #m
425 #m
355 t~m
300 ~tm
250 ~m
212 #m
180 #m
150 t~m
125 #m
5 in.
4.24 in.
4 in.,/
31/2 in.
3 in.
21/., in.
2.12 in.
2 in.,/
13/~ in.
11/2 in.
11/4 in.
1.06 in.
1 in.,/
7/s in.
:3/4 in.
% in.
0.530 in.
1/2 in.,/
7/16 in.
3/s in.
5/,; in.
0.265 in.
z/l in.,/
No. 31/2 e
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
No. 10
No. 12
No. 14
No. 16
No. 18
No. 20
No. 25
No. 30
No. 35
No. 40
No. 45
No. 50
No. 60
No. 70
No. 80
No. 100
No. 120
5
4.24
4
3.5
3
2.5
2.12
2
1.75
1.5
1.25
1.06
1
0.875
0.750
0.625
0.530
0.500
0.438
0.375
0.312
0.265
0.250
0.223
0.187
0.157
0.132
0.111
0.0937
0.0787
0.0661
0.0555
0.0469
0.0394
0.0331
0.0278
0.0234
0.0197
0.0165
0.0139
0.0117
0.0098
0.0083
0.0070
0.0059
0.0049
8.0
6.40
6.30
6.08
5.80
5.50
5.15
5.05
4.85
4.59
4.23
3.90
3.80
3.50
3.30
3.00
2.75
2.67
2.45
2.27
2.07
1.87
1.82
1.68
1.54
1.37
1.23
1.10
1.00
0.900
0.810
0.725
0.650
0.580
0.510
0.450
0.390
0.340
0.290
0.247
0.215
0. 180
0.152
0.13 I
0.110
0.091
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Copyright9
by ASTM International
www.astm.org
29
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
140
170
200
230
270
325
400
0.0041
0.0035
0.0029
0.0025
0.0021
0.0017
0.0015
0.076
0.064
0.053
0.044
0.037
0.030
0.025
" For complete specifications including permissible variations from nominal apertures and
wire diameters and method of checking and calibrating, see the most recent ASTM Designation E 11 (Vol. 14.02), issued by American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St.,
Philadelphia, Pa 19103.
b These standard designations correspond to the values for test sieve apertures
recommended by the International Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
c Only approximately equivalent to the metric values in column 1.
a These sieves are not in the standard series but they have been included because they are in common usage.
e These numbers (31/2 to 400) are the approximate number of openings per
linear inch but it is preferred that the sieve be identified by the standard designation in millimeters or t*m.
! 1000 ~m = 1 mm.
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30
Centers
Plate Thickness
Standard
mm
Alternative
in. d
Standard
mm
5
4Ua
4
3t/.,
3
160
135
128
111
95
6l/4
51/~
5
4a/S
3a/4
63
53
50!
45
37.5
2U2
2l/s
2
80
68
64
57
48
31.5
26.5
25.0I
22.4
19.0
11/~
11/1~
I
Zl~
Alternative
in.d
gage e
6
3.4
3.4
3.4
2.7
2.7
0.1345
0.1345
0.1345
0.1046
0.1046
10
10
10
12
12
31/~
25/~
21/'~
21/4
17/a
2.7
2.7
2.7
1.9
1.9
0.1046
0.1046
0.1046
0.0747
0.0747
12
12
12
14
14
:~14
41
35
32
29
25
15/s
15lag
la/4
l~/~
t
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
0.0747
0.0747
0.0747
0.0747
0.0747
14
14
14
14
I4
16.0
13.2
12.5/
11.2
9.5
5/s
iT/x,
i/2
7/1~
3/~
21
18
17
15
13.0
13/16
3/4
11/11~
5/s
1/.,
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
0.0747
0.0747
0.0747
0.0747
0.0747
14
14
14
14
14
8.0
6.7
6.3/
5.6
4.75
5/1i;
17/(s4
1/4
7/:52
:~/it~
11.0
9.9
9.5
8.7
6.8
7/1~
25/64
3/s
ll/32
I/1
1.9
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.0747
0.0598
0.0598
0.0598
0.0598
14
16
16
16
16
4.00
3.35
2.80
2.36
2.00
5/:r,
0.127(1/s)
7/64
7/:~2
:l/l~s
11/~4
0.078
5.9
4.9
4.4
3.8
3.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.0598
0.0598
0.0598
0.0598
0.0598
16
16
16
16
16
0.066
0.055
0.045
0.039
2.9
2.6
2.2
2.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.0299
0.0299
0.0299
0.0299
22
22
22
22
125
106
100[
90
75
1.70
1.40
1.18
1.00
1:3/4
11/2
:~1:32
:,1:~
t/~
7/~4
0.100
0.090
0.077
" For complete specifications, including permissible variations from normal apertures, plate thicknesses and other characteristics, and for method of checking, see the
most recent ASTM Designation E 323 (Vol. 14.02) issued by American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia. Pa. 19103.
b The values shown in this table refer to both r o u n d and square apertures. In
general, square-aperture perforated-sieve plates are available only in 3.35 m m
and larger.
c These standard designations, progressing from a base of I m m in the ratio o f
approximately N g ' ~ t o 1, correspond to the values for test sieve apertures recomm e n d e d by the International Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
d Only approximately equivalent to the standard values.
Copyright by ASTM
(all rights
Thu Sep
EDT 2016 steel. F o r other materials, the gage used
e Int'l
The
gagereserved);
values
are29 14:32:55
for carbon
Downloaded/printed by
should
be
the
nearest
decimal
equivalent
of the U.S. standard gage for steel.
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I These sieves are not in the standard series but they have been included because they are in c o m m o n usage.
31
Table 1
Principal
sizes
(R 20/3)
Supplementary
sizes
(R 20)
Principal
sizes
(R 20/3)
Supplementary
sizes
(R 40/3)
mm
mm
mE
mE
125
90.0
63.0
45.0
31.5
22.4
16.0
11.2
8.00
5.60
4.00
2.80
2.00
1.40
1.00
125
112
100
90.0
80.0
71.0
63.0
56.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.5
31.5
28.0
25.0
22.4
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.5
11.2
10.0
9.00
8.00
7.10
6.30
5.60
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.55
3.15
2.80
2.50
2.24
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.25
1.12
1.00
125
125
106
90.0
90.0
75.0
63.0
63.0
53.0
45.0
45.0
37.5
31.5
31.5
26.5
22.4
22.4
19.0
16.0
16.0
13.2
11.2
11.2
9.50
8.00
8.00
6.70
5.60
5.60
4.75
4.00
4.00
3.35
2.80
2.80
2.36
2.00
2.00
1.70
1.40
1.40
1.18
1.00
1.00
NOTE--The proposed nominal sizes of apertures are taken from the series R 20 and
R 40/3 of preferred numbers given in ISO/R 3. Sizes below 40 ~m are based on series R'20
(Table 1) and R'40/3 (Table 2) given in ISO/R 497.
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Allbysizes below 45 ~m are regarded as supplementary sizes, regardless of series.
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32
Table 2
Principal
sizes
(R 20/3)
Supplementary
sizes
(R 20)
Principal
sizes
(R 20/3)
Supplementary
sizes
(R 40/3)
#m
zm
#m
tLm
710
500
355
250
180
125
90
63
45
900
800
710
630
560
500
450
400
355
315
28O
250
224
200
180
160
140
125
112
100
90
80
71
63
56
50
45
40
36
32
28
25
22
2O
850
710
710
600
500
500
425
355
355
300
250
250
212
180
180
150
125
125
106
90
90
75
63
63
53
45
45
38
32
26
22
All sizes listed in R20/3 and R40/3 are included in ASTM E-11 and E-323.
Some foreign countries may use sizes listed in R/20. These are not all compatible with
E-11 or E-323.
33
34
Permissible Variation
of Sieve
Openings, #m
150
125
106
90
75
63
53
45
38
32
27
22
15
I0
5
147 to 153
122 to 128
104 to 108
88 to 92
73 to 77
61 to 65
51 to 55
43 to 47
36 to 40
30 to 34
25 to 29
20 to 24
13 to 17
9 to 11
4 to 6
90
110
135
160
190
225
240
260
285
380
450
450
450
450
450
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
120
145
175
210
245
290
320
350
400
500
550
550a
700,/
800,/
1000d
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35
Standard
Alternate
1
25.0 mm
22.4
19.0
16.0
12.5
11.2
9.5
8.0
6.3
5.6
4.0
2.80
2.0
1.40
1.0
710 #m
500
355
250
180
125
90
63
45
38
2
1 in.
7/.q
:~/4
'~/s
U"
7/1~
:~/s
'~/~
l/~
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
3 t/._,
5
7
I0
14
18
25
35
45
60
80
120
170
230
325
400
4
900 cmZ
800
700
500
400
400
300
250
200
200
150
120
100
80
70
60
50
40
35
30
25
20
17
15
12
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Material
Average Weight
Lbs/Ft 3
G/Cm 3
Alumina
44
Aluminum,
calcined
128
Aluminum oxide
122
Aluminum shot
96
Ammonium nitrate
48
Ammonium
sulphate
61
Asbestos ore
54
Bagasse
6
Bauxite ore
75 to 85
Bentonite
50 to 65
Bicarbonate of
soda
57
Borax
50 to 61
Boric acid
58
Calcite
90 to 105
Calcium carbide
75
Calcium
carbonate
49
Calcium chloride
64
Calcium
phosphate
57
Carbon black
24
Cellulose powder
16
Cement,
portland
90 to 100
Cement clinker
75 to 80
Chrome ore
140
Clay
30 to 75
Coal, anthracite
55
Coal, bituminous
50
Coke breeze
25 to 35
Coke, petroleum
25 to 40
Copper ore
100 to 150
Coquina shell
80
Corn starch
40
Diatomaceous
earth
31
L~icalcium
phosphate
64
Dolomite,
crushed
90 to 100
Feldspar, crushed 6 5 t o 8 4
Ferrophosphorous
196
Fire clay
80
Flour, wheat
24
Flour, maize
37
Fluorspar
90 to 120
Fly ash
49
Fullers earth
30 to 40
1.23
2.05
1.96
1.54
0.77
0.98
0.87
0.09
1.20 to 1.36
0.80 to 1.04
0.91
0.80 to 0.98
0.93
1.44 to 1.68
1.20
0.79
1.03
0.91
0.33
0.26
1.44 to 1.60
1.20 to 1.28
2.25
0.48 to 1.20
0.88
0.88
0.40 to 0.56
0.40 to 0.64
1.60 to 2.40
1.28
0.64
0.5,
1.03
1.44 to 1.60
1.04 to 1.35
3.1 t
1.28
0.38
0.59
1.44 to 1.9-'2
0.79
0.48 to 0.6 i
Material
Average Weight
Lbs/Ft 3
G/Cm 3
Garnet
168
2.69
Glass beads
76
1.22
Glass, crushed
66
1.06
Glass cullet
93
1 A9
Granite, crushed
95 tol00 1.52 to 1.60
Gravel
90to 100 1.44 to 1.60
Gypsum, calcined
58
0.93
Gypsum, crushed 90 to 100 1.44 to 1.60
Irone ore
120 to 150 1.92 to 2.40
Kaolin
160
2.56
Kyanite
68
1.09
Lime, ground
60
0.96
Lime, hydrated
25
0A0
Limestone,
crushed
85 to I00 1.36 to 1.60
Limestone,
agricultural
70
1.12
Magnesite
106
1.70
Magnetite
155
2.49
Manganese ore
120 to I36 1.92 to 2.18
Marble, crushed
90 to 95 1.44 to 1.52
Metals, powdered
Aluminum
80
1.28
Copper
169
2.71
Copper-lead
364
5.84
Iron
243
3.90
Nickel
263
4.22
Stainless steel
240
3.85
Tantalum
300
4.80
Mica
42
0.67
Ore, sintered
114
1.83
Oyster shells,
ground
29
0.47
Perlite ore
65 to 75 1.04 to 1.20
Piaster, calcined
64
1.03
Polyethylene
pellets
36
0.58
Polyethylene
powder
18
0.29
Poly (vinyl chloride)
30
0.48
Potash
77
1.23
Potassium
carbonate
79
1.27
Pumice
40
0.64
I~ubber, chopped
36
0.58
]2ubber, ground
20
0.32
Phosphate rock
75 to 85 1.20 to 1.36
Salt, flake
61
0.98
Salt, rock
65
1.06
Salt. table
75
1.20
Sand
90 to 100 1.44 to 1.60
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37
Average Weight
Lbs/Ft 3
G/Cm a
Sand, silica
90 to 100 1.44 to 1.60
Sawdust
18
0.29
Seacoal
42
0.67
Shale
100
1.60
Shot, metal
230
3.69
Silica flour
27
0.43
Silica gel
45
0.72
Soapstone,
pulverized
40
0.64
Soda ash, light
25 to 35 0.40 to 0.56
Soda ash, heavy
55 to 65 0.88 to 1.04
Soda, bicarbonate
57
0.91
Sodium nitrate
78
1.25
Sodium phosphate
43
0.69
Sodium sulfate
96
1.54
Steel grit
228
3.66
Stone, crushed
85 to 95 1.36 to 1.52
Material
Average Weight
Lbs/Ft a
G/Cm a
50
0.80
Sugar, granulated
37
0.59
Sugar, powdered
50 to 65 0.80 to 1.04
Sulphur, crushed
34
0.55
Talc, powder
44
0.71
Talc, granular
Traprock,
105 to 110 1.68 to 1.76
crushed
Triple superphos64
t .03
phate, granular
550
8.82
Tungsten carbide
43
0.69
Urea prills
80
1.28
Vermiculite ore
13
0.21
Wood chips
144
2.31
Zinc dust
200
3.22
Zirconium oxide
162
2.60
Zirconium sand
Material
ASTM
Designation
Title of Standard
Sieve.No.
or Size
Range
Activated
200
Carbon . . . . . . . . D 2862 Particle Size Distribution of Granular Activated Carbon (Vol. 15.01)
200
Aggregates . . . . . C 117 Test for Materials Finer Than No.
200 Sieve in Mineral Aggregates
by Washing" (Vols. 4.02, 4.03)
C 125 Definitions of Terms Relating to
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates (Vols. 4.02, 4.03)
C 136 Test for Sieve Analysis of Fine 3~z in.-200
and Coarse Aggregates ~ (Vols.
4.02, 4.03)
C 142 Test for Clay Lumps and Friable 11/4 in.-20
Particles in Aggregates (Vols.
4.02, 4.03)
4-200
C 144 Specification for A g g r e g a t e for
Masonry Mortar (Vols. 4.02, 4.05)
l in.-100
C 330 Specifications for Lightweight
Aggregates for Structural Concrete (Vol. 4.02)
C 331 Specifications for Lightweight :~/4in.-100
Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units (Vols. 4.02, 4.05)
Dry Wet
X
X
X
X
X
X
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38
Material
ASTM
Designation
Title of Standard
Sieve No.
or Size
Range
Dry Wet
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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39
Material
Glass . . . . . . . . . . .
Lime . . . . . . . . . . .
Magnesium
Oxide . . . . . . . . .
Metal bearing
ores . . . . . . . . . .
ASTM
Designation
C 429
20-325
20-200
20-200
4-200
80-325
6-100
12-200
E 276
D 452
D 546
Perlite . . . . . . . . . .
C 549
Pigments and
paint . . . . . . . . . .
D 185
Plastic . . . . . . . . . .
Dry W e t
8-200
E 389
~ineral .........
Title of S t a n d a r d
Sieve No.
or Size
Range
X
16-100
325
100-325
325
X
X
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40
Material
ASTM
Designation
Refractories . . . . C 92
Refuse Derived
Fuel . . . . . . . . . .
E 828
Resins . . . . . . . . . .
D 1457
D 1705
D 2187
Sand . . . . . . . . . . .
C 778
Soap . . . . . . . . . . . .
D 502
Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D 421
D 422
D 1140
D 2217
D 2419
D 2487
Vermiculite . . . . . C 516
Title of Standard
Sieve No.
or Size
Range
Dry Wet
Tests for Sieve Analysis and Wat e r Content of Refractory Materials (Vol. 15.01)
3-200
4-325
18-325
325
8-100
16-100
12-100
4-40
3 in.-200
40-200
10-40
4-200
4-200
:~4-100
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41
particulate materials.
Material
ASTM
Designation
Aggregates . . . . . . . D 75
Asbestos fiber . . . . D 2590
Bituminous
materials . . . . . . . D 140
D 979
Calcium chloride ..D 345
Carbon black . . . . . D 1799
D 1900
Cement . . . . . . . . . .
C 183
D 197
D 2013
D 2234
Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . D 346
Electrical
insulating
materials . . . . . . . D 2755
Lime and
limestone . . . . . . . C 50
Metal powders . . . . B 215
Plastics . . . . . . . . . .
D 1898
Title of Standard
Practice for Sampling Aggregates (Vols. 4.02, 4.03,
4.O8)
Method of Sampling Asbestos Fiber for Testing (Vols.
4.05, 7.02, 8.02)
Methods of Sampling Bituminous Materials (Vols. 4.03,
4.08)
Methods of Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures
(Vols. 4.03, 4.08)
Methods of Sampling and Testing Calcium Chloride for
Roads and Structural Applications (Vols. 4.02, 4.03,
4.O8)
Method for Sampling Bulk Shipments of Carbon Black
(Vol. 5.02)
Method for Sampling Bulk Shipments of Carbon Black
(Vol. 9.01)
Methods of Sampling and Acceptance of Hydraulic Cement (Vols. 4.01, 4.03)
Method of Sampling Ceramic Whiteware Clays (Vol.
15.02)
Method of Sampling and Fineness Test of Pulverized
Coal (Vol. 5.05)
Method of Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis (Vol.
5.O5)
Methods for Sampling of Coal (Vol. 5.05)
Method of Sampling Coke for Analysis (Vol. 5.05)
Method of Sampling and Reduction to Test Weight of
Electrical Grade Magnesium Oxide (Vol. 10.02)
Methods of Sampling, Inspection, Packing, and Marking of Lime and Limestone Products (Vols. 4.01, 4.03)
Methods of Sampling Finished Lots of metal Powders
(Vol. 2.05)
Recommended Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Vol.
8.02)
Methods for Sampling and Chemical Analysis of Soap
and Soap Products (Vol. 15.04)
Recommended Practice for Probability Sampling of
Materials (Vols. 4.03, 7.01, 14.02)
Recommended Practice for Choice of Sample Size to
Estimate the Average Quality of a Lot or Process (Vol.
14.02)
Recommended Practice for Acceptance of Evidence
Based on the Results of Probability Sampling (Vol.
14.02)
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42
Nomenclature
General Terms
Agglomerate
Aperture
Bailing
Bulk density
Disperse
Effective opening
Flocculate
Near-mesh or
near-size
Open area
Particle size
Particulate
Representative
sample
Screen
Screening
Sieve
Test Sieves
Certified sieve
Cover (lid)
Matched sieve
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Nesting pan
Pan (receiver)
Sieve cloth series
Sieve frame
Sieve scale
Skirt
Standard sieve
43
Test Sieving
Cumulative oversize
distribution graph A graph obtained by plotting the total percentages
by weight retained on each of a set of sieves of
descending aperture size against the corresponding
aperture sizes.
Cumulative undersize
distribution graph A graph obtained by plotting the total percentages
by weight passing each of a set of sieves of descending aperture size against the corresponding
aperture sizes.
Dry sieving
Sieving without the aid of a liquid.
End point
The stopping point in a sieve test at which further
sieving fails to pass an amount sufficient to change
the result.
Gross sample
A representative sample taken from a large volume
of material that is too large to use in a test sieve.
Laboratory sample See test sample.
Sieve analysis
The results of a sieve test showing the percentages
of sample retained on (or passing) each sieve used
in the test.
Size analysis
The results of dividing a sample into fractions of
defined limits. (See also sieve analysis.)
Size distribution
graph
A graphical representation of the results of a sieve
analysis test.
Size range
The limits between the smallest and the largest
particle in a sample.
Test sample
A representative sample that is small enough to use
directly in a test sieve or series of sieves.
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Test sieving
Wet sieving
Production Screening
Feed
Oversize
Oversize in
undersize
Point of
separation
Screen efficiency
Undersize (fines)
Undersize in
oversize
Plain weave
Rectangular mesh
Shoot wires
Space cloth
Square mesh
Twilled weave
Wire cloth woven with approximately equal corrugations in both warp and shoot to lock the wires
in position.
(a) The number of apertures per unit of length;
(b) in countries using English measure, the number
of openings, and fraction thereof, per linear inch
counting from the center of a wire.
Wire cloth in which each warp wire and each shoot
wire passes over one and under the next adjacent
wire in both directions.
Mesh with unequal aperture widths in warp and
shoot direction.
The wires running crosswise of the cloth as woven
(also called "shute wires").
Wire cloth which is designated by the clear opening
between the wires instead of by the mesh.
Mesh with equal aperture widths in warp and shoot
direction.
Wire cloth in which each shoot wire passes successively over two and under two warp wires and each
warp wire passes successively over two and under
two shoot wires.
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Warp wires
45
Weft wires
Perforated Plate
Bridge width
Hole size
Margin
Perforated plate
Pitch
Electroformed Sieves
Electroformed
mesh
Micromesh
Nominal size
Sieve sheet
Supporting grid
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46
References
Allen, T., Particle Size Measurement, Chapman and Hall, London, 1968.
Orr, C., Jr., Particulate Technology, Macmillan, New York, 1966.
Cadle, R. D., Particle Size, Reinhold, New York, 1965.
Irani, R. R. and Callis, C. F., Particle Size: Measurement, Interpretation and
Application, Wiley, New York, 1963.
Herdan, G., Small Particle Statistics, 2nd ed., Academic, New York, 1960.
Batel, W., Einfuhrung in die Korngrossenmesstechnik, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
1960.
Orr, C., Jr., and Dalla Valle, J. M., Fine Particles Measurement: Size Surface and
Pore Volume, Macmillan, New York, 1959.
Rose, H. E., Measurement of Particle Size in Very Fine Powders, Chemical, New
York, 1954.
Dalla Valle, J. M., Micrometritics, The Technology of Fine Particles, 2nd ed., Pitman, New York, 1948.
"Particle Size Analysis," Analytical Chemistry, Society of Analytical Chemistry,
London, 1967.
"Powders in Industry," SCI Monograph 14, 1961 Society of Chemical Industry,
London.
Particle Size Measurement. A S T M STP 234, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1959.
"The Physics of Particle Size Analysis," British Journal of Applied Physics, Supplement No. 3, Institute of Physics, London, 1954.
"Particle Size Analysis," Supplement to Transactions, Institute of Chemical Engineers, London, Vol. 25, 1947.
New Methods for Particle Size Determination in the Subsieve Range, A S T M STP
51, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1941.
Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes, ASTM Standard E-11
(Vol. 14.02), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1981.
Specification for Precision Electroformed Sieves, ASTM Standard E-161 (Vol.
14.02), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1977.
Specification for Perforated-Plate Sieves for Testing Purposes, ASTM Standard E323 (Vol. 14.02), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,
1980.
Specification for Industrial Wire Cloth and Screens r
Opening Series),
ASTM Standard E-437 (Vol. 14.02), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1980.
Specification for Industrial Perforated Plate and Screens (Square Opening Series),
ASTM Standard E-454 (Vol. 14.02), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1980.
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