5000 Question Hindi - WWW - Qmaths.in PDF

lkekU; v;;u
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iz'u
osx dSlh jkf'k gS\
lafo/ku ds izk:i ij vafre okpu dc lekIr gqvk\
dkSu&lk rRo lcls T;knk lf; gksrk gS\
fdl LFkku ij cq us ikap laU;kfl;ksa ds lkFk la?k dh LFkkiuk dh\
^mek dh riL;k*] ^f'ko ikoZrh*] ^clar izek.k*&fdl fp=kdkj dh mR"V fr;ka
gSa\
lkSjeaMy dh [kkst fdlus dh\
Hkkjr esa fufeZr igyk mixzg iz{ksi.k okgu dkSu&lk Fkk\
jk"Vh; tula[;k vk;ksx fdl ea=kky; ds v/khu gS\
ozt;ku ckS /keZ esa cq@cksf/lRo dh lafxuh dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
^cuh&Buh* fdl fp=k 'kSyh ls lEcfU/r Fkh\
80 ls vf/d dksf'kdkvksa esa ik;k tkus okyk inkFkZ dkSu&lk gS\
lafo/ku lHkk }kjk dc lafo/ku dks ikfjr dj fn;k x;k\
U;wuV dh xfr dk izFke fu;e D;k dgykrk gS\
dfyax ;q dk o.kZu v'kksd ds fdl f'kykys[k esa gS\
fo'o izfl isafVax êksukfylk* fdldh fr gS\
lkSjeaMy dk lcls mQpk ioZr ^fuDl vksyafi;k* fdl xzg ij fLFkr gS\
êksukfylk* uked fp=k dh jpuk fdlus dh\
f'k'kq e`R;q&nj esa fdrus o"kZ dh vk;q ds iwoZ e`r f'k'kq dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk
gS\
cktkj ds fujh{kd dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
^fefFkyk isafVax* fdl jkT; dh izfl fp=kdyk 'kSyh gS\
dkSu&lk rRo lcls de lf; gksrk gS\
lafo/ku lHkk ds izk:i lfefr esa dqy fdrus lnL; Fks\
lcls NksVk dksf'kdh; vax dkSu&lk gS\
vykmhu f[kyth us fdls nhoku&,&fj;klr fu;qDr fd;k Fkk\
csxe v[rj xk;u dh fdl fo/k ls lac gSa\
,d izdk'k o"kZ fdruh nwjh ds cjkcj gksrk gS\
vksyfEid e'kky fdl inkFkZ ls izTofyr dh tkrh gS\
Hkkjr esa ftyksa dh dqy la[;k fdruh gS\
lYrurdkyhu lqYrkuksa ds 'kklu dky esa fdlds 'kklu dky esa lokZf/d nkl
Fks\
ekbZd ik.Ms; fdl {ks=k ls lac gSa\
mkj
lfn'k jkf'k]
26 uoEcj] 1949 dks]
iksVSf'k;e]
lkjukFk]
uanyky cksl dh]
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()
dkWijfudl us]
,l-,y-oh-&3]
LokLF; ea=kky;]
rkjk]
fd'kux<+ 'kSyh]
ty]
26 uoEcj] 1949 dks]
tM+Ro dk fu;e]
rsjgosa f'kykys[k esa]
fy;ksuknksZ n foalh dh]
eaxy ij]
fy;ksuknksZ n foalh us]
,d o"kZ ds iwoZ]
'kguk&,&eaMh]
fcgkj dh
lhlk]
lkr]
jkbckslkse]
efyd ;kdwc dks]
xty xkf;dh ls]
9.461012 fdeh]
lw;Z fdj.k ls]
640]
fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd]
oU; tho ij fiQYe fuekZ.

k ls]
General Studies
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iz'u
inkFkZ ds laosx vkSj osx ds vuqikr ls dkSu&lh HkkSfrd jkf'k izkIr gksrh gS\
lafo/ku lHkk ds >aMk lfefr ds dkSu v/;{k Fks\
yksgk ,oa xa/d dk feJ.k dkSu&lk feJ.k gS\
vkSjaxtsc us f'kokth ds fo# fdls nDdu dk lwcsnkj cukdj Hkstk Fkk\
;gwnh esuqghu fdl ok| ;a=k ds izeq[k oknd Fks\
lw;Z ds vis{kkr BaMs Hkkx] ftldk rkieku 1500C gksrk gS] D;k dgykrk gS\
fo'o esa loZizFke fdl vax dk izR;kjksi.k laHko gqvk\
tux.kuk dh rtZ ij e`R;q x.kuk okyk igyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
fdl eqxy ckn'kkg us olh;r fy[kdj vius iq=kksa dks ;g funsZ'k fn;k Fkk fd os
vln [kk dks cthj cuk,\
fVuh g~;wLVu fdl {ks=k ls lac Fks\
fdldk xq.klw=k larku esa fyax fu/kZj.k ds fy, mkjnk;h gS\
fdl vuqPNsn ds rgr fof/ ds le{k lekurk of.kZr gS\
f'kokth ds eaf=keaMy dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
f'kokth us fdl Hkk"kk dks jktHkk"kk cuk;k\
^rj.ksrj esyk* fdl jkT; dk izfl esyk gS\
panzek ij xq#Rokd"kZ.k dk eku i`Foh ij ds xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds ek=kk dk fdruk
gS\
dkSu Hkkjr dk vafre ok;ljk; Fkk\
Hkkjr dh dkSu&lh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa [kknh ,oa xzkeh.k m|ksx vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk
dh x;h Fkh\
^vk;Z lekt* dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
^{kekok.kh* fdl /eZ ls laca R;ksgkj gS\
'kwU; esa Lora=k :i ls fxjus okyh oLrqvksa dk Roj.k D;k gksrk gS\
fdl vuqPNsn esa yksd fu;kstu ds fo"k; esa volj dh lerk iznku dh xbZ
gS\
fdl fof/ }kjk feJ.k esa mifLFkr ?kVdksa dk i`FkDdj.k fd;k tkrk gS\
fdlus ^vk;Z lekt* dh LFkkiuk dh\
ûojkst* fdu yksxksa dk uo o"kZ fnol gS\
lkSjeaMy dk lcls NksVk mixzg dkSu&lk gS\
jksfg.kh Js.kh ds izFke mixzg dk iz{ksi.k fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
r`rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk dky D;k Fkk\
fdlus dgk ^^fons'kh jkt pkgs fdruk vPNk D;ksa u gks] Lons'kh jkt dh rqyuk
esa dHkh vPNk ugha gks ldrk\**
^mxknh mRlo* fdl jkT; esa euk;k tkrk gS\
mkj
nzO;eku]
ts- ch- iykuh]
vlekax feJ.k]
'kkbLrk [kk dks]
ok;fyu ds]
lkSj dyad]
n; dk]
dukZVd]
vkSjaxtsc us]
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()
ikWi xkf;dh ls
iq#"k dk]
vuq-14]
v"Viz/ku]
ejkBh dks]
xqtjkr dk]
1/6]
ykWMZ ekmaVcsVu]
f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa]
1875 bZ-
esa]
tSu /eZ ls]
leku]
vuq-16]
fLVyu fof/ }kjk]

Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh us]
ikjfl;ksa dk]
Mheksl]
1980 bZ- esa]
1961&1966 bZ- dks]
n;kuan ljLorh us]
dukZVd esa
General Studies
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iz'u
ksekslkse dh lajpuk esa dkSu&dkSu Hkkx ysrs gSa\
vuqPNsn 17 fdl fo"k; ls lacaf/r gS\
,d fdxzk Hkkj ds cjkcj fdruk U;wVu gksrk gS\
mkjoSfnd dky ds e`nHkkaMksa esa fdl izdkj ds e`nHkkaM loksZifj oSf'k"V~; lwpd
gS\
êqDrs'oj eafnj* dgk fLFkr gS\
i`Foh dk Hkwe;js[kh; O;kl fdruk gS\
êsMksuk* fdldh fp=kfr gS\
Hkkjr dh fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa jk"Vh; vk; dh o`f nj U;wure jgh\
Xosn esa fdl vijk/ dk lcls vf/d mYys[k fd;k x;k gS\
^lkbysaV oSyh* fdl jkT; esa gS\
tc nks bysDVkWu ,d gh d{k esa esa gksrs gSa] rks muesa D;k ik;k tkrk gS\
fdl vuqPNsn esa izsl dh Lora=krk of.kZr gS\
gStk (Cholera) ds thok.kq dh [kkst fdlus dh\
vk;ks dk eq[; O;olk; dkSu&lk Fkk\
^pSR;* fdl /eZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa dk iwtk LFky gS\
i`Foh dk /qzoh; O;kl fdruk gS\
efgykvksa dh vksyfEid esa Hkkxhnkjh lcls igys fdl o"kZ gqbZ\
;kstukodk'k ds dkj.k dkSu&lh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk nsj ls izkjaHk gqbZ\
iqydsf'ku f}rh; us g"kZo/Zu dks ijkftr dj dkSu&lh mikf/ /kj.k dh\
ckSksa dk ^rkacks eB* fdl jkT; esa gSa\
fdlds vHkko esa ciQZ ij pyuk dfBu gksrk gS\
fdl jk"Vifr dh e`R;q loZizFke vius dk;Zdky esa gks xbZ Fkh\
fdudk lkekU; uke Û;wfDyvkWu* gSa\
fdlus ^lR;kJ;* vkSj ^Jhi`Foh oYyHk* mikf/;k /kj.k dh\
fdlus fy[kk&^^fut Hkk"kk mUufr vgS] lc mUufr dks ewy**\
i`Foh dh fdl ijr dk fuekZ.k flfydk ,oa ,Y;qehfu;e ls gqvk gS\
ekuo 'kjhj dk lcls O;Lr vax dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjrh; fu;kZr dh rhoz izlkj.k esa lg;ksx nsus okyk ,d eq[; dkjd D;k gS\
cknkeh ;k okrkih ds pkyqD; oa'k dk lokZf/d egku jktk dkSu Fkk\
^^vcykS u'kkuh vc u ulSgks** in rqylhnkl dh fdl fr esa feyrh gS\
mkj
DNA ,oa
izksVhu]
vLi`';rk dk var]
9.8 U;wVu]
fpf=kr /wlj e`nHkkaM]
Hkqous'oj esa]
12,756 fdeh-]
jkiQsy (bVyh) dh]
r`rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa]
i'kqvksa dh pksjh]
dsjy esa]
foijhr p.k]
vuqPNsn 19 (1)]
jkWcVZ dksp us]
f"k]
ckS /eZ ds]
12,714 fdeh-]
1900 bZ- esa]
prqFkZ iapo"khZ; ;kstuk]
ijes'oj dh]
fgekpy izns'k esa
?k"kZ.k ds]
MkW- tkfdj gqlSu dh]
izksVkWu vkSj U;wVkWu dk]
iqydsf'ku f}rh; us]
HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz us]
Hkw&iiZVh (Crust)]
n;]
fu;kZr dk fofo/hdj.k]
iqydsf'ku f}rh;]
fou; if=kdk esa]
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()
General Studies
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iz'u
jscht dk Vhdk fdlus cuk;k\
lcls de mez esa jk"Vifr in dks lq'kksfHkr djusokys O;fDr dkSu Fks\
1665 bZ- esa îqjanj dh laf/* fduds e; gqbZ\
mkj
yqbZ ik'pj us]
uhye latho jsM~Mh]
t;flag vkSj f'kokth ds
e;]
lezkV~ vdcj }kjk fdldks ^tjh dye* dh mikf/ ls vyar fd;k x;k Fkk\ eksgEen gqlSu dks]
^êtgc ugha fl[kkrk vkil esa cSj j[kuk**&;g iafDr fdldh jpuk gS\
eksgEen bdcky dh]
i`Foh dh fdl ijr dks fl;ky (SIAL) ijr Hkh dgrs gSa\
Hkw&iiZVh dks]
dkSu lgk;d laf/ dks Lohdkj djus okyk igyk Hkkjrh; jktk Fkk\
gSnjkckn dk futke]
Hkkjrh; fons'k O;kikj laLFkku dgk fLFkr gS\
ubZ fnYyh esa]
fdldks ^'khjh dye* dh mikf/ ls uoktk x;k Fkk\
vCnqLlen dks]
^ôanuk ds bu Lojksa esa ,d Loj esjk feyk yks* ;g dkO; iafDr fdl dfo }kjk lksguyky f}osnh }kjk
jfpr gS\
dkj ;k cl esa czsd yxkus ds fy, dkSu mkjnk;h gS\
?k"kZ.k]
lcls vf/d mez esa jk"Vifr in dks lq'kksfHkr djusokys O;fDr dkSu Fks\
oh- oh- fxfj]
fdlesa Dyksjhu dh vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk +1 gS\
gkbiksDyksjl vEy esa]
fiVkM~;wjk dk vkjaHk fdlus djok;k\
tgkxhj us]
fdl ns'k dk jk"Vh; i'kq daxk: gS\
vkLVsfy;k dk]
HkwiiZVh esa lokZf/d ik;k tkus okyk rRo dkSu&lk gS\
vkWDlhtu]
uklk ds ,d VsfyLdksi ^dsIyj fe'ku* dk izekspu dc fd;k x;k\
7 ekpZ] 2009 dks]
LNG ds vk;kr ds fy, Hkkjr esa igyk ,y- ,u- th- VfeZuy dgk LFkkfir nkgst esa]
fd;k x;k gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa Hkkjr esa lafo/ku lHkk dk xBu gqvk\
ykWMZ ososy ds]
fdl ns'k dk jktuhfrd ny ^ckFk ikVhZ* gS\
bjkd dk]
vko`rchth (,fUt;ksLieZ) ds fdl dqy ls ukfj;y lac gS\
ikYeh]
vc rd lokZf/d O;fDr tks crkSj jk"Vifr fuokZfpr gq, gSa] fdl jkT; ls lac vka/z izns'k]
Fks\
fpfM+;k dk vkdk'k esa mM+uk U;wVu ds xfr ds fdl fu;e ls lac gS\
xfr ds r`rh; fu;e ls]
ftl le; dsfcusV fe'ku Hkkjr vk;k] ml le; fczVsu dk iz/kuea=kh dkSu Fkk\ DyhesaV ,Vyh]
lh-ch-vkbZ- fdl ns'k dh xqIrpj laLFkk gS\
Hkkjr dh]
i`Foh dk dksj (Core) fdl :i esa gS\
fi?kyk nzO;]
vk/qfud fo'o dh izFke jktuhfrd fpard fdls ekuk tkrk gS\
eSD;kosyh dks]
fdl oxZ ds ns'kksa ds lkFk Hkkjr dk lokZf/d vk;kr O;kikj gS\
vksisd ds lkFk]
ôsosy Iyku* dh ?kks"k.kk ykWMZ ososy us dc dh Fkh\
14 twu] 1945 dks]
lh-vkbZ-,- fdl ns'k dh xqIrpj ,tsalh gS\
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh
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General Studies
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iz'u
yksgs ij tax yxkuk fdldk mnkgj.k gS\
eaf=keaMy dh cSBd dh v/;{krk dkSu djrk gS\
,fUt;ksLieZ ds fdl dqy ls xUuk lac gS\
Xosn esa nh?kZdkyhu ;k vkthou vfookfgr dU;k dks D;k dgk x;k\
^xzhuihl bUVjus'kuy* dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
fo'o dk lcls mQpk iBkj dkSu&lk gS\
^'ksu okUlZ lsapqjh&ekbZ VkWi 100 VsLV fdsVlZ* fdldh fy[kh iqLrd gS\
Hkkjr esa igyh f"k tux.kuk fdl fokh; o"kZ esa gqbZ Fkh\
Xosn esa ^nL;q* 'kCn fdlds fy, iz;qDr gS\
^varjkZ"Vh; eksckby mixzg laxBu* dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
,d vkneh 5Kg dk ,d lwVdsl idM+s gS] rks mlds }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z D;k
gksxk\
;fn jk"Vifr ;g pkgrk gS fd fdlh ckr ij eaf=kifj"kn~ fopkj djs rks og bldh
lwpuk fdls nsrk gS\
fdlh xSl dk v.kqHkkj mlds ok"i ?kuRo dk fdruk gksrk gS\
^xksiFk czk.k* fdl osn ls lEcfU/r gS\
ekudhdj.k ds fy, varjkZ"Vh; laxBu dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
dksVksiSDlh ioZr fdl ns'k esa fLFkr gS\
,d dksf'kdh; thoksa dk v/;;u loZizFke fdl oSKkfud us fd;k\
dsoy fdlds iz;ksx ds fy, Hkqxrku dks vkfFkZd yxku dgrs gSa\
bYrqrfe'k ds jkt njckj esa fdl bfrgkldkj dks laj{k.k feyk Fkk\
ekudhdj.k ds fy, varjkZ"Vh; laxBu dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
lsc dk [kkus ;ksX; Hkkx D;k dgykrk gS\
Hkkjr ds izFke dk;Zokgd iz/kuea=kh dkSu Fks\
vaxzstksa us nf{k.k Hkkjr esa viuh igyh iQSDVh dgk vkSj dc [kksyh\
mkj
vkWDlhdj.k dk]
iz/kuea=kh]
xzsfeuslh dqy ls]
vektw]
,ElVMZe esa]
frCcr dk iBkj]
'ksu okuZ]
1970-71 esa]
vuk;ks ds fy,]
1979 bZ- esa]
'kwU;]
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iz/kuea=kh dks]
nqxquk]
vFkoZosn]
1947 bZ- esa]
bDosMksj esa]
Y;wosugkWd us]
Hkwfe ds iz;ksx ds fy,]
feUgkt&ml&fljkt dks]
tsusok (fLoV~tjySaM) esa
xqn~nsnkj iq"iklu]
xqytkjh yky uank]
elqyhiV~Ve esa] 1611 bZesa]
uhy fonzksg dk tedj leFkZu djus okys ^fgUnw iSfV;kV* ds laiknd dkSu Fks\ gjh'kpanz eq[kthZ]
Hkkjr dk lokZf/d mQpkbZ ij fLFkr ;q LFky dkSu&lk gS\
fl;kfpu {ks=k]
fo'o ds lcls mQps ioZrksa dk fuekZ.k fdl gypy ds nkSjku gqvk gS\
vYikbu gypy ds nkSjku]
fdl xouZj tujy ds 'kklu dky esa prqFkZ vkaXy&eSlwj ;q gqvk] ftlesa Vhiw ykWMZ osystyh]
lqYrku ekjk x;k Fkk\
gfjr kafr dk izHkko fdl rjg ds iQlyksa ij ux.; ;k vR;Ur de jgk\
eksVs vuktksa ij]
ik.M~; 'kkldksa dh jkt/kuh dgk Fkh\
enqjbZ]
Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k unh }hi dkSu&lk gS\
ektqyh]
()
General Studies
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iz'u
?kM+h esa pkch Hkjus ls dkSu&lh tkZ lafpr gksrh gS\
fdlds fu/u ds i'pkr~ xqytkjh yky uank dks igyh ckj iz/kuea=kh fu;qDr
fd;k x;k Fkk\
vkWDlhtu vkSj gkbMkstu xSl ds folj.k dh nj dk vuqikr D;k gS\
tSu erkoyfEc;ksa us cksypky dh fdl Hkk"kk dks viuk;k\
ûxkySaM fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
dkSu&lk ioZr egk}hih; ty foHkktd ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS\
'ksu>km II ,oa 'ksu>km IV fdl ns'k ds ekuojfgr varfj{k ;ku gSa\
Hkkjr esa gfjr kafr dk tud fdls dgk tkrk gS\
mkj
fLFkfrt tkZ]
tokgjyky usg: ds]
1 : 4]
izkr (v/Zekx/h)]
1 tuojh dks]
jkWdh]
phu ds]
MkW- ,e- ,l- LokehukFku
dks]
^nhucU/q lkoZtfud lHkk* dh LFkkiuk 1884 bZ- esa fdlus dh\
T;ksfrck iQqys]
îzoklh Hkkjrh; fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
9 tuojh dks
thou p dh n`f"V ls ikS/ks dk lcls egRoiw.kZ vax dkSu&lk gS\
iq"i]
ftu iz'uksa dk mkj lnL; fyf[kr pkgrk gs] mUgsa dkSu&lk iz'u dgk tkrk gS\ vrkjkafdr iz'u]
fdl midj.k }kjk /ofu tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gS\
ekbksiQksu }kjk]
izrkiiqj uxj dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
nqyZHkd us]
^fpfdRld fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
1 twykbZ dks]
,f'k;k ekbuj ,oa nf{k.k :l esa fLFkr vUrnsZ'kh; lkxj dk D;k uke gS\
dkyk lkxj]
^vk/qfud jktuhfrd n'kZu dk tud* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
eSD;kosyh dks]
jlk;uksa dh ekax vkiwfrZ gsrq dkSu&lk canjxkg LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS\
nkgst]
izfrgkj oa'k dk lokZf/d izrkih ,oa egku 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
fefgj Hkkst]
^varjk"Vh; usYlu eaMsyk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
18 tqykbZ dks]
lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls [kkuk idkus okyh LPG xSl flfy.Mj esa D;k Hkjdj xSl dks bFkkby ejdSIVsu]
xa/;qDr cuk;k tkrk gS\
lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa mYys[k gS fd la?k ds fy, ,d laln gksxh\
vuqPNsn 79 esa]
^nkjksxkth* fdl iQy dh fodflr iztkfr gS\
csy dh]
lkaph ds Lrwi dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
v'kksd us]
^cSad jk"Vh;dj.k fnol* (jk"Vh;) dc euk;k tkrk gS\
19 tqykbZ dks]
csfjax tyMe#e; fdu nks ns'kksa ds e; gS\
vesfjdk ,oa :l]
MksukYM czSMesu fdl [ksy ds egku f[kykM+h Fks\
fdsV ds]
VsyhiQksu usVodZ dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk fo'o esa dkSu&lk LFkku gS\
rhljk]
egkokjh Lokeh us viuk izFke mins'k fdl Hkk"kk esa fn;k Fkk\
ikfy esa]
^dkjfxy fot; fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
26 tqykbZ dks
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iz'u
izdk'k tkZ dk jklk;fud tkZ esa :ikarj.k fdlesa gksrk gS\
yksdlHkk esa vfo'okl izLrko ykus ds fy, fdrus lnL;ksa dh lgefr vko';d
gS\
ck;ks xSl dk fdruk izfr'kr Hkkx feFksu dk gksrk gS\
v'kksd ds lkr LraHk ys[k fdrus vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij feys gSa\
Fky lsuk dk izeq[k dkSu gksrk gS\
lokZf/d rst cgus okyh egklkxjh; ty/kjk dkSu&lh gS\
fdudh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k fdlh ikni dksf'kdk vkSj tUrq dksf'kdk esa varj
ik;k tkrk gS\
orZeku esa Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k jk"Vh;r mie dkSu&lk gS\
fdlus j{kkca/u dh 'kq#vkr caxky foHkktu ds fo# ,drk iznf'kZr djus ds
fy, fd;k\
Fky lsuk dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
ns'k esa vkezikyh vke dh iztkfr fdl oSKkfud us fodflr dh Fkh\
fdl jkT; dk yksdlHkk esa vf/dre izfrfuf/Ro gS\
Hkkjr esa fdls kalhlh daiuh dk laLFkkid ekuk tkrk gS\
lYrurdkyhu fdl 'kkld us [kyhiQk dh lkk dks Lohdkjus ls badkj dj Lo;a
dks [kyhiQk ?kksf"kr fd;k\
dkWyst vkWiQ fefyVh bathfu;fjax dgk fLFkr gS\
^;wjksi dk xeZ dacy* dgykus okyh ty/kjk dkSu&lh gS\
fdlus dgk fd Hkkjrh; fy[kus dh dyk ugha tkurs gS\
fdl ,dy m|e esa lokZf/d yksx dk;Zjr gSa\
dkSu&lk lqYrku u;k /eZ pykuk pkgrk Fkk] fdUrq mysekvksa us mldk fojks/
fd;k\
Fky lsuk ds izf'kf{k.k dekaM dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
lw;Z ds nzO;eku dk fdruk izfr'kr Hkkx gkbMkstu dk gksrk gS\
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku fdl U;k;ky; esa rnFkZ U;k;k/h'k dh fu;qfDr dh O;oLFkk
djrk gS\
crZu cukus esa iz;qDr ^teZuh flYoj* fdldk feJ.k gS\
mkj
izdk'k la'ys"k.k esa]
50 lnL;ksa dh]
65%]
N%]
phiQ vkWiQ n vkehZ LVkiQ]
xYiQ LVhe]
dksf'kdk
fHkfk
,oa
DyksjksIykLV]
Hkkjrh; jsyos]
johUnzukFk VSxksj us]
y
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^bykgkckn dh laf/* fdl o"kZ gqbZ\
Hkkjr esa ^pfyr U;k;ky;* dk fopkj fdldh nsu gS\
Hkkjr esa f"k tksr dk vf/dre vkdkj fdl jkT; esa gS\
varjkZ"Vh; bdks&i;ZVu laLFkk dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
o"kZ 1976 bZ- rd IDBI fdl cSad dk vuq"kaxh cSad Fkk\
j.kthr flag dk mkjkf/dkjh dkSu Fkk\

Hkkjr ljdkj us ns'k dh fdl unh dks jk"Vh; unh ?kksf"kr fd;k gS\
()
ubZ fnYyh esa]

MkW- vkj- ,u- flag us]
mkj izns'k dk]
dksycVZ dks]
eqckjd f[kyth]
iq.ks esa]
xYiQ LVhe]
esxkLFkuht]
Hkkjrh; jsyos esa]
vykmhu f[kyth]
f'keyk esa
70%]
loksZPp U;k;ky; esa]
dkWij] ftad vkSj
dk]
12 vxLr] 1756 bZMkW- ,- ih- tsdyke dh]
jktLFkku esa]
yksfjMk esa]
fjtoZ cSad vkWiQ
dk]
[kM+d flag]
xaxk]
fudsy
esa]
vCnqy
bafM;k
General Studies
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iz'u
i'ehuk u fdl tUrq ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; ds dk;Zokgd eq[; U;k;k/h'k dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk
gS\
fyiQkiQs ij xksan yxk Mkd fVdV fdl cy ds dkj.k fpidrk gS\
izFke vkaXy flD[k ;q vkSj f}rh; vkaXy flD[k ;q ds le; dkSu iatkc dk
'kkld Fkk\
ikfdLrku dh iwoZ iz/kuea=kh csuthj HkwVVks dh gR;k dgk gqbZ Fkh\
dksfPp dk tqM+oka uxj dkSu&lk gS\
fdls êkuookn dk laLFkkid* ekuk tkrk gS\
IDBI esa Hkkjr ljdkj dh fgLlsnkjh fdruk izfr'kr gS\
15 vxLr] 1947 dks ;kuh ftl le; Hkkjr dks vktknh feyh] ml le; dkaxzsl
ds dkSu v/;{k Fks\
lwpuk dk vf/dkj dkuwu fdl o"kZ ykxw gqvk\
ihry dk crZu fdu vo;oksa }kjk curk gS\
fof/ ds iz'u ij Hkkjrh; loksZPp U;k;ky; ls ijke'kZ ysus dk vf/dkj fdldks
gS\
eqfxZ;ksa dh lcls Hk;adj chekjh D;k dgykrh gS\
dkaxzsl ds fdl vf/os'ku esa iw.kZ Lojkt dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl us viuk
y{; ?kksf"kr fd;k Fkk\
vdcj ds uojRuksa esa ls ,d vcqy iQty dk tUe dgk gqvk Fkk\
Hkkjr esa lokZf/d frygu mRiknd jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
o"kZ 2015 ds oYMZ fdsV dgk vk;ksftr gksaxs\
mkj
cdjh (d'ehjh) ls]
jk"Vifr]
vklatd cy ds dkj.k]
fnyhi flag]
y
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7
jkoyfi.Mh esa]
,ukZdqye]
isVkWd dks]
52.71%]
ts- ch- iykuh]
2005 esa
dkWij vkSj ftad }kjk]

jk"Vifr dks]
jkuh[ksr]
1929 ds ykgkSj vf/os'ku
esa]
ukxkSj (jktLFkku) esa]
e; izns'k]
vkLVsfy;k rFkk U;wthySaM
esa]
RBI }kjk IDBI dks dc ,d vuqlwfpr cSad cuk fn;k x;k\
11 vDVwcj] 2004 dks]
vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds nkSjku fdl izkar ds pk; ckxku ds etnwjksa us vius osru vle ds]
dh c<+ksrjh dh ekax 'kq: dh\
lqizhe ihiqYl dksVZ fdl ns'k dk mPpre U;k;ky; gS\
phu dk]
lw;Z ls izfr lsdaM fdruh twy tkZ fudyrh gS\
3.86 1026 twy]
mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
jk"Vifr]
tLrk /krq dk fu"d"kZ.k eq[;r% fdl v;Ld ls fd;k tkrk gS\
ftad CySaM]
jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkSj euqLe`fr dh jpuk fdl dky esa gqbZ\
'kqax dky esa]
vkLVsfy;k dh igyh efgyk iz/kuea=kh dkSu cuh\
tqfy;k fxykMZ]
fo'o esa ewaxiQyh dk lokZf/d mRIkknd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr]
pkoy ds fy, dkSu&lh 'kSoky dk tSo moZjd dk iz;ksx ykHkdkjh gksrk gS\
uhy gfjr 'kSoky dk]
fdl izdkj ds cSad Hkkjr esa f"k lk[k ds laLFkkxr lzksrksa esa izFke LFkku ij okf.kfT;d cSad]
gS\
'kqax oa'k ds nsoHkwfr dh gR;k dj fdlus ^d.o oa'k* dh LFkkiuk dh\
oklqnso]
^dkslksoks* us viuh Lora=krk dh ?kks"k.kk fdl ns'k ls dh\
lfcZ;k ls
()
General Studies
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iz'u
fdl o`{k ls rkjihu dk rsy izkIr fd;k tkrk gS\
dsUnz vkSj jkT; ds chp /u ds cVokjs ds laca/ esa dkSu jk; nsrk gS\
fdl lwiQh lar dks ^cf[r;kj dkdh* dgk x;k\
izkjfEHkd pksyksa dk jktdh; fp D;k Fkk\
bafnjk xk/h jk"Vh; [kqyk fo'ofo|ky; (IGNOU) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
fo'o esa Tokj dk lokZf/d mRiknd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
fdlus ikVfyiq=k dks îkfyczksFkk* dgk\
^vk'kk (ASHA) ;kstuk* fduls lacaf/r gS\
mkj
phM+ ls]
fok vk;ksx]
[oktk dqrqcqhu]
ck?k]
ubZ fnYyh]
Hkkjr]
esxkLFkuht]
lkekftd
LokLF;
dk;ZdkkZvksa ls]
vdcj tgkxhj dks fdl uke ls iqdkjrk Fkk\
'ks[kks ckck]
bXyw (IGNOU) dh LFkkiuk fdlds }kjk dh xbZ\
dsUnz ljdkj }kjk]
ok;qeaMy ds ijh Hkkx esa izfr oxZ ehVj ij izfr lsdaM fdruk lkSj tkZ 1370 twy]
vkifrr gksrh gS\
la;qDr lalnh; lfefr esa fdrus lnL; gksrs gSa\
45]
futZy dkWij dk iz;ksx fdlds ijh{k.k esa fd;k tkrk gS\
ty ds]
tgkxhj ds cpiu dk D;k uke Fkk\
lyhe]
izFke izoklh Hkkjrh; fnol lEesyu dgk gqvk Fkk\
ubZ fnYyh esa]
ioZr fuekZ.k laca/h egk}hih; foLFkkiu flkar dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k\
osxuj us]
vtqZu o`{k dh Nky fdl jksx ds mipkj ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gS\
n; jksx]
^ljdkj vkids }kj ;kstuk* fdl jkT; ls lac gS\
fcgkj ls]
eulcnkjh O;oLFkk esa ^nq&vLik* ,oa ^flag vLik* izFkk dh 'kq:vkr fdlus tgkxhj us]
dh\
ekfj;k eks.Vsljh dk uke fdl fo"k; ls lacaf/r gS\
cky f'k{kk ls
U;wthySaM esa ik;h tkus okyk mM+ufoghu i{kh dkSu&lh gS\
fdoh]
la;qDr lalnh lfefr esa yksdlHkk ds fdrus lnL; gksrs gSa\
30]
i`Foh dh lrg ls ij ;k uhps tkus ij g ds eku esa D;k ifjorZu gksrk gS\
g dk eku ?kVrk gS]
fdl ok;ljk; ds dky esa 1917 bZ- esa f'k{kk ij lSMyj vk;ksx dk xBu gqvk\ ykWMZ psEliQksMZ ds]
26/11 rkjh[k dk lac fdl ?kVuk ls gS\
eqEcbZ esa vkradh geyk ls]
vhdk dk ,dek=k eksM+nkj@ofyr ioZr dkSu&lk gS\
,Vyl ioZr]
^;wVksfi;k* fdldh jpuk gS\
VkWel ewj dh]
^fookg 'kxqu ;kstuk* fdl jkT; dh ,d izeq[k ;kstuk gS\
gfj;k.kk dh]
fdl ok;ljk; ds 'kklu dky esa ^fizal vkWiQ osYl* us Hkkjr dh ;k=kk dh Fkh\ ykWMZ jhfMax ds]
jk"Vh; iqLrdky;] dksydkrk dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ Fkh\
1948 bZ- esa]
y
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()
General Studies
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iz'u
ukfHkdh; tkZ izkIr djus ds fy, fdl rRo dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
la;qDr lalnh; lfefr esa jkT;lHkk ds fdrus lnL; gksrs gSa\
js'ke mRiUu djus okyk tho dkSu&lk gS\
^cz lekt* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
^jk"Vh; ikaMqfyfi fe'ku* dc izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
CySd fgy] Cyw ioZr vkSj xzhu ioZr uked igkfM+;k fdl ns'k esa fLFkr gSa\
o"kZ 2019 dk oYMZ di fdsV dgk [ksyk tk,xk\
tula[;k o`f dks jksdus gsrq ^nsoh :id ;kstuk* fdl jkT; esa pyk;h tk jgh
gS\
ekS;ksZkj ;qx esa tSu /eZ dk izfl dsUnz dgk Fkk\
^gSafxax xkMsZu* dgk fLFkr gS\
i`Foh ds fdl Hkkx ij g dk eku vf/dre gksrk gS\
eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn ds rgr dh tkrh gS\
^Hkkjh ty* dk jklk;fud lw=k D;k gS\
izFke tSu lHkk dgk vk;ksftr dh xbZ\
vkWLdj iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fiQYe ^,fytkcsFk* ds funsZ'kd dkSu gSa\
vjkdku;ksek fdl ns'k esa gS\
dod (Fungi) dh dksf'kdk fHkfk fdldh cuh gksrh gS\
Hkkjr ds jk"Vh; 'ks;j cktkj dk eq[;ky; dgk gS\
dkSu&lk fo"k; v'kZ'kkL=k esa of.kZr gS\
fiQYe ênj bafM;k* esa ujfxl ds ifr dh Hkwfedk fdlus vnk dh gS\
gStk fdl dhV ls iQSyrk gS\
jkT; ljdkj dk okLrfod iz/ku dkSu gksrk gS\
^'ksj'kkg dk edcjk* dgk fLFkr gS\
fl[k /eZ ds laLFkkid dkSu Fks\
fdl fiQYe fuekZrk us 1917 esa ^fgUnqLrku fiQYe dEiuh* dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh\
fdl egklkxj esa }hiksa dh la[;k lokZf/d gS\
ekS;Z dky esa uxj dk v/;{k D;k dgykrk Fkk\
fdl cktkj dks ^vFkZO;oLFkk dk cSjksehVj* dgk tkrk gS\
v;ks/;k esa ^ckcjh efLtn* dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
^Lo.kZ dey iqjLdkj* fdl {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gS\
mkj
;wjsfu;e]
15]
ckfEcDl eksjkbZ]
jktk jkeeksgu jk; us]
2 iQjojh] 2003 dks]
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa]
baXySaM esa]
gfj;k.kk]
y
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(10)
eFkqjk]
cschyksu esa
/zqoksa ij]
vuq-163 ds rgr]
DO]
ikVfyiq=k esa]
'ks[kj diwj]
E;kaekj esa]
dkbfVu (Chitin) dh]
eqEcbZ esa]
jktuhfr]
jktdqekj us]
?kjsyw eD[kh ls]
eq[;ea=kh]
lklkjke esa]
xq# ukud us]
nknk lkgsc iQkYds us]
iz'kkar egklkxj esa]
uk;d]
'ks;j cktkj dks]
ehj odh us]
flusek esa
General Studies
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iz'u
i`Foh ds fdl Hkkx ij g dk eku U;wure gksrk gS\
jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dh cSBd esa jkT; dk izfrfuf/Ro dkSu djrk gS\
lhlk dk fu"d"kZ.k eq[;r% fdl v;Ld ls fd;k tkrk gS\
gqek;wukek fdldh jpuk gS\
^n pkbuk iSlst* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
egklkxjh; Tokj laca/h vizxkeh rjax flkar dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k
Hkkjr ds dqy HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ds fdrus izfr'kr Hkkx ij eSaxzkso ouLifr gS\
vius ns'k dh eqnzk dk fons'kh eqnzkvksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d ewY; iznku djuk
D;k dgykrk gS\
ukxfjdksa lsokvksa ds izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk iz.kkyh dks flkarr% dc Lohdkj fd;k
x;k\
gSjh ikWVj fljht dh ysf[kdk dkSu gSa\
lalkj dk lcls tgjhyk lki dkSu&lk gS\
eq[;ea=kh viuk R;kxi=k fdls nsrk gS\
i`Foh dh ?kw.kZu xfr c<+us ij g ds eku ij D;k vlj gksxk\
dkSu&lk ok;ljk; lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa ^vksou eSfjfMFk* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk
Fkk\
^xhrkatfy* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
^cjewMk f=kdks.k* fdl egklkxj esa fLFkr gS\
/eZ&lq/kj vkanksyu* dh 'kq#vkr loZizFke dgk gqbZ\
;fn ?kkVs ds ctV dks djsUlh uksV Nkidj iwjk fd;k tk,] rks bldk D;k ifj.
kk gksxk\
fdl ok;ljk; flfoy lsok ijh{kkvksa esa izos'k dh vf/dre mez lhek 21 o"kZ
ls ?kVkdj 19 o"kZ dj nh Fkh\
^dkek;uh* fdldh jpuk gS\
lokZf/d LFkk;h rRo dkSu&lk gS\
iapk;rh jkT; fdl lwph esa gS\
rEckdw ds ekStsd jksx dk dkjd fo"kk.kq dkSu&lk gS\
mkj
Hkwe; js[kk ij]
eq[;ea=kh]
xSysuk ls]
xqycnu csxe dh]
ts- ds- xkyczsFk]
,;jh us]
0.14% ij]
vf/ewY;u
Valuation)]
1853 bZ- esa]
y
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(Over
ts- ds- jkWfyax (fczVsu)]

gkbMksfiQ'k (leqnzh lki)]
jkT;iky dks]
g dk eku desxk]
ykWMZ fyVu]
vVykafVd egklkxj esa]
baXySaM esa]
eqnzkLiQhfr]
ykWMZ fjiu ds]
t;'kadj izlkn
lhlk]
jkT; lwph esa]
TMV (VkscSdks
ekStsd
ok;jl)]
cq dh e`R;q dh ?kVuk dks D;k dgk x;k\
egkifjfuokZ.k]
iQ.kh'oj ukFk ^js.k* ds fdl dgkuh ij jktdiwj us ^rhljh dle* fiQYe cukbZ êkjs x, xqyiQke*]
Fkh\
daiuh va'k ('ks;j) ij e;kZfnr (fyfeVsM) gksus dk D;k vFkZ gS\
fuos'k jkf'k lhfer gksuk]
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dk jk"Vh; [ksy D;k gS\
cslckWy]
,f'k;k egkns'k ds lcls mkjh Hkkx esa dkSu&lh ouLifr ik;h tkrh gS\
Vq.Mk ouLifr]
xkSre cq us fdl 'kkld ds jkT; dky esa fuokZ.k izkIr fd;k\
vtkr'k=kq]
^mlus dgk Fkk* fdl lkfgR;dkj dh izfl dgkuh gS\
panz/kj 'kekZ xqysjh]
(11)
General Studies
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iz'u
o"kkZ dh cwanksa ds xksykdkj gksus dk D;k dkj.k gS\
vkfFkZd fu;kstu fdl lwph esa gS\
^xzhuksdkbV* fdldk v;Ld gS\
ckS la?k esa izos'k dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
ek[kuyky prqosZnh dh dkSu&lh dfork Lora=krk vkanksyu ds nkSjku pfpZr jgh\
vkscjk fdlds fy, tkuk tkrk gS\
fdl vko`rchth dqy ls larjk lac gS\
fdl 'ks;j ds /kjd gh dEiuh ds okLrfod Lokeh gksrs gSa\
iQjhn dks 'ksj [kk dh mikf/ fdlus nh\
^fu%'kL=k lsukuh ^dfork dh jpuk fdlus dh\
euq"; esa lkekU; fujUu (Fasting) #f/j 'kdZjk Lrj izfr 100 ml :f/j fdruk
gksrk gS\
lkekftd lqj{kk ,oa lkekftd chek fdl lwph esa gS\
fdlus eulcnkjh O;oLFkk esa ,d u;h izFkk ê'k:r* dh 'kq:vkr dh\
'ksj] [kk us ^'ksj'kkg* dh mikf/ fdl ;q ds thrus ds ckn /kj.k dh\
O;kl lEeku dkSu&lk laxBu nsrk gS\
Hkkjr esa tyfo|qr 'kfDrx`g loZizFke dgk LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk\
ekS;Zdky esas ou foHkkx dk izeq[k vf/dkjh D;k dgykrk Fkk\
fdlh la;qDr dEiuh }kjk vius va'k/kfj;ksa dks daiuh ds ykHk dk forj.k D;k
dgykrk gS\
lwj lkezkT; dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\
O;kl lEeku ds rgr fdruh jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gS\
rst vk/h vkus ij fVu dh Nr dk mM+ tkuk fdl flkar ij vk/kfjr gS\
Hkkjrh; jsy fdl lwph dk vo;o gS\
Fkqfy;e dk ladsr D;k gS\
vlg;ksx vkanksyu 'kq: gksus ds le; dkSu Hkkjr dk ok;ljk; Fkk\
'kadj iqjLdkj ds rgr fdruh jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gS\
Hkkjr esa dyiDde ijek.kq mtkZ la;a=k fdl jkT; esa LFkkfir gS\
ou fLFkfr fjiksVZ&2011 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa lokZf/d ou {kfr okyk jkT; dkSu&lk
gS\
,f'k;k dk lcls iqjkuk LVkWd ,Dlpsat dkSu&lk gS\
mkj
i`"B ruko]
leorhZ lwph esa]
dSMfe;e (Cd) dk]
milEink ;k izoT;k]
îq"i dh vfHkyk"kk*]
rkifo|qr x`g ds fy,]
#Vslh ls]
bfDVoh 'ks;j ds /kjd]
cgkj [kk yksgkuh us]
ek[kuyky prqosZnh
70-100 mg]
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa gkse:y yhx dh LFkkiuk gqbZ Fkh\

ewfrZ nsoh iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gS\
ykWMZ psEliQksMZ ds]

lkfgR; {ks=k esa
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(12)
leorhZ lwph esa]

vkSjaxtsc us]
pkSlk dk ;q]
ds-ds- fcM+yk iQkmUMs'ku]
nkftZfyax]
vkVfod]
ykHkka'k]
'ksj'kkg]
2.5 yk[k]
cjukSyh ds izes; ij]
la?k lwph dk]
Tm]
ykWMZ psEliQksMZ]
1.5 yk[k]
rfeyukMq esa]
vka/z izns'k]
cEcbZ
(BSE)]
LVkWd
,Dlpsat
General Studies
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iz'u
fdl vax dks 'RBC dk dfczLrku* dgk tkrk gS\
jkT; ljdkj dks dkuwuh ekeyksa esa lykg nsus ds fy, dkSu vf/r gS\
/ofu dk osx vf/dre fdlesa gksrk gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds 'kklu dky esa ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu* izkjaHk gqvk\
fel oYMZ izfr;ksfxrk dks fdruh jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gS\
izkfrd js'ke ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa dkSu&lk LFkku izkIr gS\
fdls ^/eZ lq/kj vkanksyu dk izkr% dkyhu rkjk* dgk tkrk gS\
ekuo fodkl lwpdkad (HDI) fdl vFkZ'kkL=kh dh nsu gS\
v'kksd ds 'kklu dky esa vkgwr ckS laxhfr dk v/;{k dkSu Fkk\
fel oYMZ izfr;ksfxrk fdl o"kZ 'kq: gqbZ\
?kjsyw iz'khrd esa lkekU;r% dkSu&lk iz'khrd iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vax lektoknh O;oLFkk LFkkfir djus dh izsj.
kk nsrk gS\
jDr esa IykTek dh ek=kk fdruh gksrh gS\
v'kksd dk dkSu&lk f'kykys[k /kfeZd lfg".kqrk ds flkUr dks lefiZr gS\
dkSu&lk iqjLdkj ,f'k;kbZ ukscsy iqjLdkj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
dkSu&lk pSuy v.Meku }hi dks fudksckj }hi ls vyx djrk gS\
cslckWy ds ,d i{k esa fdrus f[kykM+h gksrs gSa\
^miHkksDrk ds cpr dk flkar* fdlds }kjk ikfjr fd;k x;k\
dq"kk.k oa'k ds fdl 'kkld us dsoy rkcs ds flDds pyok,\
Hkkjrh&Hkkjrh lEeku ds rgr fdruh jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gS\
euq"; dh JO;rk lhek fdruh gksrh gS\
lafo/ku ds vf/dka'k vuqPNsnksa dks la'kksf/r djus ds fy, dkSu&lh izf;k
viukbZ tkrh gS\
vEyjkt esa ukbfVd ,flM vkSj gkbMksDyksfjd ,flM dk vuqikr D;k gksrk gS\
eqxydky ds fdl canjxkg dks ckcqy eDdk (eDdk }kj) dgk tkrk Fkk\
ukscsy iqjLdkj ls lEekfur izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk dkSu Fkh\
leqnz ikj Hkkjr dk lcls fudVre iM+kslh ns'k dkSu&lh gS\
rjcwt fdl vko`rchth dqy ls lac gS\
^vkfFkZd xfr'khyrk dk flkar* fdlus izfrikfnr fd;k\
eqxydkyhu fdl O;oLFkk ds rgr iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dk lSU;dj.k fd;k
x;k\
loZizFke fdl Hkkjrh; lkfgR;dkj dks ukscsy iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;k\
mkj
Iyhgk dks]
egkf/oDrk]
yksgk esa]
ykWMZ fyufyFkxks ds]
50,000 ikSaM]
f}rh;]
tkWu fodfyiQ]
egcwc my&gd dh]
eksfXyiqk frLl]
1951 bZ- esa]
veksfu;k]
jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd
rRo]
yxHkx 60%]
ckjgoka f'kykys[k]
jSeu eSXlsls iqjLdkj]
nl fMxzh pSuy]
9]
vYsM ek'kZy }kjk]
dqtqy dMfiQll us]
2.5 yk[k
20 Hz ls 20,000 Hz rd]
lk/kj.k cgqer]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(13)
1 : 3]
HkM+kSp dks]
enj Vsjslk]
Jhyadk]
dqdqjfcVslh ls]
MCY;w] MCY;w] jksLVkso us]
eulcnkjh O;oLFkk]
johUnzukFk VSxksj dks]
General Studies
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iz'u
IykTek esa izksVhu fdl voLFkk esa ik, tkrs gSa\
jk"Vh; efgyk vk;ksx dk xBu fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
fi=knqjk dk izFke iz;ksx fdlds edcjs esa fd;k x;k\
fdlds 'kklu dky esa ^nq vLik fl vLik* jSad yk;k x;k\
lkfgR; esa ukscsy iqjLdkj ls lEekfur izFke v'osr ysf[kdk dkSu gSa\
ukFkwyk njkZ fdl jkT; esa gS\
Hkkjr esa fczfV'k jktuhfrd lkk dk vkjaHk fdl ;q esa vaxzstksa dh fot; ls
ekuk tkrk gS\
Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; esa fu/Zu yksxksa dh lokZf/d la[;k gS\
,uh cslsaV us ^gkse:y yhx* dh LFkkiuk dc dh\
johUnzukFk VSxksj dks fdl fr ds fy, 1913 bZ- dk ukscsy iqjLdkj fn;k x;k\
'ksj dh ngkM+ vkSj ePNM+ dh HkuHkukgV esa fdldk rkjRo vf/d gksrk gS\
jsX;qysfVax ,DV dc ikfjr fd;k x;k\
fHkUu HkkSfrd xq.k/eks okys ijUrq leku jklk;fud xq.k/eks okys rRo D;k dgykrs
gSa\
^gkse:y yhx* fdlus izkjaHk fd;k\
izks- veR;Z lsu dks fdl {ks=k esa ;ksxnku ds fy, ukscsy iqjLdkj iznku fd;k
x;k\
Hkkjr ds fdl unh dk tyxzg.k {ks=k lokZf/d foLr`r gS\
fo'o dk igyk dkcZu eqDr 'kgj dkSu&lk gS\
tux.kuk egkfuca/d (Census jftLVkj tujy) in dk fdl o"kZ l`tu fd;k
x;k\
ukfld ds tSDlu gR;kdkaM dk dkSu izeq[k vfHk;qDr Fkk] ftls iQkalh dh ltk
nh xbZ Fkh\
vlxjh ckbZ fdl {ks=k ls lac Fkha\
oa'k ijEijk rFkk fodkl fdlds }kjk r; gksrk gS\
egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dks fdl o"kZ Hkkjr dk lkezkKh cuk;k x;k\
0 ij ok;q esa /ofu dh pky fdruh gksrh gS\
fdls ^Hkkjr esa jk"Vh; izsl dk laLFkkid* ekuk tkrk gS\
fo/a;okfluh nsoh fdl {ks=k ls lac Fkha\
os nks xzg ftuds mixzg ugha gSa] dkSu&dkSu gSa\
vesfjdk dh [kkst fdlus dh\
izFke jftLVkj tujy dkSu Fkk\
^dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;* dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
Hkkuw Hkkjrh; fdl {ks=k ls lac gSa\
mkj
dksykW;M voLFkk esa]
1990 bZ- esa]
gqek;w ds]
tgkxhj ds]
VkWuh ekWjh'ku (1993)]
flfDde esa]
Iyklh ds ;q esa]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(14)
mkj izns'k]
flrEcj] 1916 bZ- esa]
^xhrkatfy* ds fy,
ePNM+ dh HkuHkukgV dk ]
1773 bZ- esa]
vi#i]
cky xaxk/j fryd us]
dY;k.k vFkZ'kkL=k ds {ks=k
esa]
xaxk unh dk]
U;w dSly]
1949 bZ- esa]
vuUr dUgsjs]
/zqin xkf;dh ls]

thu ds }kjk]
1858 bZ- esa]
331 ehVj izfr lsdaM]
jktk jkeeksgu jk; dks]
yksdxhr xkf;dh ls]
cq/ vkSj 'kq]
dksyEcl us]
vkj- ,- xksikyLokeh]
1916 bZ- esa]
jax'kkyk (fFk,Vj) funsZ'ku
ls]
General Studies
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iz'u
^xzsiQkbV* fdldk vi:i gS\
ekysZ feaVks fjiQkWeZ (1909 bZ-) dk ms'; D;k Fkk\
iq#"k esa iq#"kRo ds fy, dkSu&lk xq.klw=kh la;kstu mkjnk;h gS\
^bZLV bafM;k ,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
eatwj my gd fdl {ks=k ls lac gSa\
lw;Z ds fxnZ ,d ifjek esa dkSu&lk xzg vf/dre le; ysrk gS\
fdlh Hkh fons'kh iQqVckWy Dyc ds fy, [ksyus okyk izFke Hkkjrh; f[kykM+h dkSu
gS\
^tUe e`R;q iathdj.k vf/fu;e* dc vfLrRo esa vk;k\
gM+Iik lH;rk ds fdl LFky ls uDdklhnkj bVsa feyh gSa\
iaMkuYyqj 'kSyh vkSj ratkSj 'kSyh fdl u`R; dh izeq[k 'kSfy;ka gSa\
dku ij /ofu dk izHkko fdrus lsdaM rd jgrk gS\
Hkkjrh;ksa dks o"kZ 1947 esa lkoZHkkSe lkk lkSaius dh ;kstuk D;k dgykrh gS\
U.S.A. esa ^flfydkWu oSyh* dgk fLFkr gS\
lqrdkxsaMksj vksj lqjdksVnk dSls uxj Fks\
dqfnvV~Ve rFkk ".kvV~Ve ds la;ksx ls fdls 'kkL=kh; u`R; 'kSyh dk mn~xe
ekuk tkrk gS\
lkSjeaMy esa {kqnz xzg NksVs [kxksyh; fiaM gSa] os fdu nks xzgksa ds e; ik, tkrs
gSa\
vukWDlh 'olu dk vafre mRikn D;k gksrk gS\
igyh jk"Vh; tula[;k uhfr fdl o"kZ vfLrRo esa vkbZ\
^'kqYo lw=k* fdl fo"k; ls lEcfU/r gS\
Hkkjrh; dyk dsUnz dgk fLFkr gS\
euq"; esa ejdjh ds fo"kkDru ls dkSu&lk jksx gks tkrk gS\
lafo/ku ds fdu vuqPNsnksa esa ekSfyd vf/dkj of.kZr gSa\
phuh ;k=kh iQkku (Hkkjr ;k=kk dky & 399-414 bZ-) fdlds 'kklu dky esa
Hkkjr vk;k Fkk\
pksy dky esa czk.kksa dks nku nh xbZ Hkwfe D;k dgykrh Fkh\
yfyr dyk vdkneh dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
î`Foh dh tqM+oka cgu* dgs tkus okys xzg dk uke D;k gS\
^jke".k fe'ku* dh fdlus LFkkiuk dh\
jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dk xBu dc fd;k x;k\
1000 ls 1026 bZ- ds e; egewn xtuoh us Hkkjr ij fdrus ckj vke.k
fd,\
fo'oizfl f'kYi esyk ds fy, izfl ^lwjtdqaM* fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
mkj
dkcZu dk]
i`Fkd fuokZpu iz.kkyh]
XY]
nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth us]
xk;u ls]
usIP;wu]
ckbpqax HkwfV;k]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(15)
1969 bZ-
esa]
dkyhcaxk]
HkjrukV~;e dh]
1/10 lsdaM]
ekmaVcsVu ;kstuk]
dSfyiQksfuZ;k esa]
leqnzrVh; uxj]
dFkdyh dks]
eaxy vkSj o`gLifr ds

e;]
bFkkby vYdksgy]
1983 bZ- esa]
T;kfefr]
fnYyh esa
ehukekrk jksx]
vuqPNsn 12 ls 35]
pUnzxqIr f}rh; ds]
czns;]
1954 bZ- esa]
'kq]
Lokeh foosdkuan us]
6 vxLr] 1952 bZ- dks]
17 ckj]
gfj;k.kk esa]
General Studies
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iz'u
izfr/ofu fdl dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gS\
mkj
/ofu ds ijkorZu ds dkj.
k]
lafo/ku ykxw gksus ds le; fdrus ekSfyd vf/dkj Fks\
lkr]
fdlds gkbMkbM ^flyksu* (Silone) dgykrs gSa\
flfydkWu ds]
egewn xtuoh dk izFke vke.k fdl fganw'kkgh jktk ds fo# Fkk\
t;iky ds]
fo'oizfl ^gsfle xksEik* mRlo dgk euk;k tkrk gS\
yk[k (tEew o d'ehj)
esa]
lkSjeaMy esa vkdkj dh n`f"V ls i`Foh dk LFkku dkSu&lk gS\
ikpok]
baVhxzsVsM izkstsDV vkWu ,fjM ySaM (IPAL) dk;Ze ;wusLdks }kjk fdl o"kZ izkjEHk 1974 bZ- esa]
fd;k x;k\
jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dk insu v/;{k dkSu gksrk gS\
iz/kuea=kh]
vdcj ftls vius thou dky esa iw.kZ u dj ldk] ijUrq mls tgkxhj us iwjk esokM+ ij fot;]
fd;k] og dk;Z D;k Fkk\
fdl jkT; dk fof'k"V R;ksgkj ^vks.ke* gS\
dsjy dk
,LcsLVl ds dkj.k gksusokyk izeq[k jksx dkSu&lk gS\
,EiQslsek]
fdu vuqPNsnksa esa lekurk dk vf/dkj of.kZr gS\
vuq-14 ls 18]
jsfM;ks dk leLoj.k LVs'ku fdldk mnkgj.k gS\
vuqukn dk]
fdl bfrgkldkj us ^nhu&,&bykgh* dks ,d /eZ dgk\
vCnqy dkfnj cnk;wuh]
êdj foyDdq* mRlo fdl jkT; esa euk;k tkrk gS\
dsjy esa]
fdl xzg dks lcls lqUnj xzg dgk tkrk gS\
'kfu dks]
leqnzh ekxZ ls lEiw.kZ fo'o dk pDdj yxkus okyk izFke O;fDr dkSu Fkk\
eSxyu]
jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dk lfpo dkSu gksrk gS\
;kstuk vk;ksx dk lfpo]
^nkLrku&,&vehj gEtk* dk fp=kkadu fdlds }kjk fd;k x;k\
vCnqLlen }kjk]
^Vh (mnxeaMy)* ioZrh; LFky fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
rfeyukMq esa]
lSfIVd VSad ls fudyus okyh xSlksa esa eq[;r% dkSu&lh xSl gksrh gS\
feFksu]
laifk ds vf/dkj dks dkuwuh vf/dkj ds :i esa fdl vuqPNsn esa LFkku fn;k vuqPNsn 300 (d) esa]
x;k gS\
Fkds gq, f[kykfM+;ksa dks D;k ysus dh lykg nh tkrh gS\
dkcksZgkbMsV]
fdlus Hkkjr ds vaxzsth mifuos'k dh vkykspuk esa ^vufczfV'k* inkoyh dk mi;ksx nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us]
fd;k Fkk\
^dU;kdqekjh* fdl jkT; esa gS\
rfeyukMq esa]
i`Foh dk ,dek=k mixzg dkSu&lk gS\
pUnzek]
^, 'kkWV ,V fgLVh* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
vfHkuo fcUnzk]
fdlus jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dks ^loksZPp eaf=kifj"kn~* dh laKk nh gS\
ds- lUFkkue us]
^^fons'kh iwth lalk/uksa dh ywV vkSj 'kks"k.k dk tfj;k gSA** ;g fdlus dgk\ nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us]
izfl êhuk{kh eafnj* dgk fLFkr gS\
enqjS esa
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(16)
General Studies
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iz'u
MkWIyj izHkko fdlls lacaf/r gS\
Hkkjr dh rhuksa lsukvksa dk lqizhe dekaMj (v/;{k) dkSu gksrk gS\
fdl xSl dks êk'kZ xSl* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
lj FkkWel gkySaM ds lHkkifrRo esa ^Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd vk;ksx* dk xBu dc
gqvk Fkk\
fo[;kr ^rV eafnj* dgk fLFkr gS\
i`Foh ds vykok fdl ,dek=k xzg ij thou dh laHkkouk O;Dr dh tkrh gS\
vkWDlh 'olu esa vafre mRikn D;k gksrk gS\
Lora=krk iwoZ jk"Vh; vk; dk loZizFke vuqeku fdlus yxk;k Fkk\
gM+Iik lH;rk ds fdl LFky ls ?kksM+s dh gfM~M;k izkIr gqbZ gSa\
fdlus ^fnYyh pyks* dk ukjk fn;k\
dkSu&lh 'kdZjk rRdky tkZ iznku djrh gS\
eq[; lrdZrk vk;qDr dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
izfl nk'kZfud 'kadjkpk;Z fdl iYyo 'kkld ds ledkyhu Fks\
lcls igys euq"; us fdl /krq dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk\
fdlus ^^djks ;k ejks* dk ukjk fn;k\
ukosZ esa vZjkf=k ds le; lw;Z dc fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\
jke".k fe'ku dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
jk"Vh; vk; ds vkdyu esa ewY; kl dh x.kuk fdl ij dh tkrh gS\
oL=k cquus dh dyk fdl dky esa izkjEHk gqbZ\
fdlus dgk ^^vkjke gjke gS\**
lsfYl;l iSekuk dks iwoZ esa D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
jk"Vifr ds pquko ds fy, izLrkodksa ,oa vuqeksndksa dh de&ls&de fdruh
la[;k gksuh pkfg,\
LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) dk eq[; la?kVd dkSu&lk gS\
dqrqcehukj fdldh Le`fr esa cuk;k x;k\
mkj
ofu ls]
jk"Vifr]
feFksu dks]
1916 bZ- esa]
ekeYyiqje~ esa]
eaxy ij]
CO rFkk ty]
nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us]
lqjdksVnk]
lqHkk"kpanz cksl us]
Xywdkst]
jk"Vifr]
nfUroeZu]
rkck]
egkRek xk/h us]
21 twu dks]
1896 bZ-esa]
dsoy iwthxr oLrqvksa ij]
uo ik"kk.k dky esa]
tokgjyky usg: us
lsUVhxzsM iSekuk]
e'k% 50 o 50]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
feFksu]
dqrqcqhu cf[r;kj dkdh
dh]
fdlus dgk] "Elect a Government that works."
bfUnjk xk/h us]
lw;Z vkSj i`Foh ds e; vf/dre nwjh dc gksrh gS\
4 tqykbZ dks]
izfrj{kk 'kCnkoyh esa geys ds fu;r le; dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
thjks vkoj]
Hkkjr esa jk"Vh; vk; esa fdl {ks=k dk lokZf/d ;ksxnku gS\
r`rh;d {ks=k dk]
nsofxfj] okjaxy] }kjleqnz] ekykckj] ,oa enqjk fot; ds nkSjku vykmhu f[kyth efyd dkiQwj]
dh lsuk dks lsukifr dkSu Fkk\
Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h lekpkj ,tsalh dkSu&lh gS\
ih-Vh-vkbZ-]
(17)
General Studies
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iz'u
fdls j{kkRed iks"kd rRo dgk tkrk gS\
jk"Vifr dks fdl fof/ ls gVk;k tk ldrk gS\
fofdj.k ik;jksehVj ls fdruk rkie ekik tk ldrk gS\
vykmhu f[kyth ds le; fprkSM+ dk 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
^>qdh gqbZ ehukj* fdl ns'k dk jk"Vh; Lekjd gS\
fdl LFky ij izfrfnu pkj ckj Tokj vkrs gSa\
^/eZ lq/kj vkanksyu dk tud* fdls ekuk tkrk gS\
fok ea=kky; }kjk vk; dh LoSfPNd ?kks"k.kk ;kstuk dc ykxw dh xbZ Fkh\
vk/;kfRed {ks=k esa fdldk f'kokth ds vkpj.k ij lokZf/d izHkko Fkk\
^n VkbEl* fdl ns'k dk izeq[k lekpkj i=k gS\
fdl vEy dks ^,Lihfju* dgk tkrk gS\
mkj
foVkfeu dks]
egkfHk;ksx }kjk]
800C ls ij]
jk.kk jru flag]
bVyh dk]
lkmFkFkSEiVu esa]
ekfVu ywFkj fdax]
1 tqykbZ] 1997 ls]
jkenkl dk]
fczVsu dk
,lhVkby lSfyflfyd vEy
dks]
Jherh bafnjk xka/h]
foVkfeu ls]
csnjk ds ;q esa]
yanu ls]
iQaMh dh [kkM+h esa]
iksyks esa]
40%]
jkWcVZ Dykbo us]
ukxiqj esa]
nks vln`'; /krqvksa ls]
tokgjyky usg:]
jshtjsVj esa]
BDdj ckik]
ubZ fnYyh esa]
ikehj dk iBkj]
Hkkjr esa]
p;fur vk/kjHkwr m|ksx]
?ku';ke nkl fcM+yk]
bykgkckn esa
y
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Hkkjr dh izFke efgyk iz/kuea=kh dkSu Fkha\
olk] foVkfeu] dkcksZgkbMsV vkSj izksVhu esa ls fdlls tkZ izkIr ugha gksrh gS\
Mpksa dk Hkkjr esa vafre :i ls iru fdl ;q esa gqvk\
^n VkbEl* eq[;r% fdl 'kgj ls izdkf'kr gksrk gS\
fdl [kkM+h esa Tokj dh lokZf/d mQpkbZ gksrh gS\
osLVpsLVj di ,ao dkmMs ikdZ Lo.kZ di fdl [ksy ls iznku fd, tkrs gSa\
fofuekZ.k {ks=k ds dqy mRiknu esa y?kq m|ksxksa dk va'k fdruk gS\
1759 bZ- ds csnjk ds ;q esa vaxzsth lsuk dk ussr`Ro fdlus fd;k\
jk"Vh; i;kZoj.k bathfu;jh 'kks/ laLFkku (NEERI) dgk fLFkr gS\
FkeksZdiy (rki;qXed) fduls cuk;k tkrk gS\
iz/kuea=kh in ij lokZf/d le; rd dkSu vklhu jgs\
nzfor veksfu;k dk mi;ksx fdl midj.k esa fd;k tkrk gS\
^gfjtu lsod la?k* ds dkSu laLFkkid lfpo Fks\
dsUnzh; fpfM+;k?kj izkf/dj.k dgk fLFkr gS\
dkSu&lk iBkj ^,f'k;k dh Nr* dgykrk gS\
fo'o esa lokZf/d cdfj;ka fdl ns'k esa ik;h tkrh gSa\
;kstuk esa dksj lsDVj dk rkRi;Z D;k gS\
^gfjtu lsod la?k* ds izFke v/;{k dkSu Fks\
th-ch- iar fgeky; i;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl laLFkku dgk fLFkr gS\
(18)
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iz'u
foVkfeu ^Mh* ds l`tu esa fdl rRo dk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku gS\
eaf=keaMy esa dSls ea=kh gksrs gSa\
pksy oa'k ds fdl jktk us loZizFke Hkw&losZ{k.k djok;k\
fdlus 1932 bZ- esa ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; gfjtu la?k* dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh\
dsUnzh; e`nk rFkk inkFkZ vuqla/ku dsUnz dgk fLFkr gS\
nf{k.kh vkYIl ioZrekyk fdl ns'k esa fLFkr gS\
^csywj eB* dh LFkkiuk foosdkuan us fdl o"kZ dh\
f"k foi.ku ds fo"k; esa dkSu v|ru tkudkfj;k izdkf'kr djrk gS\
mkj
dSfLyiQsjkWy]
fliQZ dSfcusV ea=kh]
jktjkt izFke us]
egkRek xk/h us]
ubZ fnYyh esa]
U;wthySaM esa]
1886 bZ- esa]
vFkZ'kkL=k o lkaf[;dh;
foHkkx]
lhfj;k ds jktk ,f.V;ksdl ls fdlus efnjk] ew[ks vathj ,oa ,d nk'kZfud ekaxk fcanqlkj]
Fkk\
^jk"Vh; lqj{kk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
4 ekpZ dks]
/krq ds I;kys esa pk; ihuk dfBu gS] tcfd phuh feV~Vh ds I;kys esa pk; ihuk /krq "ek dk lqpkyd gS]
vklku gS] D;ksa\
eaf=kifj"kn~ dh cSBd dh v/;{krk dkSu djrk gS\
iz/kuea=kh]
dkcksZjs.Me ds fuekZ.k esa fdldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
flfydkWu (Si) dk]
fcanqlkj fdl lEiznk; dk vuq;k;h Fkk\
vkthod lEiznk;]
^varjkZ"Vh; efgyk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
8 ekpZ dks]
ygksRls ioZr Js.kh fdl ns'k esa gS\
usiky esa]
foeku pkyd ds cSBus dh txg dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
dkWdfiV]
fo'o esa phuh dk lcls cM+k miHkksDrk ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr]
fcanqlkj dh e`R;q ds le; v'kksd dgk dk mijktk Fkk\
mTtSu dk]
^fo'o dkyk eksfr;kfcan fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
13 ekpZ dks
VekVj] canxksHkh] I;kt] 'kyte vkfn esa dkSu&lk foVkfeu izpqj ek=kk esa ik;k foVkfeu ^lh*]
tkrk gS\
yksdlHkk mik/;{k viuk R;kxi=k fdls nsrk gS\
yksdlHkk/;{k dks]
fdl ;a=k }kjk varnZgu isVksy batuksa esa isVksy rFkk gok dk feJ.k cuk;k tkrk dkjcqjsVj }kjk]
gS\
egkjk"V esa HkfDr laiznk; fdldh f'k{kkvksa }kjk iQSyk Fkk\
lar Kkus'oj]
^fo'o miHkksDrk vf/dkj fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
15 ekpZ dks]
^xzsV fMokbfMax jsat fdl egkns'k esa gS\
vkLVsfy;k esa]
vesfjdh Lora=krk laxzke dk rkRdkfyd dkj.k D;k Fkk\
cksLVu dh pk; ikVhZ]
^Hkkjr tksM+ks ifj;kstuk* fdlls lEcfU/r gS\
jktekxks (mPpiFkksa) ds
fodkl ls]
pSrU; egkizHkq fdl lEiznk; ls lacaf/r Fks\
xkSM+h; lEiznk;]
^fo'o lkaf[;dh fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
20 vDVwcj dks]
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(19)
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iz'u
lcls vf/d fo|qr .kkRed rRo dkSu&lk gS\
jk"Vifr ds R;kxi=k dh lwpuk mijk"Vifr fdldks nsrk gS\
dkSu&lk gkeksZu 'kjhj dk fodkl djrk gS\
îqf"VekxZ* ds n'kZu dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
^jk"Vh; ,drk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
fdl egklkxj esa egklkxjh; /kjkvksa dh fn'kk esa o"kZ esa nks ckj ifjorZu gksrk
gS\
okVj iksyks [ksy izkjaHk djus dk Js; fdls fn;k tkrk gS\
ljdkj }kjk iqjkuh eqnzkd dks lekIr dj u;h eqnzk pykuk D;k dgykrk gS\
^lw;kZLr dkuwu* dk laca/ fdlls gS\
^gfj;k.kk LFkkiuk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
jsftjsVj esa htj isfVdk dks ij j[kk tkrk gS] ;g fdldk mnkgj.k gS\
yksdlHkk esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fy, fdruh lhVsa vkjf{kr gSa\
nzo ds :i esa ik, tkus okys izeq[k rRo dkSu&dkSu gSa\
^jS";rokM+h O;oLFkk* dc ykxw dh xbZ\
^jk"Vh; f'k{kk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
fdl tutkfr dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk eq[; vk/kj f'kdkj vkSj eRL; ikyu gS\
Hkkjr esa fdl i'kq dks ^xjhcksa dh xk;* dgrs gSa\
#i;s dks pkyw [kkrksa esa iw.kZ ifjorZuh; dc ?kksfr"k fd;k x;k\
fdl xouZj tujy ds dk;Zdky esa igyh ckj Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh fu;qfDr mQps inksa
ij dh xbZ\
Hkkjr dk izFke Hkwfexr ijek.kq foLiQksV dgk gqvk\
o`f gkeksZu dgk ls lzkfor gksrk gS\
,d o"kZ esa de&ls&de fdruh ckj laln dks cSBd gksuk vko';d gS\
vehj [kqljks dh fdl fr esa vykmhu f[kyth ds lSU; vfHk;kuksa dk o.kZu
feyrk gS\
^dSfcusV fe'ku* dh v/;{krk fdlus dh\
^yq"rgalk* fdl ns'k dh ,;jykbal gS\
dkSu&lk ns'k lokZf/d tula[;k okyk ns'k gS\
fLeFk us vdcj ds fdl vfHk;ku dks ^,sfrgkfld nzqrxkeh vfHk;ku* dgk\
og nj ftl ij Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad cSadksa dks m/kj nsrk gS] D;k dgykrh gS\
mkj gM+Iik voLFkk dky ds fp fdu uxjksa ls izkIr gksrs gSa\
^Vkal oYMZ ,;jykbUl* fdl ns'k dh ok;q lsok, gSa\
mkj
"yksjhu]
yksdlHkk/;{k dks]
FkkbjkWfDlu]
oYyHkkpk;Z us]
31 vDVwcj dks]
fgUn egklkxj esa]
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(20)
fofy;e foYlu dks]

foeqnzhdj.k]
LFkk;h cankscLr ls]
1 uoEcj dks
laogu dk]
47]
ikjk ,oa czksehu]
1820 bZ- esa]
11 uoEcj dks]
;wdkf/j]
cdjh dks]
19 vxLr] 1994 dks]
ykWMZ fofy;e csafVad ds]
iks[kj.k esa]
fiV~;wVjh xzafFk ls]
nks ckj]
[ktkbu&m&iQqrwg esa]
ykWMZ iSfFkd ykjsal us]

teZuh dh]
phu]
xqtjkr fot; dks]
jsiks nj]
jaxiqj vkSj jkstnh ls]
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh
General Studies
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iz'u
ty ds 4C ij 'kjhj rSjrk gS] ;fn rkieku 100 gks rks D;k gksxk\
bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; dh dc LFkkiuk dh xbZ\
,d eksy fdlds lerqY; gksrk gS\
^dkyhcaxk* LFky jktLFkku ds fdl ftys esa gS\
Hkkjr esa O;kikfjd ok;q lsok dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh Fkh\
cn~nw tutkfr dgk ikbZ tkrh gS\
Hkkjr }kjk iz{ksfir izFke mixzg] ftldk iz;ksx fofo/ lapkj ijh{k.kksa ds fy,
gqvk] dkSu&lk Fkk\
Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k O;kolkf;d cSad dkSu&lk gS\
fo'o dk og ,dek=k ns'k dkSu&lk gS] ftlesa efgykvksa ds fy, lSU; lsok
vfuok;Z gS\
lqYrku cuus ds iwoZ bYrqrfe'k dgk dk lwcsnkj Fkk\
vyuk esa gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gksrh gS\
loZizFke fdl jkT; esa yksd vnkyr vk;ksftr dh xbZ Fkh\
vZpkyd dh pkydrk 'kwU; fMxzh dsfYou rki ij fdruh gksrh gS\
fdls thrus ds ckn vykmhu f[kyth us vius iq=k f[ktz [kk ds uke ij mldk
uke f[ktzkckn j[kk\
^lsUVy Ldwy vkWiQ laLr* dgk fLFkr gS\
Hkkjr ds jRu ,oa vkHkw"k.k dk lcls cM+k vk;krd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
1781 bZ- mifuos'kh lsuk ds lEeq[k vkReleiZ.k djus okyk fcVsu dk lsukifr
dkSu Fkk\
Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad dh LFkkiuk dc dh x;h\
vykmhu f[kyth dh vkfFkZd uhfr dh O;kid tkudkjh ft;kmhu cjuh dh
fdl fr esa feyrh gS\
fo'o dk izFke ;ksx fo'ofo|ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
êksy* dks vU; fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k&mPp U;k;ky; dkSu&lk gS\
ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls cM+h gM~Mh dkSu&lh gS\
j.kthr flag us lqizfl dksfguwj ghjk fdlls izkIr fd;k Fkk\
dU;kdqekjh dk ^jkWd eseksfj;y* fdl egkiq#"k ls lac gS\
Hkkjh bathfu;fjax fuxe fy- dgk fLFkr gS\
êkbZ csLV xsEl vkWiQ psl* iqLrd ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
xzkgd lsok ds mUu;u ds fy, Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad us ^xzhu cSafdax pSuy dc
izkjEHk dh\
mM+hlk esa ^da/ fonzksg* dk usrk dkSu Fkk\
dkjfxy tokuksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, fdl laLFkk us Jkatfy toku VLV dh
LFkkiuk dh gS\
mkj
'kjhj Mwc tk,xk]
1866 bZ- esa]
6.023 1023]
xaxkuxj esa]
ts- vkj- Mh- VkVk us]
vjc ds e#LFky esa]
,Iiy]
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(21)
Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad]

btjk;y]
cnk;w dk]
2]
xqtjkr esa]
'kwU;]
esokM+]
fr#ifr (vka/z izns'k) esa]

la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk]
ykWMZ dkWuZokfyl]
1 tqykbZ] 1955 dks]
rkjh[ks fiQjkst'kkgh esa]
eqaxsj (fcgkj) esa

,oksxzkMks la[;k]
bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky;]
iQhej]
'kkg 'kqtk ls]
foosdkuUn ls]
gfV;k esa]
fo'oukFku vkuan]
1 tqykbZ] 2010 dks]
p folksbZ]
fiQDdh us]
General Studies
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iz'u
FkeZl cksry dh nhokj ij fdldh ijr yxkbZ tkrh gS\
e; izns'k mPp U;k;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
gkbMkstu ds leLFkkfudksa dh la[;k fdruh gS\
dwdk vkanksyu ds fdl usrk dks idM+dj jaxwu Hkst fn;k x;k Fkk\
Lora=k ikfdLrku ds izFke xouZj tujy dkSu Fkk\
dkSu&lk ifjogu fdlh Hkh nss'k dks lcls lLrk ;krk;kr iznku djrk gS\
xk; ds ijh tcM+s esa fdrus nkr gksrs gSa\
gekjh NksM+h gqbZ lkal dh gok esa CO2 dh ek=k yxHkx fdruh gksrh gS\
dkSu izFke vf[ky caxky Nk=k lEesyu (vxLr] 1928) ds v/;{k Fks\
fdl ns'k ds Mkd fVdV ij ^gsysosf'k;k* fy[kk gksrk gS\
Hkkjr esa fdl cSad us loZizFke fofHkUu 'kgjksa esa fLFkr vius dk;kZy;ksa dks mixzg
usVodZ ls tksM+k\
jkT;iky jkT; esa fdldk izfrfuf/ gksrk gS\
fcgkj ds eqaxsj ftys ds jkefoykl flag fdl ikVhZ ds lf; lnL; Fks\
fdldh n`f"V esa fIl izLrko ^,d VwVrs cSad ds uke ,d mkj fnukafdr psd*
Fkk\
fganh esa vk'kqfyfi ds tUenkrk dkSu gSa\
Hkkjr dh lcls yEck ukSxE; ugj dkSu&lh gS\
gSnjkckn ds fdl 'kkld dks ^futkeqyeqYd* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS\
^tokgj xzke le`f ;kstuk* fdl ;kstuk dk u;k uke gS\
mkj
pknh dh]
bUnkSj esa]
3]
ckck jke flag dks]
eqgEen vyh ftUuk]
ty ifjogu]
dksbZ nkr ugha gksrkA]
4%]
tokgjyky usg:]
fLoV~tjySaM ds
Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad us]
y
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jk"Vifr dk]
iQkjoMZ CykWd ds]
egkRek xk/h ds]
fu"dkes'oj feJ]
cfda?ke ugj]
fpufdfp [kk dks]
tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk
(JRY)]
tfru nkl fdl "kM~;a=k ds lg vijk/h gksus ds dkj.k fxj"rkj gq,\
ykgkSj "kM+;a=k ds dkj.k]
lfpu rsanqydj dk iwjk uke D;k gS\
lfpu jes'k rsanqydj]
fdlh xSl dk rki fdl ij fuHkZj djrk gS\
xSl ds v.kqvksa dh tkZ
ij]
tEew o d'ehj ds jkT;iky dks dkSu fu;qDr djrk gS\
Hkkjr dk jk"Vifr]
lokZf/d la[;k esa leLFkkfud fdlds ik;s tkrs gSa\
iksyksfu;e ds]
fdlus iQkjlh jhfr&fjokt ij vk/kfjr uojkst mRlo dks izkjaHk fd;k\
cycu]
^fedh ekml* (Micky Mouse) fdldh fr gS\
okYV fMTuh dh]
fdl unh ds eqgkus ij gSEcxZ uxj vofLFkr gS\
,Yc unh]
^,Iiy* dk iz{ksi.k fdl frfFk dks gqvk Fkk\
19 twu] 1981 dks]
jktho vkokl ;kstuk ds izFke pj.k dks dsanzh; eaf=keaMy dh eatwjh dc iznku 2 twu] 2011 dks]
dh x;h\
jktnjckj esa fdlus ^fltnk* ,oa îkcksl* dh izFkk izkjaHk dh\
cycu us]
nwjn'kZu ds varjkZ"Vh; pSuy dk mn~?kkVu dc gqvk Fkk\
14 ekpZ] 1995 dks
(22)
General Studies
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iz'u
mkj
vukWDlh 'olu dk vafre mRikn D;k gksrk gS\
ySfDVd vEy]
mijkT;iky dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
jk"Vifr]
izdk'k ds iQksVkWu flkar dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k\
vkbaLVhu us]
vius fojksf/;ksa ds izfr cycu us dkSu&lh uhfr viukbZ\
ykSg ,oa jDr uhfr]
tkok vkSj lqek=k fdl ns'k ds izfl }hi gSa\
baMksusf'k;k ds]
felhflih ,ao felkSjh unh ds laxe ij dkSu&lk 'kgj fLFkr gS\
lsaV yqbZl]
vesfjdh Loar=k laxzke dk loZizFke usrk dkSu Fkk\
tkWtZ okf'kaxVu]
^jk"Vh; xzkeh.k vkthfodk fe'ku* dh 'kq#vkr dc dh x;h\
3 twu] 2011 dks]
1857 bZ- ds fonzksg esa turk ds fdl oxZ us Hkkxhnkjh ugha nh\
f'kf{kr e;e oxZ us]
pyfp=k cukus okys izFke Hkkjrh; dkSu Fks\
/qUnjkt xksfoUn iQkYds]
veksfu;e DyksjkbM dk tyh; foy;u dSlk gksrk gS\
{kkjh;]
jkT;iky dk eq[; lykgdkj dkSu gksrk gS\
eq[;ea=kh]
fueksfu;k] xuksfj;k] iQksM+s&iQqa'kh vkfn ds mipkj ds fy, cSDVhfj;kuk'kd (,f. isaflfyu]
Vck;fVd) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
1857 ds fonzksg dk bykgkckn dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k\
fy;kdr vyh us]
^Hkkjrh; flusek dk tud* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks]
xzSaM dqyh ck/ fdl unh ij fLFkr gS\
dksyfEc;k unh ij]
fiQMs jSad/kjh dkSu&lk [ksy [ksyrs gSa\
'krjat]
^laxe ;kstuk* dk D;k ms'; gS\
fodykaxsa ds dY;k.k esa
o`f]
1857 bZ- fonzksg dk cjsyh esa usr`Ro fdlus fd;k\
[kku cgknqj [kku us]
^gs jke* fiQYe ds funsZ'kd dkSu gSa\
dey glu
izdk'k NksVs&NksVs d.kksa ls feydj cuk gS] ;s d.k D;k dgykrs gSa\
iQksVkWu]
iapk;rksa ds dk;Z ,oa 'kfDr;ksa dk o.kZu fdl vuqlwph esa gS\
11oha vuqlwph esa]
^gkbMkstu lHkh vEyksa dk ,d vko';d vo;o gS&;g loZizFke fdlus Msoh us]
crk;k\
1940 bZ- esa O;fDrxr lR;kxzg dgk 'kq# gqvk Fkk\
ioukj esa]
jktdiwj us igyh ckj fdl fiQYe esa dke fd;k\
badykc esa]
fo'o dh lcls O;Lr O;kikfjd unh dkSu&lh gS\
jkbu unh]
Lru/kjh oxZ esa jDr dk lcls vf/d rkieku (vkSlru 39C) fdl tho dk cdjh dk]
gksrk gS\
lokZf/d /u jk"Vh; dks"k esa fdl ek/;e ls tkrk gS\
mRikn 'kqYd ;k dj ls]
egkRek xk/h }kjk O;fDrxr lR;kxzg ds fy, izFke lR;kxzgh fdls pquk x;k\ fouksck Hkkos dks]
^vk/s v/wjs* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
eksgu jkds'k]
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(23)
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iz'u
larkuksRifk dks de djus ds fy, iq#"k dh ulacnh dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
iapk;r ds pquko djkus gsrq fu.kZ; fdlds }kjk fy;k tkrk gS\
gM+Iikdkyhu LFky ^/kSykohjk* fdl jkT; esa [kkstk x;k gS\
egkRek xk/h }kjk O;fDrxr lR;kxzg ds fy, f}rh; lR;kxzgh ds :i esa fdls
pquk x;k\
^xksnku* fdldh fr gS\
dkthjaxk us'kuy ikdZ vle ds fdl ftys esa fLFkr gS\
1857 ds fonzksg dks fdlus Hkkjr dk izFke Lora=krk laxzke dgk\
og dj ftldk dj vk/kj cny tkus ij Hkh dj dh nj leku jgrh gS] D;k
dgykrh gS\
lYrur dky esa jktLo foHkkx dk izeq[k D;k dgykrk Fkk\
^yksx Hkwy x, gSa* fdldh jpuk gS\
tc izdk'k ds yky] gjk o uhyk jaxksa dks vkil esa feyk;k tkrk gS] rks ifj.
kkeh jax dkSu&lk gksxk\
iapk;r lfefr dk xBu fdl Lrj ij gksrk gS\
dkSu&lk inkFkZ veksfu;k dh gScj fof/ esa vk;ju mRizsjd ds fy, fujks/d dk
dk;Z djrk gS\
^bDrk izFkk* fdlus izkjaHk dh Fkh\
^moZ'kh* fdldh fr gS\
csnkuFkkaxy i{kh fogkj fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
bljks }kjk lw;Z ds izHkkoeaMy ds v/;;u gsrq iz{ksfri fd;k tkus okyk mixzg
dkSu&lk gS\
og dj] tks mRiknu dh izR;sd O;oLFkk ij ewY; esa gksus okyh o`f ds vk/kj
ij yxk;k tkrk gS\
^pkjehukj* dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
^dkxt rs duokl* (iatkch jpuk) fdldh jpuk gS\
fdl jksx dh jksdFkke ds fy, ,e- Mh- Vh-(M.D.T.) nokvksa dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS\
iapk;r Lrj ij jkT; ljdkj dk izfrfuf/Ro dkSu djrk gS\
fdu jaxksa dk lfEeJ.k fnu vkSj jkr ds le; lokZf/d lqfo/ktud gksrk gS\
1899-1900 bZ- esa iM+s vdky ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq ,d vdky vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk
fdlus dh\
^vkuaneB* fdldh jpuk gS\
ckanhiqj oU; tho vH;kj.; dukZVd ds fdl ftys esa gSa\
vesfjdk dk izFke jk"Vifr dkSu Fkk\
ekyxqtkjh rFkk euksjatu djksa dks dkSu vkjksfir vkSj miHkksx djrk gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds 'kklu dky ds nkSjku dydkk esa foDVksfj;k eseksfj;y gkWy
dk fuekZ.k 1910 bZ- esa gqvk Fkk\
ûhy niZ.k* fdlus fy[kk gS\
mkj
oslsDVkWeh]
jkT; ljdkj ds }kjk]
xqtjkr esa]
tokjyky usg: dks]
izsepan dh]
tksjgV esa]
oh-Mh- lkojdj us]
vkuqikfrd dj]
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(24)
othj]
j?kqohj lgk; dh
liQsn]
iz[kaM Lrj ij]
CO]
bYrqrfe'k us]
jke/kjh flag fnudj dh]
rfeyukMq esa]
vkfnR;]
ewY; laof/Zr dj
(VAT)]
dqyh dqrqc'kkg us]

ve`rk izhre dh]
dks<+ (Leprosy)]
eqf[k;k]
yky vkSj gjk]
ykWMZ dtZu ds]
cafde panz pVthZ dh]

eSlwj esa]
tkWtZ okf'kaxVu]
jkT; ljdkj]
ykWMZ dtZu ds]
nhuca/q fe=k us
General Studies
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iz'u
fdl ize esa osusfM;e is.VkDlkbM dks ,d mRizsjd ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS\
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds vuqlkj dY;k.kdkjh jkt dh vo/kj.kk fdl vuqPNsn esa
of.kZr gS\
lqjkehu uked nok dk mi;ksx fdl jksx dh jksdFkke ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds 'kklu dky esa 1945 bZ- esa ^f'keyk le>kSrk* gqvk\
^P;ouizk'k* vkS"kf/ fdl xzaFk ds o.kZu ds vk/kj ij cuk;k x;k gS\
lfjLdk oU;tho vH;kj.; jktLFkku ds fdl ftys esa fLFkr gS\
jk"VeaMy [ksyksa dk izrhd (yksxks) dk 'kqHkkjEHk fdl o"kZ gqvk Fkk\
tc dqy jktLo ds leku gh dqy ykxr gksrh gS] rc ml fLFkfr dks D;k dgrs
gSa\
vuh'ojokn ds laca/ esa fdu nks /eks esa lekurk gS\
johUnzukFk VSxksj dk dkSu&lk f'k"; vkWLdj iqjLdkj izkIrdkkZ cuk\
fdlh vikjn'khZ oLrq dk jax ml jax ds dkj.k gksrk gS] ftls og
tc dksbZ jkT; jk"Vifr 'kklu ds varxZr gksrk gS] rc ml jkT; dk ctV dkSu
ikfjr djrk gS\
{kkj /krqvksa dks vkorZ lkj.kh ds fdl lewg esa j[kk x;k gS\
nsoiku rFkk d'ehj ds Jhuxj dh LFkkiuk dk Js; fdls fn;k tkrk gS\
jk"Vh; fiQYe iqjLdkj fdl ea=kky; }kjk fn;k tkrk gS\
mkj
laLi'kZ ize]
vuqPNsn
38 esa]
,M~l]
ykWMZ ososy ds]
pjd lafgrk]
vyoj esa]
1966 bZ- esa]
larqyu Lrj fcUnq]
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ckS /eZ rFkk tSu /eZ essa]

lR;thr jk;]
ijkofrZr djrk gSA]
laln]
IA]
v'kksd dks]
lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=kky;
}kjk]
osustq,yk fLFkr m".kdfVca/h; ?kkl dk eSnku D;k dgykrk gS\
ykukst]
fdldh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k fxjfxV jax cnyrk gS\
o.kZdh yod]
fo'o ds fdl ns'k dh lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh lcls cM+h gS\
Hkkjr dh]
v'kksd ds vf/dka'k vfHkys[k fdl fyfi esa gS\
czkh fyfi esa]
fiQYeiQs;j iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
1952 bZ- esa
^dsUnzd* dh [kkst fdlus dh\
jkWcVZ czkmu us]
Hkkjrh; laln ds fdl o"kZ* vLi`';rk vijk/ vf/fu;e* ikfjr djds bldks 1955 bZ- esa]
,d n.Muh; vijk/ ?kksf"kr fd;k\
bZjku dh lhek ds lehi fLFkr gM+Iikdkyhu izeq[k LFky dk uke D;k gS\
lqRdkxsauMksj]
izFke eqxy 'kkld dkSu Fkk] ftlus caxky ds f[kykiQ lSU; vfHk;ku fd;k\
gqek;w us]
Hkkjr esa flusek txr dk loZJs"B iqjLdkj dkSu&lk gS\
nknk lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj]
dukMk ds e; v{kka'kh; ?kkl eSnku D;k dgykrk gS\
izs;jh]
^bafM;u okj vkWiQ bafMisaMsal 1857* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
oh-Mh- lkodj]
Hkkjr ds lafpr dks"k ls /u dh fudklh fdldh vuqefr ls gh lEHko gksrh laln dh vuqefr ls]
gS\
pkS[kkus okys m|kuksa (pkjckx) dk izpyu Hkkjr esa fdlds }kjk izkjaHk fd;k ckcj }kjk]
x;k\
vtqZu iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k ls lac gS\
[ksy ls]
(25)
General Studies
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iz'u
yky dkp dks vf/d rki ij xeZ djus ij og dSlk fn[kkbZ nsxk\
laln dks ekSfyd vf/dkjksa esa la'kks/u djus dk vf/dkj lafo/ku ds fdl
la'kks/u }kjk fn;k x;k\
^'kwU; lewg* esa j[ks x, rRo fdl uke ls tkus tkrs gSa\
ykydqoj uke dh xf.kdk fdl eqxy 'kkld ds le; esa jktdky vfr
izHkko'kkyh Fkh\
vtqZu iqjLdkj ls iqjLr izFke efgyk dkSu Fkh\
pknh dk lokZf/d mRiknd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
lrh'k /ou Lisl lsaVj dgk fLFkr gS\
Hkkjr esa cpr dk vf/dka'k Hkkx fdl {ks=k ls izkIr gksrk gS\
egkRek xka/h dks loZizFke fdlus ^ jk"Vfirk* dgk Fkk\
vtqZu iqjLdkj izkIr djus okyk izFke fdsV f[kykM+h dkSu Fkk\
dksf'kdk ds v/;;u ds foKku dks D;k dgrs gSa\
lafo/ku lHkk ds fy, pquh x;h lHkh efgyk,a fdl ikVhZ ls lac Fkha\
;fn dksbZ oLrq izdk'k ds lHkh vo;o jaxksa dk iw.kZr% vo'kks"k.k dj ys] rks og
dSlh fn[kkbZ nsxh\
fczfV'k ljdkj us Hkkjr foHkktu dh ?kks"k.kk dc dh\
nzks.kkpk;Z iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k ls lacaf/r gS\
fdl 'kgj dks fo'o dh bLikr jkt/kuh dgk tkrk gS\
fo'o esa loZizFke fyf[kr lafo/ku dgk ykxw gqvk\
izR;sd izkbosV dEiuh dks vius uke ds var esa D;k fy[kuk t:jh gksrk gS\
mkj
gjk]
24osa la'kks/u }kjk]
vf; rRo]
tgknkj'kkg ds]
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,u- yElMsu]
esfDldks]
JhgfjdksVk esa]
?kjsyw {ks=k ls]
lyhe nqjkZuh
lkbVksykWth (Cytology)]
dkaxzsl ikVhZ]
dkyh]
3 twu] 1947 dks]
[ksy izf'k{k.k ls]

fiV~loxZ (U.S.A.)]
vesfjdk esa]
izkbosV fyfeVsM (Private
Ltd.)]
fdls ^lhekar xk/h* dh mikf/ iznku dh xbZ\
[kku vCnqy x"iQkj [kku
dks]
dkSu&lk iqjLdkj xf.kr ds {ks=k esa ukscsy rqY; iqjLdkj ds uke ls izfl gS\ ,csy iqjLdkj]
ok;q esa FkksM+h nsj j[kus ij fdl /krq ds ij gjs jax ds csfld dkcksZusV dh rkck]
ijr te tkrh gS\
ch- vkj- vEcsMdj dk lafo/ku lHkk esa fuokZpu dgk ls gqvk Fkk\
cEcbZ ls]
dksf'kdk foHkktu dh f;k dgk vkjaHk gksrh gS\
ls.Vkslkse esa]
ck/k dh xqiQk dk fuekZ.k fdl dky esa djok;k x;k\
xqIr dky]
vkWLdj iqjLdkj dks vU; fdl uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS\
,dsMeh vokMZl~]
fdl ns'k esa ^V~;wfyi* dh [ksrh lokZf/d izfl gS\
uhnjySaM esa]
19osa jk"VeaMy [ksy dk vk;kstu dgk fd;k x;k Fkk\
ubZ fnYyh esa]
^vPNs yksx] vPNk cSad* fdl cSad dh foKkiu iafDr gS\
;wfu;u cSad vkWiQ bafM;k]
vk;qosZnkpk;Z /UoUrfj fdlds njckj esa jgrs Fks\
pUnzxqIr f}rh; ds]
jk"Vh; ,dkr ij cuh loZJs"B fiQYe esa dkSu&lk jk"Vh; fiQYe iqjLdkj iznku ujfxl nk vokMZ
fd;k tkrk gS\
(26)
General Studies
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iz'u
^D;wizkbV* dk jklk;fud lw=k D;k gS\
fczVsu ds fdl iz/kuea=kh us Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh oS/rk dks gh pqukSrh nh Fkh\
1911 bZ- esa fdlus [kxksyh; nwjchu dk fuekZ.k fd;k\
dk;LFkksa dk loZizFke o.kZu fdl Le`fr xzaFk esa feyrk gS\
nknk lkgc iQkYds iqjLdkj ds rgr fdruh jkf'k iqjLdkj Lo:i iznku dh tkrh
gS\
dkSu&lk ,f'k;kbZ ns'k fo'o esa ty;ku&fuekZ.k esa izFke LFkku j[krk gS\
fdUgsa ^leqnzh vfpZu* dgk tkrk gS\
mkj
CuO]
foaLVu pfpZy us]

dsiyj us]
;kKoyD; Le`fr]
10 yk[k #i,]
y
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tkiku]
bdkbul rFkk LVkWfTyksls.
Vksl dks]
^bth Msflax iQkWj lsYiQ esM eSu* fdl oL=k m|ksx dh foKkiu iafDr gS\
xzkfle]
^nhu&,&bykgh* dk iz/ku iqjksfgr dkSu Fkk\
vcqy iQty]
fdl u`R; 'kSyh esa jk/k vkSj ".k dh yhykvksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS\
ef.kiqjh esa]
ubZ dksf'kdk dh mRifk fdl f;k ls gksrh gS\
dksf'kdk foHkktu ls]
pkj 'ksj okys vkfr Hkkjr dk jkt&fp lafo/ku lHkk }kjk dc viuk;k 26 tuojh] 1950 dks]
x;k\
êksiyk fonzksg* dgk gqvk Fkk\
ekykckj {ks=k esa]
^nhu&,&bykgh* dks loZizFke Lohdkj djus okyk dkSu fgUnw jktk Fkk\
chjcy]
fdl 'kkL=kh; u`R; dk uke lkfnj o vV~Ve Fkk\
HkjrukV~;e dk]
^czkthy dh /kjk* dSlh ty/kjk gS\
xeZty/kjk]
fxfjukj ioZr ij fLFkr lqn'kZu >hy dk iqufuZekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
LdUnxqIr us]
^Hkkjr dk varjkZ"Vh; cSad* fdl cSad dh foKkiu iafDr gS\
cSad vkWiQ cM+kSnk dh]
fdlus loZizFke b=k cukus dh dyk fodflr dh\
vLer csxe (uwjtgk dh
ek) us]
p/j iQsyksf'ki fdlds fy, nh tkrh gS\
'kkL=kh; u`R; ds fy,
nwj dh oLrqvksa ds fujh{k.k ds fy, fdl izdkf'kr ;a=k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk nwjn'khZ]
gS\
fdl vuqPNsn ds vuqlkj Hkkjr vFkkZr~ bafM;k jkT;ksa dk la?k gksxk\
vuqPNsn 1]
okVj VSadksa esa 'kSoky dks u"V djus ds fy, fdl jlk;u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk dkWij lYiQsV]
gS\
fdl {ks=k ds fdlkuksa us ^,dk vkanksyu* pyk;k\
vo/ {ks=k ds]
'kSjksu yksosu fdu u`R;ksa ls lac gSa\
vksfMlh] ef.kiqjh ,oa N]
fo'o dh lcls cM+h ehBs ikuh dh >hy dkSu&lh gS\
lqihfj;j >hy]
ihiykewy ds iQy fdlds lae.k nwj djrs gSa\
izksVkstksvk ds]
^vFkZ'kkL=k dk firk* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
,Me fLeFk dks]
izrkix<+ ftys dk dkSu&lk xko fdlku lHkk dh xfrfof/;ksa dk dsUnz Fkk\
[kjxko]
ûkSdk nkSM+* fdl jkT; dk vuks[kk vk;kstu gS\
dsjy dk]
(27)
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iz'u
dksYM LVksjst esa lkeku dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds vkn'kZ vko';d rkie D;k gS\
Hkkjr esa ykSfdd lokZHkkSfedrk gS] D;ksafd lafo/ku dh izLrkouk izkjaHk gksrh gSA
nwjchu (Telescope) dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
dkSu Hkkjr dk izFke xouZj tujy Fkk\
^Hkkxksfj;k mRlo* dgk euk;k tkrk gS\
fdl xzg dk lw;Z ds ifjr% ifjHkze.k dky U;wure gS\
fo'o esa iztkra=k dh loZizFke LFkkiuk dgk gqbZ\
,slh vFkZO;oLFkk tgk ekdsZV vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj fuokZg vFkZO;oLFkk nksuksa gks] D;k
dgykrh gS\
ekpZ] 1944 bZ- esa bafM;u us'kuy vkehZ us fdl ij dCtk djds ogka frjaxk /ot
iQgjk fn;k Fkk\
rkulsu laxhr lekjksg dgk euk;k tkrk gS\
fVu dh vf/d ek=k;qDr dkaL; D;k dgykrk gS\
lafo/ku ds fdl vax@v/;k; esa lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd U;k; dh
O;oLFkk pfpZr gS\
nw/ ds [kjkc gksus dk dkj.k dkSu&lk thok.kq gS\
^êsjk vafre ms'; izR;sd ds vk[k ls vkalw iksaNuk gksxk\** ;g dFku fdldk
gS\
^ykbZ gkjksck* fdl jkT; dk eq[; ioZ gS\
lkSjeaMy ds fdl xzg dks vius v{k ij ?kweus esa lHkh xzgksa ls de le; yxrk
gS\
fdl Hkkjrh; fu'kkusckt us loZizFke vksyfEid ind thrk\
tula[;k o`f dk T;kferh; flkar fdlus izfrikfnr fd;k Fkk\
fdlus dgk] ^êSa ,d kafrdkjh ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gw\**
dsnkjukFk esa fdldk eafnj gS\
lokZf/d oS|qr .kkRed rRo dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh izLrkouk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds 'kklu dh loksZPp lkk fdlesa
fufgr gS\
dkSu&lk rRo LVhy esa la{kj.k izfrjks/ mRiUu djrk gS\
fdlus lkeUr fcey us vkcw ioZr ij fnyokM+k dk izfl tSu eafnj cuok;k\
^xaxks=kh* fdl jkT; esa gS\
fdl xzg dk lw;Z ds ifjr% ifjHkze.kdky vf/dre gS\
ekuo n; esa d{kksa dh fdruh la[;k gksrh gS\
^jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k* in dk loZizFke iz;ksx fdl vFkZ'kkL=kh us fd;k Fkk\
fliqj esa :nzegkdky ds eafnj dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
mkjk[kaM esa ^riksou* dgk fLFkr gS\
mkj
10C ls
& 18C]
^ge Hkkjr ds yksx** ls]
xSyhfy;ks us]
ykWMZ fofy;e cSafVad]
fuekM+ (e; izns'k) esa]
cq/ xzg dk]
vesfjdk esa]
nksgjh vFkZO;oLFkk]
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(28)
bEiQky ij]
Xokfy;j esa
'osr dkaL;]
izLrkouk esa]
ySDVks cSlhyl]
egkRek xka/h dk]
ef.kiqj dk]
o`gLifr]
jkT;o/Zu flag jkBkSj us]

ekYFkl us]
tokgjyky usg: us]
f'ko dk]
"yksjhu]
Hkkjr dh turk esa]
fudsy]
Hkhe izFke ds]
mkjk[kaM esa]
usIP;wu]
pkj]
izks- ihxw us]
t;flag us]
f"kds'k esa
General Studies
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iz'u
lcls cM+k ,fUt;ksLieZ ikS/k dkSu&lk gS\
mijk"Vifr cuus ds fy, U;wure fdruh mez gksuh pkfg,\
Xosn esa ^tuin* 'kCn fdrus ckj iz;qDr gqvk gS\
dks.kkdZ eafnj dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
izkphu rhFkZ LFkku ^foa/;kpy* fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
lkSjeaMy dk lcls pedhyk xzg dkSu&lk gS\
laLr dk izfl dfo Jhg"kZ fdlds njckj esa jgrk Fkk\
;kstuk vk;ksx dk insu v/;{k dkSu gksrk gS\
fdlus ,sls ckx&cxhps ftlesa cgrk ikuh gks] ds fuekZ.k dh ijaijk dh 'kq:vkr
dh\
ekynho dh jkt/kuh dgk gS\
fctyh dh [kir dk fcy fdlds ekiu ij vk/kfjr gksrk gS\
mijk"Vifr ds fuokZpu esa dkSu Hkkx ysrs gSa\
mkj
;wdsfyIVl]
35 o"kZ]
,d ckj Hkh ugha]
ujflag izFke pksMxax us]
mkj izns'k esa]
'kq]
t;pan ds]
iz/kuea=kh]
ckcj us]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
ekys]
okWV ds ekiu ij]
yksdlHkk ,oa jkT;lHkk ds
lnL;]
LVhy esa dBksjrk iznku djus ds fy, fdldh ek=kk c<+k;h tkrh gS\
eSaxuht dh]
fdl jktiwr oa'k us vdcj ds lkeus leiZ.k ugha fd;k Fkk\
fllksfn;k oa'k us]
ekynho fdl egkns'k dk ,d ns'k gS\
,f'k;k egknso dk]
fo"kqor js[kk ij fLFkr fdeh LFkku ds v{kka'k dk eku fdruk gksrk gS\
0]
gYnh vkSj uhe ls cuk ejge fdl jksx esa vR;ar mi;ksxh gS\
Ldscht uked Ropk jksx
esa]
;kstuk vk;ksx ds mik/; dk dk;Zdky fdrus o"kks dk gksrk gS\
dksbZ lhek ugha gS]
fdl 'kkld ds dky dks ^laxejej dk dky* dgk tkrk gS\
'kkgtgk ds]
^chftax* fdl 'kgj dk u;k uke gS\
isfdax dk
fo'o dk lcls cM+k iQwy dkSu&lk gS\
jS"ysfl;k vkjukWYMh]
mijk"Vifr dks gVkus ds fy, ladYi fdl lnu esa is'k fd;k tkrk gS\
dsoy jkT;lHkk esa]
ekuo 'kjhj ('kq"d) ds fo|qr izfrjks/ ds ifjek.k dh dksfV D;k gS\
106 vkse]
Hkkjr esa vk/qfud ykSg&bLikr m|ksx dh LFkkiuk dgha gqbZ\
fcgkj esa]
^jaxwu* fdl 'kgj dk iqjkuk uke gS\
;kaxwu dk]
mkjh xksykZ esa lcls NksVk fnu dc gksrk gS\
22 fnlEcj]
fo'o esa loZizFke /eZfujis{k jkT; dh LFkkiuk dgk gqbZ\
vesfjdk esa]
dkSu&lk vk;ksx ns'k ds HkkSfrd] iwthxr rFkk ekuoh; lalk/uksa dk iwokZuqeku ;kstuk vk;ksx]
yxkrk gS\
dkSu ^nh bdkWuksfed fgLVh vkWiQ bafM;k* ds ys[kd gS\
jes'k pUnz nk]
ukVks (NATO) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
eksUl (csfYt;e) esa]
(29)
General Studies
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930-
iz'u
nw/ esa lokZf/d ek=kk esa ik;k tkus okyk rRo dkSu&lk gS\
jkT;lHkk esa ladYi is'k djus ds fdrus fnu iwoZ mijk"Vifr dks lwpuk nsuh
iM+rh gS\
fdl ikS/s dk iQy Hkwfe ds uhps ik;k tkrk gS\
jsy foHkkx ds fy, i`Fkd~ jsy ctV dk vkjaHk fd;k x;k\
ukVks dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
pUnzxzg.k fdl frfFk dks ?kfVr gksrk gS\
yanu vksyfEid 2012 esa Hkkjrh; ny ds /ot okgd dkSu Fks\
;kstuk vk;ksx ds izFke mik/;{k dkSu Fks\
".k dk loZizFke mYys[k fdl mifu"kn~ esa gS\
,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad (ADB) dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ gqbZ\
V~;wc ykbu esa O;; tkZ dk yxHkx fdruk Hkkx izdk'k esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk
gS\
vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk l`tu dkSu&lk lnu djrk gS\
lcls Hkkjh /krq dkSu&lk gS\
fo'o dk lcls cM+k egkdkO; dkSu&lk gS\
vkfl;ku (ASEAN) dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ\
i`Foh dks vius v{k ij ,d ckj ?kweus esa fdruk le; yxrk gS\
mkj
dSfYl;e]
14 fnu iwoZ]
ewaxiQyh dk]
1931 bZ- esa]
4 vizSy] 1949 bZ-dks]
iwf.kZek ds fnu]
lq'khy dqekj]
xqytkjh yky uank]
NkUnksX; mifu"kn~ esa]
1966 bZ- esa
60-70%]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
jkT;lHkk]
vkslfe;e]
egkHkkjr]
23 ?kaVk] 56 feuV]
lsadM]
dkSu&lk gkeksZu vXU;k'k; dks mksftr dj vXuk'k;h jl dk lzo.k fu;af=kr djrk flhfVu]
gS\
fgUnw lao`f nj dh vo/kj.kk fdlus izLrqr dh Fkh\
izks-jkt".k us]
êgkHkkjr* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
osn O;kl us]
^y{ehckbZ jk"Vh; 'kkjhfjd f'k{k.k laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
Xokfy;j esa]
ykSax ikS/s ds fdl Hkkx ls izkIr gksrk gS\
iq"i dyh ls]
Hkkjr esa jkT;lHkk ds izFke lHkkifr dkSu Fks\
MkW- ,l- jk/k".ku]
uan oa'k ds fdl 'kkld us ^,djkV*] ^loZ{k=kUrd* vkSj ^f}rh; ij'kqjke* dh egki|uan]
mikf/ /kj.k dh\
fot;uxj esa nklksa ds ;&fo; dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
cslox]
^jk"Vh; fpfdRlk foKku vdkneh* dgk fLFkr gS\
ubZ fnYyh esa]
1993 bZ- esa ykrwj HkwdEi ds dkj.k rckg gks x;k Fkk&ykrwj Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; egkjk"V esa]
esa gS\
fdl eqxy ckn'kkg ds 'kklu dky esa Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; laxhr ij lokZf/d iqLrdsa vkSjaxtsc ds]
Nkih x;ha\
dkSu&lk {ks=k Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dks lokZf/d ;ksxnku nsrk gS\
r`rh;d {ks=k]
^vVkyk efLtn* dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
bczkfge 'kdhZ us]
^jk"Vh; ;wukuh laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
caxyq: esa
(30)
48
General Studies
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iz'u
fo|qr dsryh fo|qr /kjk ds fdl izdkj ds izHkko dh ;qfDr gS\
jkT;lHkk dk lnL; gksus ds fy, U;wure mez fdruk o"kZ fu/kZfjr gS\
ukbVkstu dk lcls izeq[k O;kikfjd mi;ksx fdlds mRiknu esa gksrk gS\
iatkc esa HkfDr vkanksyu ds izorZd dkSu Fks\
^jk"Vh; izkfrd fpfdRlk laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
leHkwdEi js[kk fdl izdkj dk gksrk gS\
gfjr jlk;uksa dh mRifk loZizFke fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
bafM;u vkW;y dkjiksjs'ku }kjk gfj;k.kk ds fdl ftys esa ,d fjiQkbujh dh
LFkkiuk dh x;h\
LFkk;h cankscLr fdlls fd;k x;k\
^cky j{kk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
nyguh iQlyksa esa dkSu&lk thok.kq ukbVkstu fLFkjhdj.k djrk gS\
jkT;lHkk dh x.kiwfrZ mlds fdrus lnL; la[;k ls gksrh gS\
izfrnhfIr V~;wcykbV esa fuEu nkc ij fdldh ok"i gksrh gS\
izFke vkaXy&fl[k (1845-46) ;q fdl xouZj tujy ds 'kklu dky dh lcls
egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk Fkh\
^lexz kafr fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
nsecan fdl izdkj dk Tokykeq[kh gS\
,dfnolh; vUrjkZ"Vh; fdsV esa nksgjk 'krd cukus okyk izFke fdsVj dkSu
gSa\
varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj dk izeq[k izgjh fdls ekuk tkrk gS\
fdl xouZj tujy us ujcfy izFkk ij izfrca/ yxk;k\
^fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
ukbVkstu ;kSfxdksa dk ukbVkstu esa ifjorZu D;k dgykrk gS\
loksZPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'kksa ds osru ,oa Hkks fdl ek/;e ls fn, tkrs
gSa\
fdlh tkuoj ds nw/ nsus dh {kerk D;k dgykrh gS\
loZizFke LokfLrd fp ds vo'ks"k fdl lH;rk ls izkIr gq, gSa\
^xjhc fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
fdfyeatkjks fdl izdkj dk Tokykeq[kh gS\
vesfjdk us nkl&O;kikj ij dc izfrca/ yxk;k\
Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd ewy&l`tu fdl jkT; esa lokZf/d gS\
Xosn ds rhljs iz/ku nsork dkSu Fks\
Fky lsuk ds deh'k.M vf/dkfj;ksa esa loksZPp in dkSu&lk gS\
mkj
rkih; izHkko dh]
30 o"kZ]
veksfu;k ds]
xq# ukud]
iq.ks esa]
vfu;fer]
1991 bZ- esa]
ikuhir ftys esa]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(31)
tehankjksa ls]
1 twu dks]
jkbtksfc;e]
1/10 lnL; la[;k]
ikjk dh]
ykWMZ gkfMx ds]
5 twu
dks]
'kkar Tokykeq[kh]
lfpu rsanqydj]
fo'o O;kikj laxBu dks]

ykWMZ gkfMx us]
5 twu dks
foukbVhdj.k]
Hkkjr ds lafpr fuf/ ls]
is&fMxzh]
gM+Iik lH;rk]
28 twu dks]
e`r Tokykeq[kh]
1808 bZ- esa]
egkjk"V esa]
lkse]
tujy]
General Studies
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930-
iz'u
lw;Z esa tkZ dSls mRiUu gksrh gS\
loksZPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/h'k dks izfrekg fdruk osru feyrk gS\
fdls ^Hkfo"; dk b/u* dgk tkrk gS\
jktk dh mRifk dk izFke lk{; fdl xzaFk esa feyrk gS\
ukS lsuk dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
fo'o dk lcls vf/d ykSax mRiknd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
iksVSf'k;e vYirk dh deh ls dkSu&lk jDrpki gksrk gS\
Hkkjr esa izfr gsDVs;j f"k mRikndrk esa loksZPp nks jkT; dkSu&dkSu gSa\
flDdksa ij ^[kyhiQk dk uk;c* [kqnokus okyk Hkkjr dk izFke lqYrku dkSu Fkk\
ukS lsuk ds iwohZ dekaM dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
fdl ikni dks ^'kkdh; Hkkjrh; MkWDVj* dgk tkrk gS\
loksZPp U;k;ky; ds vU; U;k;k/h'kksa dks izfrekg fdruk osru feyrk gS\
gM+Iik lH;rk dh vk;rkdkj eqgjsa lkekU;r% fdlls cuh gSa\
^lS";n ml lykrhu* mikf/ fdlus /kj.k dh\
ok;q lsuk dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
jcM+ dk f"k ds varxZr lokZf/d {ks=kiQy fdl ns'k dk gS\
1857 bZ- esa ukuk lkgsc us fdl LFkku ij fonzksg dh deku laHkkyh Fkh\
Hkwfe dk LokfeRo /kj.k djus dh vf/dre lhek D;k dgykrh gS\
lYrudkyhu lSU; O;oLFkk dk vk/kj eaxksy lSU; O;oLFkk dh dkSu&lh iz.kkyh
Fkh\
Hkkjr ds fdl jk"Vifr us Hkkjr dh /eZ fujis{krk dks fLFkjrkiwoZd loZ /eZ
leHkko dgk\
ukfHkd dk vkdkj fdruk gksrk gS\
dkSu&lk U;k;ky; ,d vfHkys[k U;k;ky; Hkh gS\
gkbMkstu dh [kkst fdlus dh\
^Hkkjr VsM ;wfu;u iQsMjs'ku* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
^rksjkg* fdl leqnk; dk ifo=k xzaFk gS\
fdl fdLe ds dikl dks ^Hkkjrh; dikl* dgrs gSa\
fo'o dh dkSu&lh unh lokZf/d iznwf"kr unh gS\
fdlh m|eh dk lcls egRoiw.kZ dke dkSu&ljk gksrk gS\
jS";rokM+h O;oLFkk loZizFke dgk ykxw dh xbZ\
^dksflZdk* }hi fdl egkiq#"k ls lac gS\
mkj
ukfHkdh; lay;u }kjk]
,d yk[k #i;s]
gkbMkstu dks]
,srjs; czk.k]
ubZ fnYyh esa]
ratkfu;k]
fuEu jDrpki]
iatkc rFkk gfj;k.kk]
fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd]
fo'kk[kkikue esa
vkoyk dks]
90 gtkj #i;s]
lsy[kM+h ls]
fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd us]
ubZ fnYyh esa]
baMksusf'k;k dk]
dkuiqj esa]
lhekcanh (Ceilling)]
n'keyo iz.kkyh]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(32)
MkW- ,l- jk/k".ku us]

10-10 eh-]
loksZPp U;k;ky;]
gsujh dSosafMl us]
,e- ,u-tks'kh us]
;gwfn;ksa dk]
NksVs js'ks okys dikl dks]
jkbu unh]
tksf[ke mBkuk]
enzkl esa]
usiksfy;u cksukikVZ ls
General Studies
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iz'u
if{k;ksa dks mM+us ls jksdus dh izf;k D;k dgykrh gS\
rsjgosa fok vk;ksx ds v/;{k dkSu gSa\
E =k mc2 iQkewZyk fdlus fn;k\
FkkWel equjks fdl Hkwfe O;oLFkk ls laca Fkk\
ûsiQk* fdl jkT; dk iqjkuk uke gS\
fo'o dk lcls cM+k twV mRiknd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
vesfjdh jk"Vifr ds fuokl LFkku dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
Hkkjrh; fjotZ cSad dh jk"Vh;dj.k dc fd;k x;k\
Xosn ds fdl eaMy esa pkj o.kks dh mRifk ds o.kZu gSa\
^bZ- Vh- ,-* fdl ns'k dk vkradoknh laxBu gS\
dkty esa dkcZu dh izfr'krrk fdruh gksrh gS\
jktHkk"kk vk;ksx dk xBu fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
fdl cdjh dks ^fo'o dh nw/ dh jkuh* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
fdl osn dk ladyu Xosn ij vk/kfjr gS\
^vkekj lksukj ckaXyk* fdl ns'k dk jk"V xhr gS\
rackdw mRiknu esa dkSu&lk jkT; vxz.kh gS\
fot; gtkjs VkiQh dk laca/ fdl [ksy ls gS\
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
XoSfnd dky dh lcls egRoiw.kZ unh dkSu&lh Fkh\
LdkmfVax ds laLFkkid dkSu Fks\
fdlus crk;k fd izR;sd nzO;eku tkZ ds lerqY; gS\
jktHkk"kk vk;ksx ds izFke v/;{k dkSu Fks\
izksM~;w'kj xSl vkSj ty xSl ds b/u ds :i esa fdldk iz;ksx gksrk gS\
iw.kZr% dsUnz ds fu;a=k.k esa jgus okyh Hkwfe D;k dgykrh Fkh\
og dkSu&lk ns'k gS] ftlus iqu% 12 o"kks ds vUrjky ds i'pkr~ ;wusLdks dh
lnL;rk xzg.k dh\
fo'o esa Fkksfj;e dk lcls cM+k lafpr HkaMkj fdl ns'k esa gS\
,d o;Ld esa jDr dk vkSlr vk;ru fdruk gksrk gS\
fdl Hkkjrh; jkT; dk fokh; ysu&nsu Hkkjrh; fjotZ cSad ds ek/;e ls ugha
gksrk gS\
fdlus viuh jkt/kuh xqycxZ ls gVkdj chnj esa LFkkfir dh\
^vkWdySaM* fdl ns'k dk izfl 'kgj gS\
mkj
czsfyax]
fot; dsydj]
vYcVZ vkbULVhu us]
jS";rokM+h O;oLFkk ls]
v#.kkpy izns'k dk]
ckaXykns'k]
OgkbV gkml]
1 tuojh] 1949 bZ- dks]
nlosa eaMy esa]
Lisu dk]
95%]
1955 bZ- esa]
lkusu]
lkeosn]
ckaXykns'k dk]
vka/z izns'k]
fdsV ls]
eqacbZ esa]
flU/q]
csMsu ikosy
vkbULVhu us]
ch- th- [ksj]
dkcZu eksuksDlkbM dk]
[kkylk Hkwfe]
fczVsu]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(33)
Hkkjr esa]
5-6 yhVj]
tEew o d'ehj]
f'kgkcqhu vgen izFke us]

U;wthySaM dk]
General Studies
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930-
iz'u
^cljk* fdldh uLy gS\
jktHkk"kk foHkkx fdl ea=kky; ds varxZr dk;Z djrk gS\
tSu /eZ dk lcls cM+k dsUnz dkSu&lk uxj Fkk\
f'kgkcqhu us chnj dk u;k uke D;k j[kk\
,f'k;k egk}hi dk lcls cM+k }hi dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr esa Fkksfj;e dk lcls cM+k lafpr HkaMkj fdl jkT; esa gS\
tgkxhj ds edcjk dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k Fkk\
Hkkjrh; fjotZ cSad dh [kqyk cktkj dh dk;Zokgh dk vFkZ fdudk ;&fo;
gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa xk/th ds }kjk ^lfou; voKk vkanksyu* izkjaHk
fd;k x;k\
"yksjsal ukbfVaxsy (ysMh fon n ySEi) dk uke fdl ;q ls tqM+k gS\
yslh uked ;qfDr dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e dc ikfjr fd;k x;k\
ok;q;ku ds Vk;jksa esa dkSu&lh xSl Hkjh tkrh gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa yanu esa îzFke xksyest lEesyu* gqvk\
^vkfn dfo* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
ns'k esa dk;Zjr leLr lkekU; chek dEifu;ksa dk izca/u fdl o"kZ ljdkj us
vius gkFk esa ys fy;k\
gksE;ksiSFkh fpfdRlk ifr dk tUenkrk fdls dgk tkrk gS\
,u- Vh- ih- lh-] dgyxkao fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds lk{k xka/hth ds le>kSrk gLrk{kj ds ckn lfou; voKk
vkanksyu dks LFkfxr dj fn;k x;k\
fgUnh fiQYe funsZ'kd ,oa laxhrK lEiwju flag fdl uke ls vPNh rjg tkus
tkrs gSa\
fdls ^leqnzh pqfg;k* dgk tkrk gS\
Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dgk 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh\
f=kfoeh; fp=k [khapus esa fdl ;qfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
pUnzxqIr ekS;Z dk iq=k fcanqlkj dks ok;q iqjk.k esa D;k dgk x;k gS\
gkWyhoqM dh izLrqfr ^n ?kksLV ,.M n MkdZusl* esa izeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkus okyk
Hkkjrh; vfHkusrk dkSu Fks\
rLekfu;k }hi fdl ns'k dk Hkkx gS\
vczkge fyadu dh gR;k fdlus dh\
lkekU; chek O;olk; dh jk"Vh;dj.k fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
ekS;ks ds ckn nf{k.k Hkkjr esa fdldk izHkqRo jgk\
egkRek xk/h ds thou ij vk/kfjr fiQYe ^xk/h dk funsZ'ku fdlus fd;k\
mkj
eqxhZ dh]
x`g ea=kky;]
pEik uxj]
eqgEenkckn]
cksfuZ;ks]
dsjy esa]
uwjtgk us]
ljdkjh ckW.Mksa dk]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(34)
ykWMZ bjfou ds]
hfe;u ;q ls
fFk;ksMksj ,p- eseSu us]
2 flrEcj] 1959 bZ- dks]
ghfy;e]
ykWMZ bjfou ds]
okYehfd dks]
o"kZ 1971 bZ- esa]
MkW- lSE;qy gSfuesu dks]
fcgkj esa]
ykWMZ bjfou ds]
xqytkj]
dkbVu dks]
ukxkSj (jktLFkku) esa]
yslj dk]
Hknzlkj]
vkseiqjh]
vkLVsfy;k dk]
tkWu foYdht cwFk us]
1972 bZ- esa]
lkrokguksa dk]
fjpMZ ,Vucjks us
General Studies
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930-
iz'u
ekSle laca/h tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, cSywu esa dkSu&lh xSl Hkjdj NksM+k
tkrk gS\
vk/qfud Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk loZizFke dc 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh\
fdls ^leqnzh Lyx* Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
lkrokguksa us igus fduds LFkkuh; vf/dkfj;ksa ds :i esa dke fd;k Fkk\
uohu fu'py fdl {ks=k ls lac Fks\
lalkj dk lokZf/d lw[kkxzLr ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
fdl [ksy esa ^jkWy vkWu* 'kCn dkiz;ksx gksrk gS\
Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkkjrh; lkekU; chek fuxe (GIC) ds uke ls ,d ljdkjh dEiuh
dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh\
t;iqj 'kgj dh LFkkiuk oSKkfud ifr ij fdlus dh\
^lkdsr* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa vR;ar dBksj oLrqvksa dks dkVus esa fdl ;qfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS\
iapk;rh jkT; vf/fu;e dc vfLrRo esa vk;k\
^dksjksfly* uked IykfLVd fdlls izkIr gksrh gS\
dydkk dh LFkkiuk 1690 bZ- esa fdlus dh\
^;kek* fdldh jpuk gS\
xksYMsu xzsV fczt la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds fdl uxj esa gS\
jsM fjcu (Red Ribbon) dsEisu Hkkjr esa fdl chekjh ls lcaf/r gS\
Hkkjrh; lk/kj.k chek fuxe us dc ls dk;Z djuk izkjEHk fd;k\
Mpksa dh rjg fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh caxky esa fdl oLrq ds O;kikj esa :fp
ugha j[krh Fkh\
^jkepfjrekul* fdldh jpuk gS\
vf/dre iks"kd rRo jDr esa dgk ls vo'kksf"kr fd;s tkrs gSa\
tEew o d'ehj us viuk lafo/ku dc vaxhdkj ,oa ykxw fd;k\
ckcj us fdl ;q esa ^tsgkn* dk ukjk fn;k Fkk\
Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu ds nkSjku cfy;k esa fdlus lekukarj ljdkj dh LFkkiuk
dh Fkh\
^vukfedk* fdldh jpuk gS\
mkj
ghfy;e]
2 vDVwcj] 1959 dks]
b;ksfyl dks]
ekS;ks ds v/hu]
fiQYe vfHku; ls]
vkLVsfy;k]
gkWdh ls]
1972 bZ- esa]
y
f
il
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2
9
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q
5
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6
c
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2
7
{ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls dkSu&lk ns'k lcls NksVk gS\
fdl eqxy lezkV~ dks ^jk"Vh; lezkV* dgk tkrk Fkk\
^vEcsMdj okYehfd efyu cLrh vkokl ;kstuk* dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
11 vxLr] 1942 dks iVuk lfpok;y dkaM esa fdrus ukStoku 'kghn gq, Fks\
^fganh dkO; dh vk/qfud ehjk* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
(35)
lokbZ t; flag us]

eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr]
yslj dk]
25 vizSy] 1993 bZ-
,lhfVyhu ls]
tkWc pkWjukWd us]
egknsoh oekZ dh]
lSu kaflLdks esa]
,M~l ls]
1 tuojh] 1973 ls]
viQhe ds]
dks]
rqylhnkl
NksVh vkar ls]
9 tuojh] 1957 bZ- esa]
[kkuok ds ;q dks]
fpkw ik.Ms us]
lw;Zdkar f=kikBh ^fujkyk*

dh]
osfVdu flVh]
vdcj dks]
2 fnlEcj] 2001 dks]
7]
egknsoh oekZ dks]
General Studies
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iz'u
eksckby dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
tEew o d'ehj ds eq[;ea=kh dk dk;Z vof/ fdrus o"kks dh gksrh gS\
iksVSf'k;e ukbVsV] pw.khZr pkjdksy rFkk xa/d ds feJ.k dks D;k dgrs gSa\
fcgkj izkar dh LFkkiuk ds fy, gq, vkanksyu dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k Fkk\
[kxksyfoKku ds Hkkjrh; egkxzaFk îap flkfUrdk* ds jpukdkj dkSu gSa\
xqtjkr vkSj fla/ (ikfdLrku) ds rV ls yxk 60 fd-eh- yEck nynyh {ks=k D;k
dgykrk gS\
dhVuk'kh xSlksa dks iQSykus dh f;k D;k dgykrh gS\
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 'kgjh lqfo/kvksa ds izko/ku dh ;kstuk (PURA) dsUnz ljdkj }kjk
fdl o"kZ izkjEHk dh x;h\
yksnh dky dh lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ efLtn dkSu&lh gS\
^^xksfoUn vc nsj D;k gS] iz.k dk le; tkrk Vyk** ;g iafDr eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr
dh fdl fr esa gS\
eq[k ls fudyh ykj fdldk ikpu djrh gS\
tEew o d'ehj esa ^lnj&,&fj;klr* inuke dks dc cnydj jkT;iky dj fn;k
x;k\
Vsyhfotu dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k Fkk\
1489 bZ- esa ,d Lora=k jkT; ds :i esa chtkiqj dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh Fkh\
izfl dfo xksiky nkl lDlsuk vius fdl vU; uke ls vf/d tkus tkrs gSa\
tksx ;k xjlksIik ;k egkRek xk/h tyizikr fdl unh ls lac gS\
^lekurk] Lora=krk ,oa cU/qRo* fdl kafr dk ukjk Fkk\
îkWiqys'ku iQLVZ ;kstuk* dh ?kks"k.kk fdl o"kZ dh x;h Fkh\
chtkiqj esa ^xksy xqEct* dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k Fkk\
i=kdkfjrk ds {ks=k esa fo'o dk lcls izfrf"Br iqjLdkj dkSu&lk gS\
vkx yxkus okys ûkike ce* (Napalm Bomb) esa vkx mRiUu djus okyk eq[;
inkFkZ dkSu&lk gS\
^y?kq lafo/ku* fdl alfo/ku la'kks/u dks dgk tkrk gS\
iq#"kksa esa efgykvksa dh vis{kk fdruk yhVj jDr vf/d gksrk gS\
cz lekt dh fojks/h laxBu ^/eZ lHkk* dh fdlus LFkkiuk dh Fkh\
pesyh nsoh tSu iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h >hy dkSu&lh gS\
gkWdh [ksy izkjaHk gksus ds le; gkWdh ckWy dks ekjuk D;k dgykrk gS\
^fueZy Hkkjr vfHk;ku ;kstuk* dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
^fo/ok iqufoZokg ,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh Fkh\
jkeukFk xks;udk iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k ls lacaf/r gS\
mkj
ekfVZu dwij us]
6 o"kZ dh]
xu ikmMj]
lfPpnkuan flUgk us]
ojkgfefgj]
ljhd]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(36)
;wehxs'ku]
o"kZ 2003 esa]
eksB dh efLtn]
t;nzFk o/ esa
LVkpZ dk]
1965 bZ- esa]
ts- ,y- cs;MZ us]

;qlwiQ vkfny'kkg us]
ûhjt* miuke ls]
'kjkorh unh ls]
kal dh jkt kafr dk]
o"kZ 2002 esa]
eqgEen vkfny'kky us]
iqfyRtj iqjLdkj]
uS"FksusV ikehVsV]
42osa
lafo/ku la'kks/u dks]

1/2yhVj]
jk/kdkar nso us]
i=kdkfjrk {ks=k esa]
fpYdk >hy]
cqyh]
15 vxLr] 2005dks]
egknso xksfoUn jk.kkMs us]
i=kdkfjrk {ks=k ls
General Studies
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iz'u
fy"V dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dk xBu dc fd;k x;k gS\
jkWdsV esa iz;qDr b/u dks D;k dgrs gSa\
ohjs'kfyaxe iq.rqyq us fdl {ks=k esa mYys[kuh; dk;Z fd;k\
jkeukFk xks;udk iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ ls izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
egkjk"V dh yksukj >hy dSlh >hy gS\
,M~l fo"kk.kq ds fy, lcls T;knk mi;ksx esa yk;h xbZ nok dkSu&lh gS\
^Hkwrfyaxe lfefr* fduls lac Fkh\
mkj
,iQ- th- vksfVl us]
6 vizSy] 1980 dks]
iz.kksnd]
fo/ok fookg]
o"kZ 2006 ls]
sVj >hy]
thoksoqfMu]
etnwjh vk; vkSj dherksa
ls]
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa izFke iQSDVh vf/fu;e ikfjr fd;k x;k\
ykWMZ fjiu ds]
Hkkjr dk pkSFkk loZJs"B jk"Vh; lEeku dkSu&lk gS\
in~e Jh]
jDr dk rjy Hkkx D;k dgykrk gS\
IykTek]
Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
26 fnlEcj] 1925 dks]
xqIr dky esa Hkw&jktLo dh nj D;k Fkh\
mit dk NBk Hkkx]
caxky vdky dh tkp djus ds fy, ykWMZ ososy us dkSu&lk vk;ksx xfBr fd;k cqMgsM vk;ksx]
Fkk\
in~e Jh ls lEekfur igyh Hkkjrh; vfHkus=kh dkSu Fkh\
ujfxl nk]
fo'o dk lcls xeZ LFkku dkSu&lk gS\
vthft;k]
vdcj ds njckj esa lcls izfl fgUnh dfo dkSu Fkk\
vCnqZjghe [kku[kkuk]
êgkyuksfcl lfefr* fdlls lac Fkh\
jk"Vh; vk; ls]
1906 bZ- esa ^Lojkt* 'kCn dk loZizFke iz;ksx djus okyk Hkkjrh; dkSu Fkk\
cky xaxk/j fryd]
in~e Jh ls lEekfur izFke vfHkusrk dkSu Fkk\
cyjkt lkguh
,;j czsd dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
tktZ osfLVaxgkml]
Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ (ekDlZoknh) dk xBu fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
1964 bZ- dks]
orZeku esa Kkr rRoksa dh dqy la[;k fdruh gS\
118]
Xosn dk dkSu&lk eaMy iw.kZr% lkse dks lefiZr gS\
ukSoka eaMy]
dkSu&lk varjkZ"Vh; iqjLdkj oSdfYid ukscsy ds uke ls izfl gS\
jkbV fyoyhgqM iqjLdkj]
,f'k;k dk lcls xeZ LFkku tSdksckckn fdl ns'k esa fLFkr gS\
ikfdLrku esa]
Hkkjr dk izFke Lons'k fufeZr mixzg dkSu Fkk\
bUlSV&2 ,]
U;w;kWdZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa lwphc gksus okyh igyh Hkkjrh; dEiuh dkSu&lh vkbZ-lh-vkbZ-lh-vkbZ]
gS\
dkSu&lk osn va'kr% x| :i esa Hkh jfpr gS\
;tqosZn]
dkSu&lk varjkZ"Vh; iqjLdkj ^xzhu vkWLdj* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
xksYMu ikaMk iqjLdkj]
y
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General Studies
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iz'u
,d feuV esa ekuo n; lkekU;r% fdruh ckj /M+drk gS\
iQkjoMZ CykWd dh LFkkiuk 1939 bZ- esa fdlus dh Fkh\
nwjchu dh vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
^lHkk vkSj lfefr iztkifr dh nks iqf=k;k Fkh* dk mYys[k fdl osn esa feyrk
gS\
eku cqdj varjkZ"Vh; iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
dkSu&lk ,d ns'k HkkSxksfyd :i esa vesfjdk esa fLFkr gksus ij Hkh jktuhfrd n`f"V
ls ;wjksi dk Hkkx gS\
fdlus dgk] ^êSa gh jkT; gw vkSj esjs 'kCn gh dkuwu gSa\**
Hkkjr esa bfDoVh cktkj ij fdl laLFkk dk fu;a=k.k gS\
XoSfnd vk;ks dk eq[; O;olk; D;k Fkk\
,csy iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k esa iznku fd;k tkrk gS\
dkSu&lk rRo i`Foh esa lokZf/d ek=kk esa ik;k tkrk gS\
Nkhlx<+ jkT; dk dc xBu fd;k x;k\
fdl tkuoj esa Rh iQSDVj dh loZizFke [kkst dh xbZ\
lYrur dky esa Mkd O;oLFkk dh loZizFke 'kq:vkr fdlus dh\
?kklhjke fueZy fdl ok| ;a=k ls lac gSa\
^vykLdk* fdl ns'k dk fgLlk gS\
iQqVckWy ds ,d i{k esa f[kykfM+;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gksrh gS\
^Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad* fdl ea=kky; ls lac gS\
cktkj fu;a=k.k dh ifr loZizFke fdlus izkjaHk dh\
tkfdl gqlSu fdl ok| ;a=k ls lac gSa\
v'o ;fn ,dk,d pyuk izkjEHk dj ns] rks v'okjksgh ds fxjus dk D;k dkj.
k gS\
mkjkapy (mkjk[kaM) jkT; dk dc xBu fd;k x;k\
^,oksxzkMks la[;k* dks fdlls lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS\
nklksa dh ns[kHkky ds fy, fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd us fdl foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh\
ia- jkeukjk;.k fdl ok| ;a=k ls lac gSa\
fo'o dk U;wure tu ?kuRo okyk ns'k gS\
'kgn esa eq[;r% dkSu&lk iks"kd rRo gksrk gS\
izfro"kZ is'k fd, tkus okyh vkfFkZd leh{kk fdl ea=kky; ls lac gS\
ft;kmhu cjuh ,ao 'kEl , f'kjkt dks fdlus lja{k.k iznku fd;k\
jktjRu fiYybZ fdl ok| ;a=k ls lac gSa\
mkj
72 ckj]
xSfyfy;ks us]
vFkoZosn]
2005 bZ-]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(38)
xzhuySaM]
yqbZ pkSngok]
lsch (SEBI) dk]
f"k]
xf.kr ds {ks=k esa
vkWDlhtu]
1 uoEcj] 2000 dks]
canj esa]
vykmhu f[kyth us]
tyrjax ls]
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dk]
11]
m|ksx ea=kky; ls]
vykmhu f[kyth us]
rcyk ls]
fojke tM+Ro]
9 uoEcj] 2000 dks]
N ls]
nhoku&,&canxku]
lkjaxh]
eaxksfy;k rFkk ukehfc;k]
dkcksZgkbMsV]
fok ea=kky; ls]
uknLoje~ ls
General Studies
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iz'u
dkSu&lk jksx ikxy dqks ds dkVus ls gksrk gS\
>kj[kaM jkT; dk dc xBu fd;k x;k\
dqekjlaHkoe~ egkdkO; fdl dfo us fy[kk\
kalhfl;ksa us Hkkjr esa viuh igyh iQSDVh dgk LFkkfir dh\
^[ksy xksiky* fdl jkT; ls lac izfl yksdu`R; gS\
ikfdLrku ds leqnz rV dk HkkSxksfyd uke D;k gS\
fdl lqYrku us igys ^gtjr&, vkyk* dh mikf/ vkSj ckn esa lqYrku dh mikf/
/kj.k dh\
vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k] lkoZHkkSehdj.k rFkk futhdj.k dks uhfr dk lw=kikr fdl o"kZ
ls fd;k x;k\
1668 bZ- esa fdlds usr`Ro esa lwjr esa kalhlh iQSDVh LFkkfir dh xbZ\
^dqxkZ* fdl jkT; dk yksdu`R; gS\
Bgjh gqbZ eksVjxkM+h ;k jsyxkM+h ds vpkud pyus ls ;k=kh ihNs dh vksj fxj
iM+rs gSaA ;g dkj.k gksrk gS\
ukxfjdrk ds laca/ esa lafo/ku ds fdl Hkkx esa mYys[k gS\
^bysDVkWu* dh [kkst fdlus dh\
flD[kksa dk nloka vkSj vafre xq# dkSu Fkk\
îk[kqfiyk* fdl jkT; dk yksdu`R; gS\
lapkj mixzg ok;qeaMy ds fdl Lrj esa vofLFkr fd, tkrs gSa\
bUlSV&1, dks fdl o"kZ iz{ksfir fd;k x;k Fkk\
^bafM;k bt iQkWj lsy* uked iqLrd fdlus fy[kh gS\
izFke vkaXy flD[k ;q (1845-46 bZ-) ds ifj.kkeLo:i dkSu&lh laf/ gqbZ\
^MaMkukV* fdl jkT; dk izfl yksdu`R; gS\
jscht ds Vhds ds [kkst fdlus dh Fkh\
jk"Vifr ij egkfHk;ksx dh izf;k fdl ns'k ds lafo/ku ls yh xbZ gS\
fdl tM+Ro ds dkj.k xksyh ekjus ls dkap esa xksy Nsn gks tkrk gS\
1918 esa dkaxzsl ds fo'ks"k vf/os'ku (cEcbZ esa vk;ksftr) dh fdlus v/;{krk
dh\
^fp=kdwV tyizrki* fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
lryt] fpukc vkSj jkoh fdldh lgk;d ufn;k gSa\
^lks'ky dkWUVSDV* fdldh jpuk gS\
jk"Vh; tula[;k vk;ksx dk xBu fdldh v/;{krk esa fd;k x;k\
tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM ds fojks/ esa egkRek xka/h us dkSu&lh mikf/ ykSVk
nh Fkh\
^dSyk'k xqiQk,* fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
mkj
jscht (gkbMksiQksfc;k)]
15 uoEcj] 2000 dks]
dkfynkl]
lwjr esa]
vle ls]
edjku rV]
'ksj'kkg us]
y
f
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(39)
1191
ls]
Sadksbl dSjks ds usr`Ro esa]

dukZVd dk]
fojke tM+Ro ds dkj.k]
Hkkx&2 esa]
ts- ts- FkkWelu us]
xq# xksfoUn flag]
fetksje dk]
vk;u eaMy esa]
1982 bZ- esa]
fp=k lqcz.;e]
1846 dh ykgkSj laf/]
vksfM'kk dk
yqbZ ik'pj us]
vesfjdk ds lafo/ku ls]
fojke tM+Ro ds dkj.k]
glu beke us]
Nkhlx<+ esa]
flU/q unh dh]
:lks dh]
iz/kuea=kh ds]
dSlj&,&fgan mikf/]
Nkhlx<+ esa]
General Studies
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iz'u
fdl jsfM;ks,fDVo leLFkkfud dk iz;ksx mojZd ds fuekZ.k esa gksrk gS\
jk"Vifr ij egkfHk;ksx yxkus dh fyf[kr lwpuk jk"Vifr dks fdrus fnu iwoZ gksuk
pkfg,\
'kjhj esa ;wfjd vEy ds c<+us ls dkSu&lk jksx gksrk gS\
mkj Hkkjr esa eafnj LFkkiR; dyk dk okLrfod vkjEHk fdl dky esa gqvk\
^lkseukFk* fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
dkSu&lk xzg ty esa rSjrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gS\
^cukuk fdd* 'kCn fdl [ksy ls lac gS\
jk"Vh; tula[;k vk;ksx dk v/;{k dkSu gksrk gS\
fdl xqIr 'kkld dks mlds flDdksa ij oh.kk ctkrs gq, n'kkZ;k x;k\
i;ZVd LFky ^lwjtdqaM* fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
tkZ ds laj{k.k dk flkar fdlus fn;k\
Hkkjr jRu esa vyar gksus ds ckn jk"Vifr in ij fuokZfpr gksus okys igys
O;fDr gq,A
^Y;wdsfe;k* (jDr dSalj) dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, fdl leLFkkfud dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS\
tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM dh tkap ds fy, dkaxzsl }kjk cuk;h x;h lfefr ds
v/;{k dkSu Fks\
^^lalnh; tura=k esa iz/kuea=kh 'kfDr vkSj mkjnkf;Ro dk eq[; dsUnz gksrk gSA
^^&fdldk dFku gS\
fdl xzg dk vkSlr ?kuRo lcls vf/d gS\
olk dh vf/drk ls dkSu&ls jksx gksrs gSa\
mkj
iQkWLiQksjl]
14 fnu iwoZ]
xfB;k]
xqIr dky esa]
xqtjkr esa]
'kfu]
iQqVckWy ls]
iz/kuea=kh]
leqnzxqIr dks]
gfj;k.kk esa
ys&'kkrsfy, us]
MkW- ,l- jk/k".ku]
y
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dksckYV-60 dk]
enueksgu ekyoh;]
tokgjyky usg: us]
o`gLifr dk]
eksVkik] n; jksx] mPp
jDrpki vkfn]
fo'o ds ,d vjc ls vf/d tula[;k okys jk"Vksa esa Hkkjr dk LFkku dkSu&lk nwljk]
gS\
tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM ds fojks/ esa fdl Hkkjrh; lnL; us ok;ljk; dh 'kadju us]
dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"kn~ ls R;kxi=k ns fn;k\
^^fxjk vu;u u;u fcuq ckuh** fdl dfo dh mfDr gS\
rqylhnkl dh]
fdl jksx dh jksdFkke ds fy, ch-lh-th- dk Vhdk ysuk pkfg,\
Vh-ch- (;{ek) ds]
Hkkjr dk og jk"Vifr dkSu Fkk] tks iwoZ esa yksdlHkk v/;{k Hkh Fks\
uhye latho jsM~Mh]
ehjkckbZ us ".k dh vkjk/uk fdl :i esa dh\
ifr ds :i esa]
esgjkSyh ykSg LraHk dgk fLFkr gS\
fnYyh esa]
^^vkbZ ,e n LVsV** (eS gh jkT; gw) fdlus dgk Fkk\
kal ds yqbZ XIV us]
fdl xzg dk vkSlr ?kuRo lcls de gS\
'kfu dk]
gsujh fofo;u Msjksft;ks ij fdl kafr dk cgqr cM+k izHkko Fkk\
kal dh kafr dk]
tUe&nj vkSj e`R;q&nj ds varj ds ifj.kke dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
tula[;k dh o`f&nj]
lqn'kZu >hy ds fdukjs fdlus fo".kq efUnj cuok;k\
pikfyr us]
^ôgh euq"; gS tks euq"; ds fy, ejs**&;g dFku fdl dfo dk gS\
ckyeqdqUn xqIr dk
(40)
General Studies
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iz'u
lkSj lsy esa fdu /krqvksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS\
^;wjksik* fdl xzg dk mixzg gS\
izcy vEy rFkk izcy HkLe ls cuk fofy;u dSlk gksrk gS\
^f'kdnkj* D;k Fkk\
,lksfl,VsM izsl fdl ns'k dh lekpkj ,tsalh gS\
lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn ds vuqlkj egkU;koknh dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS\
fo'o dk igyk f=ke mixzg dkSu&lk Fkk\
ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk vfHkxe i=k (Approach paper) fdlus rS;kj fd;k
Fkk\
vkSjaxtscdkyhu ,sfrgkfld xzaFk ûqL[kk ,&fny dq'kk* ds jpukdkj dkSu Fks\
fo'o dk lcls cM+k ns'k ({ks=kiQy esa) dkSu&lk gS\
dkSu&lk ,Utkbe izksVhu rFkk isIVksu dks MkbisIVkbM~l rFkk VkbisIVkbM~l esa cny
nsrk gS\
egkU;k;oknh dks izfrekg fdrus #i;s osru feyrk gS\
igyk O;ogkfjd lkSj lsy dc cuk;k x;k Fkk\
^chch dk edcjk* fdlus cuok;k\
fo'o dk lcls NksVk ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
i`Foh dh fdl ijr dks csjhLiQs;j ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS\
fdl kafr us ^jk"Vokn* dks tUe fn;k\
xjhch mUewyu rFkk vkRefuHkZjrk fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh loksZPp izkFkfedrk,
Fkha\
^bafM;u fejj* dk izdk'ku fdl o"kZ ls izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
tula[;k dh n`f"V ls fo'o dk lcls cM+k okyk ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
izcy vEy rFkk nqcZy HkLe ls cus yo.k dk tyh; fofy;u dSlk gksrk gS\
laln dk dkSu&lk lnu mPp lnu dgykrk gS\
dkSu&lk ,Utkbe olk vEy rFkk fXyljkWy esa cnyrk gS\
vksfM'kk miU;kl ^lkSneuh* ds dkSu miU;kldkj gSa\
^dsUnzh; ckS f'k{k.k laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
i`Foh dh rhu ladsUnzh; ijrksa esa dkSu&lh ijr e;orhZ ijr gS\
^xzkmaM LVksd* 'kCn fdl [ksy ls lacaf/r gS\
fdl iz/kuea=kh us ^xjhch gVkvks* dk ukjk fn;k Fkk\
fdl vkanksyu ls izsfjr gksdj vouhUnzukFk VSxksj us Hkkjr ekrk dh fo[;kr Nfo
dks n'kkZ;k\
^dsUnzh; mPp frCcrh f'k{k.k laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
mkj
flfydkWu vkSj xSfy;e dk]
o`gLifr dk]
mnklhu]
ijxus dk izeq[k vf/dkjh]
;w-,l-,- dh]
vuqPNsn 76]
Liqrfud izFke]
Mh- ih- /kj us]
y
f
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9
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6
c
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7
(41)
Hkhelsu lDlsuk]
:l]
fVfIlu]
90 gtkj]
1954 bZ-
esa]
vkSjaxtsc us]
osfVdu flVh]
dksj dks]
kal dh kafr us]
ikpoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk]
1861 bZ-
esa]
phu
vEyh;]
jkT;lHkk]
ykbist]
jke'kadj jk;]
ysg esa]
eSaVy]
Vscy Vsful ls]
Jherh bafnjk xka/h us]
Lons'kh vkanksyu]
okjk.klh esa]
General Studies
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iz'u
cka/k ds ty dks uhps fxjkdj Vjckbu dks ?kwekus esa fdl tkZ dk :ikarj.k
xfrt tkZ esa gksrk gS\
laln dk dkSu&lk lnu fuEu lnu dgykrk gS\
i`Foh ds vanj O;kid :i ls ik;k tkus okyk thok'eh; b/u dkSu&lk gS\
^'kd~ laor* fdlus pyk;k\
^dyk {ks=k iQkmaMs'ku* dgk fLFkr gS\
DokVZtkbV fdl pV~Vku esa dk;kUrfjr gksrk gS\
;fn ,d O;fDr dsoy nw/] v.Ms ,oa jksVh dk vkgkj djrk gS] rks mldks dkSu&lk
jksx gks ldrk gS\
Û;wure vko';drk dk;Ze* fdl ;kstuk dh ,d fof'k"Vrk Fkh\
mkj
fLFkfrt tkZ dk]
yksdlHkk]
dks;yk]
dfu"d us]
psUubZ esa]
cyqvk iRFkj]
LdohZ]
y
f
il
a
2
9
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5
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6
c
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l
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2
7
dq"kk.k dky esa lcls vf/d fodkl fdl {ks=k esa gqvk\
^,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh* dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
VekVj esa dkSu&lk foVkfeu ik;k tkrk gS\
dkSu&lk vk;ksx mEehnokjksa }kjk pquko&[kpZ dh jkf'k lqfuf'pr djokrk gS\
fdls ^Hkkjrh; tkx`fr dk tud* dgk tkrk gS\
dfu"d fdl /eZ dh vuq;k;h Fkk\
ebZ dk nwljk jfookj fdl fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gS\
dks;yk fdl izdkj dk pV~Vku gS\
Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds le; dkaxzsl ds v/;{k dkSu Fks\
fudkl uhfr dks dsUnz ljdkj dh Lohfr dc iznku dh x;h\
'kkgtgk us fdls ^[kku[kkuk* dh mikf/ iznku dh\
^vkradokn fojks/h fnol* (jk"Vh;) dc euk;k tkrk gS\
fdl izf;k ls ykyVsu ;k ySEi dh ckh ls rsy ij p<+rk gS\
orZeku esa fuokZpu vk;ksx fdrus lnL;h; gSa\
fdl b/u dk "eh; eku lokZf/d gS\
^rktegy* dk fuekZ.k djusokyk eq[; LFkkiR; dykdkj dkSu Fkk\
^fgUnh i=kdkfjrk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
mkjh xksykZ esa O;kikfjd iousa fdl fn'kk esa cgrh gS\
fdl tho dks varfj{k esa loZizFke Hkstk x;k\
lhesaV mRiknu esa fdl jkT; dk Hkkjr esa izFke LFkku gS\
fdlus ê;wj flagklu* dk fuekZ.k djok;k\
^baVjus'kuy ysoy kWflax vos;jusl Ms* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
(42)
ikpoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk

dh]
okLrqdyk ds {ks=k esa]
dksydkrk esa
foVkfeu ^lh*]
fuokZpu vk;ksx]
jktk jkeeksgu jk; dks]
ckS /eZ]
ênlZ Ms* ds :i esa]
ijrnkj pV~Vku]
ekSykuk vcqy dyke
vktkn]
1 ekpZ] 1992 dks]
egkor [kk dks]
21 ebZ dks]
dsf'kdRo ls]
rhu lnL;h;]
gkbMkstu dk]
mLrkn vgen ykgkSjh]
30 ebZ dks]
mkjh&iwohZ fn'kk esa]
dqfr;k]
jktLFkku dk]
'kkgtgk us]
9 twu dks
General Studies
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iz'u
fdls is; inkFkZ esa foVkfeu ^lh* dks NksM+dj lHkh iks"kd rRo ik, tkrs gSa\
jktuhfrd nyksa dk iathdj.k fdlds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS\
v[kckj ij iQkmaVsu isu ls Li"V fy[kus esa fdl dkj.k dfBukbZ gksrh gS\
1861 bZ- esa fdlus ^bafM;u fejj* uked i=k dk izdk'ku izkjaHk fd;k\
^,;j iQkslZ ,dsMeh* dgk fLFkr gS\
leku lw;kZrki dh vof/ izkIr djus okys LFkkuksa dks feykdj [khaph tkus okyh
js[kk dks D;k dgrs gSa\
^vk/qfud kal dk fuekZrk* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
futhdj.k dh izf;k ds ladsr ds fy, fdl 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
ûk;j lfoZl lkslk;Vh* fdlds }kjk LFkkfir dh xbZ\
^,;j iQkslZ VsfDudy dkWyst* dgk fLFkr gS\
18 dSjsV ds fefJr lksus esa 'kq lksus dk izfr'kr fdruk gksrk gS\
ny&cny fojks/h dkuwu ls lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk la'kks/u lEcfU/r gS\
dkSu&lh xSl vkstksu ijr dks lokZf/d u"V djrh gS\
êjkBk* vkSj ^dsljh* uked nks lekpkj i=kksa dk izdk'ku fdlus fd;k\
ok;q lsuk ds fdrus dekaM gSa\
'kjhj esa gheksXyksfou o RBC ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dkSu&lk iks"kd rRo vko';d
gS\
Hkkjr esa Vscy Vsful ,lksfl,lu dc cuk\
fdl vkS|ksfxd uhfr izLrko dks Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd lafo/ku Hkh dgrs gSa\
izkjfEHkd pksy 'kkldksa esa dkSu lcls 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkld Fkk\
Fky lsuk ds fczxsfM;j ds lerqY; ok;q lsuk dk dkSu&lk in gksrk gS\
o"kkZ ds ckn fdlku vius [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ fdls rksM+us ds fy, djrs gSa\
;kstuk vk;ksx dSlh la[;k gS\
lokZf/d 'kq lksuk fdrus dSjsV dk gksrk gS\
ifkuh iwtk psj oa'k ds fdl 'kkld us izkjaHk fd;k\
og dkSu&lk ns'k gS tgk ij e`r 'kjhj dks gtkjksa lky rd lajf{kr j[kk tkrk
gS\
î;kZoj.k Nrjh* ds uke ls fdls tkuk tkrk gS\
dkSu&lk foVkfeu [kV~Vs iQyksa esa ik;k tkrk gS\
ftyk izkFkfed f'k{kk dk;Ze fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
laxe ;qx esa izfrfuf/;ksa dh lHkk D;k dgykrh Fkh\
vk;qosZn ds oS| fdls ^fpfdRlk dk Hkxoku* ekurs gSa\
mkj
nw/]
fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk]
dsf'kdRo ds dkj.k]
ds'kopanz lsu us]
gSnjkckn esa]
vkblksgsy (Isohel)]
y
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(43)
usiksfy;u cksukikVZ dks]

fofuos'k dk]
eUeFk in~euke fiYyS }kjk]
caxyq: esa]
75%]
52oka]
Dyksjks"yksjks dkcZu]
cky xaxk/kj fryd us]
lkr]
ykSg]
1938 bZ-
esa]
vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1956 dks]
dfjdky]
,;j dkseksMksj
ds'kufy;ksa dks]
ijke'kZnk=kh laLFkk]
24 dSjsV dk]
'ksuxqV~Vou]
felz]
vkstksu ijr dks]
foVkfeu ^lh*]
1994 bZ- esa]
euje]
/Uoarfj dks]
General Studies
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iz'u
pk; fdl [kfut inkFkZ dk izeq[k lzksr gS\
;kstuk vk;ksx ds izFke mik/;{k dkSu Fks\
dkSu îQsfc;u vkanksyu dh izLrkod* Fkh\
^vkbu&,&vdcjh* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
Hkkjr esa Vsyhfotu dh 'kq#vkr dc gqbZ\
yn~nk[k vkSj tkLdj ioZr Jsf.k;ksa ds chp ls dkSu&lh unh cgrh gS\
Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl dks fdlus vYier dk izfrfuf/ dgk\
dLrwjck xk/h f'k{kk ;kstuk fdlls lEcfU/r gS\
ejkBk Lora=krk laxzke dk usr`Ro vkSjaxtsc ds fo# fdl efgyk us fd;k\
izk;ksfxd :i ls Hkkjr esa jaxhu Vsyhfotu dk izFke ijh{k.k dc gqvk\
isM+&ikS/ks dh 'kk[kkvksa] rus ,oa ifk;ksa rd ty ,oa vko';d yo.k fdl izf;k
}kjk igqprs gSa\
jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dk xBu dc fd;k x;k Fkk\
rkIrh unh dk mn~xe LFky fdl jkT; esa gS\
vaxzstksa dk lcls igyk la?k"kZ fdl eqxy ckn'kkg ds lkFk gqvk\
pqukoh #>ku dk v/;;u djus rFkk muds ckjs esa Hkfo";ok.kh djus okys dks
D;k dgk tkrk gS\
jaxhu diM+s dk jax mM+kus esa fdl v/krq dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
ck?k izkfrd :i ls fo'o ds fdl egk}hi esa ik;k tkrk gS\
ek;fed f'k{kk ds varxZr dkSu&lh d{kk, vkrh gSa\
Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl* dh izFke ;wjksih; v/;{k dkSu Fkk\
nwjn'kZu ij izlkfjr /kjkokfgd ûhe dk isM+* ds ys[kd dkSu gS\
veksfu;k dks ;wfj;k esa cnyus dk dk;Z dkSu&lk vax djrk gS\
jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dSlk fudk; gS\
lksukj ;a=k fdlds }kjk iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl dh izFke fons'kh efgyk v/;{k dkSu Fkh\
phu dks lkSais tkus ls iwoZ edk ij fdl ns'k dk vkf/iR; Fkk\
fdl jkT; ds ouksa dk oxhZdj.k vZ m".k dfVca/h; ds :i esa fd;k tkrk
gS\
fdlus loZizFke baXySaM dks ^cfu;ksa dk ns'k* dgk Fkk\
Hkkjr dk loZizFke iw.kZ lk{kj ftyk cuus dk xkSjo fdls izkIr gqvk\
fdl ,DV dks ^dkyk dkuwu* ds uke ls tkuk x;k\
fcgkj dk izFke vaxzsth nSfud i=k dkSu&lk Fkk\
mkj
iksVSf'k;e dk]
xqttkjh yky uank]
,uh cslsUV]
vcqy iQty us]
15 flrEcj] 1959 dks]
flU/q unh]
ykWMZ MiQfju us]
ckfydk f'k{kk ls]
rkjkckbZ us]
17 vDVwcj] 1981 dks
dsf'kdRo ds }kjk]
y
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7
(44)
vxLr 1952 dks]

e; izns'k esa]
vkSjaxtsc ds lkFk]
lsiQkykWftLV]
Dyksjhu dk]
,f'k;k esa]
d{kk IX ,oa X]
tkWtZ ;wys]
jkgh eklwe jtk]
;r]
,d lafo/kuskj fudk;]
ukSlapkydksa }kjk]
,uh cslsaV]
iqrZxky dk]
e; izns'k]
usiksfy;u cksukikVZ us]
vukZdqye (dsjy) dk]
jkWysV ,DV]
lpZykbV
General Studies
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iz'u
lokZf/d ;kSfxd cukus okyh vf; xSl dkSu&lk gS\
lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa fo/ku lHkk dk xBu of.kZr gS\
fdUgsa o`Dd dk f;kRed ,dd dgk tkrk gS\
tfy;kaokyk ckx dkaM ls {kqC/ gksdj johUnzukFk VSxksj us dkSu&lh mikf/ ykSVk
nh Fkh\
yanu esa Vhiw lqYrku dh ryokj [kjhndj Hkkjr dkSu yk;k\
fdl Hkkjrh; jkT; esa U;wure ou {ks=k gS\
Vsful esa ^yo* dk D;k eryc gS\
fdl cSad dks ^Hkwfe ca/d cSad* dgk tkrk gS\
,yksjk ds fo[;kr xqiQk eafnj dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
fcuk ea=kh in xzg.k fd, lh/s Hkkjr ds iz/kuea=kh dkSu cus\
leqnz dh xgjkbZ ekius ds fy, dkSu&lh fof/ viukbZ tkrh gS\
jkT; fo/ku lHkk dh vf/dre lnL; la[;k fdruh fu/kZfjr gS\
usYlu lsy dk mi;ksx fdlds fuekZ.k esa gksrk gS\
mkj
tsukWu]
vuqPNsn 170 esa]
usksu dks]
ukbVgqM dh mikf/]
fot; ekY;k us]

iatkc]
Ldksj thjks gS]
Hkwfe fodkl cSad]
".k izFke us]
pUnz'ks[kj]
bdks lkmf.Max]
500]
lksfM;e gkbMkWDlkbM ds
fuekZ.k esa]
fdls ^/kjko"kZ* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS\
/zqo dks]
^dks;y* fdl jkT; dk jktdh; i{kh gS\
>kj[kaM dk]
i`Foh dh vkarfjd lajpuk dh tkudkjh dk dkSu&lk lzksr lcls vf/d egRoiw. HkwdEi foKku]
kZ gS\
;kSoukoLFkk ds i'pkr~ FkkbjkWfDlu dh deh ds dkj.k dkSu&lk jksx gks tkrk gS\ fefDlfMek]
Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa dk izkjEHk dgk gqvk\
enzkl (psUubZ) esa]
lSU; foHkkx ^nhoku&,&vthZ* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
cycu us]
mTtSu dk izkphu uke D;k Fkk\
vofUrdk
okrkoj.kh; ifjorZuksa ls mRiUu laosnh izsj.kkvksa dks fdl vax ds ek/;e ls izfr{ksi es#&jTtq]
f;kvksa ij fu;a=k.k gksrk gS\
jkT; fo/ku lHkk dh U;wure lnL; la[;k fdruh fu/kZfjr gS\
60]
^vgefn;k dkfn;kuh vkanksyu* fdlus 'kq: fd;k\
fetkZ xqyke vgen us]
eksgEen fcu rqxyd dh e`R;q dgk gqbZ\
FkV~Vk esa]
lokZf/d izkphu nzfoM+ Hkk"kk dkSu&lh gS\
rfey]
i`Foh ds dsUnz esa dkSu&lk pqEcdh; inkFkZ gS\
fudsy]
fdl lwiQh lar dks ^lqYrku&,&rkjhfdu* dh mikf/ feyh\
'ks[k gehnqhu ukxkSjh]
orZeku esa jkT; fok fuxeksa dh dqy la[;k fdruh gS\
18]
fdl xouZj tujy ds dk;Zdky esa vkaXy&viQxku ;q lekIr gqvk\
ykWMZ ,yucjks ds]
laxe lkfgR; dh jpuk fdl Hkk"kk esa dh xbZ Fkh\
rfey esa]
y
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General Studies
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iz'u
/ofu dks vk[k dh Hkkfr mi;ksx djus okyk Lru/kjh dkSu&lk gS\
dkSu fo/ku lHkk esa ,d vkaXy Hkkjrh; izfrfuf/ dks euksuhr djrk gS\
lksfM;e dk dkSu&lk yo.k Tokyd dh vizdk'kd f'k[kk dks LFkk;h lqugjk ihyk
jax iznku djrk gS\
fdl xouZj tujy ds dk;Zdky esa fla/ dk fczfV'k lkezkT; esa foy; gqvk\
dkth tu#y bLyke fdl Hkk"kk ds lkfgR;dkj Fks\
,.Mhat ioZrekyk (nf{k.k vesfjdk) dh loksZPp pksVh dkSu&lh gS\
fdlh {ks=k ;k izns'k dh ikni tula[;k dks lkewfgd :i ls D;k dgk tkrk
gS\
"With You All the way" fdl cSad dh foKkiu iafDr gS\
fdl ok;ljk; flfoy lsok ijh{kkvksa esa izos'k dh vk;q dks 19 o"kZ ls c<+kdj
21 o"kZ dj nh\
lqcz.;e Hkkjrh fdl Hkk"kk ds ys[kd Fks\
'kjhj dh lHkh dk;ks dk fu;a=k.k dkSu&lk vax djrk gS\
la?k lwph] jkT; lwph ,oa leorhZ lwph dk mYys[k lafo/ku ds fdl vuqlwph
esa gS\
VsifjdkMZj dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
fdl ok;ljk; dks ^LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dk tud* dgk tkrk gS\
^bafM;k ,.M ikfdLrku bu okj ,.M ihl* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
fdl egk}hi ls ddZ] fo"kqor ,oa edj rhuksa js[kk,a xqtjrh gSa\
bVyh dk ,dhdj.k fdlus fd;k\
^Lo.kZ t;arh 'kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk* esa fok lgk;rk dk dsUnz jkT; vuqikr D;k
gS\
fdl ekS;Z jktk us nDdu dh fot; izkIr dh Fkh\
xaHkhj ys[ku dh ubZ pfpZr iqLrd ^vferkHk dk v* fdlus fy[kh gS\
vkfr'kckth esa pV[k yky jax fdldh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k gksrk gS\
ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dk laca/ fdl fo"k; ls Fkk\
fdlh ikfjra=k esa lcls cM+h la[;k dSls miHkksDrkvksa dh gksrh gS\
dkysZ ds pSR; dk fuekZ.k fdUgksaus djok;k\
^Mkmu eseksjh ysu* fdldh vkRedFkk gS\
Hkkjr dk og la?kh; jkT; dkSu&lk gS] ftldk ifj{ks=k rhu jkT;ksa esa fLFkr gS\
^M~;wl* 'kCn fdl [ksy ls lacaf/r gS\
^jkstxkj vk'olku ;kstuk* dc izkjaHk dh x;h\
lkrokguksa dh jktdh; Hkk"kk D;k Fkh\
êkuljksoj* fdl ys[kd dh dgkfu;ksa dk laxzg gS\
mkj
pexknM+]
jkT;iky]
cqUlsu]
ykWMZ ,yucjks ds]
caxyk Hkk"kk ds]
,dkadkxqvk]
"yksjk (Flora)]
y
f
il
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9
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c
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l
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7
(46)
Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad]

ykWMZ fjiu us]
rfey ds
efLr"d]
lkroha vuqlwph esa]
ikmylsu us]
ykWMZ fjiu dks]
ts- ,u- nhf{kr]
vhdk]
dkm.V dkowj us]
75 : 25]
pUnzxqIr us]
;'koar O;kl]
LVkfU'k;e]
dsUnz jkT; laca/ ls]
izkFkfed miHkksDrkvksa dh]
lkrokguksa us]
enj Vsjslk dk]
iqMqpsjh]
ykWu Vsful ls]
2 vDVwcj] 1993 dks]
izkr]
eqa'kh izsepan
General Studies
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iz'u
lksrs gq, O;fDr dks txkus ds fy, fdrus Mslhcy dh /ofu i;kZIr gksrh gS\
lafo/ku dh fdl vuqlwph esa dsUnz ,oa jkT;ksa ds chp oS/kfud 'kfDr;ksa dk
cVokjk fn;k gqvk gS\
eSXuhf'k;e /krq dk fu"d"kZ.k eq[;r% fdl v;Ld ls fd;k tkrk gS\
leqnzxqIr fdldk iq=k Fkk\
^fizal* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
Hkkjr esa fdu jkT;ksa dks lkr cgusa dgrs gSa\
dkSu&lk gkeksZu gfM~M;ksa dh o`f rFkk nkrksa ds fuekZ.k dk fu;a=k.k djrk gS\
iquxZfBr chl&lw=kh; dk;Ze dc izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
caxky dh jkt/kuh <kdk ls eqf'kZnkckn fdlus fd;k\
^v;ks;k % 6 fnlEcj] 1992* ds ys[kd dkSu gS\
lkSj tkZ dk lcls cM+k ;kSfxdhdj.k dkSu&lk gSa\
vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ ds lEcU/k esa mica/ lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa of.kZr
gSa\
fdlus dgk ^^;fn Hkxoku vLi`';rk dks lgu djrs gSa rks eSa mUgsa dHkh Hkxoku
ugha ekuwaxk\**
Lora=k dukZVd jkT; dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\
lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr dk loksZPp iqjLdkj dkSu&lk gS\
usiQk (NEFA) fdl jkT; dk iqjkuk uke gS\
^dUukSt@fcyxzke dk ;q* dc yM+k x;k\
^fo'ks"k f"k mit ;kstuk* dk laca/ fdlls gS\
mkj
50 Mslchy]
lkroha vuqlwph esa]
dkukZykbV ls]
pUnzxqIr izFke dk]
eSD;kosyh]
iwokskj Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa dks]
iSjkFkkbjkWbM gkeksZu]
1 vizSy] 2007 dks]
eq'khZndqyh [kk us]
ih- oh- oh- ujflag jko]
gjs ikS/s]
vuqPNsn 263 esa]
y
f
il
a
2
9
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5
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6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
ckyxaxk/j fryd us]
lknqrqYyk [kk]
KkuihB iqjLdkj]
v#.kkpy izns'k]
17 ebZ] 1540 bZ-]
f"k inkFkks ds fu;kZr ds
mNky ls]
bZLV bafM;k daiuh ds caxky esa fcuk pqaxh ds O;kikj dj ldus ds iQjeku dks iQ#Z[kfl;j us]
1717 bZ- esa fdlus tkjh fd;k\
KkuihB iqjLdkj dc izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
1955 bZyxHkx 20C ds rkie ij fdl ek/;e esa /ofu dh xfr vf/dre jgsxh\ yksgk esa]
Lora=k Hkkjr ds izFke fokea=kh dkSu Fks\
MkW- tkWu eFkkbZ]
lcls gYdk /kfRod rRo dkSu&lk gS\
fyfFk;e (Li)]
eqxy lezkV~ iQ#Z[kfl;j }kjk vaxzsth bZLV bafM;k daiuh dks tkjh fd;s x;s iQjeku dEiuh dk eSXukdkVkZ]
dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
1986 esa LFkkfir Hkkjrh lEeku fdl jkT; ljdkj iznku fd;k tkrk gS\
mkj izns'k jkT; ljdkj
}kjk]
tkSyh O;kl fdl }hi lewg dk ,d }hi gS\
vaMeku&fudksckj }hi lewg
dk]
ty esa vklsZfud dh vuqer ijh lhek D;k gS\
0.05 mg izfr yhVj]
isVksy fu;kZrd ns'kksa }kjk isVksy fu;kZr djds vftZr dh x;h eqnzk D;k dgykrh isVks MkWylZ]
gS\
xk/hth ds jkejkt ds ;qxy flkar D;k Fks\
lR; vkSj vfgalk]
rsuftax uksxsZ us'kuy ,MosaplZ vokMZ ds rgr fdruh jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gS\ 5 yk[k #i;s]
(47)
General Studies
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iz'u
cktkj esa feyusokyh xHkZfujks/d xksfy;ksa esa D;k gksrk gS\
Lora=k Hkkjr ds izFke dkuwu ea=kh dkSu Fks\
U;wure laHko rki (ije 'kwU; rki) D;k gS\
eks- vyh ftUuk ds fy, fdlus ^dk;ns vkte* dh mikf/ nh Fkh\
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dk loksZPp Vsyhfotu iqjLdkj dkSu&lk gS\
mkjh vk;jySaM lfgr xzsV fczVsu dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
^bVyh ds ,dhdj.k dh ryokj* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
iQksdl cktkj ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.k dsUnz ljdkj }kjk fdl fokh; o"kZ esa dh
x;h\
gM+Iik lH;rk dh fodflr voLFkk esa ls fdl LFky ls ?kjksa esa dqvksa ds vo'ks"k
feys gSa\
Hklhu iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gS\
lcls izcy vipk;d dkSu&lk gS\
laln }kjk vkikrdky dh mn~?kks"k.kk dk vuqeksnu fdruh vof/ ds vUrjky esa
gksuk vko';d gS\
tSo fofo/rk dk varjkZ"Vh; o"kZ D;k Fkk\
euq";ksa us LFkk;h vkokl cukuk fdl dky esa izkjEHk fd;k\
jsMkWl lkslkbVh dks fdruh ckj 'kkafr dk ukscsy iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;k\
baXySaM] osYl rFkk LdkWVySaM dks lfEefyr :i ls D;k dgk tkrk gS\
^htksUl* 'kCn fdl [ksy ls lac gS\
efgUnzk lewg ,oa fjdks ds lg;ksx ls dgk fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k LFkkfir fd, x,
gSa\
fdlus ikVfyiq=k dk ukedj.k îVuk* fd;k\
dsU;k dh ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk caxkjh eFkkbZ fdl {ks=k esa ;ksxnku ds fy, tkuh
tkrh gS\
,d LoLFk euq"; ds 'kjhj dk rki fdruk gksrk gS\
jkT; esa vkikrdky ds le; jkT; dk 'kklu fdlds gkFk esa jgrk gS\
^f=ke xHkkZ/ku* ds fy, cSyksa ds oh;Z dks fdlesa j[kk tkrk gS\
^tCrh iz.kkyh* dk tUenkrk fdls ekuk tkrk gS\
1969 esa vFkZ'kkL=k esa fdUgsa izFke (v'kZ'kkL=k dk) ukscsy iqjLdkj iznku fd;k
x;k\
fo'o dh lcls yEch unh dkSu&lh gS\
euq"; ds 'kjhj esa ilfy;ksa ds fdrus tksM+s gksrs gSa\
Hkkjr ls jRuksa o vkHkw"k.kksa dk lcls cM+k srk ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
'ksj'kkg dh e`R;q dc gqbZ\
izFke Js.kh ds dkSu fdsV f[kykM+h ,dek=k ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk f[kykM+h
cus\
mkj
,LVhjkW;M gkeksZu]
ch- vkj- vEcsMdj]
(-273C)]
egkRek xk/h us]
,Eeh iqjLdkj]
;wukbVsM fdaxMe]
xSjhckYMh dks]
2006-07 esa]
y
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2
7
(48)
eksgutksnM+ks esa]
foKku ds {ks=k esa

fyfFk;e]
,d ekg]
o"kZ 2006]
uo ik"kk.k dky esa]
3 ckj]
xzsV fczVsu]
[kks&[kks ls]
t;iqj (jktLFkku) esa]
'ksj'kkg us]
/kj.kh; fodkl]
98.6F]
jk"Vifr ds]
nzo ukbVkstu esa]
VksMjey dks]
jkxj fiQ'k ,oa fVucxsZu]
uhy unh]
12 tksM+s]
22 ebZ] 1545 dks]
lSeq,y csdsV
General Studies
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iz'u
thoksa dh vk/kjHkwr] lajpukRed ,oa dk;kZRed bdkbZ dkSu&lh gS\
lafo/ku lHkk ds laoS/kfud lykgdkj in ij fdls fu;qDr fd;k x;k\
fdlus jktx`g (fxfjozt) uxj dk fuekZ.k djok;k\
efyd eqnEen tk;lh fdl 'kkld ds njckj esa jgrk Fkk\
fcfLeYyk [kk fdl ok| ;a=k ls lac Fks\
fo'o dh lcls cM+h unh dkSu&lh gS\
fcyxzke ds ;q esa 'ksj'kkg us fdls ijkftr fd;k\
dsjy ds i;ZVu foHkkx dk vkn'kZ okD; D;k gS\
^êsjs 'kjhj ij iM+h ,d&,d ykBh dh pksV fczfV'k ljdkj ds rkcwr dh ,d
dhy gksxh**&;g dFku fdldk gS\
o#.k iky fdl ok|;a=k ls lac gS\
MkWDVjh FkekZehVj fdl ek=kd esa gksrk gS\
lafo/ku lHkk us fdls izk:i lfefr dk v/;{k pquk\
fdl fof/ }kjk vkS|ksfxd iSekus ij veksfu;k dk mRiknu gksrk gS\
dkaxzsl 1907 bZ- ds lwjr vf/os'ku esa fdu nks nyksa esa foHkkftr gks x;k\
Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk ok| ;a=k dkSu&lk gS\
y?kq Tokj ds le; lw;Z pUnzek vkSj i`Foh dh D;k fLFkfr gksrh gS\
caxky csflu esa HkkSety vf/drj fdlls iznwf"kr gksrk gS\
^dsUnzh; xaxk izkf/dj.k* dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh x;h\
lqHkk"kpanz cksl us vaMeku }hi dk D;k ukedj.k fd;k Fkk\
,l- ckypUnzu fdl ok| ;a=k ls lacaf/r gSa\
^dksf'kdk* (Cell) dh [kkst fdlus dh\
lafo/ku lHkk uss vacsMdj dh v/;{krk esa dc izk:i lfefr dk xBu fd;k\
1 dSyksjh fdrus twy ds cjkcj gksrk gS\
lqHkk"kpanz cksl us fudksckj }hi dk D;k ukedj.k fd;k Fkk\
^nfgdyk* fdl jkT; ls lac izfl yksdu`R; gS\
tkuojksa] lw{e thoksa ,oa ouLifr;ksa ds vo'ks"k fdl izdkj ds pV~Vku esa ik,&tkrs
gSa\
^;ax bVyh* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
miHkksDrkvksa ds csgrj laj{k.k ds fy, ^miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/fu;e* fdl o"kZ
ikfjr fd;k x;k\
dkfynkl fdlds 'kklu dky esa jktdfo Fks\
^x<+okyh* fdl jkT; dk yksdu`R; gS\
mkj
dksf'kdk (Cell)]
ch- ,u- jko dks]
fcfEclkj us]
'ksj'kkg lwjh ds]
'kgukbZ ls]
vetsu unh]
gqek;w dks]
bZ'oj dk viuk ns'k]
ykyk yktir jk; dk]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(49)
fxVkj]
iQkjsugkbV]
Hkhejko vacsMdj dks]
gScj fof/ }kjk]
uje ny vkSj xje ny]
oh.kk]
ledksf.kd]
vklsZfud ls]
1985 bZ- esa]
'kghn }hi]
oh.kk ls
jkWcVZ gqd us]
24 vxLr] 1947 dks]
4.18 twy]
Lojkt }hi]
egkjk"V]
ijrnkj pV~Vku esa]
tkslsiQ esftuh us]
1986 bZ- esa]
panzxqIr f}rh; ds]

mkjk[k.M dk]
General Studies
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iz'u
Hkkjh e'khuksa esa Lusgd ds :i esa fdl dkcZfud inkFkZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS\
izk:i lfefr us lafo/ku dk izk:i rS;kj djds dc lafo/ku lHkk ds v/;{k
dks lkSaik\
DNA dh ^dqaMfyr lajpuk flkar* dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k\
xqIrdky dk lcls egRowi.kZ m|ksx dkSu&lk Fkk\
êq[kkSVk* u`R; fdl jkT; ls lac gS\
ikfdLrku dk lkYV jsat dSlk ioZr gS\
^gksYdj VkiQh* fdl [ksy ls lacaf/r gS\
^lsy ou* (Cell One) uke ls eksckby iQksu lsok fdl dEiuh }kjk miyC/ djk;h
tk jgh gS\
sulkax dh Hkkjr ;k=kk ds le; dkSu&lk uxj lwrh diM+ksa ds mRiknu ds fy,
izfl Fkk\
^fxn~/k* fdl jkT; dk izfl yksdu`R; gS\
okrkuqdwyu esa lkekU;r% euq"; ds LokLF; ds vuqdwy tyok;q ds fy, fdruk
rki gksuk pkfg,\
fdl vuqPNsn esa ckydksa ds fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk of.kZr gSa\
jsfM;ks dkcZu MsfVax esa fdldk fu/kZj.k gksrk gS\
iq";Hkwfr oa'k ds fdl 'kkld us xqtZjksa dks ijkftr fd;k\
fdl ?kkVh dks î`Foh dk LoxZ* ekuk tkrk gS\
fo'o esa lcls vf/d dkWiQh mRiknd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
'kjhj dh lokZf/d izcy vfLFk dkSu&lh gksrh gS\
tula[;k dh n`f"V ls lokZf/d n'kdh; o`f okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
fnYyh ds yky fdyk esa eksrh efLtn dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
ôànkou xkMsZu* dgk fLFkr gS\
thok.kqvksa esa xq.klw=kksa dh la[;k fdruh gksrh gS\
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh izLrkouk esa fdrus ckj la'kks/u fd;k x;k gS\
jktx`g uxj dk okLrqdkj dkSu Fkk\
vdcj us ^nglkyk iz.kkyh* dc ykxw dh\
^/qavk/kj tyizikr* fdl jkT; esa gS\
fdl xzg ds fnu ds eku vkSj mlds v{k dk >qdko yxHkx i`Foh ds fnueku
vkSj >qdko ds lerqY; gS\
dqrqcqhu ,scd dk lgk;d lsukifr dkSu Fkk\
tula[;k dh n`f"V ls U;wure n'kdh; o`f okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
e; dky esa dj fu/kZj.k dh lcls iqjkuh iz.kkyh D;k Fkh\
Hkkjr Hkou ds okLrqdkj dkSu gSa\
mkj
xzsiQkbV dk]
8 iQjojh] 1948 dks]
okVlu ,oa fd us]

oL=k m|ksx]
v#.kkpy izns'k ls]
CykWd ioZr]
fczt ls]
BSNL]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(50)
eFkqjk]
iatkc dk
23 ls 25C]
vuq-45 esa]
thok'eksa dh vk;q dk]
g"kZo/Zu us]
d'ehj dh ?kkVh dks]
czkthy]
tcM+s dh gM~Mh]
es?kky;]
vkSjaxtsc us]
eSlwj (dukZVd) esa]
,d]
,d ckj]
egkxksfoUn]
1580 bZ- esa]
e; izns'k esa]
usIP;wu ds]
cf[r;kj f[kyth]
uxkySaM]
xYyk c['kh]
pkYlZ dksfj;k
General Studies
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iz'u
"ekxfrdh dk izFke fu;e fdl vo/kj.kk dh iqf"V djrk gS\
la?k dh dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr fdlesa fufgr gS\
fdl xSl ds dkj.k vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa vEy o"kkZ gksrh gS\
eqxydkyhu eaf=kifj"kn~ dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
fdl ns'k dks ^yS.M vkWiQ dksvkWijsfVo* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS\
loZizFke [kkstk x;k {kqnzxzg dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr dk vaVkdZfVdk esa rhljk vuqla/ku dsanz dkSu&lk gS\
jk"Vh; tula[;k vk;ksx dk xBu dc fd;k x;k\
fdlus lrh izFke ij jksd ykWMZ fofy;e csafVad dh lgk;rk ls yxokbZ\
^dEcksfM;k dk 'kksd* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
uhacw dk dSadj jksx fdl thok.kq ds dkj.k gksrk gS\
mkj
rki laj{k.k dk]
jk"Vifr esa]
SOds dkj.k]
fotkjr]
MsuekdZ dks]
fljl]
Hkkjrh]
11 ebZ] 2000 dks]
jktk jkeksgu jk; us]
ehdkax unh dks]
tSUFkkseksukl flVh ds dkj.
k]
jk"Vifr in gsrq fuokZpu ds fy, U;wure mez lhek D;k gS\
35 o"kZ]
fdlds vuqlkj ^^"ek dk iw.kZr;k dk;Z esa ifjorZu vlaHko gS\**
dsfYou ds vuqlkj]
dkSu ^rRooksf/uh lHkk* ds laLFkkid Fks\
nsosUnzukFk VSxksj]
îwoZ dk eSupsLVj* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
vkslkdk (tkiku) dks]
^CySd gkWy flkar* fdlds }kjk fn;k x;k\
,l- pUnz'ks[kj }kjk]
^teZuh ds vkfFkZd jk"Vokn dk firk* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
sMfjd fyLV dks]
lokZf/d efgyk lk{kjrk&nj okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
dsjy]
^vgefn;k vkanksyu* dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\
fetkZ xqyke vgen]
Jhyadk dk iqjkuk uke D;k gS\
lhyksu
lkUnz lY";wfjd vEy D;k dgykrk gS\
vkW;y vkWiQ fofVvkWy]
Hkkjr ds iz/kuea=kh in ds fy, mEehnokj cuus gsrq U;wure mez lhek D;k gS\ 25 o"kZ]
peM+k m|ksx esa peM+s ls ckyksa rFkk olk dks gVkus ds dk;Z fduds }kjk gksrs thok.kqvksa }kjk]
gSa\
dydkk] cacbZ vkSj eanzkl fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
1857 bZ- esa]
vjc yhx dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
dkfgjk esa]
czk.M dk lcls cM+k rkjk dkSu&lk gS\
Likbuy vksjsxh]
21osa jk"VeaMy [ksy fdl o"kZ vk;ksftr fd, tk,axs\
2018 bZ- esa]
vuojr ;kstuk (Rolling Plan) dk fopkj loZizFke fdlus fn;k Fkk\
jsxuj f'k us]
ckSksa dk og /eZ xzaFk ftlesa xkSre cq ds iwoZorhZ tUeksa dh dFkk,a of.kZr gSa] tkrd]
D;k dgykrk gS\
G-20 dk xBu fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
1997 bZ- esa]
y
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9
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5
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6
c
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2
7
(51)
General Studies
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iz'u
izToyu dh "ek fdlls ukih tkrh gS\
lkekU;r% iz/kuea=kh dk dk;Zdky fdrus o"kks dk gksrk gS\
fdl dkcZfud ;kSfxd dks DyksjksiQkWeZ ls vPNk fu'psrd ekuk tkrk gS\
#fEeunsbZ LraHk ys[k cq ds lanHkZ esa fdldk lwpd gS\
vksisd dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
i`Foh ds vfrfjDr fdl xzg ij rq ifjorZu dh laHkkouk gS\
ikfjfLFkfrdh (Ecology) 'kCn dks loZizFke izfrikfnd djus dk Js; fdldks tkrk
gS\
lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fdl {ks=k dks loksZPp
ojh;rk iznku dh x;h Fkh\
egkRek cq dk egkifjfuokZ.k fdl x.kra=k esa gqvk\
jsMdkWl dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ gqbZ\
ewyh fdl tM+ dk mnkgj.k gS\
la?k dh dk;Zikfydk dk okLrfod iz/ku dkSu gksrk gS\
egkohj dk tUe dc gqvk Fkk\
xkSre cq ds tUe LFky yqfEcuh dk vk/qfud uke D;k gS\
^jk"Vh; ;qok fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
fdl xzg ds xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy dk eku lokZf/d gksrk gS\
ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky; dks fdlus u"V fd;k\
fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk ukjk ^;kstuk] dke vkSj mRiknu* Fkk\
mkj
ckSEc ds dSyksjhehVj ls]
5 o"kks dk]
MkbbFkkby bZFkj dks]
cq ds tUe dk]
fo;uk esa]
eaxy ij]
jhVj dks]
y
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iqjnaj nkl fot;uxj lkezkT; ds fdl jktk ds ledkyhu Fks\
^Fky lsuk fnol* (Hkkjr) dc euk;k tkrk gS\
FkeZl fdl fu;e ij dk;Z djrk gS\
Hkkjr ds izFke xSj dkaxzslh iz/kuea=kh dkSu Fks\
^DyksjksiQkWeZ* dh [kkst fdlus dh\
^vle dk pSrU;* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
usrkth lqHkk"kpUnz cksl t;Urh dc euk;h tkrh gS\
i`Foh dk nzO;eku pUnzek ds nzO;eku ls fdruk xquk vf/d gS\
^Hkkjrh* dk dk;Zdky fdrus o"kZ fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gS\
^jk"Vh; efgyk dks"k* dh LFkkiuk fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa dh x;h\
eqxy 'kkld eqgEen'kkg jaxhyk fdl lEiznk; dk vuq;k;h Fkk\
^jk"Vh; ckfydk fnol* dc euk;k tkr gS\
(52)
tkZ {ks=k dks]

eYy]
1863 bZ-
esa
ewlyk tM+ (Tap root)]
iz/kuea=kh]
540 bZ- iw- esa]
#fEeunsbZ]
12 tuojh dks]
o`gLifr xzg ds]
cf[r;kj f[kyth]
lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
dk]
".knso jk; ds]
15 tuojh dks]
fdjpkWiQ ds fu;e ij]
eksjkjth nslkbZ]
yhfcx (Liebig) us]
'kadjnso dks]
23 tuojh dks]
31 xquk]
25 o"kZ]
vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa]
f'ko ukjk;.k lEiznk; dk]
24 tuojh dks
General Studies
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iz'u
xUuk esa fdl izdkj dh tM+ ik;h tkrh gS\
mPp U;k;ky; ds vf/dkj {ks=k dks ?kVkus&c<+kus dk vf/dkj fdls izkIr gS\
iz'khrd dh ok"id dqaMyh esa D;k Hkjk gqvk jgrk gS\
ikuhir ds izFke ;q esa ckcj us fdls ijkftr fd;k\
izFke fo'o ;q dh lekfIr dk Lej.k fnol dc euk;k tkrk gS\
'kfu ds mixzg ^VkbVu* dk jax dSlk gS\
fdlus fcLekdZ dks ckthxj dgk Fkk\
Hkkjr esa u;s vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad dk vk/kj o"kZ D;k gS\
vf[ky Hkkjrh; VsM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl ds igys vf/os'ku dh v/;{krk fdlus
dh\
^cky fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
og inkFkZ tks ,d gh izdkj ds ijek.kqvksa ls cuk gS] D;k dgykrk gS\
mPpre U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk] xBu ,oa 'kfDr;ksa dk fofu;eu djus ds fy,
fof/ cukus dh 'kfDr fdls gS\
ikS/ksa }kjk lw;Z ds izdk'k ds izfr vkd"kZ.k D;k dgykrk gS\
fiV~l bafM;k ,DV (1784 bZ-) fdl xouZj tujy ds 'kklu dky esa ikfjr gqvk\
^jk"Vh; iqLrd lIrkg* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
vykLdk ds fdl ioZr Dks ^gtkjksa /qvksajks dh ?kkVh* dgrs gSa\
o"kZ 2010 ds jk"VeaMy [ksy esa iq#"kksa esa lokZf/d ind fdlus thrk\
vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad esa lokZf/d Hkkj fdl {ks=k dk gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa fofy;e tksal us ^vfHkKku'kkdqarye~* dk vaxzsth
esa vuqokn fd;k\
>kj[k.M dk LFkkiuk fnol dc euk;k tkrk gS\
lw;Z ds izdk'k dks i`Foh rd vkus esa fdruk le; yxrk gS\
yksdlHkk dh fu;e lfefr dk v/;{k dkSu gksrk gS\
lcls gYdk rRo dkSu&lk gS\
eksgutksnM+ksa ds fo'kky Lukukxkj ds fudV fo'kky d{k fdrus LrEHkksa ij vkfJr
gS\
fo'o dk og dkSu&lk ,d ns'k gS ftlds jk"Vh; /ot ij mldk ekufp=k
vafdr gS\
'V' vkdkj dh ?kkVh dSlh LFkykfr gS\
ikfjra=k (Ecosystem) loZizFke fdlus izfrikfnr fd;k\
mRiknu dh n`f"V ls fo'o dk lcls cM+k pk; mRiknd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
^lR;eso t;rs* fdl mifu"kn~ ls m`r gS\
xk/hth ds fiz; Hktu ôS".ko tu rks rsus dfg,* ds jpf;rk dkSu gSa\
mkj
viLFkkfud tM+]
laln dks]
nzo fvkWu]
bczkfge yksnh dks]
11 uoEcj dks]
ukjaxh]
fofy;e izFke us]
2004-05]
ykyk yktir jk; us]
y
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(53)
14 uoEcj
rRo]
laln dks]
dks]
ghfy;ksVksfiTe]
okjsu gsfLVaXl]
14-20 uoEcj dks]
dVebZ ioZr]
xxu ukjkax us]
fofuekZ.k dk]
okjsu gsfLVaXl]
15 uoEcj
dks
8 feuV 20 lsdaM]
yksdlHkk;{k]
gkbMkstu]
20 LrEHkksa ij]
yDtecxZ]
unh vijfnr]
,- th- VsUlys us]
Hkkjr]
eq.Mdksifu"kn~ ls]
ujlh esgrk]
General Studies
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iz'u
izdk'k la'ys"k.k dSlh f;k gS\
lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa fuokZpu vk;ksx@pquko vk;ksx of.kZr gS\
fcanqlkj dk iz/kuea=kh dkSu Fkk\
dkSu&lk xzaFk ".k HkfDr dk izFke vkSj iz/ku xzaFk gS\
bZjku esa ikfyZ;kesaV ds pquko fdruh le;kof/ ds fy, gksrs gSa\
'I' vkdkj dh ?kkVh dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k dkSu&lk gS\
fdl eqfLye 'kkld ds flDdksa ij nsoh y{eh dh vkfr cuh gS\
Hkkjr esa ukfj;y dk lokZf/d mRiknu djus okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
tSu /eZ ds 24osa vkSj vafre rhFkdj dkSu Fks\
dkjkdksje gkbZos }kjk tqM+s ns'k dkSu&dkSu gS\
panzek ls ijkofrZr izdk'k dks i`Foh rd vkus esa fdruk le; yxrk gS\
dkSu jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dk v/;{k gksrk gS\
phuh dk ty esa foy;u dkSu&lk feJ.k gS\
îQrqgkr&,&fiQjkst'kkgh* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
ônsa ekrje~* jk"Vh; xhr dk laxhr fdlus fyfic fd;k\
mkj
mip;d f;k]
vuqPNsn 324]
pk.kD;]
Jhen~Hkkxorxhrk]
pk; o"kks ds fy,]
xzSaM dSfu;u]
eqgEen xksjh]
dsjy]
egkohj]
phu rFkk ikfdLrku
1.28 lsdaM]
iz/kuea=kh]
lekax feJ.k]
ia- fo".kq fnxEcj iyqLdj
us]
rVh; jksf/dk dSlh LFkykfr gS\
lkxjh; ty fu{ksfir]
bUlSV&2 ds mixzgksa ds fy, Lohfr dc iznku dh x;h Fkh\
1985 bZ- esa]
Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad }kjk Hkkjr esa igyk rSjrk gqvk ,-Vh-,e- dgk LFkkfri fd;k dksfPp esa]
x;k gS\
izfl ^fot; foV~By eafnj* ftlds 56 rf{kr LraHk laxhre; Loj fudkyrs gSa] gEih esa]
dgk fLFkr gS\
vaxzsth fiQYe ^flDLFk lsal* ds funs'kd dkSu gS\
,e- ukbV ';keyu]
ikS/ksa esa tkZ LFkkukUrj.k ds fy, fdl iks"kd rRo dh mifLFkfr vfuok;Z gksrh iQkWLiQksjl dh]
gS\
fdl vk;ksx dk lfpo jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn ds lfpo ds :i esa dk;Z djrk ;kstuk vk;ksx]
gS\
izdk'k ds O;frdj.k flkar dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k\
FkkWel ;ax us]
^fgaMksyk egy* dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
gq'kax'kkg us]
Hkkjrh; tula?k ds izFke v/;{k dkSu Fks\
MkW- ';kek izlkn eq[kthZ]
dkSu&lh ns'k vaxqyhuqek >hyksa ds fy, izfl gSa\
fiQuySaM]
fdl ;q ds ckn teZuh ,dhdj.k laHko gks ldk\
lwMku dk ;q]
Hkkjr esa 14 cSadksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
1969 bZ- esa]
ckcj dh rqdhZ Hkk"kk esa fy[kh vkRedFkk dk uke D;k gS\
rqtqd&,&ckcjh]
fdl ns'k us fdlh Hkh ns'k dks rkboku ls laca/ u j[kus dh /edh nh gS\
phu us
y
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9
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(54)
General Studies
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iz'u
fdl fof/ }kjk nzoksa dks i`Fkd~ fd;k tkrk gS\
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk vuqeksnu rFkk iqufuZjh{k.k fdlds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS\
rEckdw esa mifLFkr gkfudkjd ,YdsykW;M dkSu&lk gS\
eqfLyeksa ds fy, vyx fuokZpu {ks=k dks O;oLFkk fdl lq/kj ds varxZr dh
xbZ\
mnwZ ds e'kgwj 'kk;j ^fetkZ xkfyc* dk okLrfod uke D;k Fkk\
fiQth }hi lewg fdl egklkxj esa fLFkr gS\
vksyfEid ds fdlh Li/kZ ds iQkbuy rd igqpus okyh izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk
dkSu gS\
iatkc us'kuy cSad dk jk"Vh;dj.k dc fd;k x;k\
Hkkjrh; jsyos ds fodkl {ks=k esa lokZf/d jsy ykbu dk fuekZ.k fdl ok;ljk;
ds 'kklu dky esa gqvk\
iz'kklfud vf/dj.k vf/fu;e (ATA) fdl o"kZ ykxw fd;k x;k Fkk\
izdk'k ds rjax flkar dh izfriknu fdlus fd;k\
fok vk;ksx dk D;k dk;Zdky gksrk gS\
iQksVkWu dks fdrus Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS\
lkbeu deh'ku ds }kjk f'k{kk esa gq, fodkl dh leh{kk ds fy, fdl lfefr
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ Fkh\
îSysl vkWu hYl* Vsu dk u;k uke D;k gS\
nf{k.k vesfjdk ds ewy fuoklh dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
yM+fd;ksa esa ekfld /eZ ;k rqlzko p izFke ckj 12-13 o"kZ dh mez esa gksrk
gS] bl ?kVuk dks D;k dgrs gSa\
15 vizSy] 1980 dks fdrus cSadksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k fd;k x;k\
Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e] 1935 dks ^^vusd czsdksa okyh ijUrq batu jfgr e'khu**
dh laKk fdlus nh\
^ysfldksxzkiQh* dk lEcU/ fdl {ks=k esa gS\
fdl ,d Hkkjrh; oSKkfud us ikniksa esa ty ds yEch nwjh ds vfHkxeu dk
flkar izLrkfor fd;k\
fdl eq[;ea=kh dk lcls vf/d yEck dk;Zdky jgk\
Hkkjr esa fdlus lksus ds lokZf/d 'kq flDds tkjh fd,\
^vej flag* fdlds jkt njckj ls lac Fks\
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa dkSu&lh fo'o esa vf/dre cksyh tkrh gS\
ysfuuxzkn vkSj CykMhcksLVd ds chp dkSu&lh jsoys gS\
ftys dk iz/ku jktLo vf/dkjh D;k dgykrk Fkk\
gYdh&lh eqnzkLiQhfr fdl izdkj ds ns'kksa ds fy, VkWfud dk dk;Z djrh gS\
fdlus U;wVu ls iwoZ gh crk fn;k Fkk fd lHkh oLrq, i`Foh dh vksj xq#Rokdf"kZr
gksrh gSa\
^Jhen~Hkkxor* fdl Hkk"kk esa jfpr xzaFk gS\
mkj
vklou fof/ }kjk]
jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn~ }kjk]
fudksfVu]
ekysZ fe.Vks lq/kj]
vlnqYyk [kk]
nf{k.k iz'kkar egklkxj esa]
ih- Vh- m"kk]
y
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(55)
19 tqykbZ] 1969 bZ-]
ykWMZ dtZu ds]

1985 bZ-
esa]
gkbtsu us]
5 o"kZ]
fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa ugha]
gkVksZx lfefr]
jkW;y vksfj,.Vy ,Dlizsl]
jsM bafM;u]
esukdhZ (Menarche)]
6 cSadksa
dk]
tokgjyky usg: us]
'kCndks'k la;kstu ls
tslh- cksl us]
T;ksfr clq dk]

dq"kk.k 'kkldksa us]
pUnzxqIr f}rh;]
fganh]
VkUl lkbcsfj;u jsyos]
vkfey ;k veyxqtkj]
fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy,]
czxqIr us]
laLr esa]
General Studies
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930-
iz'u
fdl niZ.k dks ^vilkjh niZ.k* (Diverging Mirror) Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
fdl vuqPNsn esa iapk;r ds xBu dk izko/ku of.kZr gS\
Û;wfVuks* ds [kkstdrkZ dkSu gSa\
^dknEcjh* vkSj îkoZrh ifj.k;* fdldh jpuk,a gSa\
egkHkkjr fdrus ioks esa jfpr egkdkO; gS\
usrkth lqHkk"kpanz cksl varjkZ"Vh; gokbZ vM~Mk dgk gS\
loZizFke fdl Hkkjrh; mixzg ls {ks=kh; nwjn'kZu lsok,a iznku dh xbZ\
iQkeZ vk; chek ;kstuk fdlds }kjk izk;ksftr gS\
g"kZo/Zu dk ;q ,oa 'kkafr dk ea=kh dkSu Fkk\
Jhen~Hkkxor esa fdl nso dk o.kZu gS\
lcls vf/d LFkk;h ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k dkSu&lk gS\
cyoar jk; esgrk lfefr us fdrus Lrjh; iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dh fliQkfj'k
dh Fkh\
lsc esa dkSu&lk vEy ik;k tkrk gS\
tscqfuLlk fdl eqxy lezkV~ dh iq=kh Fkh\
dkSu ^xk/h cuke ysfuu* ds ys[kd gSa\
ifu;ku vkSj b#yk tutkfr;ka fdl jkT; esa fuokl djrh gSa\
dkyZ ekDlZ dgk dk fuoklh Fkh\
Hkkjr esa chek dEifu;ksa ds fy, eq[; fofuek;d izkf/dj.k dkSu&lk gS\
izfl fp=k ^ckt* ds fp=kdkj dkSu Fks\
frgkM+ tsy ls lacaf/r fr ^;g laHko gS* fdldh jpuk gS\
^tokgj* fdl iQly dh mke fdLe gS\
73oka lafo/ku la'kks/u fdlls lacaf/r gS\
fdl niZ.k dks ^vfHklkjh niZ.k* (Converging Mirror) Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
ejkBk iz'kklu esa xko ds eq[; vf/dkjh dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
êgkHkkjr* dk ewy uke D;k gS\
tkSulkjh] [kjokj rFkk Fkk: tutkfr;k eq[;r% fdl jkT; esa fuokl djrh gS\
vksyfEid ds O;fDrxr Li/kZ esa jtr ind thrus okys izFke Hkkjrh; dkSu gS\
izFke {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh x;h\
f'kokth ds jktiqjksfgr dkSu Fks\
^yhykorh* xzaFk dk D;k fo"k; gS\
mkj
mky niZ.k dks]
vuqPNsn 40]
;qdkok]
ck.kHkV~V dh]
18 ioks esa]
dksydkrk esa]
bUlSV&2,]
tujy ba';ksjs'k }kjk]
vofUr]
fo".kq dk
ou]
f=kLrjh;]
y
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(56)
ekSfyd vEy]
vkSjaxtsc dh]
,l- ,- Mkaxs]
dsjy esa]
teZuh dk]
IRDA]
mLrkn ealwj]
fdj.k csnh dh]
eDdk dh]
iapk;rh jkt ls]
vory niZ.k dks]
iVsy (ikfVy)]
t; lafgrk]
mkjk[k.M esa]
jkT;oZu flag jkBkSj]
1975 bZ- esa]
xaxkHkV~V]
xf.kr
General Studies
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iz'u
vEy Lokn esa dSlk gksrk gS\
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds vuqlkj ^jktuhfrd 'kfDr* dk D;k vk/kj gS\
pkoy dk [kkus ;ksX; Hkkx D;k gS\
^Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl* dh izFke efgyk v/;{k dkSu Fkh\
ljLorh lEeku fdl laLFkk ds }kjk fn;k tkrk gS\
mkj
[kV~Vk]
Hkkjr dh turk]
cht]
,uh cslsaV]
dsds- fcM+yk iQkmaMs'ku
}kjk]
dsUnzh; rEckdw 'kks/ laLFkku dgk fLFkr gS\
jkteqUnjh esa]
ikS/ksa dk lw;Z ds izdk'k ds izfr vkd"kZ.k D;k dgykrk gS\
ghfy;ksVksfiTe]
lcls vf/d ckj ctV is'k djus okys fok ea=kh dkSu Fks\
eksjkjth nslkbZ]
tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM ds dkj.k fdlus vkbZ- lh- ,l- dh ukSdjh NkSM+ nh\ lR;sUnzukFk olq us]
ljLorh lEeku dc izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
1991 bZ- esa]
xqIrdky esa vk;&O;; ys[ku dk;Z djus okyksa dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
dk;LFk]
fdlh Hkh jkT; esa vuqPNsn 356 ds varxZr jk"Vifr 'kklu vf/dre fdruh vof/ 3 o"kks ds fy,]
ds fy, yxk;k tk ldrk gS\
lksyj dqdj esa fdl niZ.k dk iz;ksx gksrk gS\
vory niZ.k dk]
^;ax bafM;k* lekpkj i=k dk izdk'ku vgenkckn ls fdlus izkjaHk fd;k\
egkRek xk/h us]
ljLorh lEeku ds rgr fdruh jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gS\
10 yk[k]
fo'o ds lcls yEcs tyeXu dsfu;u dgk ik, tkrs gSa\
csfjax lkxj esa]
fdl iz'kfLr esa leqnzxqIr dks i`Foh ij 'kklu djus okyk bZ'oj dk izfrfuf/ iz;kx iz'kfLr]
dgk x;k gS\
fdlus ctV is'k djus dk le; 1999 esa 11 cts fnu r; dj fn;k\
;'koar flagk us]
dkdksjh "kM~;a=k eqdnek fdl vkanksyu ds usrkvksa ds fo# Fkk\
lkE;oknh vkanksyu]
O;kl lEeku fdl {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gS\
lkfgR; esa
ngu ds fygkt ls dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM D;k gS\
ngu dk viks"kd]
eujsxk dk;Ze Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn dk ykxw djus gsrq yk;k x;k vuqPNsn 43 dks]
gS\
dkMsZVk la?k ds fdl tho esa ckg~; d.kZ ugha gksrs gSa\
nfj;kbZ ?kksM+k esa]
lYrur dky esa yxku fu/kZfjr djus dh fefJr iz.kkyh dks D;k tkrk Fkk\
eqDrkbZ]
egsUnz flag /ksuh dks fdl o"kZ ds jktho xk/h [ksy jRu iqjLdkj ls iqjLr o"kZ 2007 ds]
fd;k x;k\
fo'o dh lcls cM+h izoky&fHkfk fdl ns'k ds rV ds fudV ikbZ tkrh gS\
vkLVsfy;k ds]
fo'o ds fdl varfj{k ;k=kh us loZizFke varfj{k esa pgydneh dh\
,ysDlh fy;sukso us]
fdl ctV dks ^dk;Ziwfr ctV* Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
fu"iknu ctV dks]
fdl rqdZ ljnkj dks ^nDdu dk ykseM+h*] dgk x;k gS\
vehj vyh ojhn dks]
/;kupan iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k ls lacaf/r gS\
[ksy {ks=k esa vkthou
;ksxnku gsrq]
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iz'u
vk[k] dku ,oa ukd ds MkWDVj ds }kjk fdl niZ.k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
jkT; ds uhfr&funsZ'kd flkarksa dks fdlus ^^Hkkoqdrk dk dwM+knku** dgk Fkk\
^'olu* dSlk ngu gS\
1417 bZ- esa fdl :lh ;k=kh us cgeuh jkT; dh ;k=kk dh Fkh\
Hkkjr dk loksZPp jk"Vh; lEeku dkSu&lk gS\
xzsV cSfj;j jhiQ dgk fLFkr gS\
mkj
vory niZ.k dk]
Vh- Vh- ".kkepkjh us]
ean ngu]
fufdfru us]
Hkkjr jRu]
vkLVsfy;k ds mkj&iwohZ rV
ij]
:l dk vafre tkj dkSu Fkk\
tkj fudksyl f}rh;]
Hkkjr ljdkj ds ctV ds dqy ?kkVs esa fdl ?kkVs dk lcls vf/d ;ksxnku gS\ jktdks"kh; ?kkVk dk]
ehjkckbZ fdldh iRuh Fkh\
jktk Hkkstjkt dh]
Hkkjr jRu iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
1954 bZ- esa
'kkdZ ds ;r rsy esa dkSu&lk foVkfeu gksrk gS\
foVkfeu ^,*]
Hkkjr esa lfpo in fdlds }kjk fufeZr fd;k x;k Fkk\
Hkkjr 'kklu vf/fu;e]
1858]
'kjhj ds vanj yslj fdj.kksa dks Hkstus esa fdldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
izdkf'kd rUrq dk]
fdl laLFkk us ;g ukjk fn;k&czokn gh fganwokn gS\
vkfn cz lekt us]
e`.kkfyuh lkjkHkkbZ HkjrukV~;e~ ds vykok fdl vkSj u`R; dh izfl urZdh gSa\ dFkdyh dh]
vkLVsfy;k dk dkSu&lk 'kgj xzsV cSfj;j jhiQ ds lokZf/d fudVre gSA
DohalySaM]
Hkkjr ds izFke VsLV fdsV dIrku dkSu Fks\
lh-ds- uk;Mw]
vk; o`f ls l`ftr eqnzkLiQhfr D;k dgykrh gS\
ekax izsfjr eqnzkLiQhfr]
fdlus 1791 bZ- esa fgUnw dkuwu vkSj n'kZu dk v/;;u djus ds fy, okjk.klh esa tksukFku Madu us]
laLr dkWyst LFkkfir fd;k\
uEcwnjhikn fdl u`R; dh izfl urZd gSa\
dFkdyh dh]
lcls vf/d yphyh vkSj ihVdj ikj cuk, tkus ;ksX; /krq dkSu&lk gS\
lksuk]
1922 bZ- esa fdlds }kjk ;g mn~xkj O;Dr fd;k x;k&^^Hkkjrh; lafo/ku Hkkjrh;ksa egkRek xka/h]
dh bPNkuqlkj gksxk\**
ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls cM+h xzafFk dkSu&lh gS\
;r]
1906 esa cEcbZ esa ^fMLizsLM Dykl fe'ku lkslkbVh vkWiQ bafM;k* dh LFkkiuk ch- vkj-vEcsMdj us]
dh\
Hkkjrh f'kokth fdl u`R; ds izfl dykdkj gSa\
eksfguhvV~Ve]
>kj[kaM esa dkSu&lh tutkfr lokZf/d ik;h tkrh gS\
laFkky]
^thonzO;* dh [kkst fdlus dh\
MqtkfMZu us]
laln }kjk ikfjr ^lwpuk dk vf/dkj* dkuwu ns'k Hkj (tEew o d'ehj dks 12 vDVwcj] 2005 ls]
NksM+dj) esa dc ykxw fd;k x;k\
îQjSth vkanksyu* fdlus 'kq# dh\
'kjh;rmYyk us]
lksuy eku flag fdu&fdu u`R;ksa ls lac gSa\
HkjrukV~V;e] vksfMlh ,oa
dqfpiqM+h ls
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^vk;ZHkV~Vh;* fdldh jpuk gS\
varfje ljdkj dk xBu dc fd;k x;k\
euq"; ds 'kjhj ds vkarfjd Hkkxksa ds fujh{k.k gsrq iz;qDr ;a=k dks D;k dgrs gSa\
xgM+oky oa'k dk vafre 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
^fcgw* fdl jkT; dk eq[; ioZ gS\
dqdh iztkfr Hkkjr esa lokZf/d dgk okl djrs gSa\
dkSu leqnzxqIr dk lfU/foxzfgd ,oa egkn.Muk;d Fkk\
fdl mRikn ij 'kqrk ds flyflys esa ^gkWyekdZ* fp vafdr fd;k tkrk gS\
nf{k.k Hkkjr dk dkSu&lk jktoa'k viuh 'kfDr'kkyh ukSlsuk ds fy, izfl Fkk\
êksfiu* fdl jkT; dk eq[; ioZ gS\
lcls vf/d v?kkro/Zuh; /krq dkSu gS\
lafo/ku lHkk ds xBu dh ek loZizFke 1895 esa fdlds }kjk izLrqr dh x;h\
mkj
vk;ZHkV~V dh]
2 flrEcj] 1946 dks]
b.MksLdksi (Endoscope)]
t;pan]
vle dk]
ef.kiqj esa]
gfj"ks.k]
Lo.kkZHkw"k.k ij]
pksy jktoa'k]
v#.kkpy izns'k dk]
lksuk]
cky xaxk/kj fryd ds
}kjk]
;r ds fupys Hkkx esa uk'kikrh ds vkdkj dh NksVh&lh FkSyh D;k dgykrh fikk'k;]
gS\
^xqtZj izfrgkj oa'k* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
ukxHkV~V izFke us]
^dk ikacykax&uksaxse* R;ksgkj fdl jkT; esa euk;k tkrk gS\
es?kky; esa]
Hkhy tutkfr dk lcls egRoiw.kZ R;ksgkj D;k gS\
gksyh]
Xosn esa ^dchys* ds fy, iz;qDr 'kCn ^tu* dk iz;ksx fdrus ckj gqvk gS\
275 ckj]
MkW- ,- ih- ts- vCnqy dyke us fdl o"kZ rd Hkkjr ds ,d fodflr jk"V cu o"kZ 2020 rd]
tkus dh vk'kk O;Dr dh gS\
dY;k.kh ds pkyqD; oa'k dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\
rSyi f}rh;]
^pipkj iQqV* fdl jkT; dk eq[; R;ksgkj gS\
fetksje dk
;fn fdlh ,sud ds ysal dk ikoj +2 Mk;ksIVj gks] rks blds iQksdl nwjh fdruh 50 lseh]
gksxh\
jk"Vifr fdlds }kjk ikfjr egkfHk;ksx izLrko ij gVk;k ;k ldrk gS\
laln ds]
lksfM;e vEyksa ds lkFk izfrf;k dj D;k cukrk gS\
yo.k]
fdl xouZj tujy dks ukxfjd lsok (flfoy lfoZl) dk tUenkrk dgk tkrk ykWMZ dkuZokfyl dks]
gS\
^xkaxs;* 'kCn fdlds fy, iz;qDr fd;k x;k gS\
Hkh"e ds fy, (Hkh"e xaxk
ds iq=k Fks)]
Hkhyksa ds xzke iz/ku dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
iVsy]
dkSu&lk varfj{k ;ku loZizFke pUnzek dh lrg ij mrjk\
ywuk&9]
varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dk xBu dkSu&djrk gS\
jk"Vifr]
fczfV'k Hkkjr dk og xouZj tujy dkSu Fkk ftlus Hkkjr esa Mkd O;oLFkk izkjaHk ykWMZ MygkSth us]
dh Fkh\
ôklqnso* 'kCn fduds fy, iz;qDr fd;k x;k gS\
".k ds fy,]
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CyM cSad esa jDr fdrus rkie ij lqjf{kr jgrk gS\
jk"Vifr dks izfr ekg fdruh jkf'k osru ds :i esa fn;k tkrk gS\
,d mky ysal dks tc ikuh esa Mqcks;k tkrk gS rks mldh {kerk ij D;k izHkko
iM+rk gS\
fdl xouZj tujy ds dk;Zdky esa f'keyk dks Hkkjr dh xzh"edkyhu jkt/kuh
cuk;k x;k\
^^ljiQjks'kh dh reUuk vc gekjs fny esa gSA** ;g fdlus dgk Fkk\
fdl xzg dks ^lkSUn;Z dk nsork* dgk tkrk gS\
^dE;qfuLV eSuhiQsLVks* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dk iquxBZu dc fd;k x;k\
fdl ok;ljk; us viQxkfuLrku ds laca/ esa vgLr{ksi dh fufr viukbZ\
"The ballot is stronger than bullet" ;g dFku fdldk gS\
isV dh vEyrk nwj djus ds fy, fdldk iz;ksx gksrk gS\
jk"Vifr ds vodk'k xzg.k djus ds ckn mls fdruk okf"kZd isa'ku fn;k tkrk
gS\
jDr dks FkDdk cukus ds fy, vfuok;Z izksVhu dkSu&lk gS\
dkaph dk dSyk'kukFk eafnj fdl 'kSyh esa cuk gS\
vkLVsfy;k dh eqnzk D;k gS\
gsyh iqPNy rkjk dks fdl o"kZ ns[ks tkus dh laHkkouk gS\
Hkkjr dh igyh efgyk vEik;j dkSu Fkh\
Hkkjr dh izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
iYyo 'kkldksa }kjk cuk, x, jFk eafnjksa dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
iwohZ freksj dh eqnzk D;k gS\
vtark xqiQk la[;k 16, 17 ,oa 19 dk fuekZ.k fdl dky esa djok;k x;k\
fdlds mYya?ku djus ij jk"Vifr ds fo# egkfHk;ksx yxk;k tk ldrk gS\
izdk'k dk jax fdlls fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gS\
^na'kdqekjpfjr* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
ikiqvk&U;wfxuh dh eqnzk D;k gS\
dkSu&ls xzg eaxy vkSj ;wjsul ds e; fLFkr gSa\
^thonzO; flkar* fdlus fn;k\
izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fdl {ks=k dks loksZPp izkFkfedrk iznku dh x;h\
izFke Hkkjrh; 'kkld dkSu&Fkk ftlus vjc lkxj esa Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk dh loksZPprk
LFkkfir dh\
^dkyk >aMk* fdldk izrhd gS\
mkj
40F ij]
yk[k #i;s]
{kerk ?kV tkrh gSA]
1.5
ykWMZ MygkSth ds]
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jke izlkn fofLey us]

'kq dks]
dkyZ ekDlZ us]
twu] 2004 esa]
ykWMZ ykjsal us]
vczkge fyadu dk
lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV dk]
9 yk[k #i;s]
iQkbfczukstksu]
jktflag 'kSyh]
MkWyj]
2062 esa]
vatfy jk;]
1 vizSy] 1951 bZ- dks]
lIr iSxksMk]
;w,l MkWyj]
xqIr dky esa]
lafo/ku dk]
rjaxnS/;Z }kjk]
n.Mh]
fduk]
c`gLifr vkSj 'kfu]
'kqYt us]
f"k]
jktjkt izFke us]
fojks/ dk
General Studies
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iz'u
dkSu&lh /krq vZpkyd ds :i esa VkaftLVj esa iz;qDr gksrh gS\
iz/kuea=kh ds e`R;q gksus ;k R;kxi=k nsus ij fdldk fo?kVu gks tkrk gS\
xHkkZ'k; esa f'k'kq ds fodkl dh tkudkjh ds fy, fdldk iz;ksx gksrk gS\
Hkkjr esa vk/qfud f'k{kk dh uhao fdl ?kks"k.kk i=k ls iM+h\
mkj
tesZfu;e]
eaf=keaMy dk]
vYVklkm.M dk]
1835 bZ- ds eSdkys ?kks"k.
kk i=k ls]
^dsUnzh; ued vuqla/ku laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
Hkkouxj (xqtjkr) esa]
vius ifjek iFk ij i`Foh yxHkx fdl ek/; osx ls lw;Z ds pDdj yxkrh 30km/s]
gS\
Hkkjr esa rqdhZ jkT; dk okLrfod laLFkkid fdls dgk tkrk gS\
dqrqcqhu ,scd dks]
Hkkjr dk dkSu&lk 'kgj gkStjh m|ksx ds fy, izfl gS\
yqf/;kuk]
fdl xouZj tujy ds 'kklu dky esa iatkc dk foy; fczfV'k jkt esa fd;k ykWMZ MygkSth ds]
x;k\
^mkj Hkkjr diM+k vuqla/ku laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
xkft;kckn esa]
'osr izdk'k fdrus jaxksa ds la;kstu ls cuk gS\
lkr jaxksa ds]
fdlus loZizFke mi&iz/kuea=kh ds in dks lq'kksfHkr fd;k\
oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy us]
fdls ^dksjksflo lfCyesV* (Corrosive Sublimate) dgk tkrk gS\
ejD;wfjd DyksjkbM dks]
fdl xouZj tujy us buke deh'ku dh LFkkiuk dh\
ykWMZ MygkSth us]
û vuqla/ku laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
Bk.ks esa]
Hkwi`"B dk fdruk izfr'kr Hkkx volknh pV~Vkuksa ls cuk gS\
75%]
fdlh {ks=k ;k izns'k dh izf.k;ksa dh tula[;k dks lkewfgd :i ls D;k dgk iQkSuk (Fauna)]
tkrk gS\
^jk"Vh; uohdj.k dks"k* dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh x;h\
1992 bZ- esa]
caxky nqfHkZ{k ds dkj.kksa dh tkp ds fy, fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa oqMgsM ykWMZ ososy ds]
vk;ksx xfBr dh xbZ Fkh\
^yfyr dyk vdkneh* dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
ubZ fnYyh esa
iq#"k thu la?kVu dSlk gksrk gS\
XY]
vc rd fdrus O;fDr mi&iz/kuea=kh in ij fu;qDr gq, gSa\
7]
fdl jax dk dkap esa izdk'k dh pky lcls vf/d rFkk viorZukad lcls de yky jax dk]
gksrk gS\
igyh ckj vkSipkfjd :i ls êgkyokM+h O;oLFkk* dc ykxw dh xbZ\
1822 bZ- esa]
^fgjksf'kek fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
6 vxLr dks]
ckyqdk iRFkj ds :ikUrj.k ls D;k curk gS\
DokVZ~tkbV]
^lektokn* 'kCn dk loZizFke iz;ksx fdlus fd;k\
jkWcVZ vksou us]
Hkkjr esa fdl m|ksx esa lokZf/d yksx dk;Zjr gSa\
diM+k m|ksx esa]
xk/h bjfou iSDV ds le; dkSu Hkkjr dk ok;ljk; Fkk\
ykWMZ bjfou]
^fo'o Lruiku lIrkg* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
1-7 vxLr dks]
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mkj
"ek pkydrk dh n`f"V ls lhlk D;k gS\
"ek dk dqpkyd]
lkewfgd :i ls dsUnzh; eaf=kifj"kn fdlds izfr mkjnk;h gksrh gS\
yksdlHkk ds izfr]
fdl jksx ds fo# lcls igys Vhdkdj.k (Vaccination) izkjEHk gqvk\
pspd]
fdl fczfV'k iz/kuea=kh us egkRek xk/h dks ^vZuXu Hkkjrh; iQdhj* dgk Fkk\ foaLVu pfpZy us]
êS=kh fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
vxLr ds igys jfookj
dks]
cSlkYV ds :ikUrj.k ls fdl pV~Vku dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS\
,EiQhcksykbV]
^f'kokth LVsfM;e* (fnYyh) fdl [ksy ls lac gS\
gkWdh ls]
Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k laxfBr m|ksx dkSu&lk gS\
diM+k m|ksx]
fdlus dgk] ^^ge ;k rks Hkkjr dks vktkn djsaxs vFkok bl iz;kl esa viuh tku egkRek xk/h us]
ns nsaxs\
ûkxklkdh fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
9 vxLr dks
vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds nkSjku vo/ ds fdlkuksa dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k\
ckck jkepanz us]
lafo/ku dh fdl vuqlwph esa ny&cny laca/h dkuwu of.kZr gS\
nloha vuqlwph esa]
ihyk jax dSlk jax gS\
f}rh;d jax]
xkSre cq us fdl mez esa x`gR;kx fd;k\
29 o"kZ]
foekuksa dh vkil esa yM+kbZ dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
MkWx iQkbV]
egklkxjh; lrg dk fuekZ.k fdl izdkj dh pV~Vku ls gqvk gS\
volknh pV~Vku ls]
lcls NksVk 'kSoky dkSu&lk gS\
DysekbMkseksukjk]
Hkkjr esa fdl jkT; us loZizFke jkstxkj xkjaVh dk;Ze pyk;k Fkk\
egkjk"V us]
xkSre cq ds x`gR;kx dh ?kVuk dks D;k dgk x;k gS\
egkfHkfu"e.k]
geys ds fu;r le; dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
thjks vkoj]
lhlk dks lkUnz lY";wfjd vEy ds lkFk xeZ djus ij dkSu&lh xSl ckgj fudyrh SO]
gS\
fdl iz/kuea=kh ds dk;Zdky esa ny&cny fojks/h fo/s;d ikfjr gqvk\
jktho xka/h ds dk;Zdky
esa]
,afVlsfIVd }kjk fpfdRlk dh [kkst fdlus dh\
tkslsiQ fyLVj us]
laxe ;qx dk xzaFk êf.kes[kyS* fdl /eZ dh Js"Brk dks izfrikfnr djrk gS\
ckS /eZ]
leqnzksa esa fcNkbZ tkus okyh ck#nh lqjaxs D;k dgykrh gS\
eSXusfVd ekbUl]
lokZf/d pk; mRiknd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr]
fdl bfrgkldkj us dqrqcqhu ,scd dks ^gkfre f}rh;* dh laKk nh Fkh\
feugkt&ml&fljkt us]
o"kZ 2007 esa Hkkjr esa lokZf/d f'kf{kr csjkstxkjksa dh la[;k okyk jkT; dkSu&lk if'pe caxky]
Fkk\
egkRek cq dh e`R;q ds ckn muds 'kjhj ds vo'ks"kksa ij fdrus Lrwiksa dk fuekZ. vkB]
k fd;k x;k\
dkSu&lk }hi êksfr;ksa dk }hi* dgk tkrk gS\
cgjhu
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iz'u
lw;Z mxrs o Mwcrs le; fdl dkj.k yky fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\
rkjdqaMs lfefr vkSj xksLokeh lfefr dk laca/ fdl {ks=k ls gS\
yEcs le; rd dBksj 'kkjhfjd dk;Z ds i'pkr~ ekalisf'k;ksa ls Fkdku vuqHko
gksus dk D;k dkj.k gS\
iVuk dks fdlus izkarh; jkt/kuh cuk;k Fkk\
fdl fganw nsork ds lEeku esa iqjh dh jFk;k=kk fudkyh tkrh gS\
vaxwjksa ds O;kikfjd Lrj ij mRiknu dh f"k D;k dgykrh gS\
fdl iztkfr dk ck?k vkdkj esa lcls cM+k gksrk gS\
Hkkjr esa vf/dka'k O;fDr fdl {ks=k esa csdkj gSa\
^vuoj&,&lqgSyh* xzaFk fdldk vuqokn Fkk\
Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; esa vf/dka'k fuoklh bZlkbZ gSa\
liQsn dlhl dk jklk;fud lw=k D;k gS\
Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dk pquko fp D;k gS\
lkcqu ds cqycqyksa dk jaxhu fn[kkbZ nsuk fdl HkkSfrdh; ifj?kVuk dk ifj.kke
gS\
eqxy dky esa tklwl ,oa xqIr lwpukvksa rd ds laokgd dks D;k dgk tkrk
Fkk\
îap'khy le>kSrk* fdu nks ns'kksa ds e; gqvk Fkk\
fo'o esa yEcs js'ks ds dikl dk lcls cM+k mRiknd ,oa fu;kZrd ns'k dkSu gS\
:l dh oksY'ksfod kafr dc gqbZ\
Hkkjrh; jsyos dh lokZf/d jktLo fdlls izkIr gksrh gS\
1707 bZ- esa vkSjaxtsc dh e`R;q ds ckn mldk mkjkf/dkjh dkSu Fkk\
^xsV os vkWiQ bafM;k* dk fuekZ.k fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
okguksa ls mRlftZr /q, esa fdldh mifLFkfr ls iznw"k.k gksrk gS\
1950 esa ykxw ewy lafo/ku esa fdruh Hkk"kkvksa dks ekU;rk nh xbZ Fkh\
?kh esa dkSu&lk iks"kd inkFkZ izpqj ek=kk esa ik;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjrh; flfoy lsok (ICS) esa pqus tkus okys izFke Hkkjrh; dkSu Fks\
îQksFkZ bLVsV* 'kCn ls fdldk vfHkizk; gS\
^psUuk* fdl ns'k dh LFkkukarfjr f"k gS\
vtyku 'kkg gkWdh VwukZesaV dh estckuh dkSu&lk ns'k djrk gS\
enzkl bfDoVsfcy ykbiQ ba';ksjsUl lkslkbVh dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh x;h Fkh\
ôhesUl bafM;k ,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk 1913 bZ- esa fdlus dh Fkh\
fdlus lh- ,iQ- ,.Mwt dks ^nhuca/q* dh mikf/ nh Fkh\
mkj
izdh.kZu ds dkj.k]
pquko lq/kj ls]
ySfDVd vEy dk teko]
'ksj'kkg us]
txUukFk (".k)]
foVhdYpj]
lkbcsfj;kbZ ck?k]
f"k {ks=k esa]
iapra=k dk]
uxkySaM esa]
ZnSO.7HO]
dey]
izdk'k ds O;frdj.k dk]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(63)
gjdkjk]
Hkkjr o phu ds e;]

felz]
1917 bZ- esa]
eky <qykbZ ls]
cgknqj'kkg izFke]
1911 bZ- esa
lhlk dh mifLFkfr ls]
14]
olk]
lR;sUnzukFk VSxksj]
izsl dk]
Jhyadk]
eysf'k;k]
1929 bZ- esa]
ysMh lnkf'ko v";j us]
egkRek xk/h us]
General Studies
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iz'u
f'kokth ds firk dk uke D;k Fkk\
vaxzsth fdl jkT; dh jktdh; Hkk"kk gS\
O;frdj.k dk flkar fdlus izfrikfnr fd;k\
^nf{k.k Hkkjrh; mnkjoknh la?k* dh fdUgksaus LFkkiuk dh\
mkj
'kkgth Hkksalys]
ukxkySaM]
VkWel ;ax us]
ih- R;kxjkt vkSj Vh- ,euS";j us]
mn;iqj fo'ofo|ky; dk uke cnydj D;k j[kk x;k gS\
egkjk.kk
izrki
fo'ofo|ky;]
fo'kk[kkikue esa rsy'kks/u'kkyk dc LFkkfir dh xbZ\
1957 bZ- esa]
lcls NksVk xq.klw=k fdlesa ik, tkrs gSa\
'kSoky esa]
^lthou* uked chek ikWfylh fdl cSad ls lac gS\
Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad]
dkSu ^yksdfgroknh* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
xksiky gfj ns'keq[k]
fcM+yk Hkou tgk xka/hth dks xksyh ekjh x;h Fkh] dk orZeku uke D;k gS\
xk/h lnu
nzohHkwr vkWDlhtu dk mi;ksx jkWdsV esa fdl :i esa fd;k tkrk gS\
b/u ds :i esa]
Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk D;k gS\
fganh]
jrkSa/h fdl foVkfeu dh deh ls gksrk gS\
foVkfeu&^,*]
dkSu pUnzxqIr f}rh; dk lfU/foxzfgd Fkk\
'kko (ohjlsu)]
jktdqekj] ftUgsa 1992 dk dukZVd jRu lEeku fy;k Fkk] fdl Hkk"kk ds fiQYe dUuM+]
ds izfl vfHkusrk Fks\
dks;yh (xqtjkr) esa rsy'kks/u'kkyk dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
1965 bZ- esa]
,e-lh-lhryokM+ fdl etnwj laxBu ds lnL; Fks\
enzkl yscj ;wfu;u ds]
oSlh fLFkfr ftlesa oLrqvksa ds ewY; c<+rs gSa rFkk eqnzk dk ewY; fxjrk gS] D;k eqnzkLiQhfr]
dgykrk gS\
iz;ksx dqaHk esyk izkjHk djus dk Js; fdls fn;k tkrk gS\
g"kZo/Zu dks]
lR;thr js dh izFke fiQYe dkSu&lh Fkh\
ikFksj ikapkyh]
fudV n`f"V nks"k ls ihfM+r O;fDr fdl izdkj ds p'es iz;ksx esa ykrk gS\
vory ysal ds]
fdl jkT; us mnwZ dks jktHkk"kk ds :i esa vaxhdkj fd;k gS\
tEew o d'ehj]
ok;qeaMyh; vkWDlhtu ij vYVk ok;ysV fdj.kksa ds izHkko ls D;k mRiUu gksrh vkstksu xSl]
gS\
643 bZ- esa phuh lezkV~ us Y;kax&gks&vkbZ&fdax uke ds nwr dks fdlds njckj esa g"kZo/Zu ds]
Hkstk Fkk\
^dtjkjs dtjkjs* xhr ds xhrdkj dkSu gSa\
xqytkj]
Hkkjr esa jktLFkku esa fdl LFkku ij pqdanj ls phuh cukus dk dkj[kkuk LFkkfir xaxkuxj esa]
fd;k x;k gS\
18ok tyok;q ifjorZu lEesyu (COP-18) dk vk;kstu dgk fd;k x;k\
nksgk esa]
og dkSu&lk cSad gS ftlus "kdksa ds ikl vklkuh ls igqpus ds fy, fdlku {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad]
Dyc cuk;s gSa\
e;wj] gfjnk rFkk t;lsu fdlds njckjh dfo Fks\
g"kZo/Zu ds]
^MVhZ fiDpj* dh vfHkus=kh dkSu gS\
fo|k ckyu
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(64)
General Studies
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iz'u
dkSu&dkSu ls foVkfeu ty esa ?kqyu'khy gSa\
iapk;rh jkt laLFkk, viuh fuf/ ds fy, fdl ij fuHkZj gSa\
nwj n`f"V nks"k ls ihfM+r O;fDr ds p'es esa dkSu&lk ysal iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
MSfu'k daiuh us loZizFke viuh cLrh dgk clkbZ\
^n jsi vkWiQ n ykWd* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
^dsUnzh; js'ke m|ksx vuqla/ku laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
:l esa ôksY'ksfod ny* dk usrk dkSu Fkk\
^ctV* (Budget) fdl kalhlh 'kCn dk la'kksf/r :i gS\
MSfu'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh us lsjkeiqj (caxky) esa viuh cLrh fdl o"kZ clkbZ\
^vkElZ ,.M n eSu* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu dh izfr'krrk fdruh gS\
iapk;r ds vf/dkj {ks=k esa fdrus fo"k;ksa dks j[kk x;k gS\
fMizs'ku fdl [kfut inkFkZ dh deh ds dkj.k Hkh gksrk gS\
^vkfn xzaFk* dk ladyu fdlus fd;k\
^,f'k;u Mkek* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
eksjDdks dk ^dklkCykdk* 'kgj fdl m|ksx ds dkj.k pfpZr gS\
ffLV;kuks jksukYMks fdl ns'k ds iQqVckWy f[kykM+h gSa\
Hkkjr esa ctV izLrqrhdj.k dk lEcU/ fdrus o"kks ds vkdM+ksa ls gksrk gS\
fdl flD[k xq# us xq# ukud dh thouh fy[kh Fkh\
^vUVw n ykLV* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
caxky dh jkt/kuh <kdk ls eqf'kZnkckn dkSu ys x;k\
fdUgsa feykdj iz[kaM dk xBu gksrk gS\
fdl ;a=k ds ek/;e ls LisDVe dh mRifk dh tkrh gS] ftlls fd fofHkUu fdj.
kksa ds rjaxnS/;Z dks ukik tk lds\
^vlg;ksx vkanksyu* dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k\
dchj lEeku fdl {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gS\
rsy'kks/u m|ksx ds fy, pfpZr LFkku ejkdkbcks fdl ns'k esa gS\
vkdkfjdh ds vk/kj ij xqykc dk ikS/k D;k gS\
ljdkj }kjk o"kZ esa fd;s tkus okys [kpks ij fdlds fu;a=k.k dks loksZPprk iznku
dh xbZ gS\
egkRek xka/h us fdl dkaM ds dkj.k vlg;ksx vkanksyu okil ys fy;k\
okpLifr iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
mkj
foVkfeu B rFkk C]
ljdkjh vuqnku ij]
mky ysal dk]
Vko.kdksj esa]
vysDtsaMj iksi]
cgjkeiqj (dksydkrk) esa]
ysfuu]
cwts (Bougette)]
1667 bZ- esa]
tkWtZ cukZMZ 'kk]
0.03%]
29 fo"k;ksa dks]
lksfM;e]
xq# vtqZu nso us]
xqUukj feMZy]
uh oL=k m|ksx]
vtsVhuk ds]
3 o"kZ ds]
xq# xksfoUn flag us]
tkWu jfLdu
eq'khZn dqy [kk us]
xzke iapk;rksa dk]
LisDVksehVj]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(65)
egkRek xka/h us]

lkekftd ln~Hkko {ks=k esa]
osustq,yk esa]
>kM+h (Shurbs)]
laln ds]
pkSjh pkSjk dkaM ds dkj.k]
1992 esa]
General Studies
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iz'u
vkstksu ijr dh lqj{kk ds fy, ^vkstksu fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
iapk;r lfefr dk eq[;ky; dgk gksrk gS\
fdl [kfut inkFkZ dh deh ls ekufld vlarqyu vkSj ydok gksrs gSa\
^^ljiQjks'kh dh reUuk vc gekjs fny esa gS**&xhr dh jpuk fdlus dh\
xzseh iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
fdl 'kgj dks ^bVyh dk eSupsLVj* dgk tkrk gS\
fdl xouZj tujy us LFkk;h cankscLr ykxw djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ\
Lora=k Hkkjr dk igyk ctV dc is'k fd;k x;k Fkk\
^dhfrZ* i=k dk izdk'ku fdlus izkjaHk fd;k\
xzSeh iqjLdkj ls lEekfur izFke Hkkjrh; dkSu Fks\
fdl izHkko }kjk lqnwj rkjksa o xSysfDl;ksa ds i`Foh ds lkis{k osx rFkk mudh xfr
dh fn'kk Kkr dh tkrh gS\
lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ,ao vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksdlHkk
esa vkj{k.k dk izko/ku gS\
vLirkyksa esa nek jksfx;ksa dks f=ke lkal ds :i esa fdu nks xSlksa dk feJ.k
fn;k tkrk gS\
xqIrdky esa mRikndksa rFkk O;kikfj;ksa dk la?k D;k dgykrk Fkk\
fdl izfl bfrgkldkj us in~e Hkw"k.k dks Lohdkj djus ls badkj dj fn;k\
kal dk fy;kWUl uxj fdl m|ksx ds fy, fo[;kr gS\
ok;qeaMy dh dkSu&lh ijr î;kZoj.k dh Nrjh* dgykrh gS\
^jk"Vh; miHkksDrk fookn fuokj.k vk;ksx* dk eq[;ky; dgk gS\
fdlus ukyank fo'ofo|ky; ds [kpZ gsrq 200 xzke nku esa fn;k Fkk\
Hkkjr dk loZJs"B 'kkS;Z lEeku dkSu&lk gS\
fdl gkeksZu dks ^xHkZ/kj.k ds fu/kZj.k okyk gkeksZu* dks dgk tkrk gS\
yksdlHkk lnL; viuk R;kxi=k fdls nsrk gS\
bejtsalh ykbV fdl izdkj ds lsy dk mnkgj.k gS\
vjc ;k=kh lqyseku us fdls Hkkjr dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkld crk;k\
izFke ijeohj p fotsrk O;fDr dkSu Fkk\
Hkkjr esa lokZf/d lM+d ?kuRo okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
ênj* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
Hkkjr esa xjhch ds ckjs esa viokg flkar dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k\
iky oa'k dk f}rh; laLFkkid fdls dgk tkrk gS\
'kkafrdky esa ohjrk dk loksZPp Hkkjrh; ind dkSu&lk gS\
mkj
16 vDVwcj dks]
iz[kaM eq[;ky;]
iksVSf'k;e]
jke izlkn fcfLey us]
1958 bZ- esa]
feyku]
lj tkWu 'kksj us]
26 uoEcj] 1947 dks]
larks"k flag us]
ia- jafo'kadj
izdk'k ds MkWIyj izHkko
}kjk]
vuqPNsn 330 esa]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(66)
ghfy;e vkSj vkWDlhtu]

Js.kh]
jksfeyk Fkkij us]
js'ke m|ksx]
vkstksu ijr]
ubZ fnYyh esa]
/eZiky us]
ijeohj p]
ikstsLVsjkWu]
yksdlHkk v/;{k dks]
f}rh;d lsy dk]
nsoiky dks]
estj lkseukFk 'kekZ]
i- caxky]
eSfDle xksdhZ us]
oh- ds- vkj- oh- jko us]
efgiky izFke dks]
v'kksd p
General Studies
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iz'u
VksMk tutkfr fdl jkT; esa ik;h tkrh gS\
LiQqjnhfIr cYcksa esa rFkk pedus okys foKkiuksa esa fdldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS\
fu;qfDr ds le; dkSu iz/kuea=kh laln ds fdlh Hkh lnu dk lnL; ugha Fkk\
fdl gkeksZu ds dkj.k cPps ds tUe esa lgk;rk feyrh gS\
^lkbeu deh'ku* Hkkjr dc vk;k\
johUnz ryksxkaojd fdl ok| ;a=k ds izfl oknd gSa\
fot;u fdl [ksy ds izfl f[kykM+h Fks\
^fu/Zurk ds nq'p* ladYiuk fdl vFkZ'kkL=kh us fn;k\
^fczfV'k bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
vetn vyh [kk fdl ok| ;a=k ls laca gSa\
1857 ds fonzksg dks nckus esa Xokfy;j ds flaf/;k us fdldk lkFk fn;k\
loZizFke dkSu iz/kuea=kh dk 'kiFk xzg.k djus ds le; jkT;lHkk dk lnL; Fkk@
Fkh\
oksYVh; lsy dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
jktk jkeeksgu jk; dh e`R;q dgk gqbZ\
Vh- ,u- ".ku fdl ok| ;a=k ds izfl oknd gSa\
dkSu&lk rkjk i`Foh ds lokZf/d lehi gS\
xktj fdl izdkj dh tM+ gS\
^,p&1 ch ohlk* dk lEcU/ fdl ns'k ls gS\
^,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWiQ caxky* dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
N=kiky flag fdl ok| {ks=k ls lac gSa\
fdl Fkk;ksdkWy dks fidfjd vEy Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
eksj fdl o"kZ ls iw.kZ laj{k.k izkIr i{kh gS\
gekjs 'kjhj esa Ropk dh lrg ds uhps olk fdlds vojks/d dk dk;Z djrh
gS\
'kh?kzrk ls ?kweus ,oa mPp jsfM;ksa rjax NksM+us okyk iYlj D;k gS\
egkohj Lokeh us fdl Hkk"kk dks tSu /eZ ds izpkj dk ek/;e cuk;k\
^fganw&eqfLye ,drk dk izrhd ^lqyg , dqy* mRlo dgk vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk
gS\
^n fjoksY;w'kujh* dk laiknu fdlus fd;k\
^ruqJh* uked laLFkk dk izkFkfed ms'; D;k gS\
mkj
rfeyukMq esa]
fu;kWu dk]
ih- oh- ujflag jko]
fjySfDlu]
1928 bZ- esa]
gkjeksfu;e]
iQqVckWy]
uSxuj uDlZ us]
ljksn ls]
vaxzstksa dk]
Jherh bafnjk xka/h]
y
f
il
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9
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2
q
5
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6
c
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1
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c 10
2
7
^tkrd* fdl /eZ ls lEcfU/r xzaFk gS\
fdl jkT; dk eq[; R;ksgkj ^lsdjsU;h* gS\
(67)
,ylsUMks oksYVk us]

fczLVy (baXySaM) esa]
ok;fyu]
lw;Z]17.
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ls]

1784 bZ- esa]
i[kkot ls
T.N.P. dks]
1972 bZ- ls]
'kjhj esa "ek dh gkfu
dk]
U;wVkWu rkjk]
izkr dks]
vkxjk esa]
'kphUnzukFk lkU;ky us]
Hkkjr esa cky dqiks"k.k
jksduk]
ckS /eZ]
uxkySaM dk]
General Studies
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iz'u
oksYVh; lsy dk fo|qr&okgd cy dk eku fdruk gksrk gS\
Hkkjr dk jk"Vh; okD; D;k gS\
R.D.X. D;k gS\
Hkkjr ds nf{k.k ds ns'kksa esa ckS /eZ ds fdl lEiznk; dk izpyu gqvk\
^gkWuZfcy mRlo* fdl jkT; esa euk;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjrh; varjkZ"Vh; tyekxZ izkf/dj.k dks fuxe dk ntkZ o"kZ fn;k x;k\
jk"Vh; usVodZ DD-1 dk izlkj.k dc izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
Hkkjrh; cktkjksa esa îhVj baXySaM* czk.M uke ls D;k miyC/ gSa\
fofdj.kksa ls lokZf/d l. ckS /eZ dks Hkkjr esa vafre jktdh; laj{k.k fdl oa'k
ds 'kkldksa us fn;k\
îq"dj esyk* dgk vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS\
ekuo ds thou dky esa fdrus nkr nks ckj fodflr gksrs gSa\
^lR;eso t;rs* fdl mifu"kn~ ls fy;k x;k gS\
LFkk;h pqacd fdl inkFkZ essa ls cuk;k tkrk gS\
'kkgtgk us êgkdfojk;* dh inoh fdldks nh\
^^tgk dkuwu ugha gS] ogk Lora=krk Hkh ugha gS\**&;g dFku fdldk gS\
Hkkjrh; varjkZ"Vh; tyekxZ izkf/dj.k dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
^vUuk dSjksfuuk* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
,f'k;k dk og izFke O;fDr dkSu gS] ftlus vFkZ'kkL=k dk ukscsy iqjLdkj izkIr
fd;k\
fdl eqxy 'kkld ds jkT;dky esa mkjkf/dkj dk ;q izkjaHk gqvk\
"Better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven"&tkWu feYVu dh fdl jpuk esa
jfpr okD; gS\
yky rRi yksgs ij Hkki izokfgr djus ij dkSu&lh xSl izkIr gksrh gS\
Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa dk mYys[k fdl vuqlwph esa gS\
czkbV~l jksx 'kjhj ds fdl Hkkx dks izHkkfor djrk gS\
mkjkf/dkj ds fdl ;q dks ^jktdqekjksa dk ;q* dgk tkrk gS\
^îzR;sd oLrq izrh{kk dj ldrh gS] ijUrq f"k ugha**&;g fdldh mfDr gS\
e; jsyos dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
vkliQk ikosy fdl [ksy Li/kZ ls lacaf/r gSa\
mkj
1.08 oksYV]
lR;eso t;rs]
,d foLiQksVd inkFkZ]
ghu;ku]
uxkySaM esa]
1987 bZ- esa]
15 vxLr] 1982 dks]
dehtsa]
iky oa'k (caxky) ds]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
fdl jkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks êuhvkWMZj vFkZO;oLFkk* dgk tkrk gS\
f'kokth us Hkwfe ekius ds fy, fdl ekid dk iz;ksx fd;k\
"Knowledge is Virtue"&;g mfDr fdldh gS\
(68)
vtesj (jktLFkku) esa

20 nkr]
eq.Mdksifu"kn~ ls]
bLikr dk]
ia- txUukFk dks]
ykWd dk]
dksydkrk esa]
fy;ks VkWyLVk; us]
izks- veR;Z lsu (Hkkjr)]
'kkgtgk ds]
iSjkMkbt ykWLV esa]
gkbMkstu]
izFke vuqlwph esa]
frYyh (Spleen) dks]
lkewx<+ dk ;q]
tokgjyky usg: dh]
eqqacbZ esa]
,FkysfVDl
(100 ehVj
nkSM+)]
mkjk[kaM dh vFkZO;oLFkk
dks]
dkBh]
foosdkuan us
General Studies
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iz'u
xhrk ds vaxzsth vuqokndkj fofy;e fofyfdUl dks fdlus laj[k.k iznku
fd;k\
yxkrkj nks ckj pqus tkus okys jk"Vifr dkSu Fks\
pqacdh; ;kE;kskj ,oa HkkSxksfyd ;kE;kskj ds chp dk dks.k D;k dgykrk gS\
gM+Iik lH;rk dh lcls eq[; fo'ks"krk D;k Fkh\
bZjku dh ljdkjh nLrkost dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
jsyiFk ds czkWM xst dh pkSM+kbZ fdruh gksrh gS\
dPps iQyksa dks f=ke :i ls idkus esa dkSu&lk jlk;u iz;qDr gksrk gS\
tux.kuk dfe'uj in dk l`tu fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
gM+IikbZ eqgjksa ij fdl tkuoj ds lokZf/d fp=k feys gSa\
;wjksih; la?k dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
iqjkus rSy fp=kksa (Oil Painting) dks pednkj cukus esa fdldk mi;ksx gksrk gS\
mkj
okjsu gsfLVaXl us]
MkW- jktsUnz izlkn]

fnd~ikr]
uxj ;kstuk iz.kkyh]
xzhu cqd]
1.676 ehVj]
,flfVyhu]
1881 bZ- esa]
,dkàxh lk<+]
cqlsYl (csfYt;e)]
gkbMkstu iSjkWDlkbM
dk]
Hkkjr ds izFke eqfLye jk"Vifr dkSu Fks\
MkW- tkfdj gqlSu]
fdl midj.k }kjk n; dh xfr de gks tkus ij mls lkekU; voLFkk esa fy;k islesdj]
tk ldrk gS\
izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds v/;;u dk esa lokZf/d egRowi.kZ lzksr dkSu&lk gS\ iqjkrkfRod 22 lzksr]
;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ\
1991 bZ- esa]
rkjksa ds e; nwjh Kkr djus dh bdkbZ dkSu&lh gS\
izdk'k o"kZ]
^fuf"; fojks/* ds flkar dk fdlus izfriknu fd;k\
vjfoUn ?kks"k us]
izFke tux.kuk dfe'kuj dkSu Fkk\
MCY;w- IykWMsu]
gM+Iik lH;rk lkekftd n`f"V ls dSlh lH;rk Fkh\
ekr` iz/ku]
28
;wjksih; la?k esa fdrus ns'k gSa\
ykSg pqacdh; inkFkks ds Hkhrj ijek.kqvksa ds vla[; vfr lw{e lajpukvksa dks Mksesu]
D;k dgk tkrk gS\
fdl jk"Vifr ds pquko ds le; nwljs p dh erx.kuk djuh iM+h\
oh-oh- fxfj ds]
lcls gYdh /krq dkSu&lh gS\
yhfFk;e]
eqxy 'kkldksa esa igyh ckj lezkV~ ds :ifp=k ls ;qDr flDds pyk,\
tgkxhj us]
^jk"Vh; HkwdEi foKku vkdM+k dsUnz* dgk fLFkr gS\
ubZ fnYyh esa]
fdl rkjkeaMy ds rkjs /zqorkjs dks vksj ladsr djrs gSa\
lIrf"kZ]
DD-2 dk izlkj.k fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
1993 bZ- esa]
Hkkjr esa tux.kuk vf/fu;e fdl o"kZ cuk\
1948 bZ- esa]
fczVsu dh bZLV bafM;k daiuh dh LFkkiuk ds le; Hkkjr dk ckn'kkg dkSu Fkk\ vdcj]
^jk"Vh; egklkxj izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
psUubZ esa]
y
f
il
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2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(69)
(HO)
General Studies
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iz'u
xk; dk nw/ esa dkSu&lk foVkfeu lokZf/d ek=kk esa ik;k tkrk gS\
jk"Vifr Hkou ds eq[; f'kYihdkj dkSu Fks\
ftl rRo esa ijek.kq esa nks izksVkWu nks U;wVkWu vkSj nks bysDVkWu gksa] ml rRo dh
nzO;eku la[;k fdruh gS\
vCnqLlen fdlds njckj dk izfl fp=kdkj Fkk\
^lsUVj iQkWj Mh,u, fiQaxj fizaV Mk;XuksfLVd* (CDFD) dgk fLFkr gS\
'kfu dks lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkus esa fdruk le; yxrs gSa\
1924 bZ- esa :l esa ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr fdlus ykxw dh\
jk"Vh; LokLF; uhfr fdl o"kZ vfLrRo esa vkbZ\
eqxy dky dk lcls ;ksX; ys[kd fdls ekuk tkrk gS\
^bafM;u baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ VkWfidy ehfVfj;ksykWth* dgk fLFkr gS\
fdlh nzo dk fuf'pr vk;ru fudkyus ds fy, fdl midj.k dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS\
jkT;lHkk fdlh /u fo/s;d dks fdruh vof/ rd jksd ldrh gS\
dkWUl jksx fdu iks"kd rRoksa dh deh ls gksrk gS\
mkj
foVkfeu ^,*]
,- ,y- yqfV;al]
4]
vdcj dk]
gSnjkckn esa]
29.5 o"kZ]
ysfuu us]
1983 bZ- esa]
vcqy iQty dks]
iq.ks esa
fiisV]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
rd]
lksfM;e ,oa iksVSf'k;e dh
deh ls]
^xq#ok;wj lR;kxzg* ds fy, fdlus vkej.k vu'ku fd;k Fkk\
ds- dyIi.k us]
fo'o ,M~l fnol dc euk;k tkrk gS\
1 fnlEcj dks]
;wjsul lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ,d ifjek esa fdruk le; ysrk gS\
84 o"kZ]
vkliQk ikosy fdl ns'k dh ,FkysfVDl gSa\
teSdk dh]
vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dc izkjaHk dh x;h\
1 vizSy] 1992 dks]
Hkkjrh; Lora=krk ds fy, iQkalh dh ltk ikus okys izFke fjdkMsZM eqfLye dkSu v'kiQkd mYyk [kk]
Fkk\
ûkSlsuk fnol* (Hkkjr) dc euk;k tkrk gS\
4 fnlEcj dks]
ôkuj lsuk* vkSj êatjh lsuk* fdl vkanksyu ls lacaf/r Fkh\
lfou; voKk vkanksyu ls]
^fot; fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
16 fnlEcj dks]
czk] fo".kq rFkk egs'k dh iwtk fdl dky esa izkjEHk gqbZ\
xqIr dky esa]
23 vxLr] 1954 ds iwoZ jkT;lHkk dks fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk\
dkmafly vkWiQ LVsV~l]
gkbMkstu ijek.kq ds ukfHkd esa izksVkWu dh la[;k fdruh gksrh gS\
,d]
v#.k xzg ij lw;ksZn; fdl fn'kk esa gksrk gS\
if'pe fn'kk esa]
vkWfDtu gkeksZu dh [kkst fdlus dh\
MkfoZu us]
vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk uohu izk:i fdlds funsZ'ku esa rS;kj fd;k x;k iz.ko eq[kthZ ds]
Fkk\
Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu ds le; fdlus dkaxzsl jsfM;ks dk izlkj.k izkjaHk fd;k\
m"kk esgrk us]
xksok] neu o nho eqfDr fnol dc euk;k tkrk gS\
19 fnlEcj dks
(70)
14 fnuksa
General Studies
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iz'u
êslkWu* ds [kkstdrkZ dkSu gSa\
orZeku esa jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa dh dqy la[;k fdruh gS\
dkSu&lk dksf'kdkax thu okgd gS\
mM+hlk ujs'k izrki #nz fdl oS".ko lar dk f'k"; Fkk\
cPpksa dh f'k{kk ls lEcfU/r ekSUVsljh iz.kkyh dk tUe fdl ns'k esa gqvk Fkk\
fdl v{kka'k ij okf"kZd rkikarj U;wur gksrk gS\
bZLV bafM;k daiuh dks caxky esa O;kikj dk fo'ks"kkf/dkj fdl o"kZ iznku fd;k
x;k\
fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk izk:i pkj ljdkjksa us vius&vius rjhds ls r; fd;k
Fkk\
^dcwfy;r* ,oa îV~Vk izFkk* fdlus izkjaHk dh\
Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/h'k ,oa Hkkjr ds jk"Vifr cuus dk
xkSjo fdls izkIr gS\
fdlh rRo dh ijek.kq la[;k dkSu&lh la[;k gksrh gS\
mkj
;qdkok]
245]
xq.klw=k]
pSrU; ds]
bVyh esa]
60 v{kka'k ij]
1651 bZ- esa]
y
f
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9
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6
c
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c 10
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7
vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk]

'ksj'kkg us]
,e- fgnk;rqYyk dks]
ukfHkd esa izksVkWu dh

la[;k]
orZeku esa jkT;lHkk ds fdrus lnL; jkT; ,oa la?k dh fo/ku lHkk ds lnL;ksa 233]
}kjk fuokZfpr gksrs gSa\
fdl oSKkfud us ijek.kq flkar dk izfriknu fd;k\
tkWu MkYVu us]
eqxy fp=kdyk vius pjeksRd"kZ ij fdlds 'kklu dky esa igqph\
tgkxhj ds]
ikfdLrku us ckaXykns'k dks dc ekU;rk nh Fkh\
ebZ] 1974 bZ- esa]
mkjh xksykZ esa fdl frfFk dks fnu vkSj jkr cjkcj gksrs gSa\
21 ekpZ vkSj 23 flrEcj
dks]
HkwLFkSfrd mixzg fdl xfr ls i`Foh dh ifjek djrs gSa\
i`Foh dh xfr ls]
nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dc izkjEHk dh xbZ\
1 vizSy] 2002 dks]
tgkxhj ds njckj dk lcls izeq[k fp=kdkj dkSu Fkk\
mLrkn ealwj]
Hkkjr esa py U;k;ky; (Mobile Court) fdl jkT; esa loZizFke LFkkfir fd;k gfj;k.kk esa
x;k gS\
vkj-,u-,- esa dkSu&lk {kkjd ugha ik;k tkrk gS\
Fkk;feu]
ftyk U;k;ky; ,oa v/huLFk U;k;ky;ksa ij dkSu fu;a=k.k j[krk gS\
mPp U;k;ky;]
vkisf{kdrk ds flkUr dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k\
vkbULVhu us]
fcgkj ds csxwljk; esa pkSdhnkj dj ds fo# vkanksyu fdl vkanksyu dk fgLlk Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu]
Fkk\
fdl izFke oSKkfud ds vfLFk vo'ks"k i`Foh ls nwj varfj{k esa Hksts x,\
;wthc 'kwesdj (vesfjdk)]
i`Foh ij nks LFkkuksa ds ns'kkarj dk varj 15 gSA muds LFkkuh; le; esa fdruk 1 ?kaVk]
varj gksxk\
baXySaM esa vkS|ksfxd kafr dh 'kq:vkr fdl m|ksx ls gqbZ\
lwrh diM+k m|ksx ls]
mRiknu dk lokZf/d xfr'khr dkjd dkSu&lk gS\
iwth]
xksiky ".k xks[kys ds xq# dkSu Fks\
,e- th- jk.kkMs]
vaxzsth lkIrkfgd if=kdk âVykbu* fdl lekpkj i=k lewg dk izdk'ku gS\ n fgUnw dk]
(71)
General Studies
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iz'u
vk;uksa ls cus gq, ;kSfxd dk lkekU; uke D;k gS\
lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa v/huLFk ,oa ftyk U;k;ky;ksa dk izko/u fd;k
x;k gS\
^n vkWfjftu vkWiQ Lislht* iqLrd fdlus fy[kh\
fdls êgkjk"V dk lqdjkr* dgk tkrk gS\
^fLiQaDl* fdl izkphu lH;rk ls lEcfU/r gS\
fdl ns'k dks ^mxrs gq, lw;Z dk ns'k* dgk tkrk gS\
^dSVjhuk JhcsVfud* fdl ns'k ds izfl Vsful f[kykM+h gS\
Hkkjr esa ^vkWijs'ku yM dk tud* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
fdl gM+Iikdkyhu LFky ls ,d bV ij fcYyh dk ihNk djrs iatksa ds fu'kku
feys gSa\
xqyhoj dh ;k=kkvksa esa jk{klksa dk ns'k fdls crk;k x;k gS\
înkZ 'kklu* (isVhdksV 'kklu) ds fy, gje ny dh loZizeq[k lnL;k dkSu
Fkh\
mPp U;k;k;y ds ijke'kZ ij ftyk U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
dkcZu ijek.kq ds nzO;eku ds 1/12 osa Hkkx dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
xqycnu csxe fdldh iq=kh Fkh\
dsUnzh; lfpoky; iqLrdk;y dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
^;wjksi dk jksxh* fdl ns'k dks dgk tkrk gS\
xkMsZu ih (eVj) ds gkbfczMkbts'ku ls dkSu oSKkfud lacaf/r gSa\
f"k ykxr ,oa ewY; vk;ksx dk dk;kZy; dgk fLFkr gS\
vk/qfud Hkkjr esa fdl ;wjksih; leqnk; esa Hkkjr ds lkFk izFke O;kikfjd laca/
LFkkfir fd;k Fkk\
^jk"Vh; tkp ,tsalh* dk xBu dc fd;k x;k\
i`Foh dh vk;q dk vkdyu fdlls fd;k tkrk gS\
orZeku esa Hkkjr esa fdrus mPp U;k;ky; gSa\
'ksj dSlk miHkksDrk gS\
iqrZxkyh mifuos'k dk izFke ok;ljk; Hkkjr esa dkSu cuk\
fjrq dqekj fdls {ks=k ls lac gSa\
nf{k.k /zqo ij igqpus okyk dkSu izFke O;fDr Fkk\
bZLV bafM;k daiuh us iqrZxky ls cEcbZ }hi dc izkIr fd;k\
f"k ewY; vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh x;h\
Hkkjr esa iqrZxkyh 'kfDr dk okLrfod laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\
vferkHk cPpu vfHkuhr igyh fiQYe dkSu&lh Fkh\
mkj
oS|qr la;kstd]
vuqPNsn 233]
MkfoZu us]
,e- th- jk.kkMs dks]
feL=k dh lH;rk ls]
tkiku]
Lyksokfd;k ds]
oxhZt dqfj;u]
pUgwnM+ksa]
y
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il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
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6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(72)
cksfRMxkax dks
ekge vuxk]
jkT;iky]
1 a.m.u.]
ckcj dh]
1891 bZ- esa]
rqdhZ]
xzsxj esaMy]
psUubZ esa]
iqrZxkyh]
1 tuojh] 2009 dks]
;wjsfu;e MsfVax }kjk]

24]
r`rh;d miHkksDrk]
iQkaflLdks fM vYesMk]
iQS'ku fMtkbfuax]
,e.Mlsu]
1668 bZ- esa]
1965 bZ- esa]
vYiQkalks fM vYcqddZ]
lkr fganqLrkuh
General Studies
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iz'u
mkj
1 a.m.u. dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
,dhr ijek.kq nzO;eku
ekad]
fcgkj esa yksdlHkk rFkk jkT;lHkk ds fdruh lhVsa fu/kZfjr dh xbZ gS\
e'k% 40 vkSj 16 lhVsa]
fdl ikmMj esa [kkus dk lksMk rFkk VkVZfjd vEy dk feJ.k gksrk gS\
csfdax ikmMj esa]
^ê;jkf=k dh dVksj ij tc lalkj lksrk gksxk] Hkkjr vius thou o Lora=krk ds tokgjyky usg:]
fy, tkx mBsxkA**&fdlus dgk Fkk\
^xkMsZuj* ds ys[kd dkSu gS\
johUnzukFk VSxksj]
êgk}hiksa dk egk}hi* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
,f'k;k]
bUlSV&2 ch dks LFkku nsus ds fy, fdl mixzg dh lsok,a lekIr dh x;h Fkha\ bUlsV&1ch]
flMch (SIDBI) dk eq[;ky; fdl 'kgj esa fLFkr gS\
y[ku esa]
fo'kky lkW<+ksa dh tqM+ok iSjksaokyh fof'k"V izdkj dh e`.ewfrZ fdl lSa/o LFky ls dkyhcaxk ls]
izkIr gqbZ gS\
^fganw O;w vkWiQ ykbiQ* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
,l- jk/k".ku]
vk/qfud fopkj/kjk ds vuqlkj fo"kk.kq D;k gS\
fof'k"V vf/ijthoh]
fo/ku ifj"kn~ ds fdrus lnL; izR;sd nks o"kZ esa lsokfuo`k gks tkrs gSa\
,d&frgkbZ lnL;]
izdk'k fo|qr lsy dk lokZf/d mi;ksx dgk fd;k tkrk gS\
flusek?kjksa esa /ofu ds
iqu#Riknu esa]
Xosn esa fdl fookg dk mnkgj.k ugha feyrk gS\
cky fookg dk]
^n ttesaV* fdldh fr gSa\
dqynhi uS;j dh]
pwfy;k tyizrki fdl unh ij fLFkr gS\
pEcy unh ij]
baXySaM dh ^xkSjoiw.kZ kafr* fdl o"kZ gqbZ\
1688 bZ- esa]
Hkkjr fu;kZr&vk;kr cSad (Export-Import Bank of India) dh LFkkiuk dc dh 1 tuojh 1982 dks]
x;h\
tSu rhFkdjksa esa laLr dk lcls vPNk fo}ku dkSu Fkk\
u;panz]
êgkizk.k* fdl dfo dk miuke gS\
lw;Zdkar f=kikBh ^fujkyk*
FkSyksiQkbVk oxZ ds ykbdsu ikS/ks ls fudkyk x;k xqykch jax dk mnklhu vdZ fyVel]
D;k dgykrk gS\
fdlh jkT; ds fo/ku ifj"kn~ ds dqy lnL;ksa esa ls fdrus LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ls 1/3 lnL;]
fuokZfpr gksrs gSa\
lcls cM+k fo"kk.kq fdldk gksrk gS\
pspd dk]
gM+Iik lH;rk dk lcls iwohZ LFky dkSu&lk gS\
vkyexhjiqj]
laLr xzaFk ^v"Vk/;k;h* fdl fo"k; ls lacaf/r gSa\
O;kdj.k ls]
rqaxHknzk fdldks lgk;d unh gS\
".kk dh]
ekfj;ql fiQlcxZ fdl ns'k ds izfl Vsful f[kykM+h gS\
iksySaM ds]
Hkkjr fu;kZr&vk;kr cSad (Exim) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
eqEcbZ esa]
fdl osn dks ^Hkkjrh; laxhr dk tud* dgk tkrk gS\
lkeosn]
^,fyl* pfj=k fdl ys[kd dh l`f"V gS\
yqbZl dSjksy dh]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(73)
General Studies
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iz'u
mkj
1857 ds fonzksg dh 'kafDr dk lcls egRoiw.kZ rF; D;k Fkk\
fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk]
fcgkj fo/ku ifj"kn~ lnL;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gS\
75]
dSMfe;e cksjsV uked izfrnhfIr inkFkZ ls fdl jax dk izdk'k mRiUu fd;k tkrk xqykch izdk'k]
gS\
oSfnd lkfgR; dh vk/kjHkwr bdkbZ dkSu&lh laLFkk Fkh\
dqy]
^n lkbal vkWiQ HkjrukV~;e* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
ljkstk oS|ukFku]
".kk MsYVk ls xksnkojh MsYVk rd dk rV D;k dgykrk gS\
xksydqaMk rV]
vke dh ladj iztkfr ^H-39* fdu nks iztkfr;ksa dk kWl (Cross) gS\
vkezikyh ,oa oujkt dk]
jk"Vh; f"k o xzkeh.k cSad (NABARD) dh LFkkiuk dc dh x;h\
12 tqykbZ] 1982 dks]
mkj oSfnd dky esa iwohZ fn'kk ds jktk dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
lezkV~]
^cSd Vq odZ* iqLrd ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
fcy fDyaVu
fdjksflu fdlds izHkkth lzko.k ls izkIr gksrk gS\
isVksfy;e ds]
Hkkjr ds lafo/ku esa izFke la'kks/u fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
1951 bZ- esa]
fcuk fu"kspu ds ,d v.Mk'k; ds iQy esa fodflr gksus dks D;k dgrs gSa\
ikFkhZuksdkihZ]
fdls ^dyUnj* mikf/ nh xbZ Fkh\
ckcj dks]
tokgj yky usg: varjkZ"Vh; ln~Hkkouk iqjLdkj ls lEekfur izFke O;fDr dkSu ;w FkkaV (1965 bZ-)]
gSa\
Hkkjr esa tSo fofo/rk ds dkSu&ls le` LFky gSa\
iwohZ fgeky; ,oa if'peh
?kkV]
j.kthr flag vius vkidks fdldk lsod ekurk Fkk\
[kkylk dk]
jktho xk/h xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k ;kstuk dc izkjEHk dh xbZ\
vizSy] 2005 esa]
^[kkuok dk ;q* dc gqvk\
16 ekpZ] 1527 bZ- esa]
fel bafM;k izfr;ksfxrk fdl o"kZ izkjaHk dh xbZ\
1994 bZ- esa]
?kM+h dh lqb;ksa ij jkr esa pedus gsrq fdl inkFkZ dk ysi p<+k;k tkrk gS\
L i Q q j n h f I r
(Phosphorescence) inkFkZ
dk]
iqMqpsjh ds iz'kkld dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
mijkT;iky]
^laihfMr isVksfy;e xSl* (C.N.G.) dk eq[; vo;o dkSu&lk gS\
feFksu]
[kkuok ds ;q esa ckcj us fdls ijkftr fd;k\
jk.kk lkaxk dks]
fel ;wfuolZ dks fdruh jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gS\
2,15000 MkWyj]
fo'o dk lcls cM+k }hi dkSu&lk gS\
xzhuySaM]
Hkkjrh; ewy dh igyh efgyk varfj{k ;k=kh dkSu Fkha\
dYiuk pkoyk]
^dqVhj T;ksfr dk;Ze* fdl fokh; o"kZ izkjEHk fd;k x;k\
1988-89 esa]
vdcj us loZizFke fdl jktiwr oa'k ds lkFk oSokfgd laca/ LFkkfir fd;k dNokgk]
Fkk\
ekSykuk vcqy dyke vktkn VkWiQh fdls iznku fd;k tkrk gS\
loZJs"B fo'ofo|ky; dks
y
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General Studies
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iz'u
xUuk esa dkSu&lk izo/Zu iz;qDr gksrk gS\
la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds fy, O;; dk Hkkj dkSu ogu djrk gS\
ukfHkdh; fj,DVjksa esa tkZ fdlds }kjk mRiUu gksrh gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky; vf/fu;e ikfjr fd;k
x;k\
esagnh glu us fdl {ks=k esa [;kfr vftZr dh\
izdk'kh; ;a=k usiQksehVj }kjk fdldk ekiu fd;k tkrk gS\
^vkn'kZoknh lektokn dk izoDrk* fdls ekuk tkrk gS\
ê;k Hkkstu ;kstuk* (ehM Ms ehy) fdl o"kZ izkjaHk dh x;h\
fdlus dgk ^^vaxzst ?kqliSfB;ksa us Hkkjr ds dj/s dks rksM+ Mkyk vkSj pj[ks dks
u"V dj fn;k\**
jkgr iQrsg vyh [kku fdl ns'k ls lac gSa\
iQksVksxzkfiQd fiQYe ij fdldh iryh ijr gksrh gS\
flfoy vf/dkj laj{k.k vf/fu;e fdl o"kZ ikfjr fd;k x;k Fkk\
fo'o esa ^gfjr kafr dk tud* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
ftl le; Hkkjr vktkn gqvk] fczVsu ds iz/kuea=kh dkSu Fks\
esMksuk fdl {ks=k ls lac gSa\
^gfjdsu* dks phu esa D;k dgk tkrk gS\
Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; esa uko nkSM+ lokZf/d yksdfiz; gSa\
oxZ "k"B ls v"Ve rd ds cPpksa ds fy, ehM Ms ehy ;kstuk dk foLrkj dc
fd;k x;k gS\
fdl ;kstuk ds rgr Hkkjr dk foHkktu fd;k x;k\
jkx HkSjoh fdl le; xk;k tkrk gS\
1916 bZ- y[ku dkaxzsl ds v/;{k dkSu Fks\
o"kZ 1938 esa fdl O;fDr us o;Ld erkf/dkj ds vk/kj ij lafo/ku lHkk ds
xBu dh ekax dh\
ukfHkdh; fj,DVjksa esa U;wVkWuksa dh xfr dks de djusokyk ;a=k dkSu&lk gS\
ukxktqZu fdlds njckj esa jgrs Fks\
egkjk"V esa ^x.kifr mRlo* izkjEHk djus dks Js; fdldks gS\
v'o v{kka'k ls MksyMe dh rjg cgus okyh gok,a D;k dgykrh gS\
pkoy fdl dqy dk ikS/k gS\
bafM;k czkaM bfDoVh iQaM* dk ms'; D;k gS\
mkj
ruk dkV izo/Zu]
Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/ ls]
fu;af=kr fo[k.Mu }kjk]
ykWMZ dtZu ds dk;Zdky
esa]
xty xkf;dh esa]
es?kksa dh fn'kk esa xfr]
jkWcVZ vksou dks]
1995 bZ- esa]
dkyZ ekDlZ us]
y
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7
dfu"d ds 'kklu dky dh lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk dkSu&lh Fkh\
ôu egksRlo* fdlus izkjEHk fd;k\
(75)
ikfdLrku ls]
flYoj czksekbM dh]
1976 bZ- esa]
MkW- uksjeku cksjykWx dks]
DyhesaV ,Vyh]
ikWi xf;dh ls]
Vk;iQwu]
dsjy esa]
1 vDVwcj] 2007 ls]
ykWMZ ekmaVcsVu ;kstuk]
izkr% dky esa
,- lh- etwenkj]
tokgjyky usg: us]
ekMwjsVj]
dfu"d ds]
cky xaxk/j fryd dks]
O;kikfjd iousa]
xzsfeuh dqy dk]
vkbZVh {ks=k esa iwth dh
O;oLFkk djuk]
prqFkZ ckS laxhfr]
ds- ,e- eqa'kh us]
General Studies
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iz'u
fdls ^fDod flYoj* dgk tkrk gS\
lafo/ku ds izk:i lfefr ds le{k izLrkouk dk izLrko fdlus j[kk\
Hkkjr esa gfjr kafr dk lokZf/d izHkko fdl iQly ij iM+k\
xka/kj 'kSyh fdu nks 'kSfy;ksa dk feJ.k gS\
fo'o iqLrd esyk dk vk;kstu dkSu&lk laLFkku djrk gS\
Hkkjr dk lokZf/d ykSg mRiknd jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr esa fdl lwiQh flyflys dks lokZf/d yksdfiz;rk feyh\
îQsjk* dh txg îQsek* dc vfLrRo esa vk;k\
fdl xqIr 'kkld ds 'kklu dky esa lcls izcy gw.k vke.k gq,\
eqfLye gy ds fy, eDdk dc tkrs gSa\
izFke ijek.kq ce dgk fxjk;k x;k Fkk\
lafo/ku ds izk:i ij dc izFke okpu gqvk\
yks'ku cukus esa fdl /krq dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
mkj
ikjk dks]
tokgjyky usg: us]
xsgw]
Hkkjr&;wukuh 'kSyh]
us'kuy cqd VLV]
vksfM'kk]
fp'rh flyflyk]
1 twu] 2000 dks]
LdanxqIr ds 'kkludky esa]
bZn my tqgk esa
fgjksf'kek (tkiku) ij]
15 uoEcj] 1948 dks]
ftad
lYiQsV
(ZnSO.7HO)]
fdl flD[k xq# us ikgqy iz.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr dh\
"Blind leads the blind, it is the democratic way" fdldk dFku gS\
gsujh feyj dk]
yksgk ds dqy lafpr HkaMkj dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk LFkku fo'o esa dkSu&lk gS\ izFke]
Hkkjrh; ewy dh nwljh efgyk varfj{k ;k=kh dkSu gS\
lquhrk fofy;El]
^^lc izR;sd ds fy, gS vkSj izR;sd lcds fy, gS**&;g fdl uhfr dk flkar lgdkfjrk dk]
gS\
^flxiQksl vkanksyu* dc vkSj dgk gqvk\
vle esa] 1830 bZ- esa]
^^ge ekuork dks ogk ys tkuk pkgrs gSa] tgk u osn gS] u dqjku vksj u gh Lokeh foosdkuan us]
ckbfcy** ;g fdlus dgk Fkk\
Hkkjr esa lokZf/d nw/ nsus okyh cdjh dh uLy dkSu&lh gSa\
cjcjh]
Hkkjr dk lafo/u dc ykxw fd;k x;k\
26 tuojh] 1950 dks]
f}rh; ijek.kq ce dgk fxjk;k x;k Fkk\
ukxklkdh (tkiku) ij]
ûk;d fonzksg* dgk gqvk Fkk\
caxky esa]
^t; fgan* dk ukjk lqHkk"kpanz cksl us fdl Hkk"kk esa fn;k Fkk\
teZu esa]
rkrhikdk fjiQkbujh fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
vka/z izns'k esa]
^xqykcksa dk ;q* fdl ns'k esa gqvk\
baXySaM esa]
xzhu GNP dk ewY;kadu fdrus o"kks ds i'pkr~ gh fd;k tkrk gS\
10 o"kZ ds ckn]
osyqFkEih us vaxzstksa ds fo# vkanksyu dk usr`Ro dgk fd;k Fkk\
eSlwj esa]
^^nq%[k esa lqfeju lc djs] lq[k esa djs u dks;**&;g iafDr fdl HkfDr dfo dchj dh
dh jpuk esa gSa\
y
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(76)
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iz'u
dkSu&lh /rq xeZ lksfM;e DyksjkbM ls vfHkf;k dj gkbMkstu xSl nsrh gS\
^Hkkjr dk izFke ukxfjd* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
jkuh eD[kh vius thou esa oSokfgd mM+ku fdrus ckj Hkjrh gS\
1939 bZ- esa îQkWjoMZ CykWd* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh Fkh\
ih-Vh-vkbZ- (izsl VLV vkWiQ bafM;k) dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ\
fo".kqx<+ ihiydksBh ty fo|qr ifj;kstuk fdl unh ij fodflr dh xbZ gS\
fdls îksy oksYV dk ckn'kkg* dgk tkrk gS\
^jk"Vh; tula[;k dks"k* dh LFkkiuk dc dh x;h\
îkfdLrku* 'kCn dk l`tu fdlus fd;k Fkk\
tula[;k dh n`f"V ls fo'o dk lcls NksVk ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
egkRek xk/h us nkaMh ;k=kk dgk ls izkjEHk dh Fkh\
ns'k dh rhuksa lsukvksa dk loksZPp deku fdlesa fufgr gS\
loZizFke fdlus Vk;ksM okYo dk fuekZ.k fd;k\
o"kZ 1940 bZ- esa eqfLye yhx ds vf/os'ku esa ikfdLrku ds l`tu dk izLrko
fdlus j[kk Fkk\
bVyh dh ljdkjh fjiksVZ dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
fdl xzg dks ^yky xzg* dgrs gS\
^lksukfydk* fdl iQly dh mke fdLe gS\
jk"Vh; tula[;k dks"k uked laLFkk ds v/;{k dkSu gSa\
Hkkjr foHkktu ds le; foHkktu dkSafly dk dkSu v/;{k Fkk\
Lora=k ;wjksih; eqnzk laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ\
îksVk'k ,ye* dk jklk;fud uke D;k gS\
mkj
tLrk]
jk"Vifr dks]
fliQZ ,d ckj]
27 vxLr] 1947 dks]
vyduank unh ij]
lxsZbZ cqcdk dks]
13 iQjojh] 2003 dks]
pkS/jh jger vyh us]
osfVdu flVh]
lkcjerh ls]
jk"Vifr esa]
yh- lh- iQkWjsLV us]
[kyhdqTtek us]
y
f
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9
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2
7
xzhu cqd]
eaxy dks]
xsgw dh]
iz/kuea=kh]
ykWMZ ekmaVcsVu]
1 tuojh] 1994 bZ- dks
iksVSf'k;e
,Y;qfefu;e
lYiQsV]
jktnwrksa] jktu;fd izfrfuf/;ksa rFkk okf.kfT;d nwrksa dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\ jk"Vifr]
ik'pqjkbts'ku dk izfriknu loZizFke fdlus fd;k\
yqbZ ik'pj us]
vdcj us Hkxoku nkl (jktk Hkkjey dk iq=k) dks dkSu&lh mikf/ iznku dh\ vehj&my&mej]
Hkkjr esa x.kra=k fnol dc euk;k tkrk gS\
26 tuojh dks]
fo'kkydk; rkjksa dh lekfIr fdl :i esa gksus dk vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gS\
".k fNnz ds :i esa]
fp'rh flyflys ds fdl lwiQh dks ^pjkx&,&nsgyoh* dgk tkrk gS\
'ks[k ukfl#hu dks]
fof'k"V igpku la[;k (Unique Identification UDI.) ifj;kstuk dh 'kq#vkr dc 29 flrEcj] 2010]
dh x;h\
vcqy iQty dh gR;k fdlus dj nh\
ohj flag cqUnsyk us]
^dq"B fuokj.k fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
30 tuojh dks]
(77)
General Studies
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iz'u
vfrpkydrk (Super Conductivity) dh [kkst fdlus dh\
la?k {ks=k dk iz'kklu fdlds }kjk gksrk gS\
jDr izokg jksdus esa ,Y;qfefu;e ds fdl ;kSfxd dk iz;ksx gksrk gS\
fdl eqxy ckn'kkg ds 'kklu dky dks LFkkiR; dyk dk Lo.kZ;qx dgk tkrk
gS\
Jhyadk dk Lora=krk fnol dc euk;k tkrk gS\
lcls de ?kuRo okyk xzg dkSu&lk gS\
ck?k ls igys fdls Hkkjr dk jk"Vh; i'kq ekuk tkrk Fkk\
Hkkjr dh 15oha tux.kuk fdrus pj.kksa esa iwjh gqbZ\
e;dkyhu Hkkjr ds fdl 'kkld us lM+d fuekZ.k gsrq [;kfr vftZr dh\
^fo'o dSalj fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
he fudkyrs le; nqX/ dk rkie fdruk gksuk pkfg,\
orZeku esa jkT;lHkk ds fdrus lnL; jk"Vifr }kjk euksuhr gksrs gSa\
jMkj (Radio Detection and Ranging) dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
enzkl ds czk.k fojks/h laxBu îztkfe=k eaMyh* ds dkSu laLFkkid Fks\
^rRofjr dk;Z cy* (RAF) fdl iqfyl iQkslZ dk ,d vax gS\
i`Foh ls pUnzek dk fdruk izfr'kr Hkkx fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\
îQsfc;u lks'kfyTe* dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k\
fdl jkT; dh izfr O;fDr vk; lokZf/d gS\
^fpark,a ?kjs ck;js* miU;kl ds dkSu miU;kldkj gSa\
^dsUnzh; vkS|ksfxd lqj{kk cy* (CISF) dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
îkbjsDl dkap* ds vf/d lkeF;Z ds fy, D;k mkjnk;h gS\
vfokh; vFkok lk/kj.k fo/s;dksa dks jkT;lHkk fdrus le; rd jksd ldrh
gS\
lcls Hkkjh dhV dkSu lk gS\
dkaxzsl dh fczfV'k lfefr us fdl if=kdk dk izdk'ku izkjaHk fd;k\
^l'kL=k lhek cy* (SSB) dk xBu fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
fgUnw dSysUMj dk igyk eghuk dkSu&lk gksrk gS\
Hkkjr dh vksj ls vksyfEid esa Hkkx ysus okyk izFke f[kykM+h dkSu Fkk\
Hkkjr esa jk"Vh; fodkl dh eki ds fy, dkSu&lh csgrj eki gS\
fdlus dgk Fkk] dkaxzsl vkanksyu u rks yksxksa }kjk izsfjr Fkk] u gh ;g muds }kjk
lkspk ;k ;kstukc fd;k x;k Fkk\
^vle jkbiQYl* dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
mkj
dsejfya?k vksUl us]
jk"Vifr }kjk]
iksVk'k ,ye dk]
'kkgtgk ds 'kklu dky
dks]
4 iQjojh dks]
'kfu]
flag dks]
nks pj.kksa esa]
'kksj'kkg us]
4 iQjojh dks
90-100F]
12]
jkcVZ okVlu us]
lh- vkj- jsM~Mh]
lh- vkj- ih- ,iQ- dk]
57%]
tkWtZ cukZM~ 'kkW]
xksok dh]
johUnzukFk VSxksj]
1969 bZ- esa]
cksjsDl]
6 ekl rd]
y
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9
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c 10
2
7
(78)
xksfy,Fk xqcSyk]
bafM;k]
1963 esa]
pS=k]
ukWeZu fizpkMZ]
jk"Vh; vk;]
lj lS;n vgen [kka]
f'kykx
General Studies
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iz'u
vdcj us chjcy dks dkSu&lh mikf/ iznku dh\
laln ds nksuksa ds la;qDr vf/os'ku dh v/;{krk dkSu djrk gS\
euq"; dh n; xfr dks ekius okyk ;a=k D;k dgykrk gS\
dqrqcqhu ,scd dks dgk niQuk;k x;k\
xqtjkr mPp U;k;ky; us lkcjerh ,Dlizsl vfXu dkaM esa fdl vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ
dks LFkkfir fd;k Fkk\
i`Foh dks mlds dkYifud v{k ij ?kweus dks D;k dgrs gSa\
vkyw ds fdl jksx dks ^fjax jksx* Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
fgUnw lao`f nj fdlls lacaf/r gS\
lYrur dky dh jktdh; Hkk"kk D;k Fkh\
1984 esa Lo.kZ eafnj dks fl[k mxzokfn;ksa ds paxqy ls eqDr djkus gsrq dkSu&lk
vfHk;ku pyk;k x;k Fkk\
"yS'k ykbV fjou cukus esa fdl /krq dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
yksdlHkk lnL;ksa dh vf/dre lnL; la[;k fdruh gks ldrh gS\
fdl dqy ds uj dhV dh vkokt lcls rhoz gksrh gS\
bYrqrfe'k fdldk xqyke Fkk\
bafnjk xk/h dh gR;k dh tkp ds fy, dkSu&lk vk;ksx xfBr fd;k x;k Fkk\
fdlh LFkku dk ekud le; fu/kZfjr djus dk vk/kj dkSu&lh js[kk gksrh gS\
fdl lqYrku ls futkeqhu vkSfy;k us HksaV djus ls badkj dj fn;k Fkk\
1949 bZ- esa xfBr jk"Vh; vk; x.kuk lfefr ds v/;{k dkSu Fks\
vykmhu f[kyth us fdu nks djksa dks izkjaHk fd;k\
^Hkkjrh; fo|k Hkou* uked laLFkk dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
dku ds vkarfjd Hkkx ds fujh{k.k ds fy, dkSu&lk ;a=k iz;qDr gksrk gS\
jktLFkku mPp U;k;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
Hkkjr esa Fkksfj;e dk mi;ksx eq[;r% fdl dk;Z esa gksrk gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa y[ku le>kSrk (1916) gqvk\
mkj
dfojkt ,oa jktk]
yksdlHkk/;{k]
dkfMZ;ksxzke]
ykgkSj esa]
cuthZ vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ]
y
f
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7
?kw.kZu]
'kSfFky jksx dks]
jk"Vh; vk; ls]
iQkjlh]
vkWijs'ku CywLVkj]
eSXuhf'k;e dk]
552]
fldSMMh dqy ds]
dqrqcqhu ,scd dh]
BDdj vk;ksx]
ns'kkarj js[kk]
X;klqhu rqxyd]
ih- lh- egkyuksfcl]
pjkbZ dj ,oa ?kjh dj]
ds- ,e- eqa'kh us
vkSfjLdksi]
tks/iqj esa]
ijek.kq tkZ ds mRiknu esa]
ykWMZ psEliQksMZ ds 'kklu
dky esa]
fdl ,dek=k Hkkjrh; dks fczVsu esa ^ykWMZ* dh mikf/ ls lEekfur fd;k x;k Lojkt iky dks]
gS\
fdl egklkxj ls gksdj izeq[kr% varjkZ"Vh; frfFk js[kk xqtjrh gS\
iz'kkar egklkxj ls gksdj]
Hkkjr esa lokZf/d jk"Vh; m|kuksa okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
e; izns'k]
Hkkjr esa fdl iQy ds varxZr lokZf/d {ks=kiQy gS\
vke]
^lrh izFkk* dc lekIr dj nh xbZ\
1829 bZ- esa]
usiksfy;u us viuk vafre fnu fdl }hi ij fcrk;k Fkk\
lsUV gsysuk }hi ij]
(79)
General Studies
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iz'u
xsgw dk dqUMw jksx dk dkjd thok.kq dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr esa pfyr U;k;ky; fdldk ekuliq=k gS\
mkj
dksjhukscsfDVfj;e fVfVdh]
MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke
dk]
,Dl&fdj.kksa dk mRiknu djus essa iz;qDr uyhuqek midj.k D;k dgykrk gS\
dqfyt uyh]
lrh izFkk dks fdlus izfrcaf/r fd;k\
ykWMZ fofy;e csafVad us]
phu dh egku nhokj dk fuekZrk dkSu Fkk\
'kh g~okaxVh]
dYpj eksrh dk mRiknu fdl ns'k dk egRoiw.kZ m|ksx gS\
csfYt;e]
^fiXesfy;u* fdldh jpuk gS\
tktZ cukZM 'kkW dh]
fdl {ks=k esa lgdkjh bdkb;ksa us rhoz xfr ls fodkl fd;k gS\
phuh m|ksx {ks=k esa]
^cz lekt* dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
1828 bZ- esa]
ôftZu Dohu vkWiQ baXySaM* ds uke ls fdls tkuk tkrk gS\
,fytkcsFk I dks
;wjsfu;e /krq dk fu"d"kZ.k eq[;r% fdl v;Ld ls fd;k tkrk gS\
fip CySaM ls]
Hkkjr esa la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dk o.kZu fdl vuqPNsn esa of.kZr vuqPNsn 315 esa]
gS\
ewaxiQyh dk fVDdk jksx fdl dod ds dkj.k gksrk gS\
ldksZLiksjk ilksZusVk ds dkj.
k]
fdlds 'kklu dky esa phuh ;k=kh sulkax us Hkkjr dh ;k=kk dh\
g"kZo/Zu ds]
jktHkk"kk vk;ksx ds izFke v/;{k dkSu Fks\
ch-th-[ksj]
ysfuuxzkn fdl m|ksx ds fy, izfl gS\
iksr fuekZ.k m|ksx]
Hkkjr dh vksj ls vksyfEid [ksyksa esa Hkkx ysus okyh izFke efgyk dkSu&Fkh\
esjh yhyk jks]
jk"Vh; fdlku vk;ksx dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
ubZ fnYyh esa]
fdls ^;kf=k;ksa esa jktdqekj*] ûhfr dk iafMr* rFkk ôrZeku 'kkD;eqfu* dgk sulkax dks]
tkrk gS\
dchj fgUnh dh fdl LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa fy[krs Fks\
vo/h esa]
okjsu gsfLVaXl ds dk;Zdky esa lqizhe dksVZ dh LFkkiuk dgk dh xbZ Fkh\
dydkk esa]
la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds v/;{k ,oa lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr fdlds }kjk dh tkrh jk"Vifr }kjk]
gS\
,d xSysu fdrus ehVj ds cjkcj gksrk gS\
3.785 yhVj]
[ktqjkgks eafnj dk fuekZ.k fdUgksaus djok;k\
pansy 'kkldksa us]
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ls fganh ds ckn dkSu&lh Hkk"kk fo'o esa lokZf/d cksyh tkrh ckaXyk]
gS\
^flfydkWu oSyh* dgk gS\
lku kaflLdks esa]
/ku dk vaxekjh jksx fdl thok.kq ds dkj.k gksrk gS\
tSUFkkseksukl vksjkbth]
Hkkjr esa cky Jfedksa dh la[;k lcls vf/d fdl jkT; esa gS\
vka/z izns'k esa]
xqtjkr ds pkyqD; (lksyadh) oa'k dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
ewyjkt izFke us]
^jTeukek* fdl Hkkjrh; xzaFk dk iQkjlh esa vuqokn gS\
egkHkkjr dk
y
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iz'u
^dSfYl;e lk;ukbM* dk jklk;fud lw=k D;k gS\
iapk;r ds fo?kVu dh frfFk ls fdrus ekg ds vanj pquko djkuk vfuok;Z gS\
dkSu&lk gkeksZu Xywdkst ds mikip; dk fu;eu djrk gS rFkk RNA ds la'ys"k.
k dks izsfjr djrk gS\
1818 bZ- esa fdlds usr`Ro esa caxkyh Hkk"kk esa ^fnXn'kZu* ekfld i=k fudyk
x;k\
^>kalh dh jkuh* fdldh jpuk gS\
fo'o dk lcls cM+k isVksfy;e mRiknd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
^dPN fonzksg* dk usrk dkSu Fkk\
ml fLFkfr dks D;k dgrs gSa tc .k ij C;kt Hkqxrku ds fy, Hkh .k ysus
dh fLFkfr vk tk,\
^bdksukafdd fgLVh vkWiQ fczfV'k bafM;k* ds dkSu ys[kd gSa\
îap ijes'oj* dgkuh ds dgkuhdkj dkSu gSa\
lw;Z vkSj i`Foh ds chp ek/; nwjh dks D;k dgrs gSa\
eqf[k;k cuus ds fy, U;wure mez lhek D;k gS\
fdl mojZd esa ukbVkstu dh izfr'krrk lokZf/d gS\
fgUnh Hkk"kk dk igyk lkIrkfgd lekpkj&i=k dkSu Fkk\
^ghjks* izsepUn ds fdl miU;kl dk ik=k gS\
fiQjkstiqj fdl unh ds fdukjs fLFkr gS\
vkstksu ijr dk uqdlku igqpkus okyh xSlksa dh jksdFkke ds fy, 1987 esa dkSu&lk
le>kSrk gqvk\
LiQhfrd vUnj dh vo/kj.kk fdlus izfrikfnr dh\
^bafM;k* lekpkj i=k dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\
^Hkkjrh; vkRek* fdl lkfgR;dkj dh mikf/ gS\
Hkkstu dk vo'kks"k.k dgk gksrk gS\
fcgkj esa fdrus Lrjh; iapk;rh jkt laLFkk, gSa\
fo|qr /kjk dSlh jkf'k gS\
^nhoku , dksgh* (f"k foHkkx) dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
jk"Vh; fiQYe iqjLdkj ls lEekfur izFke fganh fiQYe dkSu Fkh\
gekjh vkdk'kxaxk ds dsUnz dh ifjek djus esa lw;Z dks fdruk le; yxrk
gS\
izFke fo'o ;q dc izkjaHk gqvk\
Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa #i;s dk voewY;u igyh ckj fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k
Fkk\
fdlus loZizFke nksvkc {ks=k esa dj o`f dh\
fdl {ks=k esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku gsrq ch-Mh- xks;udk iqjLdkj fn;k tkrk gS\
mkj
CaCN]
6 ekg]
balqfyu]
ek'kZesu ds usr`Ro esa]
y
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(81)
eqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku dh]

lnh vjc]
jktk Hkkjey]
.k tky]
jkses'kpUnz nk]
izsepan]
[kxksyh; nwjh]
21 o"kZ]
;wfj;k esa]
mnUr ekrZ.M]
xksnku dk]
lryt unh]
ekf.V;y le>kSrk]
izks- dsat us]

ek[kuyky prqosZnh dk
NksVh vkr esa]
f=kLrjh;]
vfn'k jkf'k]
eqgEen fcu rqxyd us]
fetkZ xkfyc]
25 djksM+ o"kZ]
28 tqykbZ] 1914 bZ1949 bZ-
esa]
dks]
eqgEen fcu rqxyd us]

i=kdkfjrk ds {ks=k esa]
General Studies
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iz'u
dkcZu dk 'kqre :i dkSu&lk gS\
dsjy esa fdrus Ljrh; iapk;rh jkt laLFkk gS\
n; fdl f>Yyh ls f?kjk jgrk gS\
lqYrku fldUnj yksnh fdl uke ls iQkjlh esa dfork,a fy[krk Fkk\
ch- Mh- xks;udk iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
og lhek] ftlds ckgj rkjs vkUrfjd e`R;q ls xzflr gksrs gSa] D;k dgykrh gS\
ikWyh mejhxj fdl [ksy ds izfl f[kykM+h Fks\
Hkkjr esa nwljh ckj voewY;u dc fd;k x;k\
eksB dh efLtn fdl lqYrku ds othj us cuok;k Fkk\
izFke xk/h 'kkfUr iqjLdkj fdls iznku fd;k x;k Fkk\
fdlus vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds nkSjku fons'kh diM+ksa ds tykus dks ,d fu"Bqj cckZnh
crk;k Fkk\
MkW- Hkhejko vacsMdj lu~ 1947 ls 1951 rd fdl foHkkx ds dsUnzh; ea=kh jgs\
U;wVu ds xfr ds fdl fu;e ls cy dh ifjHkk"kk izkIr gksrh gS\
^lqYrku* t Mhe* dh dkSu ysf[kdk gSa\
iYyoh Ms fdl u`R; ls lac izfl u`R;kaxuk gSa\
rkjs ds fVefVekus dk D;k dkj.k gS\
og dkSu&lk vax gS tks ekuo 'kjhj esa Xykbdkstsu ds :i esa dkcksZgkbMsV dks
tek djrk gS\
ns'k ds varxZr fufeZr oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ij yxk;k x;k dj D;k dgykrk gS\
mkj
ghjk]
,d Lrjh; (xzke iapk;r)]
isjhdkfMZ;e f>Yyh ls]
xqy#[kh]
1979 bZ- esa]
panz'ks[kj lhek]
fdsV ds]
6 twu] 1966 dks]
fldUnj yksnh ds]
twfy;l U;jsjs dks
MkW- lSiQqhu fdpyw ,oa MkW- lR;iky us vaxzstksa ds fdl ,DV dk fojks/ fd;k
Fkk\
fcjtw egkjkt fdl u`R; ls lac gSa\
isafly esa dkcZu ds fdl vi:i dk iz;ksx gksrk gS\
^^Hkkjr esa vusdrk esa ,drk vkSj ,drk esa vusdrk gS**&;g dFku fdldk gS\
ekuo 'kjhj dk dkSu&lk vo;o] lcls igys ukfHkdh; (ijek.kq) fofdj.k ls
izHkkfor gksrk gS\
jkWysV ,DV ds fojks/ esa fdlus ns'kO;kih gM+rky ds nkSjku fnYyh esa tqywl dk
usr`Ro fd;k Fkk\
fdls ^dRFkd dh lkezkKh* dgk tkrk gS\
Hkkjr ds fdl egRoiw.kZ LFkku dh fLFkfr 2838'N v{kka'k rd 7712'E ns'kkarj
ds e; gS\
kalhlh bZLV bafM;k daiuh dh LFkkiuk ds le; kal dk dkSu 'kkld Fkk\
,slk dksbZ Hkh dj ftldk mYys[k Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ugha gS] yxkus ,oa olwyus
dk vf/dkj fdldks gS\
tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM esa fdl Hkkjrh; us vaxzst viQlj Mk;j dk lg;ksx
fn;k Fkk\
izoh.k dqekj fdl u`R; ls lac urZd gSa\
jkWysV ,DV
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(82)
dkuwu]
xfr ds izFke fu;e ls]
jksdS;k gqlSu]
dRFkd ls]
izdk'k dk viorZu]
;r]
mRikn
Duty)]
'kqYd
(Excise
1919]
dRFkd ls]
xzsiQkbV dk]
oh- fLeFk dk]
vfLFk&eTtk (cksu&eSjks)]
Lokeh Jkuan us]
flrkjk nsoh dks]
fnYyh dk]
yqbZ 14 ok]
dsUnz ljdkj dks]
galjkt us]
HkjrukV~;e ls
General Studies
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iz'u
U;wVu ds xfr ds fdl fu;e ls cy dk O;atd izkIr gksrk gS\
lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa nsoukxjh fyfi esa fganh dks Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk ds
:i esa ekU;rk nh xbZ gS\
xa/d ds lkFk jcM+ dks xeZ djus dh f;k dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
^fljZ&,&vdcj* uke ls mifu"knksa dk vuqokn fdlus fd;k\
^jks'ku vkjk mRlo* dgk euk;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h ehBs ikuh okyh izkfrd >hy dkSu&lk gS\
^vkstksu* 'kCn xzhd Hkk"kk ds ^vksftu* (Ozein) ls cuk gS] bldk vFkZ D;k gS\
izk;% fdlh ns'k }kjk vk;krksa ij yxk;s tkus okys dj dks D;k dgrs gSa\
fdls ^'kkg cqyan bdcky* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
^fetj esyk* fdl jkT; dk ioZ gS\
,d O;fDr tks iQsfuydhVksU;wfj;k jksx ls izHkkfor gS] mlesa og fdlls ihfM+r
gksrk gS\
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds vuqlkj rF;kRed lEizHkqrk fuokl djrh gS\
fdlh oLrq ds nzO;eku vkSj osx ds xq.kuiQy dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
nf{k.k esa fdlds 'kklu dky esa eqxy lkezkT; rfey {ks=k rd iQSyk\
^NB ozr* fdl jkT; dk izeq[k R;ksgkj gS\
Hkkjr esa lcls vf/d fdl izdkj dh feV~Vh ik;h tkrh gS\
izFke fo'o ;q esa fdrus ns'kksa us Hkkx fy;k\
Hkkjrh; diM+s dk lcls cM+k vk;krd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
tgkxhj ds njckj esa if{k;ksa dk lcls cM+k fp=kdkj dkSu Fkk\
izkphu ,oa fo'ofo[;kr ^gfjgj esyk* dgk yxrk gS\
izkfrd jcM+ dks etcwr djus rFkk izR;kLFk cukus ds fy, mlesa D;k feyk;k
tkrk gS\
lafo/ku lHkk ds ekSfyd vf/dkj lfefr ds dkSu v/;{k Fks\
vkarksa ds jksxh ds funku esa fdu fdj.kksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
fdl eqxy 'kkld dks igys vkxjk esa vkSj ckn esa dkcqy esa niQuk;k x;k\
fdlus dgk "Whom the gods love die young"\
^jsxqj* fdl feV~Vh dks dgk tkrk gS\
fdsV dh fdl VsLV kà[kyk ls ,'kst di lacaf/r gS\
mkj
xfr ds f}rh; fu;e ls]
vuqPNsn 343 esa]
oYduhdj.k]
}kjk f'kdksg us]
fnYyh esa]
owyj >hy]
xSl]
VSfjiQ (Tarrif)]
nkjk f'kdksg dks]
fgekpy izns'k dk]
o`Dd dk iQsy gksuk]
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Hkkjr esa fokh; ?kkVs dk izeq[k dkj.k D;k gS\
ikuhir dk rhljk ;q vgen'kkg vCnkyh vkSj fduds chp gqvk Fkk\
ûSuks ukWyst flVh* fdl 'kgj dks dgk tkrk gS\
(83)
iz/kuea=kh esa]
laosx (Momentum)]
vkSjaxtsc ds]
fcgkj dk]
tyks<+ feV~Vh]
37 ns'kksa us]
;wukbVsM fdaxMe]
mLrkn ealwj]
lksuiqj (fcgkj) esa
lYiQj]
ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy]

X fdj.kksa dks]
ckcj dks]
ykWMZ ok;ju]
dkyh feV~Vh dks]
vkLVsfy;k&baXySaM
VsLV
kà[kyk]
lkekftd {ks=k dh ;kstuk,]
ejkBksa ds chp]
p.Mhx<+ dks]
General Studies
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iz'u
fofy;e tksal us lSaMksksVl dk lehdj.k fdlls LFkkfir fd;k\
lafo/ku lHkk ds ekSfyd vf/dkj laca/h milfefr ds dkSu v/;{k Fks\
cy fdudk xq.kuiQy gS\
caxky ds fdl 'kkld ds le; ^CySd gksy* dh ?kVuk ?kVh Fkh\
E;kaekj fdl ns'k dk u;k uke gS\
fdu igkfM+;ksa ij panu dh ydM+h ds ou lokZf/d ik, tkrs gSa\
jDr ifjlapj.k ra=k dh [kkst fdlus dh\
Hkkjr esa lhekUr fdlkuksa esa fdruh /kfjrk okys fdlkuksa dks lfEefyr fd;k
tkrk gS\
og ,dek=k Hkkjrh; 'kkld dkSu Fkk] tks vkfFkZd 'kfDr ds egRo dks lSfud
'kfDr dh uhao ekurk Fkk\
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh jkt/kuh dgk gS\
;wfj;k dks loZizFke 1773 bZ- esa fdl inkFkZ ls izkIr fd;k x;k Fkk\
lafo/ku ds fdl Hkkx dks ^Hkkjr dk eSXukdkVkZ* dgk tkrk gS\
jsfM;ks/ehZ inkFkks (jsfM;e ,oa IywVksfu;e) ls dkSu&lk jksx gksrk gS\
dkSu&lk gM+Iikdkyhu uxj i'kqikyu dk ,d cgqr cM+k dsUnz Fkk\
;wjksih; eqDr O;kikj la?k dk eq[;ky; dgk gS\
Hkkjr dh lcls yEch flapkbZ ugj dk D;k uke gS\
f}rh; vkaXy&fl[k ;q (1848-49) esa vaxzsth lsuk dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k\
eqnzk Loa; eqnzk dk fuekZ.k djrh gS& ;g fdlus dgk\
fldUnj ds vke.k ds le; ex/ ij fdldk 'kklu Fkk\
Hkkjrh; foKku laLFkku dgk fLFkr gS\
vkosx fdlesa ifjorZu ds cjkcj gksrk gS\
izk.k vkSj nSfgd Lora=krk ds vf/dkj ls lac dkSu&lk vuqPNsn gS\
og igyk dkcZfud ;kSfxd dkSu&lk Fkk] ftls iz;ksx'kkyk esa la'ysf"kr fd;k\
uan oa'k dk fouk'k pk.kD; us fdlds lg;ksx ls fd;k\
Hkkjr dk igyk fof/ fo'ofo|ky; dgk LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS\
Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; esa uydwiksa }kjk lokZf/d flapkbZ gksrh gS\
igyh ckj vkt ctV dk nwjn'kZu }kjk lh/ izlkj.k dc fd;k x;k\
^;kstuk* if=kdk dk izdk'ku dkSu djrk gS\
uan oa'k dk vafre 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
us'kuy okVj MsoyiesaV ,tsalh fdl o"kZ LFkkfir fd;k x;k\
mkj
pUnzxqIr ekS;Z ls]
ts- ch- iykuh]
nzO;eku rFkk Roj.k dk]
fljktqkSyk ds]
cekZ dk]
uhyfxfj dh igkfM+;ksa ij]
fofy;e gkosZ us]
1 gsDVs;j]
y
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(84)
Vhiw lqYrku]
okf'kaxVu Mh- lhew=k ls]

Hkkx&3]
gM~Mh dSalj]
uslnh]
tsusok esa]
bafnjk xk/h ugj]
pkYlZ usfi;j us]
ksmej us]
?kuuan]
caxyq:]
oLrq ds laosx esa]
vuqPNsn 21]
;wfj;k]
pUnzxqIr ekS;Z ds]
psUubZ esa]
mkj izns'k]
29 iQjojh] 1992 bZ- dks]
lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=kky;]
?kuuan]
1982 esa
General Studies
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iz'u
rEckdw pckus ls dkSu&lk jksx gksrk gS\
mijk"Vifr dks osru fdl in gsrq fn;k tkrk gS\
mkj
eq[k dSalj]
jkT;lHkk ds lHkkifr ds :
i esa]
dhy vkSj isap fdl dkj.kksa ls oLrq dks idM+s jgrs gSa\
?k"kZ.k ds dkj.k]
f'kokth us fdl ;q ifr dk viuk;k\
xqfjYyk ifr]
^fo'o vkfnoklh fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
9 vxLr dks]
Hkkjr dk lcls izeq[k [kk|kUu iQly dkSu&lk gS\
pkoy]
izFke fo'o ;q esa /qjh jk"Vksa dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k\
teZuh us]
Hkkjr esa tux.kuk fdrus o"kZ ds vUrjky ij dh tkrh gS\
nl o"kZ ij]
dSUVu gkWfdUl fdlds nwr ds :i esa Hkkjr vk;k Fkk\
tsEl izFke ds]
^ckaXykns'k dk jk"Vh; 'kksd fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
15 vxLr dks]
kseSVksxzkiQh esa fdldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
,Y;qehfu;e gkbMkWDlkbM
dk]
mijk"Vifr dh izfrekg osru fdruk gS\
1.25 yk[k]
vYiQk&dsjksfVu ,d izksVhu gS] ;g dgk mifLFkr jgrk gS\
peZ esa]
fczfV'k nwr lj VkWel jks tgkxhj ds njckj esa fdl o"kZ igqpk\
1615 bZ- esa]
^ln~Hkkouk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
20 vxLr dks]
lkSjeaMy dk lcls cM+k mixzg dkSu&lk gS\
xSuhehM]
m/e flag fdl [ksy ls lac Fks\
gkWdh ls]
fdl tula[;k n'kd esa Hkkjr dh tula[;k esa udkjkRed o`f ntZ gqbZ Fkh\ 1911-1921 ds n'kd esa]
vaxzstksa us Hkkjr esa igyh iQSDVh dgk [kksyh\
lwjr esa]
^jk"Vh; [ksy fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
29 vxLr dks
fdlus leqnzxqIr dks ^Hkkjr dk usiksfy;u* dgk\
oh-,- fLeFk us]
fdl o"kZ ls iwoZ mijk"Vifr dh lsokfuo`fk ds i'pkr~ isa'ku dk izko/ku ugha 1997 bZ- ls iwoZ]
Fkk\
fdl ?k"kZ.k cy dk eku lcls de gksrk gS\
yksVkfud ?k"kZ.k cy dk]
cky xaxk/j fryd us fdlds fo# ekugkfu dh ;kfpdk nk;j dh Fkh\
osysUVkbu f'kjksy ds fo#]
nf{k.k Hkkjr ds efUnjksa ds o`gn~ izos'k }kj dks D;k dgrs gSa\
xksiqje~]
gekjk lkSjeaMy dkSu&lh xSysDlh esa fLFkr gS\
,sjkor]
fu"kspu dh f;k dgk ij gksrh gS\
vaMokfguh esa]
Hkkjr esa izFke vuf/r tux.kuk fdl o"kZ dh x;h\
1872 bZ- esa]
,d lkIrkfgd ds :i esa ^;ax bafM;k* dk vkjEHk fdl ikVhZ us fd;k Fkk\
gkse:y ikVhZ us]
lajhd* dgk fLFkr gS\
ju vkWiQ dPN esa]
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General Studies
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iz'u
e`r isM+&ikS/ksa dh mez Kkr djus esa fdl jsfM;ks,fDVo leLFkkfudksa dk mi;ksx
gksrk gS\
og O;fDr tks yxkrkj nks ckj mijk"Vifr pquk x;k] dkSu Fkk\
^Dokf'k;ksjdj* fdl iks"kd rRo dh deh ls gksrk gS\
^nkMh ekpZ dk fdlus usr`Ro fd;k\
fo'o ds lcls NksVs x.krkaf=kd ns'k dk uke D;k gS\
,d xzg dh vius esa lw;Z ls U;wure nwjh dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
fdlus iatkc jkT; dks vaxzsth jkT; esa feyk fy;k\
Hkkjr esa izFke vf/r tux.kuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
egkRek xk/h ds nkaMh ekpZ dh vof/ D;k Fkh\
mkj
C-14]
MkW- ,l- jk/k".ku]

izksVhu dh deh ls]
egkRek xk/ kh us]
ukS#]
milkSj]
ykWMZ MygkSth us]
1881 bZ- esa]
12 ekpZ] 1930 ls 6 vizSy]
1930]
,f'k;k dk izFke bUthfu;fjax dkWyst dgk LFkkfir fd;k x;k\
#M+dh esa]
fdl ?k"kZ.k cy dk eku lcls vf/d gksrk gS\
LFkSfrd ?k"kZ.k cy dk]
loksZPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'k dh lsokfuo`fk dh vk;q fdruh fu/kZfjr gS\
65 o"kZ]
"ek pkydrk dh n`f"V ls /krq rRo fdl izfr ds gksrs gSa\
"ek ds lqpkyd]
yksnh oa'k dk dkSu&lk 'kkld xqy#[kh ds uke ls dfork,a fy[krk Fkk\
fladnj yksnh]
Hkkjr esa loZizFke fdl jkT; esa leLr ernkrk iQksVks igpku i=k iznku fd, gfj;k.kk esa]
x,\
,d xzg dh vius d{k esa lw;Z ls vf/dre nwjh dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
vilkSj]
leqnzksa esa fcNkbZ tkusokyh ck:nh lqjaxsa D;k dgykrh gSa\
eSXusfVd ekbUl]
Hkkjr esa fok vk;ksx ds xBu dk izko/ku lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa of.kZr vuq-280]
gS\
fdlus Hkwfe ekius ds fy, xts fldUnjh iSekuk tkjh fd;k\
fldUnj yksnh us]
viuh rst xfr ds fy, fo'o izfl ^fxysjk* D;k gS\
LdwVj]
czksadkbfVl jksx ds mipkj esa dkSu&lk foVkfeu ysuk pkfg,\
foVkfeu ^lh*]
loksZPp U;k;ky; ds xBu dk izko/ku fdl vuqPNsn esa gS\
vuqPNsn 124 esa]
Hkkjr dks Jhyadk ls dkSu&lk tyMe:e; vyx djrk gS\
ikd tyMe#e;]
fdlus eqlyekuksa dks rkft;k fudkyus] fL=k;ksa dks ihjksa ,oa lUrksa dh etkj ij fldUnj yksnh us]
tkus ij izfrca/ yxk;k\
^lkeuk* fdl jktuhfrd ny dk izeq[k lekpkj i=k gS\
f'ko lsuk dk]
gokbZ tgkt dh pky dh o`f ekius dk ;a=k dkSu&lk gS\
,fDlyjksehVj]
izFke fo'o ;q ds le; vesfjdk dk jk"Vifr dkSu Fkk\
oqMjks foYlu]
pk; dk mn~Hko ns'k dkSu lk gS\
phu]
rsyqxw dfo JhukFk fdlds njckj esa jgrk Fkk\
nsojk; f}rh; us]
27 tqykbZ] 1904 dk tgkxhj VkVk dk tUe dgk gqvk Fkk\
isfjl esa
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(86)
General Studies
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iz'u
fo|qr pkydrk dh n`f"V ls v/krq rRo fdl izfr ds gksrs gSa\
loksZPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/h'k dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
fdl foVkfeu dks gkeksZu le>k tkrk gS\
fdl ok;ljk; us 1872 bZ- esa ,d f"k foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh\
fiQYe ^'kksys* dk funsZ'ku fdlus fd;k\
D;wjkby }hi dk fookn fdu nks ns'kksa ds e; gS\
og dkSu&lk f[kykM+h gS ftlus fdsV ,oa gkWdh esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/Ro fd;k
Fkk\
izFke fok vk;ksx ds v/;{k dkSu Fks\
ykWMZ es;ks us es;ks dkWyst dh LFkkiuk dgk dh Fkh\
fiQYe ^Fkzh bfM;V~l* ds eq[; uk;d dkSu gSa\
^vlg;ksx vkanksyu* fdl o"kZ izkjEHk gqvk\
loksZPp U;k;ky; ds vU; U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
dSjecksMZ ij ikmMj fNM+dj ge D;k djrs gSa\
fdl ok;ljk; dh gR;k ,d viQxku }kjk pkdw ekjus ls gqbZ\
fiQYe ^yxku* ds funsZ'kd dkSu gSa\
^dsi vkWiQ xqM gksi* dh [kkst fdlus dh Fkh\
?kksM+k dk xHkZdky fdrus fnuksa dk gksrk gS\
dsUnz ,oa jkT; ds chp fokh; fooknksa ds fuiVkjs gsrq eq[; ,tsUlh dkSu&lh
gS\
fdlus dgk ^^Hkkjr vkSj baXySaM ds vkfFkZd fgr izR;sd {ks=k esa Vdjkrs gSa\**
fiQYe êkbZ use bt [kku* ds uk;d dkSu gSa\
Û;wVkWu* dh [kkst fdlus dh\
jkT; fo/ku lHkk dks dkSu Hkax dj ldrk gS\
xqIrdky esa inkf/dkfj;ksa ds loZJs"B oxZ dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
ukjh 'kfDr ds lUnHkZ esa fdlus fy[kk gS ^ûkjh rqe dsoy Jk gks**\
FkkbjkWfDlu ds vkf/D; ls dkSu&lk jksx gks tkrk gS\
dksyEcks ds iwoZ Jhyadk dh jkt/kuh dgk Fkh\
esjB esa 1857 dk fonzksg dc 'kq: gqvk\
fdl jkT; }kjk fdlkuksa ds fy, [kfygku chek ;kstuk izkjEHk dh x;h\
iYyo oa'k dk okLrfod laLFkkid fdls ekuk tkrk gS\
^'kkbykWd* fdl lkfgR;dkj }kjk l`ftr ik=k gS\
mkj
dqpkyd]
jk"Vifr]
foVkfeu ^Mh* dks]
ykWMZ es;ks us]
jes'k flIih us]
:l ,oa tkiku]
,e- ts- xksikyu]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(87)
dslh-fu;ksxh]
vtesj esa]
vkfej [kku]
1920 bZ- esa]
jk"Vifr]
?k"kZ.k de djrs gSaA]
ykWMZ es;ks dh]
vk'kqrks"k xksokfjdj]
ckFkksZyksE;w fMtk; us]
340 fnuksa dk]
fok vk;ksx]
tokgjyky usg: us]

'kkg:[k [kku
pSMfod us]
jkT;iky]
dqekjkekR;]
t;'kadj izlkn us]
VkWfDld XokbVj]
dSaMh]
10 ebZ] 1857 dks]
jktLFkku }kjk]
flagfo".kq dks]
fofy;e 'ksDlfi;j }kjk]
General Studies
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iz'u
f=ke mixzg dks tkZ dh izkfIr dgk ls gksrh gS\
jkT; fo/ku lHkk esa /u fo/s;d is'k djus ds fy, fdldh iwoZ vuqefr
vko';d gS\
ijek.kq ds ukfHkd dk vkdkj D;k gksrk gS\
fdl izfl iqLrd ls d'ehj ds bfrgkl ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gS\
êuq* vkSj ^Jk* t;'kadj izlkn dh fdl fr ds ik=k gSa\
izR;kofrZr ekulwu fdl {ks=k ls vknzZrk xzg.k djrh gS\
igyk Hkkjrh; lqnwj laosnh mixzg (IRS-1A) dc NksM+k x;k\
Hkkjr esa js'ke m|ksx dk lokZf/d LFkkuh;dj.k fdl jkT; esa gqvk\
oeZu oa'k ds fdl 'kkld us izkxT;ksfr"kiqj dks viuh jkt/kuh cuk;k\
^KkuihB iqjLdkj* fdl {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gS\
dkSu&lk gkeksZu gfM~M;ksa ds fo?kVu dks de djrk gS rFkk ew=k esa dSfYl;e dk
mRltZu c<+krk gS\
jkT;iky viuk R;kxi=k fdls nsrk gS\
eqDr :i ls iru'khy fiaM dh dqy tkZ esa D;k ifjorZu gksrk gS\
^laFkky fonzksg* fdl o"kZ gqvk\
VsEiyVu iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ ls iznku fd;k tkrk gS\
fdl jkT; esa izR;korhZ ekulwu dk vf/d izHkko gksrk gS\
xqIr laf/;ksa dh iz.kkyh dk tud dkSu Fkk\
fo'o esa nqX/ mRiknu ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr dk dkSu&lk LFkku gS\
VsaM ;wfu;u vkanksyu ds kafrdkjh pj.k dk dky D;k Fkk\
tokgj yky usg: varjkZ"Vh; ln~Hkkouk iqjLdkj ls lEekfur izFke O;fDr dkSu
gSa\
leLr jsfM;ks,fDVo inkFkZ {k; gksus ds i'pkr~ fdlesa vafre :i ls cny tkrs
gSa\
jkT;iky vius foosdk/hu R;ksa ds vuqikyu esa fdlds fu;a=k.k ds v/hu dk;Z
djrk gS\
gSuys ds ywi dk dk;Z fdlls lacaf/r gS\
cEcbZ esa dkaxzsl lektoknh ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
jkbV fyoyhgqM iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
Hkkjr esa tsV /kjk, fdl rq dks NksM+dj iwjs o"kZ fgeky; ds nf{k.k esa izokfgr
gksrh gS\
efgyk fo'o di dk izFke vk;kstu fdl o"kZ gqvk\
Hkkjr esa vke dk lcls cM+k mRiknd jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
^fgUnqLrku etnwj lHkk* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
cksjykWx iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku ds fy, fn;k tkrk gS\
mkj
lkSj lsy ls]
jkT;iky dh vuqefr]
10-15m]
jktrjafx.kh]
dkek;uh ds]
caxky dh [kkM+h ls]
17 ekpZ] 1988 bZ- dks]
dukZVd esa]
iq";oeZu]
lkfgR; {ks=k esa
dSfYlVksfuu gkeksZu]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(88)
jk"Vifr dks]
vifjofrZr jgrh gS]
1855 bZ- esa]
1972 ls]
rfeyukMq esa]
fcLekdZ]
izFke]
192639 bZ-]
;w FkkaV (1965 bZ-)]
lhlk esa]
jk"Vifr ds]
mRltZu ra=k ls]

1934 bZ-]
1980 esa]
xzh"e rq]
1991 bZ-
esa]
vka/z izns'k]
ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy us]
f"k iSnkokj
General Studies
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iz'u
vyhiqj tsy dk bdckyh xokg dkSu Fkk ftldh lR;sUnzukFk clq us gR;k dj
nh Fkh\
Hkkjr ds lafo/ku esa lkoZtfud vkns'k dk lekns'k fdl lwph esa gS\
xzgksa ds xfr dk fu;e fdlus izfrikfnr fd;k\
izk;% vfHkys[kksa esa v'kksd dks fdl uke ls lEcksf/r fd;k x;k gS\
foe lkjkHkkbZ iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku ds fy, iznku fd;k
tkrk gS\
fnYyh esa ekulwuh o"kkZ] ekulwu dh fdl 'kk[kk ls gksrh gS\
iksfy;ks dk eq[k Vhdk dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
^cEcbZ ykbiQ ba';ksjsUl daiuh* dc LFkkfir dh x;h\
iqjk.kksa esa v'kksd dks D;k dgk x;k gS\
rqylh lEeku] dkfynkl lEeku] rkulsu lEeku vkfn fdlds }kjk iznku fd,
tkrs gSa\
fdlds mRltZu ls leHkkfjd dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS\
tEew&d'ehj dks lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn ds varxZr fo'ks"k ntkZ izkIr gS\
euq"; ds 'kjhj esa fdruh gfM~M;ksa ik;h tkrh gS\
fdl dfyax ujs'k us iq";fe=k 'kqax dks ijkftr fd;k Fkk\
jk"Vh; fiQYe iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ ls iznku fd, tk jgs gSa\
dkSu&lh ty/kjk vhdk egkns'k ds nf{k.k&if'pe rV ij cgrh gS\
^rkjh[k&,&eqckjd'kkgh* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
'kqax oa'k dk vafre 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
egkREkk xk/h 'kkafr iqjLdkj ds rgr iqjLdkj izkIrdrkZ dks fdruh jkf'k iznku dh
tkrh gS\
Hkw&LFkk;h mixzg fdruh mQpkbZ ij jgdj i`Foh dh ifjek djrk gS\
mkj
ujsUnz xkslkbZ]
leorhZ lwph esa]
dsiyj us]
nsoukefi";]
varfj{k vuqla/ku]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
caxky dh [kkM+h 'kk[kk ls]

tkWu lkYd us]
1823 bZ- esa]
v'kksdo/kZu]
e; izns'k ljdkj]
chVk fdj.k ds]
vuqPNsn 370 ds varxZr]
206]
[kkjosy]
1954 bZ- ls]
csaxq,yk ty/kjk]
;kfg;k fcu ljfgUnh us]
eqEcbZ esa]
nsoHkwfr]
2 djksM+ #i,
36000 fdeh
dh pkbZ ij
jgdj]
vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa ds iz'kklu ls lacaf/r izko/ku lafo/ku dh fdl vuqlwph esa 5oha vuqlwph esa]
fn, x, gSa\
csfj;e DyksjkbM dSlk yo.k gS\
lkekU; yo.k]
1857 esa fdlus bykgkckn dks vkikrdkyhu eq[;ky; cuk;k Fkk\
ykWMZ dSfuax us]
fdl fp=kdkj dks ^Hkkjr dk fidklks* dgk tkrk gS\
edcwy fiQnk gqlSu dks]
dkSu&lk eRL; mRiknu {ks=k vVykafVd egklkxj ds mkj if'pe Hkkx esa fLFkr lsav fi;jh cSad]
gS\
vkbZvkj,l ka`[kyk dk igyk mixzg dkSu Fkk tks Hkkjrh; iz{ksi.k ;ku IRS-1D]
ih,l,yoh&lh&1 ls NksM+k x;k Fkk\
LIC }kjk ^chek Iyl ;kstuk* dc izkjaHk dh x;h\
13 ebZ] 2001 dks ]
1920 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk rk'kdan esa fdlus dh\
,e- ,u- jk;]
ijohu lqYrkuk laxhr ds fdl ?kjkus ls lacaf/r gSa\
ifV;kyk ?kjkuk ls]
(89)
General Studies
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iz'u
'kjhj ds fdl Hkkx dks LVsVe dkfuZ;e dgrs gSa\
tEew o d'ehj jkT; dh fo/ku lHkk esa jkT;iky fdruh efgykvksa dk uketn
djrk gS\
dSaph fdl izdkj ds mkksyd dk mnkgj.k gS\
Hkkjr dh izFke VsM ;wfu;u dkSu&lh Fkh\
vCnqy djhe [kku fdl fo/k ds xk;d gSa\
leqnz ry dh {kSfrt ry ftlls mQpkbZ vkSj xgjkbZ nksuksa dh eki gksrh gS] D;k
dgykrk gS\
izFke fo'o ;q dh lekfIr dc gqbZ\
Hkkjr tSls vYi fodflr ns'k esa fdlkuksa dks fdrus izdkj dh lk[k dh
vko';drk iM+rh gS\
fdlds iz;kl ls 1926 bZ- esa Jfed la?k vf/fu;e ikfjr fd;k x;k gS\
ek/qjh ef.k v;j fdl laxhr fo/k ds xk;d gSa\
lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV dSlk yo.k gS\
Hkkjr dk jk"Vh; i{kh D;k gS\
vkS"kf/ ls Mj D;k dgykrk gS\
vk;qosZnkpk;Z /UoUrfj fdl xqIr 'kkld ds njckj esa jgrs Fks\
^gokegy* dgk fLFkr gS\
m".kdfVca/h; yEch ?kkl okyh ouLifr dks D;k dgrs gSa\
Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk iQqVckWy VwukZesaV dkSu&lk gS\
varjkZ"Vh; iqufuZekZ.k ,oa fodkl cSad (IBRD) dks vU; fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk
gS\
ûkxkuan*] ^jRukoyh* ,oa ^fiz;nf'kZdk* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
^fnyokM+k tSu eafnj dgk gS\
mkj
lcls ckgjh irZ dks]
ek=k nks]
izFke Js.kh dk]
enzkl yscj ;wfu;u]
fganqLrkuh ([k;ky) xk;d]
MsVe ry]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
11 uoEcj] 1918 bZ-
rhu izdkj dh]
dks]
oh-ih- okfM;k ds]20.
vEyh; yo.k]
eksj (ikoks fLVsV~l)]
iQkeZdksiQksfc;k]
pUnzxqIr f}rh; ds]
t;iqj esa]
lokuk]
MwjaM di]
fo'o cSad (World Bank)]
g"kZo/Zu us]
ekm.V vkcw (vjkcyh
ioZr) jktLFkku]
eksgutksnM+ksa dk lcls egRoiw.kZ lkoZtfud LFky fdls ekuk tkrk gS\
fo'kky Lukukxkj]
u;s jkT;ksa dks xfBr djus ;k fo|eku jkT;ksa ds ukeksa] lhek ifjorZu vkfn dk laln dks]
vf/dkj fdls izkIr gS\
ljkSrk fdl Js.kh dk mkksyd gS\
f}rh; Js.kh dk mkksyd]
g"kZo/kZu fdldk mikld Fkk\
f'ko dk]
îkjlukFk* fdl /eZ /ekZoyfEc;ksa ds fy, ifo=k LFkku gS\
tSu /eZ]
vkLVsfy;k ,oa ikiqvk U;wfxuh dks dkSu&lh tylaf/ vyx djrk gS\
VkWjl tylaf/]
xatkiu fdl dod ds dkj.k gksrk gS\
Vhfu;k dSfifVl ds dkj.k]
,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad us Hkkjr ds fdl uxj ls viuk vkoklh; dk;kZy; [kksyk ubZ fnYyh esa]
gS\
xqtjkr ds pkyqD; oa'k dh jkt/kuh dgk Fkh\
vfUgyokM+]
>kj[kaM esa ^vkfnoklh E;wft;e* dgk fLFkr gS\
jkph esa
(90)
General Studies
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iz'u
fdl oSKkfud us loZizFke vkorZ lkj.kh dk fuekZ.k fd;k Fkk\
Hkk"kk;h vk/kj ij fdl jkT; dh LFkkiuk loZizFke dh xbZ\
efLr"d vLoLFkrk dk lcls cM+k :i D;k dgykrk gS\
dkSu caxky dk vafre xouZj tujy Fkk\
kal dh eqnzk D;k gS\
dkSu&lk izokg mkj lkxj esa vis{kkr vf/d yo.krk dk dkj.k gS\
eqgEen 'kkg us fdls ^[kku&,&[kkuk* dh mikf/ iznku dh Fkh\
^viuk [ksr viuk dke ;kstuk* fdl jkT; ls lac gS\
dkSu Lora=k Hkkjr dk izFke vkSj vafre vaxzst xouZj tujy Fkk\
:l dh eqnzk D;k gS\
i`Foh dh ?kw.kZu xfr deus ij g ds eku ij D;k vlj gksxk\
jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx dh fdl o"kZ LFkkiuk dh xbZ\
vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k\
dkSu Lo;=ka Hkkjr dk izFke Hkkjrh; xouZj tujy Fkk\
xzsV fczVsu dh eqnzk D;k gS\
fdl izkfrd izns'k dks fodkl dk izns'k dgrs gSa\
;wjksih; Lisl ,tsalh ds igys êaxy fe'ku* dk D;k uke gS\
êq[;ea=kh egkek;k xjhc vkfFkZd ;kstuk* mkj izns'k esa dc ls izkjEHk dh
x;h\
fdl xouZj tujy ds 'kklu dky dh lcls egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk izFke vkaXy&viQxku
;q Fkh\
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh eqnzk D;k gS\
dkSu&dkSu ls jksx izeq[kr% ok;qtfur gS\
mkj
esaMyhiQ us]
vka/z izns'k]
lkbdksfll (Psychosis)]
ykWMZ fofy;e cSafVad]
;wjks]
mkjh vVykafVd izokg]
cgyksy yksnh dks]
jktLFkku ls]
ykWMZ ekmaVcsVu]
:cy]
g dk eku c<+sxk]
1953 bZ- esa]
eksLys us]
lh- jktxksikykpkjh]
ikm.M LVfyx]
Hkwe;lkxjh; izns'k dks]
ohxy&2]
1 uoEcj] 2000 ls]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
ykWMZ vkWdySaM ds]
MkWyj
Vh-ch-] dkyh [kklh ,oa
U;weksfu;k]
fu;a=kd ,ao egkys[kk ijh{kd viuh fjiksVZ fdlds le{k izLrqr djrk gS\
jk"Vifr ds]
;fn ge Hkwe; js[kk ls /zqoksa dh vksj tkrs gSa rks g dk eku esa D;k ifjorZu gksrk c<+rk gS]
gS\
eqgEen fcu rqxyd dk okLrfod uke D;k Fkk\
tkSuk [kk]
^jk"Vh; ernkrk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
25 tuojh dks]
ckxkuh f"k ds fy, dkSu&lk izkfrd izns'k lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ gS\
fo"kqorh; izns'k]
izFke fo'o ;q esa lokZf/d gkfu fdls gqbZ\
teZuh dks]
fons'k O;kikj uhfr 2009-14 ds rgr fdl o"kZ rd Hkkjr ds fu;kZr dks nksxquk 2014 rd]
djus dk y{; j[kk x;k Fkk\
fnYyh lYrur dk lokZf/d fo}ku ,oa f'kf{kr lqYrku dkSu Fkk\
eqgEen fcu rqxyd]
ôsysaVkbu fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
14 iQjojh dks]
(91)
General Studies
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iz'u
fdl ;kSfxd dks ^Xykscj lkYV* dgk tkrk gS\
vuqPNsn 360 fdlls lacaf/r gS\
dkSu&lk dksf'kdkax izksVhu la'ys"k.k dk lf; LFky gS\
fot;uxj ds mls igys 'kkld dk uke D;k gS ftlus cgefu;ksa ls xksok Nhuk\
v#.kkpy izns'k dk ^LVsVgqM fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
vkdk'k esa lcls pedhyk rkjk dkSu&lk gS\
eqDdsckth dk [ksy ifjlj D;k dgykrk gS\
Hkkjr vkSj phu ds e; ukFkw yk ekxZ (flfDde) dks iqu% dc O;kikj gsrq [kksyk
x;k\
Hkkjr dk igyk eqfLye 'kkld dkSu Fkk ftlus fgUnqvksa ls tft;k dj u ysus
dk vkns'k fn;k\
^varjkZ"Vh; ekr`Hkk"kk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
cDlj dh yM+kbZ ds ckn fdls caxky dk iqu% uokc cuk;k x;k\
vuqPNsn 360 esa of.kZr fokh; vkikr dk iz;ksx Hkkjr esa fdruh ckj gqvk gS\
tc fyV ij dh vksj tkrk gS rc fyV esa fLFkr fi.M dk Hkkj dSlk izrhr
gksrk gS\
fdls caxky esa ^fryd dk lsukifr* dgk tkrk Fkk\
^bafM;u fefyVh ,dsMeh* dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
fdl vkdk'kh; fiaM dks î`Foh iq=k* dgk tkrk gS\
gekjs 'kjhj esa izksVhu ds ikpu ds fy, dkSu&lk ,atkbe mkjnk;h gS\
Hkkjrh; oLrqvksa dk lcls cM+k vk;krd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
[kk|kuksa dh f"k loZizFke dc izkjEHk gqbZ Fkh\
^,;j iQkslZ ,dsMeh* dgk fLFkr gS\
fdls ^gkbiks* dgk tkrk gS\
dkSu lcls yEcs le; Hkkjr ds jk"Vifr jgs\
dkSu&lk dksf'kdkax lw{e ufydkvksa ,oa FkSfy;ks tSlh jpukvksa dk cuk gksrk gS\
XoSfnd dky esa pkjkxkg dk vf/dkjh D;k dgykrk Fkk\
ukSlsuk lac vkbZ- ,u- ,l- fpYdk dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
lkSjeaMy dk dkSu&lk xzg lw;Z ls fudVre gS\
lS";n oa'k dk vafre 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
u;h dj O;oLFkk ds rgr lksus ds vk;kr ij vk;kr 'kqYd mlds ewY; dk
fdruk izfr'kr gksxk\
Xosn esa ifjokj ds fy, dkSu&lk 'kCn iz;qDr gS\
^rksiksa ds lewg* dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
mkj
lksfM;e lYiQsV dks]
fokh; vkikr ls]
jkbckslkse]
gfjgj f}rh;]
20 iQjojh dks]
lkbjl (Dog Star)]
fjax]
6 tqykbZ] 2006 dks]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(92)
cgeu'kkg us]
21 iQjojh
dks
ehj tkiQj dks]
,d ckj Hkh ugha]
c<+k gqvk]
fofiu panz iky dks]

nsgjknwu esa]
pUnzek]
,ekbyst]
uo ik"kk.k dky esa]
gSnjkckn esa]
lksfM;e Fkk;kslYiQsV]
MkW- jktsUnz izlkn]
xksYthdk;]
oktifr]
Hkqous'oj esa]
cq/]
vykmhu vkye'kkg]
1.5 izfr'kr]
dqy]
vkVZyjh
General Studies
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iz'u
mkj
20 Hz ls uhps dh vko`fk okys /ofu rjaxksa dks dkSu&lh rjaxsa dgrs gSa\
voJO; rjaxsa]
vfo'okl izLrko ij ifjppkZ ds fy, dkSu frfFk r; djrk gS\
yksdlHkk/;{k]
,sYdksgy] ikjn] bZFkj vkSj ikuh esa dkSu "ek dk lcls vPNk pkyd gS\
ikjn (ikjk)]
egkRek xka/h us Hkkjr esa lR;kxzg dk izFke liQy iz;ksx dgk fd;k\
pEikj.k esa]
^;kadht* fdUgsa dgk tkrk gS\
vesfjd;ksa dks]
fdl xzg dk vkdkj i`Foh ds vkdkj ds yxHkx cjkcj gS\
'kq dk]
êslsatj* fdl xzg ds jgL;ksa dks mtkxj djus okyk mixzg gS\
cq/]
Hkkjr esa fdl vk;q oxZ dh fL=k;k iztuu ;ksX; vk;q oxZ esa 'kkfey dh tkrh 15 ls 49 o"kZ dh]
gS\
egkRek xka/h us lR;kxzg dk izFke iz;ksx dgk fd;k Fkk\
nf{k.k vhdk esa]
Hkkjrh; ewy ds ckWch ftUny vesfjdk ds fdl jkT; ds izFke v'osr xouZj yqfl;kuk ds]
cus\
foKku dh fdl 'kk[kk ds rgr oa'kkxfr ds fu;eksa] fofHkUurkvksa vkfn dk vkuqoaf'kdh (Genetics)]
v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS\
eq[; pquko vk;qDr dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
jk"Vifr]
20000 Hz ls vf/d vko`fk okyh /ofu rjaxksa dks D;k dgrs gSa\
ijkJO; ;k vYVklksfud
rjaxsa]
uan dqekj ekeyk fdl xouZj tujy ls lacaf/r gS\
okjsu gsfLVaXl ls]
xzhd 'kCn ^;wFksusfl;k* dk D;k vFkZ gS\
bPNk e`R;q]
i`Foh dh fdl ijr dks fuEu xfr dk eaMy dgk tkrk gS\
Hkw&iiZVh (Crust)]
bfrgkldkjksa ds vuqlkj fdl laf/ esa f}rh; fo'o;q ds cht fNis Fks\
olkZ; dh laf/ esa]
lokZf/d ftyksa okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
mkj izns'k (75)]
^lqj{kk izdks"B dh uhfr* fdl xouZj tujy ls lacaf/r gS\
okjsu gsfLVaXl ls]
gSnjkckn esa tUes Hkkjrh; fdsVj oh-oh-,l- y{e.k dk iwjk uke D;k gS\
osaxkiqjPiq osadV lkbZ y{e.
k
ikjk dks fdl /rq ds ik=k esa j[kk tkrk gS\
yksgk]
jkT;lHkk ds f}okf"kZd pqukoksa dh vf/lwpuk dkSu tkjh djrk gS\
fuokZpu vk;ksx]
thoksa ds izkfrd p;u dk flkar fdlus izfrikfnr fd;k\
MkfoZu us]
egewn xtuoh us Hkkjr esa viuk lksygoka vke.k dgk fd;k\
lkseukFk ij]
fczVsu ds igys iz/kuea=kh dkSu Fks\
jkWcVZ okyiksy]
nqcZyeaMy fdruh xgjkbZ esa fLFkr gS\
100-200 fdeh dh xgjkbZ
esa]
eqDdsckth ds fjax dk vkdkj D;k gksrk gS\
3.6 3.6 ls 6.10 6.10
eh-]
Hkkjr dh fdruk izfr'kr tula[;k xkoksa esa jgrh gS\
68.8%]
fnYyh lYrur dh izFke rqdZ efgyk 'kkfldk dkSu Fkh\
jft;k lqYrku]
,M~l tkx:drk gsrq jsM fjcu ,Dlizsl dh 'kq#vkr dc dh xbZ\
1 fnlEcj] 2007 dks]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(93)
General Studies
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iz'u
fdl jk"Voknh usrk dks jktuhfr esa vfroknh vkSj lkekftd fo"k;ksa esa :f<+oknh
crk;k x;k gS\
yksd lHkk ds fuokZpu {ks=kksa dk ifjlheu dkSu djrk gS\
ty ds vanj /ofu dh rjaxksa dh x.kuk fdl ;a=k ls dh tkrh gS\
jft;k csxe dks inP;qr djus esa fdudk gkFk Fkk\
gSnjkckn dks egkuxj dk ntkZ dc fn;k x;k\
fdl pV~Vku ds :ikUrj.k ls laxejej curk gS\
dkSu&lk iks"kd rRo gheksXyksfcu ds :i esa 'kjhj esa xSlh; laogu dk dk;Z
djrk gS\
Hkkjr dh fdruk izfr'kr tula[;k 'kgjksa esa jgrh gS\
feUgkt&ml&fljkt ds fdl jpuk ls xqyke oa'k ds bfrgkl dh tkudkjh feyrh
gS\
xaxk dks jk"Vh; unh dc ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k\
fo|qr pkydrk dh n`f"V ls lhlk D;k gS\
jkT; ljdkj dk laoS/fud iz/ku dkSu gksrk gS\
fdl ouLifr oxZ ds ikS/ks dk"Bh;] ogqo"khZ vkSj yEcs gksrs gSa\
m-iz- ds fdlku vkanksyu dks 1920 ds n'kd esa lokZf/d etcwrh fdlus iznku
dh\
ê`xu;uh* miU;kl ds miU;kldkj dkSu gSa\
xzsukbV fdl izdkj dk pV~Vku gS\
fdl lqYrku us iQyksa dh xq.kokk lq/kjus ds fy, mik; fd,\
dyiDde ijek.kq tkZ la;a=k dgk fLFkr gS\
^vo/ fdlku lHkk* dk xBu dc gqvk\
^lR; gfj'pUnz* ukVd ds ukVddkj dkSu gSa\
rki ;qXe rkiekih fdl flkar ij vk/kfjr gS\
jkT;iky fdlls jkT; iz'kklu ds laca/ esa lwpuk izkIr dj ldrk gS\
lhlk lkUnz ukbfVd vEy ds lkFk izfrf;k dj fdldk Hkwjk /qvk fudkyrk
gS\
dkSu Hkkjr dk vafre xouZj tujy Fkk\
ê/q'kkyk* fdldh fr gS\
fo'o dh lcls mQph >hy dkSu&lh gS\
Hkkjr dk jk"Vh; i'kq dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr dk izkphure fo'kky m|ksx dkSu&lk gS\
ctqZgkse laLfr fdl {ks=k esa fodflr Fkh\
ôS'kkyh dh uxjo/w* ds miU;kldkj dkSu gS\
mkj
ifjlheu vk;ksx]
gkbMksiQksu ls]
rqdks dk]
23 vxLr] 2008 dks]
pwuk&iRFkj]
izksVhu]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(94)
31.2%]
rcdkr&,&ukfljh]
4 uoEcj] 2008 dks
fo|qr dk dqpkyd]
jkT;iky]
ftUksLieZ ds]
ckck jkepanz us]
oànkouyky oekZ]
vkXus; pV~Vku]
fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd]
rfeyukMq esa]
HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz]
lhcsd ds izHkko ij]
eq[;ea=kh ls]
NOdk]
ykWMZ dSafuax]
gfjoa'kjk; cPpu dh]
fVlh fldq:]
ck?k]
lwrh oL=k m|ksx]
>sye ?kkVh esa]
vkpk;Z prqjlsu 'kkL=kh
General Studies
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iz'u
fdl ouLifr dks ^dksLV jsMoqM vkWiQ dSyhiQksfuZ;k* dgk tkrk gS\
jkT; fo/kueaMy ds l=k dks dkSu vkgwr rFkk LFkfxr djrk gS\
nzopkfyr ;a=k fdlds fu;e ij cuk, tkrs gSa\
mkj
fldks;k lsEijfojsl]
jkT;iky]
ikLdy ds fu;e ds vk/kj
ij]
oSfnd dky esa xzke ds eqf[k;k dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
xzkfe.kh]
loZizFke fdls nknk lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;k\
nsfodk jkuh jksfj[k dks]
fl;kfpu Xysf'k;j fookn fdu nks ns'kksa ds e; gS\
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku]
1911 bZ- esa gqbZ phuh kafr dk uk;d dkSu Fkk\
lu;kr lsu]
Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud {ks=k dk izFke moZjd la;a=k dgk yxk;k x;k Fkk\
flUnjh esa]
egkHkkjr esa dqy fdrus ioZ (v/;k;) gSa\
vV~Bkjg]
loZizFke fdls ej.kksijkar nknk lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;k\
i`Fohjkt diwj dks]
jDr dks"kksa esa euq"; dk jDr fdl jlk;u ds lkFk feykdj j[kk tkrk gS\
lksfM;e ukbVsV o MsDlVsV
dk]
egkf/oDrk dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
jkT;iky]
fdl ikS/s esa cht gksrk gS] ysfdu iQy ugha gksrk gS\
lkbdl]
lksyg egktuinksa dk mYys[k fdl tSu xzaFk esa feyrk gS\
Hkxorh lw=k esa]
iqfyRtj iqjLdkj dc izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
1917 bZ- esa]
fdl ns'k ds lkFk Hkkjr dh lcls NksVh lhek js[kk gS\
viQxkfuLrku ds lkFk]
vesfjdk di fdl [ksy ls lacaf/r gS\
ckLdsVckWy ls]
dSFkyxqMh xSl fo|qr ifj;kstuk fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
vle esa]
'kkgtgk dk tUe dc gqvk Fkk\
5 tuojh] 1592 bZ- dks]
vkbZ- ih- vkbZ- iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k ls lac gSa\
i=kdkfjrk ls
xqIr 'kkldksa dk O;fDrxr /eZ D;k Fkk\
oS".ko]
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp jsMfDyiQ js[kk dk fu/kZj.k fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k 1947 bZ- esa]
Fkk\
oLrq dks xeZ djus ij mlds v.kqvksa ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS\
v.kqvksa dh pky c<+ tkrh
gS]
'kkgtgk us cpiu dk D;k uke Fkk\
[kqjZe]
'kkafr ds fy, o"kZ 2015 ds ukscsy iqjLdkj fdls iznku fd;k x;k Fkk\
us'kuy Mk;ykWx DokVsZV
dks]
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk xfBr iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx dks lcls igys v/;{krk fdlus eksjkjth nslkbZ us]
dh Fkh\
fdl foVkfeu dh deh ls uiqaldrk vkrh gS\
foVkfeu ^bZ*]
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds orZrku xouZj dkSu gSa\
j?kqjke xksfoUn jktu]
tgkxhj us [kqjZe dh nf{k.k fot; ls [kq'k gksdj mls dkSu&lh mikf/ nh\
'kkgtgk]
ukscsy iqjLdkj izfro"kZ dc iznku fd;k tkrk gS\
10 fnlEcj dks]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(95)
General Studies
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iz'u
vk;ksMhr yo.k esa D;k jgrk gS\
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh fdl vuqlwph esa jkT;ksa ds uke rFkk muds jkT;&{ks=kksa dk
C;kSjk fn;k x;k gS\
?kkl dk lcls pk vkSj eksVk izdkj dkSu&lk gS\
izkarh; jktLo dk iz/ku D;k dgykrk Fkk\
v'kZ'kkL=k ds {ks=k esa igyh ckj fdl o"kZ ukscsy iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;k\
fdl egk}hi dks êkuo ?kj* dgk tkrk gS\
vle esa HkfDr dk izpkj&izlkj fdlus fd;k\
Û;w cSad vkWiQ bafM;k* dk foy; fdl cSad esa fd;k x;k gS\
fdlus ^fnYyh pyks* dk ukjk fn;k\
lkfgR; iqjLdkj fotsrk dks fdruh jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gS\
Hkki ls gkFk vf/d tyrk gS] vis{kkr mcyrs gq, ty ls] D;ksa\
laln dh yksd ys[kk lfefr ds v/;{k dk uke dkSu funsZf'kr djrk gS\
dkSu&lh xSl pkanh dh ped dks dkyk dj nsrh gS\
fdlus lqHkk"kpanz cksl dks ^Hkkjrh; ns'kHkfDr dh Toyar ryokj* dg dj lEcksf/
r fd;k\
iky ?kkV ef.k v";j fdl ok| ;a=k ds izfl oknd Fks\
nf{k.k vesfjdk dkSu&lk ns'k {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls lcls cM+k gS\
fdl iztkfr dk ck?k lcls 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gS\
orZeku esa Hkkjr esa jk"Vh;r cSadksa dh dqy la[;k fdruh gS\
^vktkn fgan ljdkj* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh Fkh\
Hktu lksiksjh fdl ok| ;a=k ls lac gSa\
ckSus ikS/ks dks yEck djus rFkk iQwy cukus esa Hkh enn djus ds fy, mkjnk;h
dkSu&lk gkeksZu gS\
Hkkjrh; yksd lsod dks lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn lqj{kk iznku djrk gS\
igkM+ksa ij ikuh fdrus rkieku ij mcyus yxrk gS\
Hkkjr foHkktu fdl ;kstuk ds rgr gqvk\
gfj izlkn pkSjfl;k fdl ok| ;a=k ls lac gS\
baMksusf'k;k dh jkt/kuh tdkrkZ fdl }hi ij fLFkr gS\
phu esa lkE;oknh 'kklu dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ\
^cSad ok'k izHkko* 'kCn dk loZizFke iz;ksx fdlus fd;k\
Hkkjr ds lkeqfnzd ekxZ dh [kkst fdlus dh\
MkW- txnh'k flag fdl ok|;a=k ls lac gSa\
mkj
iksVSf'k;e vk;ksMkbM]
izFke vuqlwph esa]
ckl]
nhoku]
1969 bZ- esa]
,f'k;k dks]
'kadjnso us]
iatkc us'kuy cSad esa]
1 djksM+ LohfM'k ksulZ
Hkki esa xqIr "ek gksrh gS]
yksdlHkk v/;{k]
vkstksu]
ljksftuh uk;Mw us]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(96)
e`naxe ds]
czkthy]
lkbcsfj;kbZ ck?k]
19]
larwj]
ftcjsfyu]
vuqPNsn 311]
100C ls de]
ekmaVcsVu ;kstuk ds rgr]
ckalqjh]
tkok }hi ij]
1 vDVwcj] 1949 dks]
xqUukj feMZy us]
okLdks&fM&xkek us]
e`nax ls
General Studies
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iz'u
nzo gkbMkstu dk iz;ksx jkWdsV esa fdl :i esa fd;k tkrk gS\
eqfLye yhx dk izFke i`Fkd fuokZpu dk vf/dkj fdl o"kZ feyk\
dkSu&lk o`fjks/d gkeksZu ifk;ksa ds foxyu esa eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS\
okLdks&fM&xkek Hkkjr dc vk;k Fkk\
i;ZVu ds Lof.kZe f=kHkqt ds rgr dkSu&ls rhu uxj vkrs gSa\
fdl ns'k dks Î;klh Hkwfe dk ns'k* dgrs gSa\
ckWLdsVckWy dh ,d Vhe esa vf/dre fdrus f[kykM+h gksrs gSa\
^lHkh dks f'k{kk* (Education for All-EFA) ds fy, ;wusLdksa us dc rd dh lhek
fu/kZfjr dh gS\
dkyhdV esa okLdks&fM&xkek dk Lokxr fdlus fd;k\
^fr#ifr eafnj* fdl jkT; esa gS\
1857 ds fonzksg dks dqpyus ds fy, fdl fons'kh 'kfDr us vaxzstksa dk lkFk fn;k
Fkk\
lafo/ku fuekZ.k esa fdruk le; yxk\
"ekxfrdh ds fdl fu;e dks mRe&eki dk fu;e dgrs gSa\
mkj
b/u ds :i esa]
1909 bZ- esa]
,cflfld ,flM]
1498 bZ- esa]
fnYyh] vkxjk vkSj t;iqj]
vkLVsfy;k dks]
5]
o"kZ 2015 rd dh]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
teksfju us]
vka/z izns'k esa]
usiky us]
eghuk] 18 fnu]
"ek xfrdh ds f}rh;
fu;e dks]
iqrZxkfy;ksa dh Hkkjr esa O;kikfjd #fp dk eq[; dkj.k D;k Fkk\
xje elkys dk O;kikj]
^pkjehukj* dgk fLFkr gS\
gSnjkckn esa]
fo'o dh lokZf/d mQph lM+d fdl ns'k ls gksdj xqtjrh gS\
jksgrkax njkZ ls]
euq"; ds fy, dSfY'k;e dh nSfud vko';drk fdruh gksrh gS\
1.2g]
iksySaM dh fdl f[kykM+h us o"kZ 2015 esa igyk MCY;wVh, ,dy f[krkc thrk\ ,fXuLtdk jnokaLdk]
fdl ns'kHkDr dk fu/u tsy esa yach Hkw[k gM+rky ds dkj.k gqbZ\
tfru nkl]
dkSu&lh >hy gSnjkckn dks fldUnjkckn ls vyx djrh gS\
gqlSulkxj >hy
ekuo lfefr izFke la'fy"V js'kk dks dkSu&lk Fkk\
uk;ykWu]
lafo/ku lHkk dks varfje laln esa dc ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;k\
26 tuojh] 1950 dks]
iwlk eksfgr] iwlk vfHk"ksd] iwlk mfeZy] iwlk eugj] iwlk jatuk fdl iq"ih; ikS/s xqykc ds]
dh fdLesa gS\
fdlus lqHkk"kpanz cksl dks ^ns'kuk;d* dgk\
jke euksgj yksfg;k us]
îVkdk* fdl ns'k dh eqnzk gS\
edkvks dh]
Hkkjr esa lokZf/d dPph lM+dksa okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
vksfM'kk]
fnYyh dh xh ij cSBus ls igys gqek;w dgk dk lwcsnkj Fkk\
cnk;w dk]
^gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk* dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
27 tuojh] 2003 dks]
vktkn fgan iQkSt dh efgyk jsftesaV dk D;k uke Fkk\
jkuh >kalh jsftesaV]
ekWjh'kl dh eqnzk D;k gS\
ekWfjf'k;u #i;k]
(97)
2 o"kZ] 11
General Studies
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iz'u
osUpqjhehVj fdl flkar ij dk;Z djrk gS\
lafo/ku lHkk us frjaxk dks jk"Vh; /ot ds :i esa dc viuk;k\
cqysV izwiQ inkFkZ cukus ds fy, dkSu&lk cgqyd iz;qDr gksrk gS\
vktkn fgan iQkSt dk izFke lsukifr dkSu Fkk\
felz dh eqnzk D;k gS\
Hkkjr esa lokZf/d iDdh lM+dksa okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
i`Foh ds ok;qeaMy esa xzhu gkml xSlksa ds ekWuhVfjax ds fy, izFke mixzg dkSu
Fkk\
^Hkkjr fuekZ.k ;kstuk* dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
Hkwfe ekius ds fy, fdlus ^fldUnjh xt* dk iz;ksx djok;k\
ekyh dh eqnzk D;k gS\
T;ksRluk] mfeZy] xqyky] 'kcue ,oa moZ'kh fdl y?kq iq"ih; ikS/s dh ubZ fdLes
gSa\
fdl vuqPNsn esa ;g of.kZr gS fd Hkkjr dk ,d mijk"Vifr gksxk\
rst vk/h vkus ij fVu dh Nr dk mM+ tkuk fdl flkar ij vk/fjr gS\
tgkxhj dk tUe dc gqvk Fkk\
^dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
fdlh tgkt dks lcls de le; esa ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd tkus ds fy,
fdls ekxZ cukuk pkfg,\
phuh lkE;oknh x.kra=k dk izFke v/;{k dkSu Fkk\
îkWfyfVDl vkWiQ pj[kk* uked iqLrd fdlus fy[kh Fkh\
fdl egku jktiwr jktk us vdcj dh v/hurk vkej.k ugha Lohdkjh\
^jk"Vh; foKku fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
izFke ekuo fufeZr rRo dkSu&lk gS\
lkekU;r% dkSu mijk"Vifr dk 'kiFk xzg.k djkrk gS\
dsUnzh; pkoy vuqla/ku dsUnz dgk fLFkr gS\
eqxydkyhu lSU; laxBu fdl O;oLFkk ij vk/kfjr Fkh\
^vk;q/ fuekZ.kh fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
î`Foh xksy gS*&;g loZizFke fdlus crk;k\
19osa jk"VeaMy [ksy dk 'kqHkadj D;k Fkk\
dsUnz ljdkj us ^LVhy vFkkWfjVh vkWiQ bf.M;k* (SAIL) dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ
dh Fkh\
dkSfVY; us fdl Hkk"kk esa ^vFkZ'kkL=k* dh jpuk dh\
^fo'o lkekftd vf/dkfjrk Le`fr fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
mkj
cjukSyh izes; ij]
22 tqykbZ] 1947 dks]
ikWyh dkcksZusV~l dk]
dSIVu eksgu flag us]
bftVIlh;u ikm.M]
egkjk"V]
xkslsZV]
y
f
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2
9
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6
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l
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2
7
(98)
'ksj'kkg us]
Sad
XysfM;ksyl]
vuqPNsn&63]
cjukSyh izes; ij]
24 iQjojh dks]
ns'kkarj dks]
ekvksRls rqax]
ts- ch- iykuh us]
jk.kk izrki us]
28 iQjojh dks]
iksyksfu;e]
jk"Vifr]
dVd esa]
eulcnkjh O;oLFkk]
18 ekpZ dks]
vjLrw us]
'ksjk]
1974 esa]
laLr]
20 ekpZ dks
General Studies
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iz'u
fcjlk eq.Mk dk dk;Z{ks=k dgk Fkk\
varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk dkSu djrk gS\
rki c<+us ij xSlksa dh ';kurk ij D; izHkko iM+rk gS\
esxkLFkuht dh iqLrd ^bafMdk* ds vuqlkj ekS;Z lekt fdrus oxks esa foHkkftr
Fkk\
1000 iSny lSfudksa dk ny D;k dgykrk gS\
fdl xzg dks o#.k (usIP;wu) xzg dk lgksnj xzg dgk tkrk gS\
dkSu&lk mRlthZ inkFkZ dsoy edfM+;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gS\
^,;jVsy* (Airtel) uke ls eksckby iQksu lsok fdl dEiuh }kjk miyC/ djk;h
tk jgh gS\
fcanqlkj us fonzksfg;ksa dks dqpyus ds fy, v'kksd dks dgk Hkstk Fkk\
20000 lSfudksa dk ny D;k dgykrk gS\
fdl oSKkfud us iksyksfu;e rRo dh [kkst dh\
mkj
jkph]
jk"Vifr]
';kurk c<+rh gS]
lkr]
cVkfy;u]
v#.k (;wjsul) dks]
Xokfuu]
Hkkjrh VsyhosaplZ]
y
f
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9
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r{kf'kyk]
fMohtu]
eSMe D;wjh ,oa fi;js D;wjh
us]
inkof/ ds nkSjku mijk"Vfr dh e`R;q gks tkus ij ml in ij dkSu dk;Z djrk dksbZ ugha]
gS\
Hkkjrh; ?kkl o pkjk vuqla/ku dsUnz dgk fLFkr gS\
>kalh (m- iz-) esa]
lezkV~ v'kksd dk ,d y?kq f'kykys[k Hkkczw esa gS] Hkkcw fdl jkT; esa gS\
jktLFkku esa]
dkSu&lk iBkj ^fo'o dh Nr* ds uke ls izfl gS\
ikehj dk iBkj]
jkf=k esa fn[kkbZ iM+us okyk lokZf/d pedhyk rkjk dkSu&lk gS\
flfj;l]
gqek;w izFke ckj dc fnYyh dh xh ij cSBk\
29 fnlEcj] 1530 bZ- dks]
îzcy iz;kl flkar* (Big Push Theory) dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k\
vkj- jksMku us]
fdlus lk/kj.k cz ^lekt* dk xBu fd;k\
vkuan eksgu cksl us]
^ds- ,y- ,l- ,;jykbUl* fdl ns'k dh foeku lsok gS\
uhnjyS.M~l dh
ifjn'khZ (isfjLdksi) esa nks lery niZ.k ,d nwljs ls fdrus fMxzh ds dks.k ij 45 ds dks.k ij]
fLFkr gksrs gSa\
dkSu&lk vuqPNsn loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ,d vfHkys[k U;k;ky; dk LFkku iznku vuqPNsn 129]
djrk gS\
DyksjksiQkeZ dh izfrf;k ukbfVd vEy ds lkFk djkus ij dkSu&lh fo"kSyh xSl Dyksjksfifu]
izkIr gksrh gS\
fdl lekt lq/kjd us viuk lEiw.kZ thou fo/ok iqufoZokg djkus ds iz;kl dks bZ'ojpUnz fo|klkxj]
lefiZr fd;k\
varjkZ"Vh; ukxfjd mM~M;u dk;kZy; dk eq[;ky; dgk gS\
ekafV;y (dukMk) esa]
lw;Z dk tks Hkkx gesa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] D;k dgykrk gS\
izdk'k eaMy]
og dkSu&lh xSl gS tks xwxy lpZ batu ds lapkyu ds nkSjku mRlftZr gksrh dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM]
gS\
ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk dky D;k Fkk\
1 vizSy] 1974 ls 31 ekpZ]
1979]
^Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=k dh tUeHkwfe* fdl 'kgj dks dgk tkrk gS\
dksydkrk (dydkk) dks]
,.Vksfu;ks ekbuks fdl Hkkjrh; jktusrk dk vifj.khrk uke (Maiden Name) gS\ lksfu;k xk/h dk]
(99)
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iz'u
fdls ^kàxrhu* (Cuttle Fish) dgk tkrk gS\
ykHk dk in fdlds }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gqvk gS\
nks lekUrj niZ.kksa ds chp j[kh oLrq ds fdrus izfrfcEc curs gSa\
fdl Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; vkanksyu dk 'kh"kZ xhr oans ekrje~ Fkk\
Hkkjr vkus okys la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds izFke jk"Vizfr dkSu Fks\
MkdsUlcxZ ioZr dgk fLFkr gS\
phu ds tuoknh x.kjkT; dh jkt/kuh dgk Fkh\
^dke ds cnys vukt dk;Ze* fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa izkjEHk fd;k x;k
Fkk\
HkDr rqdkjke fdl eqxy lezkV~ ds ledkyhu Fks\
izFke fo'o efgyk lEesyu fdl o"kZ vkSj dgk gqvk Fkk\
Hkksiky esa ;wfu;u dkckZbM dkj[kkus ls fdl xSl ds fjlko ls gtkjksa yksx ekjs
x, Fks\
g~okbV ioZr fdl ns'k esa gS\
fo'kkyre Lru/kjh dkSu&lk gS\
fdl HkfDr lar us vius lans'k ds izpkj ds fy, lcls igys fgUnh dk iz;ksx
fd;k\
izfl vfHkusrk 'kEeh diwj dk okLrfod uke D;k Fkk\
lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa U;k;ikfydk dk dk;Zikfydk ls i`FkDdhdj.k fd;k
x;k gS\
20os jk"VeaMy [ksy dk vk;kstu dgk fd;k x;k\
dkSu&lh ;kstuk viuh fu/kZfjr vof/ ls ,d o"kZ iwoZ 1978 bZ- esa lekIr gks
x;h\
caxky vkSj mM+hlk esa oS".kookn dks yksdfiz; cukus dk Js; fdlls gS\
iz[;kr vfHkusrk fnyhi dqekj dk okLrfod uke D;k gS\
tSu eBksa dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
mPp U;k;ky; ds vU; U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
lM+d esa yxs ijkorZd ySEiksa esa fdl niZ.k dk iz;ksx gksrk gS\
tgkxhj ds 'kkludky esa if{k;ksa dk lcls egku fp=kdkj dkSu Fkk\
Hkkjr esa izeq[k fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gS\
vkYIl ioZrekyk fdl egkns'k esa gS\
if{k;ksa] ljhlìksa ,oa dhVksa esa mRltZu fdl vax }kjk gksrk gS\
ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds rqjar ckn dkSu&lh ;kstuk pyk;h x;h\
mkj
lhfi;k dks]
loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk]
vuUr]
Lons'kh vkanksyu dk]
vkbtu gkoj (1959)]
nf{k.k&iwoZ vhdk esa]
gwuku]
ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa]
y
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NBh 'krkCnh bZ- iw- esa oRl egktuin dh jkt/kuh dgk Fkh\
vehj [kqljks fdl Hkk"kk ds izfl dfo Fks\
(100)
tgkxhj ds]
1975 esa] esfDldks flVh esa
feFkkby vkblkslkbusV]
;w- ,l- ,- esa]
Ogsy]
jkekuan us]
'ke'ksj jkt dwij]

vuqPNsn 50 esa]
Xyklxks (LdkWVySaM) esa]

ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk]
pSrU; dks]
;qlwiQ [kku]
olfn]
jk"Vifr]
mky niZ.k dk]
mLrkn ealwj]
09]
;wjksi]
vkgkjuky ls]
vuorj ;kstuk
plan)]
dkS'kkEch]
iQkjlh ds
(Rolling
General Studies
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iz'u
jsfM;kslf;rk dh bdkbZ D;k gS\
if'pe caxky ds fdrus Lrjh; iapk;rh jkt laLFkk, gSa\
ySDVkst 'kdZjk dks fdu inkFkks esa cnyrk gS\
vax egktuin dh jkt/kuh dgk Fkh\
izHkqn;ky oxZ (gkL; dfo) vius fdl nwljs miuke ls vf/d tkus tkrs gSa\
fdl ns'k dks izkphu dky esa ^jRu}hi* dgk tkrk Fkk\
^fe;k dh eYgkj* ,oa fe;k dh VksM+h fdldh izeq[k fr;k gSa\
Hkkjr esa dqy Je'kfDr dk fdruk Hkkx laxfBr {ks=k esa dk;Zjr gS\
tSu /eZ ds laLFkkid rhFkdj dkSu Fks\
^dfczLrku esa iapk;r* iqLrd ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
fdl jax dk rjaxnS/;Z lcls vf/d gksrk gS\
e; izns'k esa fdrus Lrjh; iapk;rh jkt laLFkk, gSa\
lcls vf/d jsfM;kslf;rk fdldh gksrh gS\
izFke 'krkCnh esa fdl Hkkjrh; ckS fHk{kqd dks phu Hkstk x;k Fkk\
izsepan ds fdl miU;kl dks ^"kd thou dk egkdkO;* dgk tkrk gS\
ghjkdqM ifj;kstuk fdl unh ls lac gS\
foekuksa dh vkil esa vkdk'k esa yM+kbZ dks D;k dgrs gS\
ns'k ds fgUnhHkk"kh jkT;ksa esa ls igyk iw.kZ:is.k lk{kj ftyk fdls ?kksf"kr fd;k
x;k\
xk/hth ds usr`Ro esa ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; f'k{kk lEesyu* dk vk;kstu dc
fd;k x;k\
^cM+s ?kj dh csVh*] ^cw<+h dkdh*] îap ijes'oj* o ûed dk nkjksxk* fdldh
Js"B dgkfu;k gSa\
vkaf=kd jl ls lacaf/r dkSu&lk ,Utkbe clk dk ikpu djrk gS\
iz[kaM Lrj ij iapk;r lfefr D;k gS\
fdl jax dk rjaxnS/;Z lcls de gksrk gS\
^fo'o Hkkjrh* dh LFkkiuk 1912 bZ- esa fdlus dh Fkh\
ej.kksijkar v'kksd p izkIr djus okyh igyh efgyk dkSu Fkh\
ghjkdqM ifj;kstuk ls dkSu&lk jkT; ykHkkfUor gS\
[kqys }kj dh uhfr dk izfriknd dkSu Fkk\
Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dk eq[; :i D;k gS\
^lks'ky lfoZl yhx* dh LFkkiuk 1911 bZ- esa fdlus dh Fkh\
v'kksd p ls lEekfur dh tkusokyh igyh efgyk dkSu Fkh\
mkj
D;wjh ;k jnjiQksMZ]
pkj Lrjh;]
DVkst ,oa Xywdkst esa]
pEik]
dkdk gkFkjlh]
Jhyadk dks]
rkulsu dh]
yxHkx 7%]
"kHknso]
dsnkjukFk flag]
yky jax dk]
nks Lrjh;]
jsfM;e]
ukxktqZu]
xksnku dks]
egkunh]
MkWx iQkbV (Dogfight)]
ujflagiqj (e; izns'k)]
y
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9
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7
(101)
1937 bZ-
esa]
izsepan dh
ykbist]
,d ijke'kZnk=kh lfefr]
cSaxuh jaxk dk]
johUnzukFk Bkdqj us]
uhjtk Hkuksr (ej.kksijkar)]
vksfM'kk]
tkWu gs]
lajpukRed csjkstxkjh]
ukjk;.k eYgkj tks'kh us]
deys'k dqekjh]
General Studies
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iz'u
ukfHkd ds /ukosf'kr gksus dh [kkst fdlus dh\
iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds laxBu ds nks Lrjh gksus dk lq>ko fdlus fn;k Fkk\
#f/j ds jaxhu nzo (yfldk) dk eq[; dk;Z D;k gksrk gS\
mkj
jnjiQksMZ us]
v'kksd esgrk lfefr us]
dkcksZfud vEy dks laokfgr
djuk]
Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl dh izFke efgyk v/;{k dkSu Fkh\
,uh cslsaV]
teukyky ctkt iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k ls lac gS\
xka/h fopkj fodkl ls]
ewaxiQyh mRiknu esa dkSu&lk jkT; vxz.kh gS\
xqtjkr]
vksyfEid 'kqHkadj dc ls izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
1968 bZ- esa]
jsyxkfM+;ksa esa fcuk fVdV ;k=kk ds nksf"k;ksa ij U;wure fdruh jkf'k ds n.M dk 250 #i;s]
izko/ku vc ykxw gS\
v'kksd ds vfHkys[k fdl Hkk"kk esa izkIr gq, gSa\
izkr esa]
izFke VSxksj varjkZ"Vh; iqjLdkj fdls iznku fd;k x;k\
ia-jfo'kadj dks
dkSu ,d ,slk lekpkj i=k Fkk tks ,d lkFk caxyk] fgUnh] iQkjlh ,oa vaxzsth esa caxnwr]
izdkf'kr gksrk Fkk\
orZeku esa ewy drZO;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gS\
11]
mky ysal dh {kerk dSlh gksrh gS\
/ukRed]
ekS;Zdky esa f'k{kk dk lokZf/d izfl dsUnz dkSu&lk Fkk\
r{kf'kyk]
^Hkkjr ekrk* uked izfl fp=k ds fp=kdkj dkSu Fks\
vouhUnzukFk Bkdqj]
rkck dk lokZf/d mRiknd Hkkjrh; jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
e; izns'k]
sCl p esa fdldk la'ys"k.k gksrk gS\
ikb#fod vEy dk]
^jktho xk/h f'kYih LokLF; chek ;kstuk* dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
31 ekpZ] 2007 dks]
czk.k lkezkT; ds izeq[k jktoa'k dkSu&dkSu Fks\
'kqax] d.o vkSj lkrokgu]
ûkjh* uked izfl fp=k ds fp=kdkj dkSu Fks\
johUnzukFk VSxksj]
ijek.kq esa dkSu&ls ewy d.k leku la[;k esa fLFkr gksrs gSa\
bysDVkWu ,oa izksVkWu]
lafo/ku ds fdl Hkkx esa jkT; ds uhfr&funs'kd rRo of.kZr gS\
Hkkx&4 esa]
jDr nkc fdl ;a=k ls ekik tkrk gS\
fLiQXekseSuksehVj]
ex/ esa izFke czk.k lkezkT; dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\
iq";fe=k 'kqax]
^LokfLr* ^,yhiQS.V~l ckfFkax bu xzhu iqy* rFkk ^fgy lkbM* fdldh izfl ve`rk 'ksjfxy]
fp=kfr;k gSa\
Hkkjr esa [kk|kUu ds varxZr vkus okys fdrus Hkkx ij pkoy dh [ksrh dh tkrh 1/3 Hkkx ij]
gS\
eqlyekuksa ls fy;k tkus okyk /kfeZd dj D;k dgykrk Fkk\
tdkr]
^jktho xk/h ,yihth ;kstuk* fduds ykHkkFkZ gS\
xkoksa ds ch-ih-,y- ifjokj
ds]
egkjkuh foDVksfj;k us Hkkjrh; iz'kklu dks fczfV'k rkt ds fu;a=k.k esa ysus dh 1 uoEcj] 1858 bZ- dks]
?kks"k.kk dc dh Fkh\
Hkkjr ds fdl izfl} fp=kdkj us drj dh ukxfjdrk xzg.k dh Fkh\
edcwy fiQnk gqlSu us
y
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(102)
General Studies
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iz'u
ty ds vanj ok;q dk cqycqyk fdl ysal dh Hkkfr O;ogkj djrk gS\
lafo/ku ds fdu vuqPNsnksa esa jkT; ds uhfr&funs'kd rRo of.kZr gSa\
;wjsfu;e ds ukfHkdh; fo?kVu esa vrr% D;k izkIr gksrk gS\
fdl fonzksg ds ckn Hkkjr esa daiuh ds 'kklu var gks x;k\
^'kY;* fdldk lkjFkh Fkk\
Hkkjr esa dkSu&lk lokZf/d pkoy mRiknd jkT; gS\
dkjksa rFkk xkfM+;ksa ds batuksa dks BaMk djusokyk midj.k D;k dgykrk gS\
^fu;kstu (jkstxkj) xkjaVh ;kstuk* loZizFke fdl jkT; esa izkjEHk fd;k x;k\
1857 ds fonzksg ds le; fczVsu dk dkSu iz/kuea=kh Fkk\
^dSds;h* dkSu Fkh\
fL=k;ksa esa fMEcksa dk fuekZ.k dgk gksrk gS\
lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa Hkkjr ds fy, ,d leku flfoy lafgrk dh O;oLFkk
dh xbZ gS\
/wi ds p'esa dh {kerk fdruh gksrh gS\
dkSu Hkkjr dk izFke ok;ljk; Fkk\
vtqZu dk ,d vU; uke ^lO;lkph* D;ksa iM+k\
mkj
vilkjh ysal dh Hkkfr]
vuqPNsn 36 ls 51 rd]
lhlk]
1857 ds fonzksg ds ckn]
d.kZ dk]
if'pe caxky]
jsfM,Vj]
egkjk"V esa]
ikeLVZu]
n'kjFk dh iRuh]
vaMk'k; esa]
vuq-44 esa]
y
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0 Mk;ksIVj]
ykWMZ dSfuax]
nksuksa gkFkksa ls rhj pykus ds
dkj.k]
Hkkjr esa fdl jkT; esa lokZf/d {ks=kiQy ij /ku cks;k tkrk gS\
mkj izns'k]
fdl ns'k dks ^,f'k;k dk ejht* dgk tkrk Fkk\
phu dks]
^mTtoyk ;kstuk* fduds dY;k.k ls lac gS\
ihfM+r efgykvksa ls lac]
v'kksd us vius lHkh vfHkys[kksa esa ,d:irk ls fdl izkr dk iz;ksx fd;k ekx/h]
Fkk\
"A thing of beauty is joy for ever" ;g dFku fdldk gS\
tkWu dhV~l dk
fdl fdj.k dh Hksnu {kerk lokZf/d gksrh gS\
(xkek) fdj.k dh]
jkT;lHkk dh igyh cSBd dc gqbZ Fkh\
13 ebZ] 1952 dks]
fL=k;ksa esa rqlzko fdrus vof/ ds varjky ij gksrk gS\
26-28 fnuksa ds varjky ij]
'kqax oa'k dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
iq";fe=k 'kqax us]
G-15 dk izFke f'k[kj lEesyu dc vkSj dgk gqvk Fkk\
1990 esa]
dqvkykyEiqj
(eysf'k;k) esa]
yky fepZ dk lokZf/d mRiknu fdl jkT; esa gksrk gS\
vka/z izns'k]
vksyfEid e'kky dh D;k fo"k;oLrq gS\
tuhZ vkWiQ gkeksZuh (Journey
of Harmony)]
ekuoh; xjhch lwpdkad fdl o"kZ esa fodflr fd;k x;k\
1997 esa]
vafre ekS;Z lezkV~ o`gnzFk dh gR;k dj fdlus 'kqax jktoa'k dh LFkkiuk dh\
iq";fe=k 'kqax us]
,eusLVh baVjus'kuy dks fdl o"kZ dk 'kkafr dk ukscsy iqjLdkj iznku fd;k 1977 dk]
x;k\
(103)
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iz'u
dkaxzsl ds fdl vf/os'ku esa dkaxzsl ds lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k Fkk\
mkj
1893 ds
ykgkSj vf/ kos'ku
esa]
jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa ds igys lewg dh lsokfuo`fk dc gqbZ Fkh\
2 vizSy] 1954 dks]
nwj n`f"V nks"k esa fudV dh oLrq dk izfrfcac dgk curk gS\
jsfVuk ds ihNs]
iq";fe=k 'kqax fdl ekS;Z 'kkld dk lsukifr Fkk\
o`gnzFk dk]
vkfFkZd lg;ksx ,oa fodkl laxBu (OECD) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
isfjl esa]
Hkkjr esa izFke vk/qfud ykSg bLikr m|ksx fdl o"kZ LFkkfir fd;k x;k\
1970 bZ- esa]
ekuo 'kjhj esa isf'k;ksa dh dqy la[;k fdruh gksrh gS\
639]
ns'k dk igyk jkT; dkSu&lk] ftlds }kjk lHkh fodkl [kaMksa dks dEI;wVj usVodZ vka/z izns'k]
ls tksM+ fn;k x;k gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa izFke Hkkjrh; ifj"kn~ vf/fu;e ikfjr gqvk\
ykWMZ dSfuax ds]
67
,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad ds ns'kksa dh lnL; la[;k fdruh gS\
^mRizsjd* dh [kkst fdlus dh\
cthZfy;l us]
jkT;lHkk dh igyh cSBd fdldh v/;{krk esa laiUu gqbZ Fkh\
MkW- ,l- jk/k".ku dh]
fdl jksx ds mipkj ds fy, DyksjksekbflfVu batsD'ku ysuk pkfg,\
VkbiQkbM]
^dSfcusV fe'ku* ds varxZr varfje ljdkj fdlds usr`Ro esa xfBr dh xbZ\
tokgj yky usg: ds]
^jk"Vh; iks"k.k lIrkg* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
1-7 flrEcj dks]
jktLFkku dh lcls cM+h tula[;k okyh tutkfr dkSu&lh gS\
eh.kk]
^jkekslh fonzksg* dk dkSu usrk Fkk\
fpkj flag]
^jk"Vh; miHkksDrk fnol* fdl rkjh[k dks euk;k tkrk gS\
15 ekpZ dks]
fdlus fgUnw /eZ dh igpku osnksa esa laLFkkfir /eZ ls dh\
^f'k{kd fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
5 flrEcj dks]
vfcUnqdrk ds mipkj ds fy, fdl izdkj dk ysal iz;qDr gksrk gS\
csyukdkj ysal dk]
orZeku esa yksdlHkk lnL;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gS\
545]
veksfu;k xSl cukus dh ^gScj fof/* esa dkSu&lk inkFkZ mRizsjd ds :i esa dk;Z yksgs dk pw.kZ]
djrk gS\
fdl laxBu us ^Hkkjr Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy,* dk ukjk fn;k\
vk;Z lekt us]
^fo'o cf/j fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
24 flrEcj dks]
Fkk: fdl jkT; esa izeq[k tutkfr gS\
mkjk[k.M dh]
vkbZvkj,l&ih&4 dks lkekU;r% fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
vks'ku lSV]
^xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k fuxe* dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ gqbZ\
1969 bZ- esa]
iqjh ds izfl txUukFk eafnj dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k Fkk\
vuaroekZ pksMxax us]
^fganh fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
14 flrEcj dks
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iz'u
fdls tho vkSj futhoZ ds chp dh dM+h dgk tkrk gS\
1951 esa xfBr izFke fok vk;ksx ds v/;{k dkSu Fks\
^gkbijesVksfi;k* dk D;k vFkZ gS\
fdls ^yky psj* dgk tkrk Fkk\
ikfdLrku ds fdl 'kgj dk iqjkuk uke yk;yiqj Fkk\
gsyh iqPNy rkjk vafre ckj dc fn[kbZ fn;k Fkk\
^bLrkEcqy* dk iqjkuk uke D;k Fkk\
U;wure efgyk lk{kjrk&nj okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
,yksjk ds izfl dSyk'kukFk eafnj dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
Hkkjrh; ewy dk dkSu&lk O;fDr fiQth dk iz/kuea=kh cuk\
vkorZ lkj.kh ds mnxz LraHkksa dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
jk"Vifr fdrus le;kUrjky ds i'pkr~ fok vk;ksx dk xBu djrk gS\
n; lEcU/h jksx ,oa mPp jDrpki dh chekfj;ka fdl iks"kd rRo dh vf/drk
ls gksrh gS\
^flkarf'kjksef.k* rFkk ^dj.k dkSrqgy* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
fo'o oU; tho fuf/ (World Wild life Fund) dk 'kqHkadj D;k gS\
fdl xzg dks ûhyk xzg* dgrs gSa\
fdl izFke Hkkjrh; f[kykM+h us VsLV fdsV esa frgjk 'krd cuk;k\
ns'k dh tula[;k dh fLFkjrk gsrq iztuu&nj fdruk gksuk pkfg,\
^rRoosf/uh* if=kdk ds dkSu lEiknd Fks\
^,d O;fDr dk 'kklu* D;k dgykrk gS\
fdl xouZj tujy ds 'kklu dky esa nkl izFkk dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k\
Hkkjrh; la?k dh vkf/dkfjd Hkk"kk ds :i esa lafo/ku }kjk fdls ekU;rk izkIr
gqbZ gS\
oksYVehVj ges'kk fo|qr ifjiFk ds fdl e esa yxk;k tkrk gS\
^lsok lnu* uked laLFkk ds dkSu laLFkkid Fks\
^bafnjk ekmaV* dgk fLFkr gS\
;wjsul xzg dh [kkst fdlus dh\
fuisafFkl [kkfl;kuk (?kVi.khZ) uked nqyZHk ,oa vkikrh; ikS/ dgk ik;k tkrk
gS\
U;wure iztuu nj okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
izkFkZuk lekt dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
Hkkjr esa lokZf/d fouk'kdkjh lqukeh ygj dk dgj dc iM+k\
mkj
ok;jl dks]
dslh- fu;ksxh]
nwj n`f"V nks"k]
'ksuxqV~Vou dks]
iQSlykckn]
1986 bZ -esa]
dqLrqurqfu;k]
fcgkj]
".k izFke us]
egsUnz pkS/jh]
oxZ]
5 o"kks ds vUrjky ij]
olk dh vf/drk ls]
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HkkLdjkpk;Z us]
iaMk]
i`Foh dks]
ohjsUnz lgokx us]
2.1]
v{k; dqekj nk]
eksukdhZ
ykWMZ ,yucjks ds]
fgUnh dks]
lekUrj e esa]
th- ,e- eykckjh]
vaVkdZfVdk esa]
fofy;e g'ksZy us]
es?kky; esa]
rfeyukMq (1.7)]
vkRekjk ekaMqjax us]
General Studies
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iz'u
vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh esa oxks dh dqy la[;k fdruh gS\
la;qDr izoj lfefr esa fdrus lnL; gksrs gSa\
olk dk ikpu dkSu&lk ,Utkbe djrk gS\
fdlus egkjk"V esa ^f'kokth mRlo* vkSj ^x.ks'k mRlo* eukus dh izFkk pykbZ\
pqfuank jsyxkfM+;ksa gsrq bZ&fVdfVax O;oLFkk Hkkjr esa dc izkjaHk dh xbZ\
dkSu&ls xzg iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj ifjek djrs gSa\
lkjukFk ds LraHk dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
fdl jkT; esa 'kgjh tula[;k dk izfr'kr lokZf/d gS\
fdl lkezkT; dks e;;qx dk izFke fgUnw lkezkT; dgk tkrk gS\
vaVkdZfVdk esa Hkkjr ds rhljs vuqla/ku dsUnz dk D;k uke gS\
vkn'kZ oksYVehVj dk izfrjks/ fdruk gksuk pkfg,\
f'k{kk fdl lwph dk fo"k; gS\
^kW'k fof/* rFkk ^fllyh fof/* dk iz;ksx fdldh izkfIr gsrq fd;k tkrk gS\
dkSu fot;uxj lkezkT; dk egkure 'kkld Fkk\
^;wVksfi;k* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
^xSfuehM* (Ganymede) fdl xzg dk mixzg gS\
vks'kulSV dks fdl o"kZ NksM+k x;k Fkk\
mkjk[kaM esa Hkkjr gSoh bysDVhdYl dkj[kkuk dgk fLFkr gS\
îk'kqir lEiznk;* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
^Vkbe e'khu* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
foVkfeu B12 dk jklk;fud uke D;k gS\
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fu;kstu fdl lwph dk fo"k; gS\
fctyh ds cYc dk fiQykesaV fdl rRo dk cuk gksrk gS\
oS".ko /eZ dk izeq[k xzaFk dkSu&lk iqjk.k gS\
vady VkWe~l dsfcu
fo'o dk igyk Xyksc fdlus cuk;k Fkk\
îQkflTe dk tUenkrk* dkSu Fkk\
vkfcn gqlSu lfefr fdl {ks=k esa lac Fkk\
^Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl dk izFke eqfLye v/;{k dkSu Fkk\
^ferk{kjk* (ys[kd&foKkus'oj) dk laca/ fdl fo"k; ls gS\
mkj
18]
45]
ykbist]
cky xaxk/j fryd us]
12 vxLr] 2005 dks]
'kq ,oa ;wjsul]
v'kksd us]
xksok]
fot;uxj lkezkT; dks]
Hkkjrh
vuUr]
leorhZ lwph dk]
lYiQj]
".knso jk;]
lj VkWel ewj us]
o`gLifr dk]
1999 bZ- esa]
gfj}kj esa]
ydqfy'k us]
,p-th- osYl]
lkbuksdksckykehu]
leorhZ lwph dk]
VaxLVu dk]
Hkkxor iqjk.k]
gSfjV ohpj LVkso]
ekfVZu cSge us]
eqlksfyuh]
y?kq ,oa e;e m|ksx ls]
cn#hu rS";cth]
fgUnw fof/ ls
y
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iz'u
fdl v/krq dks ^xa/d dk iQwy* dgk tkrk gS\
jk"Vifr fdl lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij v/;kns'k tkjh ugha dj ldrk gS\
o"kkZ ds ty esa dkSu&lk foVkfeu ik;k tkrk gS\
dkdksjh jsy dkaM ds fdl vfHk;qDr dks de mez dk gksus ds dkj.k mls iQkalh
dh ltk ugha nh xbZ\
Hkkjr esa loZJs"B lkaln dks dkSu&lk iqjLdkj iznku fd;k tkrk gS\
mkj
lYiQj dks]
jkT; lwph]
foVkfeu B]
eUeFkukFk xqIr dks]
xksfoUn
oYyHk
iar
iqjLdkj]
i`Foh dk /qzoh; O;kl mlds fo"kqorh; O;kl ls fdruk de gS\
42 fdeh]
^xzsV fMys;j* miuke ls dkSu fdsV vEik;j pfpZr gS\
fMdh cMZ]
y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksx D;ksa egRoiw.kZ gSa\
cgqrksa dks jkstxkj nsus ds
fy,]
dkSu&lk kafrdkjh ^'kghns vkte* dgk tkrk gS\
Hkxr flag]
bafnjk xk/h jk"Vh; ,drk iqjLdkj ds rgr fdruh jkf'k nh tkrh gS\
5 yk[k #i;s]
fdl xouZj tujy dks îzsl dk eqfDrnkrk* dgk tkrk gS\
pkYlZ esVdkWiQ dks]
fdlh lwph ds fo"k; dsUnz rFkk jkT; nksuksa ds {ks=kkf/dkj esa vkrs gSa\
leorhZ lwph ds]
o"kZ 1998 esa Hkkjr us iks[kj.k esa fdrus ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;s\
ikp]
^yksduk;d* ds uke ls fdls tkuk tkrk gS\
t;izdk'k ukjk;.k dks]
dkfynkl lEeku fdl jkT; ljdkj }kjk iznku fd;k tkrk gS\
e; izns'k ljdkj }kjk]
fdl ekg dk uke ;q ds jkseu nsork êklZ* ds uke ij j[kk x;k gS\
ekpZ dk]
euq"; ds vaxksa esa ls dkSu&lk ,d gkfudkjd fofdj.kksa ls lokZf/d lqizHkkO; vk[k]
gS\
o"kZ 1948 esa ?kksf"kr izFke vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa fdl {ks=k ds fodkl ij tksj fd;k y?kq m|ksx ds fodkl ij]
x;k\
efydk&,&tekuh* fdldh mikf/ Fkh\
uwjtgk dh]
tokgjy yky usg: varjkZ"Vh; ln~Hkkouk iqjLdkj ds rgr fdruh jkf'k iqjLdkj ,d djksM+ #i,
Lo:i dh tkrh gS\
fo|qr bL=kh] ghVj vkSj fo|qr dsryh bR;kfn ds rRo fdl /krq ds cus gSa\
ukbkse ds]
fdl lafo/ku la'kks/ku ds rgr flfDde dks Hkkjr dk 12ok jkT; ?kksf"kr fd;k 36ok (1975 bZ-) ds rgr]
x;k\
ekuo 'kjhj ds fy, iQkWLiQksjl dh nSfud vko';drk fdruh gksrh gS\
1.2g]
vLer csxe dkSu Fkh\
uwjtgk dh ek]
fdl u`R;kaxuk dks johUnzukFk VSxksj us dRFkd lkezkKh dgdj xkSjokfUor fd;k flrkjk nsoh dks]
Fkk\
nks ns'kkarjksa ds e; dh nwjh D;k dgykrh gS\
xksjs]
laxe dky esa jkT; dh vk; dk eq[; lzksr D;k Fkk\
f"k]
lokZf/d ldy xSj fu"i{kh; ifjlEifr (Gross NPAS) okyk lkoZtfud cSad Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad]
dkSu&lk gS\
fgUnw ij ikn'kkgh dk flkar fdlus fodflr fd;k\
ckthjko izFke us]
fiz;n'kZuh xksfoUn fdl u`R; ds izfl urZd gSa\
HkjrukV~;e]
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iz'u
mkj
Hkkjr us ukfHkdh; lay;u ij vk/fjr (rkih; ukfHkdh; vfHkf;k&gkbMkstu 11 ebZ] 1998 dks]
ce) izFke ijh{k.k dc fd;k Fkk\
fdls ^Hkkjr dk fcLekdZ* dgk tkrk gS\
ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy
dks]
fdl /krq dk xyukad bruk de gS] fd og gkFk esa gh fi?ky tkrh gS\
xSfy;e]
ckykth fo'oukFk dks fdl vU; uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
ukuk lkgc]
gsekekfyuh fdl 'kkL=kh; u`R; dh izfl urZdh gSa\
HkjrukV~;e dh]
^dksuwdks* fdl ns'k dh LFkkukUrfjr f"k gS\
fiQyhihal dh]
Hkkjr dk igyk varfj{k ;k=kh dkSu gS\
jkds'k 'kekZ]
Hkkjr dk lcls igyk cSad dkSu&lk Fkk\
cSad vkWiQ dydkk]
vtUrk dh fdl xqiQk esa ej.kklUu jktdqekjh dk fp=k mRdh.kZ gS\
xqiQk la[;k 16 esa]
jk/k jsM~Mh fdl u`R; ls lac gSa\
dqfpiqM+h ls
ykSg va'k lcls vf/d fdlesa ik;k tkrk gS\
gjh ikhnkj lfCt;ksa esa]
56oka lafo/ku la'kks/u ds rgr fdl dsUnz'kkflr jkT; dks jkT; dk ntkZ iznku xksok]
fd;k x;k\
dkSu&lk jsfM;ks,fDVo rRo Hkkjr esa cgqrk;r ls miyC/ gS\
Fkksfj;e]
xqIr dky esa iz'kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ dkSu&lh Fkh\
xzke]
^f=kewfrZ Hkou (fnYyh) fdl egkiq#"k ls lac LFkku gS\
tokgjyky usg:]
;wsu ds fdl {ks=k dks ^jksVh dh Mfy;k* dgk tkrk gS\
LVsih {ks=k]
1920 bZ- esa fdlus teZuh esa us'kuy lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk dh\
fgVyj us]
Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k E;wpqvy iQ.M laxBu dkSu&lk gS\
;wVhvkbZ]
lsu oa'k ds fdl 'kkld us ^nku lkxj* ,oa ^vn~Hkqr lkxj* xzaFk fy[ks\
cYykry lsu]
^fot;h fo'o frjaxk I;kjk* fdldk izfl xhr gS\
';keyky xqIr ik"kZn]
gfM~M;ksa ,oa nkrksa dk fuekZ.k djus okyk izeq[k rRo dkSu&lk gS\
dSfYl;e]
Hkkjr esa fdl izdkj dh ukxfjdrk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS\
,dy ukxfjdrk dh]
ty dh vfrfjDr ek=kk ,oa VkWfDlal dks 'kjhj ls ckgj djus dk dk;Z dkSu&lk o`Dd]
vax djrk gS\
/ksbZ fdldk njckjh dfo Fkk\
y{e.k lsu dk]
"Who lives if India dies"&fdldk dFku gS\
tokgjyky usg: dk]
v[kckjh dkxt ds mRiknu esa dkSu&lk ns'k vxz.kh gS\
dukMk]
iatkc ds tkya/j ftys ds fdl xko dks ûlZjh vkWiQ gkWdh Iys;lZ* dgk tkrk lalkjiqj]
gS\
;w- Vh- vkbZ dh LFkkiuk dc dh x;h\
26 uoEcj] 1963 bZ- dks]
tfy;kaokyk ckx esa fdl vaxzst vf/dkjh us xksyh pykus dk vkns'k fn;k Fkk\ vks Mk;j us]
"East is east and west is west and never and twain shall meet."&;g dFku #M;kMZ fdifyax dk
fdldk gS\
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iz'u
^Hkkjrh; cz lekt* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
;kstuk vk;ksx dk xBu 1950 bZ- esa fdlds }kjk gqvk\
VsfyLdksi D;k gS\
mkj
ds'kopanz lsu us]
eaf=keaMy }kjk]
nwjLFk phtksa dks utnhd
ns[kus okyk ;a=k]
fdlus dgk] ^^kafr dh bl iwtk osnh ij ge viuk ;kSou p<+kus vk, gSa\
Hkxr flag us]
^bUVjiksy* dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
fy;ksUl (kal) esa]
fo'o dk lcls cM+k egklkxj dkSu&lk gS\
iz'kkar egklkxj]
rkjddk; (lsUVkslkse) fdlesa ik;k tkrk gS\
tUrq dksf'kdk esa]
^bafM;k bUkLVDpj fjiksVZ* fdl lfefr }kjk izLrqr dh x;h\
jkds'k eksgu lfefr }kjk]
dYiuk nk fdlds usr`Ro okys kafrdkjh laxBu ,d lf; lnL;k Fkh\
lw;Zlsu dh]
varjkZ"Vh; nwjlapkj mixzg laxBu dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
1964 bZ- esa]
dkSu dSfYl;e DyksjkbM dks fo|qr vi?kV~; cukrk gS\
dSfYl;e yksjkbM]
Hkkjr ljdkj dk dkSu loksZPp fof/ vf/dkjh gksrk gS\
Hkkjr dk egkU;k;oknh]
ew=k dk pH eku fdruk gksrk gS\
4.8 ls 8.4]
dkdksjh "kM~;a=k ds vfHk;qDr jkeizlkn fcfLey dks fdl tsy esa iQkalh dh ltk xksj[kiqj tsy esa]
nh xbZ Fkh\
INTELSAT ds lnL; ns'kksa dh orZeku la[;k fdruh gS\
143]
fl;ky] lhek vkSj fuiQs ds :i esa i`Foh dh vkarfjd lajpuk fdlus foHkktu Losl us]
fd;k\
^lwiQh flyflyk* ewyr% fdl /eZ ls lacaf/r gS\
bLyke /eZ ls]
^lsu xqIrk lfefr* fdlls lac gS\
f'kf{kr csjkstxkjh ls]
LVsiQksMZ fIl] iSfFkd ykjsal rFkk ,-ch-,ysDtsaMj&fdl fe'ku ds lnL; Fks\
dSfcusV fe'ku ds]
NAM dc vfLrRo esa vk;k\
1961 bZ- esa
;wMksehVj D;k gS\
o"kkZekid ;a=k]
lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa jkT;lHkk dk xBu of.kZr gS\
vuqPNsn 80]
;krk;kr ladqfyr uxjksa esa Hkwjh ok;q cukus esa dkSu&lk xSl lac gS\
ukbVkstu vkWDlkbM]
fdl ok;ljk; ds 'kklu dky esa Hkkjr vktkn gqvk\
ykWMZ ekm.VcsVu ds]
^jk"Vh; fof/ fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
26 uoEcj dks]
Hkw&iVy] esaVy vkSj dksj ds :i esa i`Foh dh vkarfjd lajpuk dk fdlus foHkktu xkV us]
fd;k\
varfj{k esa tkus okyh fo'o dh izFke efgyk dkSu&lh Fkh\
osysUVhuk rsjs'dksok]
fdlds iqujkoyksdu gsrq ^xksihuFk eq.Ms lfefr* dh fu;qfDr dh x;h Fkh\
,sujkWu ifj;kstuk]
fdlus iwuk esa 1899 bZ- esa ,d fo/ok vkJe LFkkfir fd;k\
izks- Mh- ds- dosZ us]
^,u-lh-lh-* dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ Fkh\
1948 bZ- esa]
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iz'u
raf=kdk ra=k dh y?kqke lajpukRed rFkk 'kjhj f;kRed bdkbZ dkSu&lh gS\
laln dk dkSu&lk lnu LFkk;h lnu gS\
osD;qe&Dyhuj D;k gS\
mkj
U;wjkWu]
jkT;lHkk]
/wy lkiQ djus okyk
midj.k]
vaxzsth lekpkj i=k ^fgUnw* dk izdk'ku fdlus izkjaHk fd;k\
oh-jk?kokpkjh us]
^ch-,l-,iQ-* (B.S.F.) dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
1965 bZ-]
Hkkjr esa sfMV jsfVax ,tsafl;ksa dk fofu;ked (Regulator) dkSu&lh laLFkk gS\ lsch (SEBI)]
^,d jk"V ,d usrk* dk ukjk fdlus fn;k\
fgVyj us]
^nf{k.k vesfjdk dk }kj* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
osustq,yk dks]
^nhoku&, [kSjkr* (nku foHkkx) dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
^jk"Vh; iqfyl vdkneh* dgk fLFkr gS\
gSnjkckn esa
ukbVkstu eSXuhf'k;e /krq ds lkFk izfrf;k dj fdl ;kSfxd dk fuekZ.k djrk eSXuhf'k;e ukbVkbM dk]
gS\
fdl vuqPNsn ds rgr lafo/ku esa jkT;iky dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS\
vuqPNsn 153]
ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls cM+h dksf'kdk dkSu&lh gS\
raf=kdk dksf'kdk]
fot;uxj lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
gfjgj ,oa cqDdk us]
lkjs fo'o esa leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osru dk vkku fdl laxBu us fd;k varjkZ"Vh; Je laxBu us]
gS\
{ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls fo'o dk lcls cM+k Hkw&vkosf"Vr ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
eaxksfy;k]
xksYiQ xsan dk otu fdruk gksrk gS\
1.5 vkSal]
izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk fdl ekWMy ij vk/kfjr Fkh\
gsjkYM Mksej ekWMy ij]
fdl fons'kh ;k=kh us fot;uxj dks fo'o dk lcls HkO; 'kgj crk;k\
vCnqj jTtkd us]
^le>kSrk ,Dlizsl* fdu nks ns'kksa ds e; pyusokyh Vsu gS\
Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku ds
e;]
Lons'kh vkanksyu ds nkSjku frjaxk >aMk esa dkSu&dkSu ls jax Fks\
gjk] ihyk] vkSj yky]
vuqPNsn 155 ds vuqlkj dkSu jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr djrk gS\
jk"Vifr]
1 v'o 'kfDr fdrus okV ds cjkcj gksrk gS\
746 okV]
fdlds vk'khokZn ls gfjgj ,oa cqDdk us fot;uxj lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dh\ fo|kj.; us]
nf{k.k vhdk dk ikfyZ;kesaV fdl uxj esa fLFkr gS\
dsiVkmu esa]
i`Foh ds dsUnz esa ik;k tkus okyk pqEcdh; inkFkZ dkSu&lk gS\
fudsy]
dkSu&lk yod [kk| la'ys"k.k ls lacaf/r gS\
gfjryod]
vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ;kstukodk'k dky D;k Fkk\
1966-1969]
tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM ds fojks/ esa fdlus ^cgknqj* dh mikf/ ykSVk nh yeukyky ctkt us]
Fkh\
^ckLd* uked i`Fkdrkoknh laxBu fdl ns'k esa lf; gS\
Lisu esa
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iz'u
mkj
ty dk vf/dre ?kuRo fdl rkieku ij gksrk gS\
4C ij]
i`Foh dh fdl ijr esa cSlkYV pV~Vkuksa dh vf/drk gS\
lhek]
eSdksjkuh xsgw lcls vf/d mi;qDr fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gS\
vflafpr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa]
fdls ^Hkkjrh; v'kkafr dk tud* dgk x;k\
^mnwZ* fdl Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS\
rqdhZ dk]
jkT;iky ds fy, U;wure mez vgZrk D;k gS\
35 o"kZ]
Hkkjr esa rksi[kkus dk izFke iz;ksx fdl ;q esa gqvk Fkk\
ikuhir ds izFke ;q esa]
Hkkjr esa gfjr kafr fdl ;kstuk dky esa izkjaHk dh x;h\
;kstukodk'k dky esa]
cky xaxk/j fryd dks fdlus ^vHkkxk jktuhfrK* dgkA &
osysUVkbu f'kjksy us]
lafo/ku esa fganh dks D;k dgk x;k gS\
jktHkk"kk]
1 ikjlsd fdrus ehVj dk gksrk gS\
3.08 1016 ehVj]
jkT;iky dh inkof/ fdrus o"kks dh gksrh gS\
5 o"kks dh]
ty ds mPp DoFkukad dk D;k dkj.k gS\
gkbMkstu vkcU/u]
egkRek xk/h us nkaMh ekpZ fdrus vuq;kf;;ksa ds lkFk laiUu fd;k\
78]
Hkk"kk ds laca/ esa fganh 'kCn dk loZizFke iz;ksx fdlus fd;k Fkk\
vehj [kqljks us]
fdl ns'k dks ^fdlkuksa dk ns'k* dgk tkrk gS\
kal dks]
Hkkjr ljdkj us oU; izk.kh lqj{kk vf/fu;e dc ikfjr fd;k Fkk\
1972 bZ- esa]
Lora=krk izkfIr ds ckn Hkkjr esa #i;s dk nwljh ckj voewY;u fdl ;kstuk dky ;kstukodk'k dky esa]
esa fd;k x;k\
îzkS<+ nsojk;* fdls dgk x;k gS \
efYydktqZu dks]
ds-ih-,l- esuu fdl Hkk"kk ds izfl ys[kd Fks\
vaxzsth ds
ySfeusfj;k ls D;k izkIr gksrk gS\
vk;ksMhu]
Hkkjr esa O;; dk ys[kk rS;kj djus dk mkjnkf;Ro fdldk gS\
egkys[kkdkj dk]
ukWV D;k gS\
leqnzh tgktksa dh xfr ukius
dk ek=kd]
^lkyqo oa'k* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
lkyqo ujflag us]
eksfudk vyh fdl ns'k dh [;kfrizkIr lkfgR;dkj gSa\
ckaXykns'k dh]
fdl 'kgj dks ^kal dk n;* dgk tkrk gS\
isfjl dks]
fgVyj dh foLrkjoknh uhfr dk igyk f'kdkj dkSu gqvk\
vkfLV;k]
Hkkjr esa dslj dk lcls cM+k mRiknd jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
tEew o d'ehj]
^lud lEiznk;* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
fuEckdZ us]
^f'kokth % fn fgUnw fdax bu bLykfed bafM;k* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
tsEl ykbu]
y
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iz'u
izfr esa lcls vf/d ek=kk esa ik;k tkuk okyk [kfut dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr ds iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx us yksdiky rFkk yksdk;qDr laLFkk dh LFkkiuk
dh fliQkfj'k fdl o"kZ dh Fkh\
fdls ^lw{etho foKku dk tud* dgk tkrk gS\
oYyHkkpk;Z dk tUe dgk gqvk Fkk\
^n iQkP;wZu n ckWVe vkWiQ n fijkfeM* dk ys[kd dkSu gS\
izFke fo'o di iQqVckWy fdl ns'k us thrk\
vf[ky Hkkjrh; [kknh ,oa xzkeks|ksx vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh x;h Fkh\
Hkkjr esa igyk lwrh fey fdl 'kgj esa [kksyk x;k\
ôSusVh iQs;j* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
Hkkjr dh 'kS{kf.kd uhfr esa fiQYVjs'ku flkar dk izfriknd dkSu Fkk\
laln esa foi{k ds usrk dks vkf/dkfjd :i ls dSfcusV ea=kh ds :i esa fdl
o"kZ ekU;rk iznku dh xbZ\
,d dqyh 25Kg dk lkeku mBk, gq, IysViQkWeZ ij py jgk gS] rks mlds }kjk
fd;k x;k dk;Z D;k gksxk\
fdlus ^lR;kFkZ izdk'k* dh jpuk dh\
izFke ;kLehu iqjLdkj fdls iznku fd;k x;k\
czkaM dh mRifk dk lokZf/d ekU; flkar dkSu&lk gS\
fdl 'kSoky ls tkiku esa f=ke u dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS\
pkoy fu;kZr ds ekeys esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa dkSu&lk LFkku gS\
n;kuan ljLorh dk ewy uke D;k Fkk\
ukscsy iqjLdkj fdrus {ks=k esa iznku fd;k tkrk gS\
êSuksehVj* ls D;k ekirs gSa\
Hkkjr ds lalnh; bfrgkl esa izFke cfgZxeu (okd vkmV) fdlus fd;k\
lcls yEch dksf'kdk dkSu&lh gS\
ûkbZ /ksch can vkanksyu* fdl {ks=k esa gqvk\
ukscsy iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
i`Foh dh vkdk'kxaxk (xSysDlh) dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
vdcj us dc ^nhu&,&bykgh* /eZ dh ?kks"k.kk dh\
xsgw fu;kZr ds ekeys esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa dkSu&lk LFkku gS\
ckcj dh vkRedFkk ^rqtqd&,&ckcjh* dk iQkjlh esa vuqokn fdlus dh\
/UoUrfj iqjLdkj dk laca/ fdl {ks=k ls gS\
cgrs gq, ty esa dkSu&lh tkZ gksrh gS\
mkj
flfydk]
o"kZ 1967 bZ- esa]
Y;wosugkWd dks]
okjk.klh esa]
lh- ds- izgykn]
m#Xos us]
1957 bZ- esa]
eqEcbZ (cacbZ) esa]
fofy;e FkSdjs]
ykWMZ eSdkys
o"kZ 1977 bZ- esa]
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'kwU;]

egk'osrk nsoh dks]
fcx cSax flkar]
lkjxkle]
nwljk]
ewy'kadj]
6 {ks=kksa esa]
xSlksa dk nkc]
enueksgu ekyoh; us]
raf=kdk ra=k dh dksf'kdk]
vo/ esa]
1901 bZ- esa]
eankfduh]
1582 bZ- esa]
NBk]
vCnqj jghe [kku[kkuk us]
fpfdRlk {ks=k ls]
xfrt tkZ
General Studies
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iz'u
dkSu&lk xhr Hkkjr dk jk"Vh; xhr gS\
fdl dkcZfud ;kSfxd dks ^fejcsu dk rsy* Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
^ckcjukek* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
vuoj iQ#Z[kkcknh fdl {ks=k ls lac Fks\
i`Foh ds vkdk'kxaxk ds lcls 'khry vkSj pedhys rkjksa ds lewg dks D;k dgrs
gSa\
ck?kksa ds fy, lcls lqjf{kr jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
ê#Hkwfe fodkl dk;Ze* dc izkjEHk fd;k x;k\
ckcj ds 'ko dks dgk niQuk;k x;k\
jkx nhid fdl le; xk;k tkrk gS\
gjxksfoUn [kqjkuk dks fdl vkfo"dkj ds fy, ukscsy iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k
x;k\
ôans ekrje~* xhr dh jpuk fdlus dh\
i`Foh ls dqN pkbZ ij fLFkr oLrq esa dkSu&lh tkZ gksrh gS\
vdcj ds Hkwfe lq/kjksa dk Js; fdls fn;k tkrk gS\
xksiky nkl fdl ok|;a=k ls lac gSa\
fo'o dk lcls pk Tokykeq[kh ioZr dkSu&lk gS\
fgVyj us dc vkRegR;k dj yh\
^lw[kk vk'kafdr {ks=k dk;Ze* fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
fdl osn esa tknw&Vksuk dk o.kZu gS\
ia- jfo'kadj fdl ok| ;a=k ls lac gSa\
fdls ^fiQukWy* Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
Lora=k Hkkjr esa dkSu&lh efgyk fdlh jkT; dh igyh efgyk jkT;iky Fkh\
;ksX;re dh mkjthfork ds flkar dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k\
^vk;Z* 'kCn dk loZizFke mYys[k fdl xzaFk esa feyrk gS\
^vtark*] ^,yksjk* o ^,fyiQsaVk* dh xqiQk,a fdl jkT; esa gSa\
fo'o dk lcls cM+k lf; Tokykeq[kh* eksukyksvk* dgk gS\
2014 esa fo'o di iQqVckWy fdl ns'k us thrk\
^,dhr catj Hkwfe fodkl dk;Ze* dc izkjaHk dh x;h\
xk;=kh ea=k fdl nsork dks lEcksf/r gS\
,sfrgkfld ^vkxk [kka iSysl* fdl 'kgj esa gS\
^ve`r cktkj if=kdk* dk izdk'ku fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
mkj
oans ekrje~]
ukbVkscsathu dks]
vCnqj jghe [kku[kkuk us]
xty xkf;dh ls]
vkWfj;u uscqyk (Orian
Nebula)]
e; izns'k]
fokh; o"kZ 1997-78 esa]
dkcqy esa]
jkf=k esa]
thu ds la'ys"k.k ds fy,]
y
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cafdepUnz pVthZ us]

fLFkfrt tkZ]
VksMjey dks]
i[kkot]
dksVksiSDlh (8597ehVj)]
30 vizSy] 1945 dks]
1973 bZ- esa]
vFkoZosn]
flrkj ls]
dkcksZfyd vEy dks
Jherh ljksftuh uk;Mw]
MkfoZu us]
Xosn]
egkjk"V esa]
gokbZ }hi esa]
teZuh us]
1989-90 ds fokh; o"kZ esa]
lfork]
iq.ks esa]
1868 esa]
General Studies
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iz'u
fdl nkSjku jkT;iky dh fxjrkjh ugha dh gks ldrh gS\
fpeVk fdl Js.kh dk mkksyd gS\
yksikeqnzk] ?kks"k] fo'ookjk vkfn fonq"kh efgyk, fdl osn dh jpuk ls lEcfU/r
Fkha\
^fyaxjkt eafnj* dgk fLFkr gS\
fdl egk}hi esa Tokykeq[kh dk loZFkk vHkko ik;k tkrk gS\
vxj vxj (Agar Agar) uked inkFkZ fdl izdkj ds 'kSoky ls ik;k tkrk gS\
^jktho xk/h jk"Vh; is;ty* fe'ku fdl dk;Ze dk u;k uke gS\
fdl czk.k xzaFk esa f"k dh leLr izf;k dk o.kZu feyrk gS\
^Lo.kZ eafnj* dgk fLFkr gS\
rkinhfIr cYcksa esa vkxZu ds LFkku ij fdldk bLrseky gksrk gS\
jkT; ds eq[;ea=kh rFkk vU; eaf=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
fdl ouLifr dks êsMu gs;j Vh* Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
ûke/kjh vkanksyu* dh 'kq:vkr dh\
fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
fodflr ns'kksa dh eqnzk D;k dgykrh gS\
tgkxhj dks dgk niQuk;k x;k\
jkT;ksa ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk insu dqykf/ifr dkSu gksrk gS\
oklqnso cyoa iQM+ds us fdl 'kklu vkanksyu dk usr`Ro fd;k Fkk\
us'kuy Ldwy vkWiQ gkbMksykWth dgk fLFkr gS\
og dkSu&lk cy gS] ftlds dkj.k dksbZ fi.M /kjrh ds dsUnz dh vksj [khapk
pyk vkrk gS\
;wukbVsM fdaxMe dk lcls cM+k O;kikfjd ,oa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dkSu&lk gS\
ekSle laca/h Kku esa izs{kd xqCckjksa ds Hkjus esa fdl xSl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS\
1857 bZ- ds fonzksg dk fcgkj esa 15 tqykbZ] 1857 ls 20 tuojh] 1858] rd dgk
dsUnz Fkk\
dsUnzh; 'kq"d Hkwfe vuqla/ku laLFkku dgk fLFkr gS\
i;kZoj.k&vuqdwy miHkksDrk mRiknksa dks fpf r djus ds fy, ljdkj us D;k
vkjEHk fd;k gS\
Vh-oh- ij ewd&ckf/jksa ds fy, lkIrkfgd lekpkj cqysfVu dk izlkj.k dc izkjaHk
fd;k x;k\
'kq"drk dks lgu dj ldus okyh izkfrd ouLifr D;k dgykrh gS\
iVuk esa 1857 ds fonzksg dk LFkkuh; usrk dkSu Fkk\
m".kdfVca/h; laLFkku dgk fLFkr gS\
nsonkj fdl ouLifr oxZ dk o`{k gS\
mkj
inkof/ ds nkSjku]
r`rh; Js.kh dk]
Xosn ls]
Hkqous'oj esa]
vkLVsfy;k esa]
yky 'kSoky ls]
jk"Vh; is;ty fe'ku dk]
'kriFk czk.k]
ve`rlj (iatkc) esa]
fIVkWu ,oa tsukWu dk
jkT;iky]
ftUdks ckbyksok]
ckck jke flag us]
tsusok esa]
gkMZ djsalh]
'kkgnjk esa]
jkT;iky]
jkekslh vkanksyu dk]
#M+dh (mkjk[kaM) esa]
xq#Ro cy]
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(114)
cfeZ?ke]
ghfy;e dk]
txnh'kiqj esa]
tks/iqj esa]
bdksekdZ]
15 vDVwcj] 1987 bZ-
dks]
thjksiQkbV]
vCnqy ckjh]
tcyiqj esa]
ftEuksLieZ oxZ dk
General Studies
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iz'u
Hkkjr dk jk"Vxku D;k gS\
U;wVu us fdl iqLrd esa ^xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds fu;e* dk mYys[k fd;k gS\
nafrnqxZ us viuh jkt/kuh dgk cukbZ\
Hkkjr dk loksZPp lsukifr dkSu gksrk gS\
tc lhekUr vkxe 'kwU; gksrk gS] rks ekax dh yksp fdruh gksxh\
tkiku ds lkezkT;okn dk igyk f'kdkj dkSu&lk ns'k cuk\
^tu&x.k&eu* ds jpukdkj dkSu gSa\
uxj fuekZ.k djkus okyk fnYyh dk izFke lqYrku dkSu Fkk\
Fky lsuk dk lcls NksVh bdkbZ D;k dgykrh gS\
fo|qr pkydrk dh n`f"V ls /krq rRo fdl izfr ds gksrs gSa\
o`{kksa ls izkIr lsY;qykst ls fufeZr f=ke diM+s dks D;k dgrs gSa\
fdlh f}fyaxh iQwy esa ;fn iqeax ,oa tk;ax fofHkUu le; ij o;Ld curs gSa] rks
bl bl izf;k dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
ft;kmhu cjuh dh fdl jpuk ls eqgEen fcu rqxyddkyhu bfrgkl dh
tkudkjh feyrh gS\
^fgUnqLrku ,;jksuksfVDl fyfeVsM* dgk fLFkr gS\
fo'o esa lksus dh lokZf/d [kir fdl ns'k esa gksrh gS\
^fgfVax fcyks n csYV* okD;ka'k fdl [ksy esa iz;qDr gksrk gS\
jkT;lHkk ds fdrus lnL; izR;sd nwljs o"kZ ineqDr gksrs gSa\
bCucrwrk jfpr fdl jpuk ls eqgEen fcu rqxydkyhu bfrgkl dh tkudkjh
izkIr gksrh gS\
^bafM;u ,;j iQkslZ Vsfuax lsaVj* dgk fLFkr gS\
fdlus ^vkfnojkg* mikf/ /kj.k dh\
vhdk ds m".k ?kkl ds eSnku dks D;k dgrs gSa\
?kwerh gqbZ oLrqvksa dh xfr ekius dk ;a=k dkSu&lk gS\
ôSfnd dky esa ^fu"d* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fdlds fy, fd;k x;k\
chchlh us fdl efgyk dks lglzkCnh dh egkure efgyk pquk gS\
^".k kafr* dk laca/ fdlls gS\
nkyphuh ikS/s ds fdl Hkkx ls izkIr gksrk gS\
fdl lafo/ku la'kks/ku ds rgr yksdlHkk lnL;ksa dh dqy la[;k 545 fu/kZfjr
dh xbZ\
fdl 'kkld }kjk loZizFke ikVfyiq=k dk jkt/kuh ds :i esa p;u fd;k x;k\
fdl iaFk ds vuq;k;h ^lruke* dgdj ,d&nwljs dk vfHkoknu djrs gSa\
"ek pkydrk dh n`f"V ls v/krq rRo fdl izfr ds gksrs gSa\
mkj
tu&x.k&eu]
fizalhfi;k]
ekU;[ksr esa]
jk"Vifr]
bdkbZ ds cjkcj]
phu]
johUnzukFk Bkdqj]
X;klqhu rqxyd]
lsDlu]
fo|qr ds lqpkyd]
js;kWu]
fMdksxseh]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(115)
iQrck&,&vkyexhjh]
caxyq: esa]
Hkkjr esa]
ckWfDlax esa]
,d&frgkbZ lnL;]
fdrkc&my&jsgyk ls]
psUubZ esa]
fefgj Hkkst us
lokuk]
xkbjksLdksi]
vkHkw"k.k ds fy,]
Jherh bafnjk xk/h dks]
[kfut rsy mRiknu ls]
Nky ls]
31ok (1973 bZ-)]
mnf;u }kjk]
dchj iaFk ds]
"ek ds dqpkyd]
General Studies
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iz'u
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds e; dh lhek js[kk D;k dgykrh gS\
dslj elkyk cukus ds fy, ikS/s dk dkSu&lk Hkkx mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS\
fdl ex/ lezkV us vax dk foy; vius jkT; esa dj fy;k\
la;qDr jk"Vla?k us vc rd dk lcls cM+k 'kkafrj{k.k vfHk;ku fdl ns'k esa fd;k
gS\
isVksfy;e inkFkks dh fch ds fy, îsVks dkMZ* fdl dEiuh }kjk tkjh fd;s
x;s gSa\
dk;LFkksa dk ,d tkfr ds :i esa izFke mYys[k dgk feyrk gS\
yksdlHkk ds fdrus lnL; jkT;ksa ls ,oa la?k'kkflr {ks=kksa ls fuokZfpr gksrs gSa\
f'k'kqukx oa'k dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
tutkrh; yksxksa ds lEcU/ esa ^vkfnoklh* 'kCn iz;ksx loZizFke fdlus fd;k
Fkk\
ek/e; dk rki c<+us ij /ofu dh pky ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS\
mkj
jsMfDyiQ js[kk]
ofrZdkxz]
fcfEclkj us]
lksekfy;k esa]
ch- ih-lh- ,y-]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
vks'kue~ Le`fr esa]
543]
f'k'kqukx us]
BDdj ckik us]
/ofu dh pky c<+ tkrh

gS
Hkkjr dk lqnwj ,oa nf{k.kre fcUnq ^bafnjk IokbaV* dgk fLFkr Fkk\
xzsV fudksckj }hi ij]
fdl ;a=k dk lgk;rk ls vf/d vkosf'kr d.kksa tSls&bysDVkWu vkfn dks Rofjr lkbDyksVksu]
fd;k tkrk gS\
o"kZ 1863 esa dydkk esa êksgEeMu ,lksfl,'ku* dh fdlus LFkkiuk dh\
vCnqy yrhiQ us]
^, lqVscy C;kW;* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
foe lsB]
^gkbMksdkcZu fotu 2025* fdlls lacaf/r gS\
isVksfy;e mRiknksa ds laxzg.
k ls]
jsftjsVj esa fdl xSl ds ok"iu ls rki de djk;k tkrk gS\
veksfu;k ;k f;ksu]
yksdlHkk pquko yM+us okys izR;kf'k;ksa dh U;wure mez fdrus o"kZ gksuk fu/kZfjr 25 o"kZ]
gS\
if'peh Hkkjr esa fdls ^lkaLfrd iqutkZxj.k dk vxznwr* dgk tkrk gS\
egknso xksfoUn jk.kkMs]
^vkokjk elhgk* fdldh jpuk gS\
fo".kq izHkkdj dh]
sLdksxzkiQ ;a=k ls D;k tkuk tk ldrk gS\
ikS/sa ds c<+us dh nj]
Hkkjr dk lcls mkjh fcUnq ^bafnjk dkWy* fdl jkT; esa vofLFkr gS\
tEew o d'ehj esa]
nkc ifjorZu dk ok;q esa /ofu dh pky ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS\
dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk]
egkjk"V ds fdl letk lq/kjd dks ^yksdfgroknh* dgk tkrk gS\
xksiky gfj ns'keq[k]
^>wBk lp* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
;'kiky]
dSxk ijek.kq fo|qr la;a=k dgk fLFkr gS\
dukZVd esa]
îhr vkard* ls fdls lEcksf/r fd;k tkrk Fkk\
tkiku dks]
42osa la'kks/ku ls iwoZ îaFkfujis{k* 'kCn dk ,dek=k mYys[k lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn 25(2)]
vuqPNsn esa fd;k x;k gS\
^vf[ky Hkkjrh; vLi`';rk la?k* dh fdlus LFkkiuk dh Fkh\
egkRek xk/h us]
^R;kxi=k* ds miU;kldkj dkSu gSa\
tSusUnz]
6.2 1018
,d dwykWe vkos'k esa bysDVkWuksa dh la[;k fdruh gksrh gS\
(116)
General Studies
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iz'u
Hkkjr dk lcls mQpk tyizrki dkSu&lk gS\
xsgw dk oSKkfud uke D;k gS\
'kkgtgk ds iq=kksa esa dkSu lokZf/d fo}ku Fkk\
HkVukxj iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
Hkkjr esa vkokl fok dh loksZPp laLFkk dkSu&lh gS\
ckWfDlax ls lac ^;kWdh LVsfM;e* dgk fLFkr gS\
fdl jktuhfrd ny us nks o"kZ esa nks iz/kuea=kh fn,\
fdl kalhlh us ikafMpsjh dks clk;k\
MsfoM dksgu iqjLdkj dkSu&lh laLFkk nsrh gS\
izfl lwiQh lyhe fp'rh dgk jgrs Fks\
varjkZ"Vh; frfFk js[kk ls fdl fn'kk esa tkus ij ,d fnu ?kVkrs gSa\
vkf.od la?kVu ds }kjk "ek dk lEizs"k.k D;k dgykrk gS\
caxky esa kalhfl;ksa }kjk loZizFke dkSu&lh oLrh clkbZ xbZ\
Hkkjr dk loksZPp [ksy iqjLdkj dkSu&lk gS\
mkj
tksx tyizikr]
fVfVde ,sfLVoe]
nkjk f'kdksg]
1957 bZ- esa]
jk"Vh; vkokl cSad]
U;w;kWdZ esa]
turk ikVhZ us]
sad ekfVZu us]
fczfV'k vkVZ dkSafly]
vtesj esa]
if'pe ls iwjc]
laogu]
pUnzuxj esa]
jktho xka/h [ksy jRu
iqjLdkj]
tqykbZ] 1988 esa]
izdUn]
vcqy dyke vktkn]
1742 bZ- esa]
fo'oukFku vkuan]
vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds
nkSjku
izHkkth vklou ls]
ddZ js[kk]
olk ds laxzg gsrq]
i`Fohjkt jklks]
rfeyukMq dk]
1 tqykbZ] 1989 bZ- dks]
vuqPNsn 368]
feugkt&ml&fljkt]
i`Fohjkt pkSgku us]
Nkhlx<+ dk]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
jk"Vh; vkokl cSad dh LFkkiuk dc dh x;h\
gYnh dk ruk D;k dgykrk gS\
Lora=k Hkkjr ds izFke f'k{kk ea=kh dkSu Fks\
kalhlh xouZj ds :i esa MwIys Hkkjr fdl o"kZ vk;k Fkk\
jktho xk/h jRu iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k tkus okyk f[kykM+h dkSu gSa\
fdl vkanksyu ds nkSjku frjaxk esa pj[kk dks n'kkZ;k x;k\
HkwxHkZ ls fudkys x, dPps rsy vkfn fdl fof/ ls i`Fkd~ fd, tkrs gSa\
23 1/2 mkjh v{kka'k js[kk dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
V vius dwcM+ dk mi;ksx fdlds laxzg gsrq djrk gS\
i`Fohjkt pkSgku dk njckjh dfo pUnojnkbZ us fdl xzaFk dh jpuk dh\
^HkjrukV~;e* fdl jkT; dk 'kkL=kh; u`R; gS\
jk"Vh; vkokl cSad }kjk ^x`g .k [kkrs dh ;kstuk* dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
lafo/ku esa la'kks/ku dh izf;k fdl vuqPNsn esa of.kZr gS\
^rcdkr&,&ukfljh* dk ys[kd dkSu Fkk\
j.kFkEHkkSj ds tSu eafnj dk f'k[kj cuok;k Fkk\
î.Mokuh* fdl jkT; dk ,dy yksdu`R; gS\
(117)
General Studies
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iz'u
nzoksa esa dkSu&lk "ek dk cgqr vPNk pkyd gS\
kal ls gksdj dkSu&lh ns'kkarj js[kk xqtjrh gS\
dkSu&lk inkFkZ vkWDlhdkjd rFkk vodkjd nksuksa dh rjg iz;qDr fd;k tkrk
gS\
rjkbu dk izFke ;q dc gqvk Fkk\
^rhtu ckbZ* fdl yksdu`R; dh dykdkj gSa\
Hkkjrh; #i;s ds fy, ^j* izrhd fp dh jpuk fdlus dh\
fdl ka`[kyk ds mixzgksa dk fMtkbu Lons'kh jkWdsV ^,l,yo&3 ds fy, fd;k
x;k Fkk\
42osa lafo/ku la'kks/u fdrus ewy drZO;ksa dh O;k[;k dh xbZ\
pksy dky esa O;kikfj;ksa dh lHkk dks D;k dgrs Fks\
^dsjy dyke.Mye~* ds laLFkkid dkSu Fks\
og ,dek=k i{kh dkSu&lk gS] tks ihNs dh vksj mM+rk gS\
^fuiQs* 'kCn fdlls lacaf/r gS\
"ek dk lcls vPNk pkyd dkSu&lh /krq gS\
fdlds dk;Zdky esa 1809 bZ- esa egkjktk j.kthr flag ds lkFk ve`rlj dh laf/
gqbZ\
^^Hkkjr esa vusdrk esa ,drk vkSj ,drk esa vusdrk gS**&;g fdldk dFku gS\
1988 esa lsch dh izkjfEHkd iwth fdruh Fkh\
tkiku esa vk/qfudhdj.k dh izf;k dh 'kq#vkr fdlus dh\
xzke iapk;r dk xBu fdl vuqPNsn esa of.kZr gS\
fdl xouZj tujy ds 'kklu dky esa lqxkSyh dh laf/ gqbZ\
^^jkT; O;fDr dk fojkV :i gS**&;g dFku fdldk gS\
Dyksjhu xSl cukus dh ^Mhdu fof/* esa dkSu&lk inkFkZ mRizsjd dk dk;Z djrk
gS\
lcls vf/d ek=kk esa jsfM;ks lf;&inkFkZ fdl pV~Vku ls izkIr gksrk gS\
^'kh'ke* dk okuLifrd uke D;k gS\
ykWMZ MygkSth us yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh\
fdlus dgk&^^nq%[k gh thou dh dFkk jgh] D;k dgw vkt tks dgh ugha\**
fu"Vh (NIFTY) fdl LVkWd ,Dlpsat dk lwpdkad gS\
ifjektZu usxh us fdl [ksy esa fof'k"Vrk fn[kkbZ gSa\
fdl vuqPNsn esa dk;Zikfydk ls U;k;ikfydk dk i`FkDdj.k of.kZr gS\
fdl xouZj tujy us Hkkjr esa i`Fkd~ :i ls igyh ckj lkoZtfud fuekZ.k foHkkx
dh LFkkiuk dh\
^^;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork**&;g iafDr fdl izkphu laLr xzaFk dk
gS\
mkj
ikjk]
0ns'kkarj (xzhufop js[kk)]
lksfM;e ukbVsV]
1191 bZ-
esa]
i.Mokuh]
Mh- mn; dqekj us]
jksfg.kh]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(118)
10]
uxje]
R;kxjkt
xqatu iaNh]
i`Foh ds dksj ls]
,sY;qehfu;e]
ykWMZ fe.Vks izFke]
foUlsaV fLeFk dk]
7.5 djksM+ #i;s]
ewrlqghrks us]
vuq-40 esa]
ykWMZ gsfLVaXl]
IysVks dk]
D;wfizd DyksjkbM]
xzsukbV pV~Vku ls]

MYcftZ;k f'k'kq]
1854 bZ- esa]
lw;ZdkUr f=kikBh ^fujkyk*]
jk"Vh; LVkWd ,Dlpst dk]
'krjat esa]
vuq-50 esa]
ykWMZ MygkSth us]
euqLe`fr dk
General Studies
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iz'u
f'kokth dk vafre fot; vfHk;ku dkSu&lk Fkk\
fnYyh esa vf/d okf"kZd rkikUrj dk D;k dkj.k gS\
lw;Zrki i`Foh ij fdl izdkj ds "ek lapkj ek/;e ls vkrk gS\
vykmhu f[kyth us viuh jkt/kuh dgk cuokbZ\
ikfdLrku dk jk"Vh; fnol euk;k tkrk gS\
'ks;jksa dh fMyhojh vkSj mudk Hkqxrku [kjhn djus ds fnu vFkok vxys fnu
djus dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
^,xzhdYpj* fdl Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS\
fdl vuqPNsn esa leku U;k; vkSj fu%'kqYd fof/d lgkr;k dh O;oLFkk gS\
^fdjku&ml&lknsu* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
^vksfM'kk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
^mRizsjd fo"k* D;k gksrk gS\
cksdkjks] panziqjk rFkk nqxkZiqj esa fLFkr rkih; fo|qrx`g fdl ifj;kstuk ls ykHkkfUor
gSa\
^diwj* dk okuLifrd uke D;k gS\
^jsgyk* uked iqLrd dh jpuk fdlus dh\
^jk"Vh; ukSogu fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
^LVkWd ,Dlpsat* dk nwljk uke D;k gS\
fdl bfrgkldkj ds vuqlkj f"k ladV eqxy lezkT; ds iru dk izeq[k dkj.
k Fkk\
yksdlHkk v/;{k viuk R;kxi=k fdls nsrk gS\
eqgEen fcu rqxyd dks fdl bfrgkldkj us ixyk lqYrku dgk\
^lerk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
ty dk ?kuRo fdl rkie ij vf/dre gksrk gS\
fo'o dk lcls cM+k eq[; /kjk ck/ dkSu&lk gS\
^vtsZ.VkbM* dk jklk;fud lw=k D;k gS\
dsUnzh; vlsEcyh esa ce iQsadus esa Hkxr flag dk lkFkh dkSu Fkk\
^lqcgs vktknh* uked fo[;kr dfork dh jpuk fdlus dh\
fdl daiuh us bZ&pkSiky uked xzkeh.k foi.ku ra=k izkjaHk fd;k gS\
jksfg.kh kà[kyk dk izFke mixzg dc NksM+k x;k Fkk\
la?k ds insu ojh;rk e esa yksdlHkk mik/;{k dk LFkku dkSu&lk gS\
izFke xksyest lEesyu dgk vk;ksftr fd;k x;k Fkk\
jaxhu Vhoh dk fu;fer izlkj.k dc 'kq: gqvk\
mkj
dukZvd vfHk;ku]
leqnz ls vf/d nwjh]
fofdj.k ls]
fljh esa]
23 ekpZ dks]
LikWV VsfMax]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(119)
ySfVu Hkk"kk dk]

vuq-39 (d) esa]
vehj [kqljks us]
1 vizSy dks]
f;k fujks/d]
nkeksnj ?kkVh ifj;kstuk]
flukeksll dSEiQksjk]
bCucrwrk us]
5 vizSy dks]
'ks;j ekdsZV]
bjiQku gchc ds vuqlkj]
yksdlHkk mik/;{k dks]
,fyfiQaLVu us]
5 vizSy dks
4C]
ghjkdqM ck/]
AgS]
cVqds'oj nk]
iQSt vgen iQSt us]
vkbZ- Vh- lh-]
1979 bZ- esa]
13ok]
yanu esa]
15 vxLr] 1982 dks]
General Studies
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iz'u
lcls rhozre i{kh dkSu gS\
Hkkjr esa fdl laLFkk }kjk rkacs dk lokZf/d mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS\
fuEurkih batuksa dk vuqiz;ksx fdlesa gksrk gS\
yanu esa laiUu izFke xksyest lEesyu esa Hkkjrh; bZlkbZ;ksa izfrfuf/;ksa dk fdlus
izfrfuf/Ro fd;k Fkk\
^vkVZ vkWiQ fyfoax* (thus dh dyk) vkUnksyu dk izlkj Hkkjr vkSj fons'kksa esa
dkSu dj jgs gSa\
^,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad* dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
tkiku esa dc ls lSfud lsok vfuok;Z dj nh xbZ\
vfo'okl izLrko fdl lnu esa yk;k tkrk gS\
xk/hth us fdl xksyest lEesyu esa Hkkx fy;k Fkk\
êsjk thou gh esjk lans'k gS* okD; fdl jktusrk dh t;Urh ij tkjh ,d fo'ks"k
Mkd fVdV ij vafdr gS\
dkSu&lh /krq fctyh dks lcls vf/d lqpkyd gS\
1869 bZ- esa Lost ugj ds [kqyus ls Hkkjr ,oa ;wjksi ds e; fdruh nwjh de gks
xbZ\
Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k fpfM+;k?kj dgk fLFkr gS\
Hkkjr esa pkjckx 'kSyh dk izFke edcjk dkSu&lk gS\
^vhdu xk/h* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k f}i{kh; nkunkrk ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
vksyfEid [ksyksa esa fLofex iwy esa dqy fdruh ysu gksrh gS\
Hkkjr ds izFke eq[; pquko vk;qDr dkSu Fks\
eqxy lkezkT; dk ^?k`f.kr dk;j* 'kkld fdls dgk x;k gS\
lat; yhyk Hkalkyh fdl {ks=k ls lac gSa\
fdl fonzksg dks ^myxqykuh fonzksg* Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
fefudkW; vkSj y{k}hi ds e; dkSu&lh pSuy xqtjrh gS\
fdlds vuqlkj ^^vPNs vo'kks"kd gh vPNs mRltZd gksrs gSa**\
eqgEen'kkg dk okLrfod uke D;k Fkk\
^Lekby fiadh* uked MkWD;wesaVjh fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fdlus fd;k\
mkj
vokohy (fLoV)]
fgUnqLrku dkWij fyfeVsM]
jkWdsV izkS|ksfxdh esa]
ds- Vh- ikWy us]
Jh jfo'kadj]
y
f
il
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i
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2
7
Hkkjr esa futh {ks=k dk lcls cM+k cSad dkSu&lk gS\
iQwyxksHkh esa fiVsy O;kf/ fdl iks"kd rRo dh deh ls gksrh gS\
uxjksa esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu miyC/ djkus gsrq dkSu lk la'kks/u fd;k x;k gS\
fo'oizfl e;wj flagklu dks dkSu vius lkFk ys x;k\
Hkkjr dk igyh ewd pyfp=k dkSu&lh Fkh\
(120)
euhyk (fiQyhihal)]
1872 bZ- ls]
yksdlHkk esa]
f}rh; xksyest lEesyu esa]
egkRek xka/h dh
pknh]
7000 fdyksehVj]
vyhiqj (dksydkrk) esa]

gqek;w dk edcjk]
usYlu eaMsyk dks]
tkiku]
8]8.
iQ#Z[kf'k;j dks]
fiQYe funsZ'ku ls]
eq.Mk fonzksg dks]
9 pSuy]
fdjpkSiQ ds vuqlkj]
jkS'ku v[rj]
esxu ek;yu (vesfjdk)
us]
vkbZ- lh- vkbZ- lh- vkbZcSad]
ekWyhCMsue]
74osa la'kks/u]
ukfnj'kkg]
jktk gfj'pUnz
General Studies
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iz'u
ftad iQkWLiQsV fdl dke esa iz;qDr gksrk gS\
fefudkW; vkSj ekynho ds e; dkSu&lh pSuy xqtjrh gS\
dkSu&lk vax jDr esa Xywdkst dh ek=kk fu;fer cuk, j[krk gS\
ekS;Z oa'k dk egkure 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
îpra=k* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
fo'o tula[;k fnol dc euk;k tkrk gS\
dkSu&lk lcls vf/d fu.kkZ;d ;q Fkk] ftlus vaxzstksa ds izHkqRo dks Hkkjr esa
LFkkf;Ro fd;k\
Hkkjr esa uxj ds iz'kklu ds fy, loZizFke fdl 'kgj esa fdlh laLFkk dk fuekZ.
k fd;k x;k Fkk\
xqIr dky esa mkj Hkkjrh; O;kikj fdl iku ls lapkfyr gksrk Fkk\
^fgrksins'k* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
jshtjsVj esa [kk| inkFkZ rktk j[kus gsrq lqjf{kr rkieku fdruk gksrk gS\
Hkkjr ds iM+kslh ns'kksa esa lokZf/d {ks=kiQy okyk ns'k dkSu&lk gSA
fdl /krq dh deh gks tkus ls Ropk ij [kjksap tSlh fn[kus yxrh gS\
^vejdks"k* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
^mkjjkepfjr* fdldh jpuk gS\
Hkkjr esa BPL tula[;k rFkk tkrh; tula[;k dh x.kuk dk dk;Z dc izkjaHk
fd;k x;k\
varfj{k esa tkus okyh U.S.A. dh izFke efgyk dkSu Fkh\
Hkkjr ds fdl 'kgj esa uxj fuxe dh LFkkiuk loZizFke dh xbZ\
g"kZo/Zu dk egklsukifr dkSu Fkk\
^xhr xksfoUn* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
fik dk pH eku fdruk gksrk gS\
lw;Z dk i`"Bh; rkieku fdruk vkadk x;k gS\
jshtjsVj esa FkeksZLVsV dk D;k dk;Z gS\
mkj
jaxus ds dke esa]
8 pSuy]
;r]
v'kksd]
fo".kq 'kekZ us]
11 fnlEcj dks]
cDlj dk ;q]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
jk"Vh; f'kYih iqjLdkj dkSu&lk foHkkx iznku djrk gS\
^caxky xtV* ds dkSu laLFkkid Fkk\
'Planned Economy for India' ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
1905 esa tkiku us fdl ns'k dks ijkftr fd;k\
74osa lafo/ku la'kks/u }kjk lafo/ku esa dkSu&lk Hkkx tksM+k x;k gS\
Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr izFke lekpkj i=k dkSu&lk Fkk\
lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj izkIr djus okyh izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk dkSu gS\
(121)
enzkl esa]
rkezfyfIr ls]
ukjk;.k xq# us]
4C]
ikfdLrku]
tLrk (Zn)]
vej flag us]
HkoHkwfr dh]
29 twu] 2011]
lSyh jkbM]
enzkl (psUubZ)]
flagukn]
t;nso
7.7]
6000C]
,d leku rkieku cuk,
j[kuk]
diM+k ea=kky;]
xaxk/j HkV~Vkpk;Z us]
,e- fo'os'ojS;k]
:l dks]
Hkkx 9 (d)]
fgUnw iSfV;kV]
ve`rk izhre]
General Studies
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iz'u
^Cyhfpax ikmMj* dk jklk;fud uke D;k gS\
lw;Z ds jklk;fud feJ.k esa gkbMkstu dk izfr'kr fdruk gS\
,d o;Ld iq#"k ds fy, lkekU; gheksXyksfcu ek=kk izfr 100 ml jDr esa fdruk
gS\
Hkkjr ls fczVsu dh vksj ^/ku ds viogu* (Drain of Wealth) dk flkar fdlus
izfrikfnr fd;k Fkk\
fdu miyfC/;ksa ds fy, Xykscy 500 iqjLdkj iznku fd, tk, tkrs gSa\
,e- fo'os'ojS;k us 1934 bZ- esa fdrus o"khZ; ;kstuk dk izLrko j[kk Fkk\
jk"VeaMy [ksy fdu o"kks esa vius fu/kZfjr le; esa vk;ksftr ugha gq,\
laln ds fy, jk"Vifr dk vfHkHkk"k.k dkSu rS;kj djrk gS\
flaxkiqj esa vktkn fgUn iQkSt dk usr`Ro fdlus laHkkyk\
ekuo lsok iqjLdkj fdl iz/kuea=kh dh Le`fr esa izkjaHk fd;k x;k gS\
laxe lkfgR; esa eq[; :i ls fdu jktoa'kksa dk mYys[k gS\
lw;Z esa dkSu&lk U;wDyh;j b/u gksrk gS\
nzo ds [kqyh lrg ls izR;sd rki ij /hjs&/hjs nzo dk vius ok"i esa cnyuk
D;k dgykrk gS\
fdl fonzksg ds dkj.k NksVkukxiqj vf/fu;e 1908 cuk;k x;k\
la;qDrk ikf.kxzgh fdl u`R; ls lac gSa\
Hkkjr esa elkyksa dk lokZf/d mRiknu fdl jkT; esa gksrk gS\
i`Foh ij thou dk loZizFke fodkl fdl Hkw&Hkkx ij gqvk\
dkSu 'kh"kZ vf/dkjh vius in ij jgrs gq, fd, fdlh dk;Z ds fy, U;k;ky;
ds izfr mkjnk;h ugha gS\
eq.Mk tutkfr vkSj vkfnokfl;ksa dks D;k dgrh Fkh\
lfork esgrk fdl u`R; ls lac gSa\
^pwuk iRFkj* dk jklk;fud uke D;k gS\
i`Foh dh vk;q&fu/kZj.k esa ge dkSu&lh fof/ dk iz;ksx djrs gSa\
,d LoLFk O;fDr dh ukM+h dh xfr lkekU;r% fdruh gksrh gS\
fdl tutkrh; usrk us vius dks ^Hkxoku dk nwr* dgk\
jktk jfo oekZ fdl dyk {ks=k ls lac Fks\
Hkkjr esa lcls vf/d f"k Hkwfe fdl iQly ds varxZr gS\
eqxy dky esa lcls cM+k lkezkT; fdldk Fkk\
Hkkjr esa vc rd fdruh ckj jk"Vifr fufoZjks/ fuokZfpr gqvk gS\
dkSu caxky dk izFke xouZj tujy Fkk\
^n ykLV lij* isafVax ds fp=kdkj dkSu gSa\
mkj
dSfYl;e vkWDlhDyksjkbM]
81%]
14.5 gm]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(122)
i;kZoj.k izfrj{kk ds fy,]

10 o"khZ; ;kstuk dk]
1942 vkSj 1946 esa]
dsUnzh; eaf=keaMy]
jktho xk/ kh dh Le`fr esa
psj] pksy ,oa ik.M~;]
gkbMkstu]
ok"ihdj.k]
eq.Mk fonzksg ds dkj.k]
vksfMlh ls]
dsjy esa]
ty esa]
jk"Vifr]
nhdw]
ef.kiqjh ls]
dSfYl;e dkcksZusV]
;wjsfu;e MsfVax]
70-80 izfr feuV]
fcjlk eq.Mk us]
fp=kdyk ls]
pkoy]
vkSjaxtsc dk]
,d ckj]
okjsu gsfLVaXl]
fy;ksuknksZ n foalh
General Studies
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iz'u
izd'k dk osx loZizFke fdlus Kkr fd;k\
vestu unh fdl egklkxj esa fxjrh gS\
thfor ekuo 'kjhj esa lcls de ik;k tkus okyk rRo dkSu&lk gS\
ukfnj'kkg dks fnYyh ij vke.k djus ds fy, fdlus fuea=k.k fn;k Fkk\
lksekfy;k dh eqnzk D;k gS\
^^Je foHkktu cktkj ds vkdkj }kjk lhfer gksrk gS**&;g dFku fdl vFkZ'kkL=kh
dk gS\
vesfjdh Lisl 'kVy dh igyh efgyk pkyd dkSu gS\
iz/kuea=kh dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
fdl flD[k xq# dk tUe iVuk esa gqvk Fkk\
esfDldks dh eqnzk D;k gS\
fdu dkyktkj thok.kqvksa dks lk;ukscSfDVfj;k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
ukbtj unh dgk fxjrh gS\
eSaxuht dk fu"d"kZ.k eq[;r% fdl v;Ld ls gksrk gS\
flD[kksa ds lSU; laxBu ^[kkylk iaFk* dk izorZu fdlus fd;k\
m#Xos dh eqnzk D;k gS\
iSysl vkWu hy dh rtZ ij u;h jsyxkM+h ^MsDdu vkfMlh* eq[;r% fdl jkT;
esa pyrh gS\
f}rh; fo'o ;q esa tkiku us fdl xqV dk lkFk fn;k Fkk\
loksZPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k viuk R;kxi=k fdls nsrk gS\
gSnjkckn ds Lora=k jkT; dh LFkkiuk 1724 bZ- esa fdlus dh Fkh\
fdl ns'k dk jk"Vh; izrhd ^xqykc dk iQwy* gS\
izdk'k dk osx vf/dre dgk gksrk gS\
cfyZu fdl unh ds fdukjs gS\
dkyktkj fdl ijthoh ds dkj.k gksrk gS\
fldUnj yksnh dk okLrfod uke D;k Fkk\
^varjkZ"Vh; gkL; fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
^loZfiz; ;kstuk* loZizFke dgk ykxw dh x;h\
jk"VeaMy [ksy dk izFke vk;kstu dc fd;k x;k Fkk\
mPpre U;k;ky; dh igyh efgyk U;k;k/h'k dkSu Fkh\
1504 bZ- esa vkxjk 'kgj dh uhao fdlus Mkyh\
^jk"Vh; lkaf[;dh fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
mkj
jksej us]
vVykafVd egklkxj esa]
eSaxuht]
lvknr [kk us]
f'kfyax]
,Me fLeFk dk]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(123)
,fyu dkWfyUl]
jk"Vifr]
xq# xksfoUn flag dk]
ihlks]
uhys gjs 'kSoky dks]
fxuh dh [kkM+h esa]
ikbjksyqlkbV ls]
;w ;q#Xosu ihlks]
egkjk"V esa]
/qjh jk"V xqV dk]

jk"Vifr dks]
fpufdfyp [kk us]
fczVsu dk
fuokZr esa]
Lizh]
yh'keSfu;k MksukokuZ]
futke [kk]
ebZ ds izFke jfookj dks]
fnYyh esa]
vxLr 1930 bZ- esa]
iQkfrek chch]
fldUnj yksnh us]
29 twu dks]
General Studies
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iz'u
vk/qfud Hkkjr dk izFke jk"Voknh dfo fdls dgk tkrk gS\
fdl unh dks ^phu dk 'kksd dgk tkrk gS\
dkp] fuokZr] ty rFkk ok;q esa ls fdlesa izdk'k dk ossx lcls de gksxk\
1490 bZ- esa Loraa=k jkT; ds :i esa vgenuxj dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh Fkh\
^laFkky gwy fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
ctVh; ?kkVs esa ljdkj ds dqy .k&Hkkj tksM+ nsus ij D;k izkIr gksrk gS\
mkj
gsujh fofo;u Msjksft;ks dks]
kaXgks]
dkp esa]
efyd ljoj us]
30 twu dks]
jktdks"kh; ?kkVk (Fiscal
Deficit)]
fdldh deh ds dkj.k panzek ij thou laHko ugha gS\
ok;q ,oa ty dh deh ds
dkj.k]
lafo/ku dh O;k[;k djus dk vafre vf/dkj fdls izkIr gS\
loksZPp U;k;ky; dks]
^gqlSukckn uxj* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh Fkh\
gqlSu futke 'kkg f}rh;
us]
^varjkZ"Vh; o`tu fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
vDVwcj dks
ûkbVl vkWDlkbM* dh [kkst fdlus dh\
fizLVys us]
O;kikfjd Lrj ij iQwyksa dk mRiknu D;k dgykrk gS\
yksjhdYpj]
fdl jksx ds jksdFkke gsrq jksxh dks balqfyu dh fu;fer lwbZ ysuh iM+rh gS\
e/qesg]
g"kZ dks ijkftr djus okyk ,dek=k 'kkld iqydsf'ku f}rh; dgk dk 'kkld okrkih@cknkeh]
Fkk\
tktZ okf'kaxVu fdl ns'k ds izFke jk"Vifr Fks\
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds]
Hkkjr ds dsUnzh; ljdkj ds ctV esa vkxe O;; dh lcls cM+h en dkSu&lh C;kt]
gS\
vkSjaxtsc dk izFke jkT;kfHk"ksd dc gqvk Fkk\
31 tqykbZ] 1658 bZ- dks]
mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'kksa dh lsokfuo`fk dh vf/dre mez lhek D;k gS\ 62 o"kZ]
fdlus ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dks 100 xzkeksa dh vk; nkuLo:i fn;k\
g"kZo/Zu us]
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds fdl jk"Vifr dh gR;k loZizFke gqbZ\
vczkge fyadu dh]
tc varfj{k ;k=kh panzek ds ry ij [kM+s gksa] rks vkdk'k dk jax dSlk fn[kkbZ dkyk]
nsrk gS\
dks;yk dk lokZf/d mRiknd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
phu]
MkWDVjksa }kjk ,uLFkhfl;k ds :i esa iz;ksx gksus okyh gkL; xSl dkSu&lh gS\
ukbVl vkWDlkbM]
pkSgku oa'k dk vafre 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
i`Fohjkt r`rh;]
izfl xhr ^, esjs oru ds yksxksa* fdldh jpuk gS\
iznhi dh]
dqy izkfIr (jktLo $ iwthxr) dh rqyuk esa O;; (jktLo $ iwthxr O;;) dh ctV ?kkVk]
vf/drk dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k ck?k {ks=k dkSu&lk gS\
ukxktqZu lkxj {ks=k (vkU/z
izns'k)]
ftyk v/;{k dk pquko fdl jhfr ls gksrh gS\
vizR;{k jhfr ls]
pksy dky esa Hkwfedj mit dk fdruk Hkkx gqvk djrk Fkk\
1/3 Hkkx]
izFke fo'o fl[k fo'ofo|ky; dgk LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS\
yanu esa
y
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2
9
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6
c
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1
l
c 10
2
7
(124)
General Studies
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iz'u
fdl vax dh xM+cM+h ls e/qesg dh chekjh gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gS\
fo'o esa rkck dh lcls cM+h [kku dkSu&lh gS\
va/sjs esa yky dkp gjh fdj.k esa dSlk fn[kkbZ nsxk\
fdl ok;ljk; us pk; (vle) ,oa dkWiQh (uhyfxfj) dh f"k dks izksRlkfgr
fd;k\
^dSFkkiqjk* fdldh jpuk gS\
Hkkjr esa tux.kuk dk eokj vkdyu dc ls izfr nl o"kZ ds varjky ij fd;k
tk jgk gS\
vesfjdk us tkiku ij igyk ijek.kq ce fdl 'kgj ij fxjk;k\
Hkkjrh laln dh lcls iqjkuh lfefr dkSu&lh gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky us 1856 bZ- esa fo/ok iqufoZokg vf/fu;e ikfjr
gqvk\
^lsVsfud olsZt* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
dkSu&lk dkcZfud inkFkZ iz;ksx'kkyk esa loZizFke cuk;k x;k\
fo'o esa rkck dk lokZf/d mRiknd ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
og vax dkSu&lk gS tks ekuo 'kjhj esa Xykbdkstsu ds :i esa dkcksZgkbMst dks
tek djrk gS\
îqfyl vk;ksx* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
^n czksdsu foax* fdldh jpuk gS\
^LokehukFku lfefr* dk laca/ fdl {ks=k ls gS\
fdl Hkkjrh; igyoku us loZizFke dq'rh esa vksyfEid ind thrk\
lkoZtfud ys[kk lfefr esa jkT; lHkk ds fdrus lnL; gksrs gSa\
^fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
^,t ;w ykbd bV* fdldh jpuk gS\
o"kZ 1905 bZ- esa fczfV'k Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k izkar dkSu&lk Fkk\
i`Foh vkSj pUnzek ds d{k ryksa esa fdrus fMxzh dk >qdko gS\
LoPN vkdk'k dk jax uhyk D;ksa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\
mkj
vXuk'k; ds]
pqDdhdkekVk (fpyh)]
dkyk]
ykWMZ dSfuax us]
jktk jko dh]
1881 bZ- esa]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
fdl ok;ljk; ds 'kklu dky esa eqfLye yhx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ Fkh\
HkVukxj iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjr esa igyh ckj tkfr vk/kfjr tux.kuk fdl o"kZ dh x;h\
funzk jksx fdl eD[kh ls iQSyrk gS\
ewy lafo/ku esa jkT; lwph esa 66 fo"k; FksA vc mudh la[;k fdruh gS\
[kkuok ds ;q thrus ds ckn ckcj us dkSu&lh mikf/ /kj.k dh\
tokgjyky usg: dks fdl o"kZ dk Hkkjr jRu lEeku iznku fd;k x;k\
(125)
fgjksf'kek ij]
yksd ys[kk lfefr]
ykWMZ dSfuax ds dk;Zdky
esa]
lyeku #'nh]
;wfj;k]
fpyh]
;r]
ykWMZ dtZu us]
ljksftuh uk;Mw dh]
tula[;k uhfr (2000) ls]
ds- Mh- tk/o us]
7 lnL;]
ykWMZ dtZu us]
fofy;e 'ksDlfi;j dh
caxky]
5 dk]
cSaxuh jaxk dk izdh.kZu vf/
d gksus ds dkj.k]
ykWMZ fe.Vks II]
foKku ds {ks=k esa]
1931 bZ- esa]
lh- lh-eD[kh]
61]
xkth]
1955 dk]
General Studies
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iz'u
dkSu&lh xSl ok;q dks lcls vf/d iznwf"kr djrk gS\
lw;Z ls i`Foh rd izdk'k dks vkus esa fdruk le; yxrk gS\
vaMs ds liQsn Hkkx esa eq[;r% dkSu&lk iks"kd rRo gksrk gS\
^pansjh dk ;q* dc gqvk\
fdl ikVhZ dh ljdkj us Hkkjr jRu lEeku nsus ij jksd yxk nh Fkh\
jk"Vh; igpku izkf/dj.k ds izFke v/;{k dkSu gS\
fdl eqxy jkuh dk uke iQjekuksa rFkk flDdksa ij vafdr gksrk Fkk\
jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx ds dkSu v/;{k Fks\
vdcj us fdls ^txrxq#* dh mikf/ nh\
fdl fons'kh dks loZizFke ^Hkkjr jRu* iznku fd;k x;k\
mkj
dkcZu eksuksDlkbM]
8 feVu] 16.6 lsdaM]
izksVhu]
29 iQjojh] 1528 bZ- esa]
turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj us]
uanu fuydsf.k]
uwjtgk dk]
U;k;ewfrZ iQty vyh]
gfjfot; lwjh dks]
[kku vCnqy x"iQkj [kku
dks
LoLFk us=k ds fy, Li"V n`f"V dh U;wure nwjh fdruh gksrh gS\
25 lseh-]
varfj{k ;k=kh dks vkdk'k dk jax dSlk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\
dkyk]
Bksl v/krqvksa esa lcls Hkkjh rRo dkSu&lk gS\
,LVsVhu]
vdcj us ^bykgh laor~* fdl o"kZ tkjh fd;k\
1583 bZ- esa]
ia- Hkhelsu tks'kh fdl {ks=k ls lac Fks\
'kkL=kh; laxhr xkf;dh ls]
fdu iQlyksa ij gfjr kafr dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+k\
nyguh iQlyksa ij]
fo'o dk igyk okbV Vkbxj lsiQkjh dgk fLFkr gS\
uanu&dkuu (vksfM'kk)]
fdl o"kZ xksok lfgr vU; iqrZxkyh cfLr;ksa dks Hkkjrh; la?k jkT; {ks=k ouk;k 1962 bZ- esa]
x;k\
fdl dky dks ^Hkkjrh; laLfr dk Lo.kZ ;qx* dgk tkrk gS\
xqIr dky esa]
Hkkjr dk jk"Vh; ok|;a=k dkSu&lk gS\
flrkj]
fdl foVkfeu dh deh ls izkS<+ksa esa ^vkWfLV;kseysf'k;k* jksx gksrk gS\
foVkfeu ^Mh*]
fo'o dk lcls NksVk egklkxj dkSu&lk gS\
vkdZfVd egklkxj]
,d vkneh 10 ehVj ls vf/d nwjh dh oLrq Li"V ugha ns[k ikrk gSA og fdl fudV n`f"V nks"k ls]
n`f"Vnks"k ls ihfM+r gS\
iz;kx iz'kfLr esa fdl xqIr 'kkld dh iz'kalk dh xbZ gS\
leqnzxqIr dh]
fo'o izfl ^lkEck* u`R; dk mn~xe LFky dkSu&lk ns'k gS\
czkthy]
^'osr kafr* fdlls lacaf/r gS\
nqX/ mRiknu ls]
izfro"kZ ^fgjksf'kek fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
6 vxLr dks]
fdrus o"kks rd yxkrkj ckgj jgus ij ukxfjdrk lekIr gks tkrh gS\
7 o"kZ]
lrh izFkk dk izFke izek.k fdl vfHkys[k esa feyrk gS\
,j.k vfHkys[k esa]
Hkkjr ds fdl izfl fp=kdkj dks fgUnwokfn;ksa ds dksiHkktu ds dkj.k drj ds edcwy fiQnk gqlSu dks
'kj.k ysuk iM+k\
y
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iz'u
dkap ij fy[kus ds fy, fdl vEy dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
lcls yo.kh; lkxj dkSu&lk gS\
;r esa izksFkzkWfEcu ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dkSu&lk foVkfeu mkjnk;h gS\
esgjkSyh ykSg LraHk dk fuekZ.k fdl lnh esa gqvk\
fdlus dgk] ^^Lora=krk vkSj lekurk ,d nwljs ds vuqiwjd gSa**\
vFkZra=k esa Kku] rduhdh] dq'kyrk] f'k{kk vkfn dks D;k ekuk tkrk gS\
fdl Hkkjrh; Vsful f[kykM+h us loZizFke vksyfEid ind thrk\
fdlus lafo/ku ds Hkkx&3 dks lafo/ku dk ^lokZf/d vkyksfdr Hkkx* dgk gS\
izFke xqtjkrh v[kckj dkSu&lk Fkk\
"Eureka! Eureka!" fdlus dgka Fkk\
îjegal eaMyh* dh fdlus LFkkiuk dh\
fdls fNirk gqvk egklkxj dgk tkrk gS\
,d euq"; 1 ehVj ls de nwjh dh oLrq dks Li"V ugha ns[k ldrk gSA og O;fDr
fdl nks"k ls ihfM+r gS\
eSMe dkek dgk ls ôans ekrje~* i=k izdkf'kr djrh Fkh\
vtsZ.Vhuk dh jkt/kuh dgk gS\
jk"Vh; f"k chek ;kstuk fdl fokh; o"kZ esa 'kq: dh x;h\
vd'ks#dh dk nwljk lcls cM+k la?k dkSu&lk gS\
dkSu&lk vk;ksx jktuhfrd nyksa ds fy, vkpkj lafgrk rS;kj djrk gS\
^Mp xq;kuk* dk u;k uke D;k gS\
';keth ".k oekZ] ^bafM;u lks'kfyLV* i=k dk izdk'ku dgk ls djrs Fks\
VkbZ ukbVks VkWYohu dk jklk;fud lw=k D;k gS\
vkne dk iqy fdu nks ns'kksa ds chp fLFkr gS\
mkj
gkbMks"yqvksfjd vEy dk]
e`r lkxj]
foVkfeu K (uS"FkksfDouksu)]
prqFkZ lnh esa]
eSdkboj us]
ekuo iwth]
fy,aVj isl us]
MkW- ch- vkj- vacsMdj us]
ckEcs lekpkj]
vkdZfeMht us]
xksiky gfjns'keq[k us]
vkdZfVd egklkxj dks]
nwj n`f"Vnks"k ls]
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loZizFke jDr ifjlapj.k ra=k dk v/;;u fdlus fd;k Fkk\
vo/ esa vlg;ksx vkanksyu dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k\
^fo'o LokLF; fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
êfgyk Lo;afl ;kstuk* fdl o"kZ izkjaHk dh x;h\
enzkl esa vaxzstksa }kjk LFkkfir fdyk D;k dgykrk gS\
lafo/ku dk O;k[;kdkj vkSj laj{kd fdls dgk tkrk gS\
mkjh Hkkjr esa Hkwfedj O;oLFkk dk izorZd fdls ekuk tkrk gS\
^fo'o gksE;ksiSFkh fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
(127)
isfjl ls]
C;wul vk;lZ]
o"kZ 1999-2000 esa]
eksyLdk]
fuokZpu vk;ksx]
lwjhuke]
yanu ls
CH(NO)CH]
Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk ds
chp]
fofy;e gkosZ us]
ckck jkepanz us]
7 vizSy dks]
o"kZ 2001 esa]
iQksVZ lsaV tktZ]
loksZPp U;k;ky;]
ekfVZu cMZ dks]
10 vizSy dks]
General Studies
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iz'u
la;qDr lw{en'khZ esa fdrus mky ysalksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
fdl feV~Vh dks ^dikl feV~Vh* dgk tkrk gS\
^VkbZ ukbVks VkWYohu* dk lokZf/d iz;ksx fdl dk;Z ds fy, gksrk gS\
fdl fMLiSp dks ^Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk eSXukdkVkZ* dgk tkrk gS\
^jk"Vh; lqjf{kr ekr`Ro fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
Lora=k Hkkjr dk igyk ctV fdlus is'k fd;k Fkk\
mkj
nks mky ysalksa dk]
dkyh feV~Vh dks]
foLiQksVd dk;Z ds fy,]
oqM fMLiSp dk]
11 vizSy dks]
vkj- ds- "k.keq[ke~ 'ksV~Vh
us]
fjDVj iSekus ij lkekU;r% fdrus eki ls vf/d rhozrk okys Hkwdai dkiQh 6 ls vf/d]
fouk'kdkjh gksrs gSa\
loksZPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'k fdrus vk;q rd vius in ij cus jgrs gSa\
65 o"kZ]
ykWMZ MygkSth dh Ô;ixr flkar* (Doctrine of Lapse) ds }kjk fdl jkT; dk lrkjk]
foy; loZizFke fd;k x;k\
^vEcsMdj t;arh* dc euk;h tkrh gS\
14 vizSy dks
LoLFk euq"; dk mPp ,oa fuEu jDrkpki fdruk gksrk gS\
e'k% 120 mm ,oa 80
mm]
xaxk dh tyks<+ dh xgjkbZ fdrus ehVj rd gksrh gS\
yxHkx 600 ehVj rd]
eSXuhiQkbax Xykl ds :i esa fdldk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS\
de iQksdl nwjh ds mky
ysal dk]
fdl xouZj tujy us lsuk dk eq[;ky; dydkk ls f'keyk LFkkukarfjr fd;k\ ykWMZ MygkSth us]
îQSaVe* fdl jpukdkj dk dkWfed pfj=k gS\
yh iQkWd dk]
fdls 1950 bZ- esa x.kra=k Hkkjr dk igyk dsUnzh; ctV is'k djus dk xkSjo gkfly tkWu eFkkbZ dks]
gqvk\
vesfjdk us nwljk ijek.kq ce dgk fxjk;k\
ukxk'kkdh ij]
mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'kksa dks osru fdl ek/;e ls fn;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/ ls]
vaxzstksa ds fo# fdl fonzksg esa jktuhfr ls vf/d "kdksa dh i`"BHkwfe egRoiw. lrukeh fonzksg esa]
kZ Fkh\
ikfdLrku ds izFke iz/kuea=kh dkSu Fks\
fy;kdr vyh [kku]
lw{e d.kksa dh fdlh nzo ;k xSl esa fn'kkghu LoPNUn xfr dks D;k dgrs gSa\ czkmfuax ewoesaV]
lw;Zxzg.k esa iw.kZ lw;Zxzg.k dh vf/dre vof/ fdruh gksrh gS\
7 feuV] 40 lsdaM]
vfLFk;ksa vkSj isf'k;ksa dks dkSu vkikl esa tksM+rk gS\
Vs.Mu]
pkSFk ,oa ljns'keq[kh uked dj fdlds }kjk yxk;k x;k\
f'kokth }kjk]
izkphu ckS eafnj ds fy, izfl ^cksjkscqnwj* dgk gS\
b.Mksusf'k;k esa]
tokgjyky usg: us Hkkjr dk ctV fdruh ckj is'k fd;k\
,d ckj]
fjpMZ gsMyh fdl ns'k ds izfl fdsV f[kykM+h Fks\
U;wthySaM]
uxjikfydk ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
ik"kZn]
f'kokth dh dj O;oLFkk fdlds dj O;oLFkk ij vk/kfjr Fkh\
efyd vEcj dh]
^vkuUn ou* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
ckck vkEVs us
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iz'u
[ktqjkgks esa tSu eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k fdl oa'k ds 'kkldksa us djok;k\
i`Foh dh viuh d{kk esa xfr fdl fn'kk esa gksrh gS\
ljy lw{en'khZ ds vko/Zu dk lw=k D;k gS\
vaxzstksa us enzkl esa ,d fdyk dk fuekZ.k fdl o"kZ djok;k\
^,Eek* fdldh fr gS\
Hkkjr dh jk"Vh; vk; dk izeq[k {ks=k dkSu&lk gS\
oehZdYpj eas iz;qDr oeZ dkSu&lk gksrk gS\
uxjikfydk lnL; cuus ds fy, U;wure mez vgZrk D;k gS\
fdl oa'k ds 'kkldksa us fnYyh lYrur dh LFkkiuk dh\
^MsfoM dkWijiQhYM* fdldh jpuk gS\
ekuo 'kjhj esa dkSu&lk rRo lokZf/d ek=kk esa ik;k tkrk gS\
i`Foh dh fdl xfr ds dkj.k rq ifjorZu gksrk gS\
nw/ ds nkrksa dh dqy la[;k fdruh gksrh gS\
egewn xoka fdlds 'kkludky ds vf/dka'k o"kks esa izHkkoh jgk\
^MstVsZM foyst* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
dkSu&lk laxBu Hkkjr esa jk"Vh; vk; dk vuqeku yxkrk gS\
glu futkeh ,oa iQ[k&,&eqnfCcj fdlds njckjh fo}ku Fks\
uxjikfydk lnL; dh U;wure lnL; la[;k fdurh gksuh pkfg,\
tgkxhj dh e`R;q ds ckn uwjtgk us fdls eqxy 'kkld ?kksf"kr fd;k Fkk\
^jkWfcUl wlks* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
ije 'kwU; rkieku ij vZpkydksa esa fo|qr izfrjks/ fdruk gksrk gS\
Hkkjr ds lM+d ifjogu esa jk"Vh; jktekxZ dk ;ksxnku fdruk izfr'kr gS\
bysDVkWu ds rjax izfr dh [kkst loZizFke fdlus dh Fkh\
ftys dk iz/ku iQkSth vf/dkjh D;k dgykrk Fkk\
"The Child is the father of man" fdlus dgk\
futh {ks=k dk izFke fu;kZr izlaLdj.k {ks=k dgk LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS\
Hkwdai foKku D;k dgykrk gS\
ewy lafo/ku esa leorhZ lwph esa fo"k;ksa dh la[;k 47 FkhA vc ;g fdruh gS\
dqrqcqhu ,scd dh jkt/kuh dgk Fkh\
^^xksfoUn vc D;k nsj gS] iz.k dk le; tkrk Vyk**&fdlus fdlls dgk\
mkj
pansy 'kkldksa us]
if'pe ls iwoZ]
M =k (1 + D/f)]
1640 bZ- esa]
tsu vkWfLVu dh]
lsok {ks=k]
vFkZ oeZ (dsapqvk)]
21 o"kZ]
xqyke oa'k ds 'kkldksa us]
pkYlZ fMdsUl dh]
vkWDlhtu]
ifje.k]
20 nkr]
eqgEen r`rh;]
vksyhoj xksYMfLeFk]
dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh; laxBu]
dqrqcqhu ,scd ds]
10]
'kgj;kj dks]
Msfu;y fMiQks us
vuar]
40%]
Mh- czksXyh us]
iQkStnkj]
fofy;e oMZ~loFkZ us]
lwjr esa]
flLeksykWth]
52]
ykgkSj]
t;nzFk us Jh".k ls]
y
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iz'u
euq"; dh vklw esa dkSu&lk ,Utkbe gksrk gS ftlls thok.kq ej tkrs gSa\
jk"Vh; jktekxZ&7 fdrus jkT;ksa ls gksdj xqtjrh gS\
,dhr ifjiFk esa iz;qDr v/Zpkyd fpi fdldh cuh gksrh gS\
fdl oa'k dks êeywd oa'k* ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS\
^^;g Hkkjrh] gs ohj Hkkjr] mfpr gh rqeus dgh** fdl dfo dh dfork dh
iafDr gS\
dkSu&lh udnh iQly ds fu;kZr ls vf/dre fons'kh eqnzk izkIr dh tkrh gS\
f}rh; fo'o;q ds le; baXySaM dk iz/kuea=kh dkSu Fkk\
fdrus iz/kuea=kh yxkrkj nks ;k vf/d ckj iz/kuea=kh in ij vklhu gq,\
xqyke oa'k ds fdl 'kklu us fnYyh esa dqrqcehukj ds fuekZ.k dks 'kq:
djok;k\
^îq#"kksa ds fy, ;q ogh gS] tks fL=k;ksa ds fy, ekr`Ro** fdldk dFku gS\
,d bysDVkWu ij fdruk vkos'k gksrk gS\
xzSaM Vad jksM ls lacaf/r jk"Vh; jktekxZ dkSu&dkSu ls gS\
dSIlwy dk vkoj.k fdldk cuk gksrk gS\
fdl lqYrku us dqrqcehukj ds fuekZ.k dks iw.kZ djok;k\
vhdh ns'k ^?kkuk* dk iqjkuk uke D;k gS\
ukckMZ tks xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, .k nsrk gS] D;k gS\
fdl if=kdk dks ^fdsV dk ckbfcy* dgk tkrk gS\
iz/kuea=kh viuk R;kx i=k fdls nsrk gS\
Hkkjr esa iksyks [ksy dk izpu fd;k\
Jhyadk dh eqnzk D;k gS\
fdlus ve`rlj tyk'k; ds e; gjeafnj lkfgc cuok;k\
fdl egklkxj dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk izoky&fHkfk gS\
oksYVh; lsy fdl izdkj ds lsy dk mnkgj.k gS\
xk/hth ds fiz; Hktu ôS".ko tc rks rsus dfg,-----* ds jpukdkj dkSu Fks\
^Vdk* fdl ns'k dh eqnzk gS\
izrhd fp Lohdkj djus okyh Hkkjrh; eqnzk fo'o dh dkSu&lh ,slh eqnzk gS\
dksf'kdkvksa ds lewg dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
O;fDrxr :i ls ea=kh fdlds izfr mkjnk;h gSa\
eqxy lkezkT; dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\
rkftfdLrku dh eqnzk D;k gS\
mkj
;wfj,st]
6 jkT;ksa ls]
flfydkWu dh]
xqyke oa'k]
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr dh]
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(130)
pk; ls]
foaLVu pfpZy]
pkj]
dqrqcqhu ,scd us]
eqlksfyuh dk
1.6 1019C]
NH-1 vkSj NH-2]
LVkpZ dk]
bYrqrfe'k us]
xksYM dksLV]
cSad]
fotMu]
jk"Vifr dks]
rqdks us]
#i;k]
xq# vtqZu nso us]
iz'kkar egklkxj]
izkFkfed lsy]
ujlh usgrk]
ckaXykns'k dh]
ikapoha]
rd]
jk"Vifr ds]
ckcj]
#cy
General Studies
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iz'u
izdk'k vkWDlhdj.k izf;k fdlds }kjk 'kq: dh tkrh gS\
fdls êgklkxjh; e#Hkwfe* dgk tkrk gS\
dsUnzh; xUuk iztuu laLFkku dgk fLFkr gS\
fdl eqxy 'kkld ds 'kklu dky dks fgUnh lkfgR; Lo.kZ ;qx dgk tkrk gS\
^rhu ch?kk xfy;kjk* fdu nks ns'kksa ds chp gS\
^fo'o cSad dh mnkj .k nsus okyh f[kM+dh* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
eqgEen fcu rqxyd dh e`R;q ij fdl bfrgkldkj us fy[kk&^^varr% yksxksa dks
mlls eqfDr feyh vkSj mls yksxksa lsA**
1952 bZ- esa Hkkjr dk igyk ctV izLrqr djus okys dkSu fokea=kh Fks\
egewn xtuoh dk Hkkjr ij lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ vke.k dkSu Fkk\
uhps ls ij ds e esa Hkkjrh; /ot esa dkSu&dkSu&ls jax gSa\
oksYVh; lsy esa rkacs dh NM+ dks D;k dgrs gSa\
50 lseh- ls de vkSlr okf"kZd o"kkZ okys Hkkxksa esa fdl izdkj ds ou ik, tkrs
gSa\
dkSu&lh la[;k gsDlk lkbuksiQsjsV vk;u esa yksgs dh lgh vkWDlhdj.k la[;k gS\
jft;k csxe us ;kdwr dks fdl in ij fu;qDr fd;k Fkk\
îtkac* ewy :i ls fdl Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS\
Hkkjr esa ^yhM cSad ;kstuk* dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
vk;ZHkV~V dk iz{ksi.k fdl ms'; ls gqvk Fkk\
fdl jkT; esa fo/ku ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k lokZf/d gS\
rqxyd oa'k ds fdl 'kkld us fnYyh esa dksVyk fiQjkst'kkg nqxZ dk fuekZ.k
djok;k\
^jk"Vh; uewuk losZ{k.k laxBu* dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ Fkh\
dsUnzh'k 'kkd&Hkkth iztuu dsUnz dgk fLFkr gS\
Jhyadk dk nwljk lcls cM+k uxj dkSu&lk gS\
oksYVh; lsy esa tLrs dh NM+ dks D;k dgrs gSa\
nhoku&,&vtZ ds iz/ku dks D;k dgrs Fks\
^fgUnh jaxeap dk tud* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
jk"Vh; LVkWd ,Dlpsat (NSE) dh LFkkiuk dh laLrqfr 1991 esa fdl lfefr us
dh\
f}rh; fo'o;q ds le; vesfjdk dk jk"Vifr dkSu Fkk\
jkT; dk eq[;ea=kh fdlds izfr mkjnk;h gksrk gS\
fons'k esa izFke Lora=k Hkkjrh; ljdkj fdlus LFkkfir fd;k Fkk\
^Nk;koknh ;qx dk izorZd* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
mkj
izdk'k }kjk]
lkjxSlks lkxj dks]
dks;EcVwj]
vdcj]
Hkkjr o ckaXykns'k ds chp]
varjkZ"Vh; fodkl la?k dks]
cnk;wuha us]
y
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(131)
ih- ds- "kUeq[k~ psV~Vh]

16oka vke.k]
gjk] liQsn] dslfj;k]
,uksM]
e#LFkyh; ou]
+2]
vehj&,&vk[kwj]
iQkjlh dk]
1969 bZ- esa]
oSKkfud dk;Z gsrq]
mkj izns'k]
fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd]
o"kZ 1958 esa

dqYyw]
tkiQuk]
dSFkksM]
vkfjt&,&eqekfyd]
Hkkjrsanq gfj'pUnz dks]
iQsjokuh lfefr us]
Sadfyu Mh- #tosYV]

fo/ kku lHkk ds izfr]
jktk egsUnz izrki us]
t;'kadj izlkn dks]
General Studies
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iz'u
ije rki dk eku fdruk gksrk gS\
vhdk egkns'k dk lcls cM+k 'kgj dkSu&lk gS\
ekbVksdkWf.M;k dh var% dyk ds oyu dks D;k dgrs gSa\
vesfjdk esa ^h fgUnqLrku* uked v[kckj fudkyuk fdlus 'kq# fd;k\
îj[k*] ^lquhrk*] ^R;kxi=k* fdlds Js"B miU;kl gSa\
'ks;j cktkj dk izHkkoiw.kZ fu;a=k.k fdlds ek/;e ls fd;k tk jgk gS\
izfl xksYiQ f[kykM+h fot; flag fdl ns'k ds gSa\
>kj[kaM ds izFke eq[;ea=kh dkSu gq,\
^fcgkj lks'kfyLV ikVhZ* dh igyh cSBd dgk gqbZ\
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr dks fdl mikf/ ls lEekfur fd;k x;k\
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa lkbeu deh'ku Hkkjr vk;k\
^nf{k.k vesfjdk dk }kj* fdls dgk tkrk gS\
lsy }kjk mRiUu foHkokUrj dks fdl ek=kd esa ekirs gSa\
vkSipkfjd :i ls vkbZ- ,u- ,- dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ\
o"kZ 2008 dk Hkkjr jRu lEeku fdls iznku fd;k x;k\
lsch ds {ks=kh; dk;kZy; dgk&dgk fLFkr gSa\
mkj
273C]
dkfgjk]
fLVh]
rkjdukFk nkl us]
tSusUnz ds]
lsch (SEBI) ds ek/;e ls]
fiQth ds]
ckcwyky ejkaMh]
iVuk esa]
jk"Vdfo ls
ykWMZ bjfou ds]
osustq,yk dks]
oksYV esa]
flrEcj] 1942 dks]
ia- Hkhelsu tks'kh dks]
fnYyh] dksydkrk vkSj
psUubZ esa]
ihfy;k ls dkSu&lk vax izHkkfor gksrk gS\
;r]
e; izns'k dh dkSu igyh efgyk eq[;ea=kh Fkh\
mek Hkkjrh]
f'kokth ij lokZf/d izHkko fdldk Fkk\
nknk dks.Mnso dk]
Hkkjr dk nwljk loZJs"B jk"Vh; lEeku dkSu&lk gS\
in~e foHkw"k.k]
fLFkj rki ij fdlh xSl ds vk;ru dks de djus ij mlds nkc ij D;k izHkko nkc c<+ tkrk gS]
iM+rk gS\
[kScj dk njkZ fdl ns'k esa gS\
ikfdLrku esa]
ATP dk fuekZ.k dgk gksrk gS\
ekbVksdkWf.M;k esa]
f'kokth ds xq# dkSu Fks\
leFkZ jkenkl]
f"k iafMr iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k Fkk\
1949 bZ- esa]
dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh; laxBu (C.S.O.) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
ubZ fnYyh esa]
oYyHkkpk;Z us vius er dk izpkj dgk fd;k\
xqtjkr ,oa jktLFkku esa]
fdl vuqPNsn }kjk ekuo ds nqO;kZikj vkSj cykr Je izfrcaf/r gS\
vuq-23 }kjk]
fdl o"kZ vaxzstksa us Hkkjr esa Mp 'kfDr dks iw.kZ:is.k u"V dj fn;k\
1795 bZ- esa]
Lo.kZ dey iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gS\
flusek esa
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iz'u
vkn'kZ vehVj dk izfrjks/ fdruk gksuk pkfg,\
leku rkieku okys {ks=kksa dks n'kkZu okyh js[kk D;k dgykrh gS\
ernku esa iz;qDr L;kgh esa D;k gksrk gS] tks mls cgqr fnuksa rd cjdjkj j[krk
gS\
^fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh* dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
ckax ^[kSok* fdl jkT; dk yksdu`R; gS\
fo'o ds lokZf/d vkcknh okys 'kgjksa esa eqEcbZ dk e dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr dk izFke izk;ksfxd Hkwiz{ksi.k mixzg dkSu&lk Fkk\
fdl o"kZ turk ikVhZ us Hkkjr jRu tSls lEekuksa dk nsuk lekIr dj fn;k\
paxst [kk dgk dk jgusokyk Fkk\
egkjk"V esa ^f'kokth mRlo* eukus dk Js; fdldks gS\
ykbdsu esa dod vkSj 'kSoky ds e; lgthoh laca/ D;k dgykrk gS\
nf{k.k vesfjdk ds ijkuk] ijkXos] m#Xos vkSj mudh lgk;d ufn;ksa ds ra=k dks
D;k dgrs gS\
xSYosuksehVj ds Js.kh e esa ,d mPp izfrjks/ tksM+dj mls fdlesa cnyk tkrk
gS\
bYrqrfe'k us ykgkSj ds LFkku ij dgk lYrur dh jkt/kuh cuok;h\
^gkFkh mRlo* dgk euk;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; esa bZlkbZ tula[;k dk izfr'kr lokZf/d gS\
f}rh; fo'o;q esa teZuh dh ijkt; dk Js; fdls fn;k tkrk gS\
fdl fjV (Writ) dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gksrk gS&ge vkns'k nsrs gSa\
^rqxyd oa'k* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
okf"kZd mlZ ds fy, izfl ^vtesj 'kjhiQ* fdl jkT; esa gS\
f=ke o"kkZ djkus ds fy, fdl jlk;u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
fdl [kk|kUu dk lcls vf/d fo'o O;kikj gksrk gS\
tkiku esa fdl ykbdsu dks lCth ds :i esa [kk;k tkrk gS\
X;klqhu rqxyd dk okLrfod uke D;k Fkk\
G-24 dk xBu fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
fdl jkT; esa dksbZ vfHkKkr tutkrh; leqnk; ugha gS\
Vkbxj oqM~l fdl ns'k ds xksYiQ f[kykM+h gS\
dgha Hkh fuokl djus dh Lora=krk ij fdl jkT; esa izfrca/ gS\
dkdksZV oa'k dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
foLesVd (BIMSTEC) dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
mkj
'kwU;]
vkblksFkeZ]
flYoj ukbVsV]
1600 bZ-
esa]
uxkyS.M dk]
rhljk]
HkkLdj&I]
1977 bZ- esa]
eaxksfy;k dk]
gsyksfVTe]
IykVk]
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oksYVehVj esa]
fnYyh esa]
t;iqj esa]
uxkyS.M esa]
:l dks]
ijekns'k (Mandamus)]
X;klqhu rqxyd us]
jktLFkku esa
flYoj vk;ksMkbM]
xsgw]
bUMksdkiZu dks]
xkth efyd]
1989 bZ- esa]
iatkc esa]
U.S.A. ds]
tEew o d'ehj esa]
yfyrkfnR; eqDrkihM]
twu] 1997]
General Studies
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iz'u
^f[kykiQr dfeVh* dk xBu fdl o"kZ vkSj dgk fd;k x;k Fkk\
fo'o dh lcls egRoiw.kZ [kk|kUu iQly dkSu&lh gS\
iQSjkMs dk fu;e fdlls lacaf/r gS\
d'ehj ds yksgj oa'k ds fdl 'kkld dks ^d'ehj dk uhjks* dgk tkrk gS\
fcLesVd esa 'kkfey fdrus ns'k n{ksl (SAARC) ds Hkh lnL; gSa\
1944 bZ- esa eqEcbZ ds izeq[k 8 m|ksxifr;ksa }kjk is'k 15 o"khZ; lw=kc ;kstuk dk
uke D;k Fkk\
Ropk tyu] cspSuh rFkk 'kjhj ij iQksM+s fdl jksx ds lkekU; y{k.k gSa\
mPp U;k;ky; fdl vuqPNsn ds rgr fjV tkjh djrk gS\
mRiy oa'k dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\
^'ka?kkbZ&5* laxBu dk xBu fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
/ku dk ^[kSjk jksx* fdl rRo dh deh ds dkj.k gksrk gS\
fdl lH;rk dks ûhy unh dk ojnku* dgk tkrk gS\
ePNj Dokby esa iz;ksx gksus okyk ikbjsfFkzu fdlls izkIr gksrk gS\
vfXudqy ds jktiwrksa esa lokZf/d izfl jktoa'k dkSu&lk Fkk\
lq[k e`R;q (Euthanasia) dks fdl ns'k us lcls igys dkuwuh ekU;rk iznku dh\
Hkkjr ds Lora=krk iwoZ uksV fuxZeu dh dkSu&lh O;oLFkk izpfyr Fkh\
mkj
1920 bZ-
esa] cacbZ esa]
xsgw]
fo|qr vi?kVu ls]
g"kZ dks]
ikp ns'k]
ckWEcs Iyku]
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gihZl ds]
vuq-226]
vofUroeZu]
o"kZ 1996
tLrk]
felz dh lH;rk]
,dchth; ikS/ks ls]
izfrgkj oa'k]
uhnjySaM us]
Lo.kZ fofue; ekid
O;oLFkk]
ujlh esgrk dgk ds izfl lar Fks\
xqtjkr ds]
dsjy dk mPp U;k;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
,ukZdqye esa]
lqHkk"kpanz cksl us vktkn fgan iQkSt dh deku fdl o"kZ laHkkyh\
o"kZ 1943 bZ- esa]
Hkkjr ds igys vkink izca/u izf'k{k.k laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dgk dh tk jgh gS\ ykrwj (egkjk"V) esa]
fo|qr pqacd cukus ds fy, lkekU;r% fdl /krq dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
yksgk]
dkSu&lk 'kgj uhyh unh vkSj liQsn uhy unh ds laxe ij fLFkr gS\
[kkrwZe]
yksgs ij fdl /krq dh ijr p<+kuk xSYosukbts'ku dgykrk gS\
tLrk dh]
fdlus dgk] ^^Who lives if Inida dies**\
tokgjyky usg: us]
Jhyadk dc Lora=k gqvk\
1948 bZ-esa]
fdl deh'ku us 1926 bZ- esa dsUnzh; cSad dh LFkkiuk dh fliQkfj'k dh Fkh\
fgYVu ;ax deh'ku us]
lokZf/d oukoj.k (oukPNkfnr) okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
e; izns'k]
vksfM'kk jkT; dk mPp U;k;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
dVd esa]
MkW- jktsUnz izlkn dks ^ns'kjRu* dh mikf/ fdlus nh\
egkRek xk/h us]
ûSuk nsoh eafnj* fdl jkT; esa gS\
fgekpy izns'k esa
(134)
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iz'u
Hkkjr esa lokZf/d ek=kk esa mRikfnr gksus okyk iq"i dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; esa izfr gsDVs;j pkoy mRikndrk lokZf/d gS\
fo|qr eksVj fdl flkar ij dk;Z djrk gS\
mkj
xsank]
rfeyukMq]
fo|qr pqacdh; izsj.k ds
flkar ij]
XoSfnd dky esa lcls ifo=k unh dkSu&lh Fkh\
ljLorh]
ôSnsgh ouokl*] ^lkdsr* vkSj ^fiz; izokl* esa ls [kM+h cksyh dk izFke egkdkO; fiz; izokl]
dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr dk dsUnzh; cSad dkSu&lk gS\
fjtoZ cSad vkWiQ bafM;k]
la;qDr jk"V la?k ds orZeku egklfpo cku dh ewu fdl ns'k esa gSa\
nf{k.k dksfj;k ds]
mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'k in ij fu;qDr gksus okyh izFke efgyk dkSu Fkh\ vUuk pkaMh]
^bafM;k gkml* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
';keth ".k oekZ us]
^fo|kifr fdl Hkk"kk ds izfl dfo gSa\
eSfFkyh Hkk"kk ds]
/Cckjfgr yksgk cukus esa yksgs ds lkFk dkSu&lh /krq iz;qDr gksrh gS\
ksfe;e]
lhlk v;Ld eq[;r % fdl [kfut ls izkIr gksrk gS\
xSysuk]
vke dk [kkus ;ksX; Hkkx D;k dgykrk gS\
e; iQyfHkfk]
o"kZ 1888 bZ- esa ^bafM;u iSfV;kfVd ,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
lj lS;n vgen [kk us]
^jkek;.k* fdl Hkk"kk ds izfl dfo gSa\
laLr esa]
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh x;h\
1935 bZ- esa]
fo'o di iQqVckWy 2018 dk vk;kstu fdl ns'k esa fd;k tk,xk\
:l esa]
fdl fudk; dh v/;{k xSj lnL; djrk gS\
jkT;lHkk dh]
^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu* dks fdl vU; uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
vxLr kafr]
i`Fohjktjklks (pUncjnkbZ jfpr) fdl Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k gS\
czt Hkk"kk esa
vaxzstksa dk isa'kuj cuus okyk igyk eqxy ckn'kkg dkSu Fkk\
'kkg vkye f}rh;]
D;ksa lw;Z lnSo iwjc fn'kk esa fudyrk gS\
i`Foh if'pe ls iwjc fn'kk
dh vksj ?kwerh gS]
i`Foh ds /zqo ij ueu dks.k dk eku fdruk gksrk gS\
90]
Hkkjrh; Lok/hurk izkfIr ds le; egkRek xka/h dkaxzsl ds fdl in ij Fks\
dkaxzsl ds lnL; Hkh ugha
Fks]
dfyax iqjLdkj dkSu iznku djrk gS\
UNESCO]
^fo'o vkfFkZd eap* dk laLFkkid fdls ekuk tkrk gS\
DykWl 'okc dks]
euq"; ds lHkh dksf'kdkvksa ('kqk.kq vkSj vaMk.kq dksf'kdk dks NksM+dj) esa fdrus 23 tksM+s]
xq.klw=k gksrs gSa\
jkT;lHkk ds lnL; fdrus o"kks rd vius in ij jgrs gSa\
6 o"kks rd]
^nfyr oxZ ,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
ch- vkj- vEcsMdj us]
dfyax iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gS\
foKku ds {ks=k esa]
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iz'u
dkSu&lk inkFkZ lokZf/d izR;kLFk gS\
nf{k.kh xksykZ esa lcls NksVk fnu dc gksrk gS\
fHk.Mh dk [kkus ;ksX; Hkkx D;k dgykrk gS\
^n eSu gq fMokbMsM bafM;k* iqLrd fdldh jpuk gS\
dfyax iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
iQksClZ if=kdk ds vuqlkj ,f'k;k ds fdl ns'k esa vjcifr;ksa dh la[;k lokZf/d
gS\
vjc ;k=kh lqyseku fdlds 'kklu dky esa Hkkjr vk;k Fkk\
vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, yksdlHkk esa fdrus LFkku vkjf{kr gSa\
lqizfl dfork ^fonzksgh* dh fdlus jpuk dh\
/uoarfj iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
fdl ewy d.k dh [kkst loZizFke gqbZ\
mkjh xksykZ esa lcls cM+k fnu dc gksrk gS\
lsyhfu;e /krq dk mi;ksx fdlesa fd;k tkrk gS\
lj lS";n vgen [kk }kjk xfBr fdl laLFkk }kjk vaxzsth iqLrdksa dk mnwZ esa
vuqokn fd;k tkrk Fkk\
HkjrukV;e~] dqfpiqM+h] eksguhvV~Ve rFkk vksfMlh u`R; 'kSfy;ksa esa fdl ,d esa
,dy u`R; gksrk gS\
^varjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k* (IMF) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
lokZf/d oukPNkfnr dsanz'kkflr izns'k dkSu&lk gS\
mkj
bLikr]
21 twu dks]
lEiw.kZ iQy]
jiQhd tdkfj;k dh]
1952 bZ- esa]
Hkkjr esa]
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fefgj Hkkst]
84]
jiQhd ut#y bLyke us]
1971 bZ- esa
izksVkWu dh]
21 twu dks]
iQksVks bysfDVd lsy esa]
lkbfUVfiQd lkslkbVh]
HkjrukV~;e esa]
okf'kaxVu Mh- lh- esa]

vaMeku o fudksckj }hi
lewg]
laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa iz'u dky ds Bhd ckn ds le; dks D;k dgk tkrk 'kwU; dky]
gS\
cky xaxk/j fryd us ^gkse:y yhx* dh dc LFkkiuk dh Fkh\
vizSy] 1916 bZ- esa]
^ljgqy* fdl jkT; dk izfl yksdu`R; gS\
>kj[kaM dk]
ykSax ds rsy dk dkSu&lk izeq[k ?kVd nkr ds nnZ dks nwj djus esa iz;qDr gksrk ;wtsuky]
gS\
rhLrk unh ds ty cVokjs dk fookn fdu nks ns'kksa ds chp gS\
Hkkjr vkSj ckaXykns'k]
ikWftVku uked ewy d.k dh [kkst fdlus dh\
,.Mjlu us]
Hkxr flag dh eq[kcjh djus ds dkj.k iQ.khUnz ?kks"k dh gR;k fdlus dh\
cSdq.M 'kqDy us]
ûkSVadh* fdl jkT; dk izfl yksdu`R; gS\
mkj izns'k dk]
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ubZ [kfut uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk fdl o"kZ dh x;h\
1993 bZ- esa]
la;qDr jk"V la?k dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
24 vDVwcj] 1945 bZ- dks]
xzke iapk;rksa dh LFkkiuk lafo/ku ds fdl Hkkx esa gS\
Hkkx&4]
lqHkk"kpanz cksl ds jktuhfrd xq# dkSu Fks\
fpkjatu nkl]
ukSVadh dk lcls egRoiw.kZ ok| ;a=k D;k gS\
rcyk
(136)
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iz'u
ÎykLVj vkWiQ isfjl* dk jklk;fud lw=k D;k gS\
fdl ?kVuk ds dkj.k vkdk'k dk jax uhyk izrhr gksrk gS\
fo'o dk lcls iqjkuk [kk|kUu dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr dc vktkn gqvk\
jk"VeaMy dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
^,uthZ LVSfVfLVDl* dkSu&lk laLFkku izdkf'kr djrk gS\
yanu dk ^csEcys LVsfM;e* fdl [ksy ls lEcfU/r gS\
xzke iapk;r dk lnL; cuus gsrq U;wure mez lhek D;k gS\
ex/ ds dkSu&dkSu lezkV~ cq ds ledkyhu Fks\
jk"VeaMy ds dqy fdrus lnL; ns'k gSa\
Iyklh dh yM+kbZ esa fljktqkSyk fdlds }kjk ijkftr fd;k x;k\
^,aMksesMk* gekjh vkdk'kxaxk ls fdruh nwj gS\
ijek.kq HkV~Vh esa xzsiQkbV dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk D;k dgykrk gS\
xkSre cq ds firk dk uke D;k Fkk\
G-8 dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
jkorHkkVk ijek.kq fo|qr la;a=k dgk fLFkr gS\
MkmUl fl.Mkse ,d vkuqoaf'kd fodkj gS] ;g fdl dkj.k gksrk gS\
mkj
CaSO.1/2HO]
izdh.kZu ds dkj.k]
tkS]
15 vxLr] 1947 dks]
yanu esa]
dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh; laxBu]
iQqVckWy ls]
21 o"kZ]
fcfEclkj vkSj vtkr'k=kq]
54]
jkWcVZ Dykbo }kjk]
2.2 fefy;u izdk'k o"kZ]
ijek.kq ikby]
'kqks/ku]
1945 bZ- esa]
jktLFkku esa]
xq.klw=kksa dh la[;k esa
ifjorZu ds dkj.k]
iapk;rksa dk dk;Zdky fdrus o"kZ dk gksrk gS\
5 o"kZ]
xkSre cq ds cpiu dk uke D;k Fkk\
flkFkZ]
'ka?kkbZ&5 (G-5) dk izFke f'k[kj lEesyu fdl o"kZ vkSj dgk gqvk Fkk\
1996 esa] 'ka?kkbZ esa
i.kZgfjr esa D;k ik;k tkrk gS\
eSXuhf'k;e (Mg)]
fdl egklkxj ds vkl&ikl fo'o esa lokZf/d Tokykeq[kh gSa\
iz'kkar egklkxj]
fdl iQly esa ,tksyk ,oa ,ukohuk tSo moZjd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
pkoy esa]
dfyax fot; ls iwoZ v'kksd fdl /eZ dk vuq;k;h Fkk\
'kSo /eZ]
^vejkorh Ldwy vkWiQ vkVZ* fdl jkT; esa gS\
vkU/z izns'k esa]
jkmjdsyk esa bLikr dkj[kkus dh LFkkiuk fdl ns'k ds lg;ksx ls dh x;h Fkh\ teZuh ds]
tft;k dj fduls fy;k tkrk Fkk\
xSj eqlyekuksa ls]
iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds mPpre Lrj ij dkSu gS\
ftyk ifj"kn]
1921 bZ- esa LFkkfir izsl desVh dk v/;{k fdls pquk x;k\
rst cgknqj lizw dks]
fdl njsZ ls 44 o"kZ ckn Hkkjr&phu lhek O;kikj fdl LFkku ls izkjEHk gqbZ gS\ ukFkw&yk ls]
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(137)
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iz'u
Hkkjr dk izFke U;wfDy;j fjlpZ fj,DVj dkSu&lk gS\
fdl izdkj ds Tokykeq[kh dh vkfr xksHkh ds iQwy dh rjg gksrh gS\
fdl xSl dks îzk.k ok;q* dgk tkrk gS\
^fgUnw iSfV;kV* dk izdk'ku dydkk esa fdlds }kjk vkjEHk fd;k x;k\
^'ksojkW; igkfM+;k* fdl jkT; esa gSa\
^bafnjk vkokl ;kstuk* (IAY) vc fdl ;kstuk dk ,d fgLlk gS\
mkj
vIljk]
gokbZ rqY; Tokykeq[kh]
vkWDlhtu]
fxjh'kpUnz ?kks"k }kjk]
rfeyukMq esa]
iz/kuea=kh xzkeksn; ;kstuk
dk]
ikS/ksa ds tSfod jlk;uksa }kjk nwljs ikS/ksa dh o`f ,oa fodkl esa ck/k D;k ,yhyksiSFkh]
dgykrk gS\
jk"Vifr vius R;kxi=k esa fdls lEcksf/r djrk gS\
mijk"Vifr dks]
fdlds fy, Lokeh foosdkuan us ^'ksjuh* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk\
ekjxzsV ukscsy ds fy,]
^fDy;ksisVk* fdl ns'k dh egkjkuh Fkh\
felz dh
fpyxkstk fdl iztkfr ds chp ls izkIr gksrk gS\
ikbu]
var% lkxjh; Hkwdaiksa }kjk mRiUu leqnz ygjksa dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
lqukeh]
jsfM;ks dk vkfo"dkjd dkSu gS\
ekdksZuh]
dkaxzsl usrk] tks yxkrkj N% o"kks rd dkaxzsl ds v/;{k in ij jgs] dkSu Fks\ vcqy dyke vktkn]
^fjokWY;w'ku 2020 % yo djIlu] ,Ech'ku* ds ys[kd dkSu gS\
psru Hkxr]
^lexz vkokl ;kstuk* fdl ;kstuk dk ,d vax gS\
iz/kuea=kh xzkeksn; ;kstuk
dk]
la;qDr jk"V la?k dk iz/ku dk;kZy; dgk fLFkr gS\
U;w;kWdZ esa]
yksdlHkk dk fo?kVu dkSu dj ldrk gS\
jk"Vifr]
fnxEcj vkSj fo".kq fo'okl fdl vkanksyu ds usrk Fks\
uhy vkanksyu ds]
^fMLVSaV Me* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
euksgj ekyxkaodj]
^fo;kxzk* dk jklk;fud uke D;k\
flyMsukfiQy lkbVsV]
^fo'o ekSle foKku laxBu* dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
tsusok esa]
la;qDr mikax dk lalkj dk lcls cM+k la?k dkSu&lk gS\
vkFkksZiksMk]
uhy fonzksg ls lacaf/r iqLrd ûhy niZ.k* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
nhuca/q fe=k]
^dqyh* ds ys[kd dkSu gS\
eqYdjkt vkuan]
1950 esa t;izdk'k ukjk;.k us dkSu&lh ;kstuk cuk;h Fkh\
loksZn; ;kstuk]
^pdj* 'kCn fdl [ksy ls lacaf/r gS\
iksyks ls]
dkSu laln dk l=kkolku dj ldrk gS vkSj laln ds l=k dks vkgwr dj ldrk jk"Vifr]
gS\
^vf[ky Hkkjrh; VsM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl* (AITUC) dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ gqbZ\
1920 bZ- esa]
^, iSlst Vw baXySaM* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
uhjn lh- pkS/jh
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
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6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(138)
General Studies
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iz'u
dkSu&lk vkanksyu iQjSth vkanksyu ds fo# Fkk\
eSnkuh {ks=kksa esa fdl fof/ }kjk pkoy dh [ksrh dh tkrh gS\
fctyh ds ia[ks dk vkfo"kdkjd dkSu gS\
vf[ky Hkkjrh; VsM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl dk igyk vf/os'ku dgk vk;ksftr fd;k
x;k\
jghe iQgheqhu Mkxj dk lac fdl xkf;dh ls gS\
^dLrqjck xk/h f'k{kk ;kstuk* dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
vk[k dh LokLFkrk ds fy, dkSu&lk foVkfeu t:jh gS\
fdldh Lohfr ds fcuk laln }kjk ikfjr dksbZ fo/s;d dkuwu ugha cu
ldrk\
vdcj }kjk nhoku dk iw.kZ:is.kk ntkZ fn;k tkus okyk izFke O;fDr dkSu Fkk\
^yksVk* fdl jkT; dk izfl yksdu`R; gS\
foLiQksVd ^vkj Mh- ,Dl* dh [kkst fdlus dh\
'kgn mRiknu gsrq e/qeD[kh ikyu D;k dgykrk gS\
vkFkksZiksMk la?k dk lcls cM+k oxZ dkSu&lk gS\
vdcj ds 'kkludky esa iquxfBZr dsUnzh; iz'kklu&ra=k ds varxZr êhj c['kh*
fdl foHkkx dh ns[kHkky djrk Fkk\
^>wej@?kwej* fdl jkT; dk izfl yksdu`R; gS\
gfjr kafr dk lokZf/d izHkko fdl iQly ds mRiknu ij iM+k\
fdls êjkBh xhrk* dgk tkrk gS\
la;qDr izoj lfefr esa jkT;lHkk ds fdrus lnL; gksrs gSa\
gLrkarj.k ds fy, vkjf{kr Hkwfe dks eqxy dky esa D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
^dU;kyk* fdl jkT; ls lac o izfl yksdu`R; gS\
ckWy isu dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
lw;Z ls nwjh ds e esa i`Foh dk LFkku dkSu&lk gS\
lcls ljyre ,jkseSfVd gkbMksdkcZu dkSu&lk gS\
eulcnkjh O;oLFkk esa egkuk tkxhjksa ds izpyu dk Js; fdls tkrk gS\
fdlds tUe fnol dks varjkZ"Vh; vfgalk fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjr vius dqy pk; mRiknu dk fdruk fgLlk fu;kZr djrk gS\
^ySdksUl* (LACONES) dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dk iz/ku dkSu gksrk gS\
fdl laxhr ok| dks fgUnw&eqfLye o|ksa dk lcls Js"B feJ.k ekuk x;k gS\
^xk/h t;arh* dc euk;h tkrh gS\
mkj
rk;wuh vkanksyu]
izfrjksi.k fof/ ls]
hyj]
cEcbZ esa]
/zqin xkf;dh ls]
15 vxLr] 1997]
foVkfeu ^,*]
jk"Vifr ds]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
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5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(139)
eqt"iQj [kk rqjcrh]

e; izns'k dk]
gSfuax us]
,ihdYpj]
dhV oxZ]
lSfud foHkkx dh]
jktLFkku dk]
xsgw]
Kkus'ojh dks]
15]
iSckdh]
fgekpy izns'k ls
tkWu ts- oksUM us]
rhljk]
csathu]
'kkgtgk dks]
xka/hth ds tUe fnol dks]
25%]
1 iQjojh] 2007 dks]
jkT;iky]
flrkj]
2 vDVwcj dks]
General Studies
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iz'u
xsgw dk <hyk dan jksx dk dkjd dod dkSu&lk gS\
varfj{k esa dqy fdrus rkjkeaMy gSa\
;g fdl tM+rk dk fu;e gS fd xfreku oLrq mlh fLFkfr esa jgsxh tc rd
dksbZ cy mls jksd u ns\
u;h iQkjlh dkO; 'kSyh ^lcd&,&fgUnh* vFkok ^fgUnqLrkuh 'kSyh ds tUenkrk
dkSu Fks\
yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh t;arh dc euk;h tkrh gS\
Hkkjr vius dkWiQh mRiknu dk fdruk izfr'kr fgLlk fu;kZr djrk gS\
la;qDr jk"Vla?k dh orZeku lnL; la[;k fdruh gS\
jkT;iky dks dkSu gVk ldrk gS\
".knso jk; fdl eqxy 'kkld ds ledkyhu Fks\
^fo'o n`f"V fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
mkj
vkfLVykxks uwMk fVfVdh]
89]
xfr dk tM+Ro]
vehj [kqljks]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
2 vDVwcj
80%]
dks]
193]
jk"Vifr]
ckcj ds]
vDVwcj ds nwljs xq#okj
dks
fdls ^,jhu* Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
,jkseSfVd gkbMksdkcZu dks]
cq/ xzg lw;Z dh ,d ifjek fdrus fnuksa esa iwjk djrk gS\
88 fnuksa esa]
vkyw dk mkjHkkoh vaxekjh jksx dk dkjd dod dkSu&lk gS\
iQkbVksFkksjk bUiQsLVsUl]
dkSu thou ds izkjfEHkd dky esa nL;q vkSj gR;kjk Fks\
ukenso]
;wuku ds fdl nk'kZfud dks fo"k dk I;kyk ihus ds fy, ok/; fd;k x;k Fkk\ lqdjkr dks]
izFke f"k x.kuk dc dh x;h Fkh\
1970 bZ- esa]
varjkZ"Vh; okVj iksyks cksMZ dk xBu fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k\
1950 bZ- esa]
fcgkj ds izFke jkT;iky dkSu Fks\
t;jkenkl nkSyrjke]
egewn xtuoh ds vke.k ds le; xqtjkr dk 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
Hkhe izFke]
egkHkkjr esa >kj[kaM dks fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk\
iq.Mjhd ns'k]
j.kthr flag fdl fely ls lacaf/r Fks\
lqdjpfd;k fely ls]
;fn nks LFkkuksa dh fLFkfr esa 90 ns'kkarj dk varj gS] rc nksuksa LFkkuksa ds chp 6 ?kaVs dk]
le;kUrj fdrus ?kaVksa dk gksxk\
dEcy dks gkFk ls idM+dj MaMs ls ihVus ij /wy ds d.k >M+dj fxj iM+rs gSa] tM+Ro ds dkj.k]
;g fdl dkj.k gksrk gS\
jk"VdwV oa'k dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
nafrnqxZ us]
jekdkar vpjsdj fdl fo'o izfl fdsV f[kykM+h ds xq# gSa\
lfpu rsanqydj]
fokh; o"kZ 2011-12 esa Hkkjr ls fdl mRikn dk lokZf/d fu;kZr fd;k x;k\ bathfu;fjax mRikn dk]
fdl foVkfeu esa dksckYV gksrk gS\
foVkfeu Besa]
jk"Vifr in ij (dk;Zdkjh in vykok) lcls de vof/ ds fy, inklhu MkW- tkfdj gqlSu]
O;fDr dkSu Fks\
"kd oxZ dh dksbZ efgyk fcuk vkHkw"k.kksa ds ugha ns[kh tk ldrh Fkh**&;g 'kEls f'kjkt vlhiQ dk]
dFku fdldk gS\
lokZf/d eqfLye tula[;k okyk ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
baMksfu'k;k
(140)
General Studies
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iz'u
fdldh bysDVkWuca/qrk lcls vf/d gksrk gS\
Hkkjr esa lhlk dk lokZf/d HkaMkj fdl jkT; esa gS\
jDr ifjlapj.k dk dsUnzh; ifEiax LVs'ku dkSu&lk vax gksrk gS\
bDrk izFkk dks nqckjk fdlus izkjaHk fd;k\
vkWLdj iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k esa mYys[kuh; dk;Z gsrq fn;k tkrk gS\
fo'o O;kikj esa Hkkjr dk va'k fdruk izfr'kr gS\
lwiQh lar [oktk eqbuqhu fp'rh fdlds 'kklu dky esa jktLFkku vk, Fks\
26 tuojh] 1950 ls 12 tuojh] 1952 rd Hkkjr ds dkSu varfje jk"Vifr Fks\
^fdjkrktqZuh;e~* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
vkWLdj iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
fdsV dk f[kykM+h rsth ls vkrh gqbZ ckWy dks D;ksa vius gkFk dks ihNs [khapdj
idM+rk gS\
Hkkjr dk igyk lkoZtfud {ks=k dk mojZd dkj[kkuk dgk LFkkfir fd;k x;k\
fdldh fo|qr .kkRedrk lcls vf/d gksrh gS\
;kKoYD;] ukjn] dkR;k;u rFkk c`gLifr Le`fr;ksa dh jpuk fdl dky esa gqbZ\
fdls ^Hkkjrh; flusek dk firk* dgk tkrk gS\
Hkkjr esa futh {ks=k dk igyk fu;kZr laLdj.k {ks=k dgk LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS\
Vh-oh- ij vaxzsth lekpkj cqysfVu dk izlkj.k dc izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
lafo/ku esa mfYyf[kr ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dks dkSu fuyfEcr dj ldrk gS\
xgM+oky oa'k dk egkure 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
nknk lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ ls izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
jDr eq[; :i ls fdl :i esa dk;Z djrk gS\
lokZf/d fouk'kdkjh HkwdEih; rjaxs gSa\
nch gqbZ fLizax esa dkSu&lh tkZ gksrh gS\
dY;k.kh ds pkyqD; oa'k dk egkure 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
îQwyksa dh ?kkVh* fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
fdl lfefr us f"k tksrksa (Agricutural holdings) ij dj yxkus dh laLrqfr dh
Fkh\
la;qDr jk"Vla?k dk 193 ok lnL; ns'k dkSu&lk gS\
jk"Vifr ds vkarfjd xM+cM+h ds vk/kj ij jk"Vh; ladV dh ?kks"k.kk loZizFke
dc dh Fkh\
egkRek xka/h dks pEikj.k vkus dk U;kSrk fdlus fn;k Fkk\
^[kqnkc['k vksfj;aVy ifCyd ykbczsjh* dgk fLFkr gS\
mkj
Dyksjhu dh]
jktLFkku esa]
n;]
flusek {ks=k esa]
yxHkx 2%]
i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds]
MkW- jktsUnz izlkn]
Hkkjfo us]
1929 bZ- esa]
laosx ?kVkus gsrq]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(141)
flanjh esa]
Dyksjhu (F) dh]
xqIr dky esa]
nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks]
lwjr esa]
3 fnlEcj] 1971 bZ- dks]
jk"Vifr]
xksfoUnpanz]
1969 bZ- ls
vkWDlhtuokgd ds :i esa]
L rjaxsa]
fLFkfrt tkZ]
foekfnR; "k"B]
mkjk[kaM esa]
jkt lfefr us]
nf{k.kh lwMku]
1975 bZ- esa]
jktdqekj 'kqYd us]

iVuk esa]
General Studies
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iz'u
,d jsfM;ks/ehZ inkFkZ dh vZ&vk;q 4 eghus gSA bl inkFkZ ds rhu pkSFkkbZ Hkkx
{k; gksus esa fdruk le; yxsxk\
rjy inkFkks ls gksdj u xqtj ldus okyh HkwdEih; ygj dkSu&lh gS\
tc dksbZ ckgjh inkFkZ ekuo #f/j iz.kkyh esa izfo"V gksrk gS] rks izfrf;k dkSu
izkjEHk djrk gS\
Hkkjr esa U;kf;d O;oLFkk fdlus ykxw dh Fkh\
iVuk esa ^lnkdr vkJe* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
Hkkjr dh tula[;k o`f dk loZizeq[k dkj.k D;k gS\
ekbdy iQjsjk fdl ns'k ds fcfy;MZl~ f[kykM+h gS\
jktLFkku dh dkSu igyh efgyk eq[;ea=kh Fkh\
fdl xouZj tujy ij egkfHk;ksx dk eqdnek pyk;k x;k\
^jkt?kkV* fdl egkiq#"k dk lekf/ LFky gS\
cky xaxk/j fryd us fdls ^Hkkjr dk ghjk* dgk\
^lqukeh* fdl Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS\
fdlh xfr'khy fiaM dk osx vk/k djus ls mldh xfrt tkZ D;k gks tkrh
gS\
ykWMZ fofy;e csafVad fdl ,DV ds rgr Hkkjr dk xouZj tujy cuk\
^xqtjkr fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
lokZf/d tula[;k okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
ikyd ds ikksa esa fdldh ek=kk lcls vf/d gksrh gS\
fcgkj dh izFke efgyk eq[;ea=kh dkSu gqbZ\
fdl dq"kk.k 'kkld us lokZf/d Lo.kZ eqnk,a tkjh dh\
ôU; izk.kh lIrkg* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
gkbMkstu ds jsfM;kslf' leLFkkfud dks D;k dgrs gSa\
varjkZ"Vh; frfFk js[kk fdls dgk tkrk gS\
fdl CyM xzqi esa ,UVhckWMh ugha ik;h tkrh gS\
dq"kk.k dky ds nkSjku ewfrZdyk dh dkSu&lh 'kSyh fodflr gqbZ\
;wusLdks us fdl frfFk dks ^fo'o f'k{kd fnol* ds :i esa ?kksf"kr fd;k gS\
tula[;k dh n`f"V ls lcls NksVk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa izFke vkaXy ejkBk ;q gq,\
iapk;rh jkt dh vk/kjf'kyk dkSu gS\
fdl 'kkld us xqIroa'k ds jk"Vh; fp dks x:M+ dh txg e;wj dj fn;k\
^fo'o [kk| fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
mkj
8 eghus]
L rjaxsa]
WBC]
ykWMZ dkuZokfyl]
etg:y gd us]
e`R;q&nj esa deh]
Hkkjr ds]
olqU/jk jkts flaf/;k]
okjsu gsfLVaXl]
egkRek xk/h dk
xksiky ".k xks[kys dks]
tkikuh]
pkSFkkbZ]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(142)
1833 ds
pkVZj ,DV }kjk]

1 ebZ dks]
mkj izns'k]
yksgk (vk;ju) dh]
jkcM+h nsoh]
dMfiQll f}rh; us]
1-7 vDVwcj dks]
VkbfV;e]
180 ns'kkarj js[kk dks]
CyM xzqi AB esa]
xka/kj 'kSyh]
5 vDVwcj dks]
flfDde]
okjsu gsfLVaXl ds]
xzke lHkk]
dqekjxqIr us]
16 vDVwcj dks
General Studies
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iz'u
fdlh oLrq ds osx dks nksxquk djus ij oLrq dh xfrt tkZ fdruh gks tkrh
gS\
;g fdlus loZizFke izfrikfnr fd;k fd lw;Z lkSjeaMy dk dsUnz gS vkSj i`Foh
mldh ifjek djrh gS\
fdlds ukfHkd esa U;wVkWu ugha gksrk gS\
v'kksd dh og iRuh dkSu Fkh ftlus mldks izHkkfor fd;k Fkk\
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp Fkkj ,Dlizsl Hkkjr esa dgk ls izkjaHk gksrh Fkh\
egkRek xk/h dh vkfFkZd fopkj/kjk ls izsfjr gksdj fdlus 1944 bZ- esa xk/hoknh
;kstuk dk fuekZ.k fd;k\
ikWyhxzkiQ dh [kkst fdlus dh\
uxj iz'kklu dk o.kZu lafo/ku ds fdl vuqlwph esa gS\
iq";fe=k 'kqax fdl /eZ dk vuq;k;h Fkk\
eqacbZ ns'k esa lcls cM+s vkradh geys dk f'kdkj dc cuk\
Msxw cq[kkj esa ekuo 'kjhj esa fdldh deh gks tkrh gS\
fdl fnu lw;Z ls i`Foh dh nwjh U;wure gksrh gS\
ekSr ds dq, esa eksVjlkbfdy pykuk fdl cy ds dkj.k laHko gksrk gS\
Hkkjr ds egku js'ke ekxZ fdlus vkjEHk djok;k\
fiQYe ^ciQhZ* ds funsZ'kd dkSu gSa\
^ch- ,u- ;qxka/j lfefr* fdl {ks=k ls lacaf/r gS\
mkj
pkj xquh]
dkWijfudl us]
gkbMkstu ds]
dk#okdh]
equkckvks (ckM+esj) ls]
JheUukjk;.k us]
y
f
il
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6
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7
tkWu vkWxLVe yklZu]

ckjgoha vuqlwph esa]
czk.k /eZ dk]
26 uoEcj] 2008 dks]
IySVysV~l dh]
3 tuojh dks]
vfHkdsUnzh; cy ds dkj.k]
dfu"d us]
vuqjkx clq]
jk"Vh; lkekftd lgk;rk
ls]
dkSu&lh Hkk"kk,a la;qDr jk"V la?k dh dk;Zdkjh Hkk"kk, gSa\
vaxzsth vkSj sap]
lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn }kjk fl[kksa }kjk ik.k /kj.k djuk /kfeZd Lora=krk vuqPNsn 25 ds }kjk]
dk vax ekuk tkrk gS\
^f}rh; xksyest lEesyu* dgk gqvk Fkk\
yanu esa]
^dgkuh* fiQYe dh eq[; vfHkus=kh dkSu gSa\
fo|k ckyu
fdlh ijek.kq dh ckg~;re d{kk esa fdrus bysDVkWu jg ldrs gSa\
8]
o`gLifr xzg dk lcls cM+k mixzg dkSu&lk gS\
xSfuehM]
dkSu&lh /krq ^bVkbZ&bVkbZ jksx* iSnk djrh gS\
dSMfe;e]
gM+Iik lH;rk ds fdl LFky dks ê`rdksa dk Vhyk* dgk tkrk gS\
eksgutksnM+ks dks]
êku cqdj iqjLdkj* fdl o"kZ ls izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
1969 bZ- ls]
cM+s vkS|ksfxd vkadM+ksa ds fy, C.S.O.) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
dksydkrk esa]
^gSej* 'kCn fdl [ksy ls lac gS\
LDoS'k ls]
lafo/ku ds fdl la'kks/u ds rgr ekSfyd drZO; dks tksM+k x;k gS\
42osa lafo/ku la'kks/u }kjk]
eksgutksnM+ksa dh lcls cM+h bekjr dkSu&lh gS\
vUukxkj]
eku cqdj iqjLdkj fdl Hkk"kk esa jpuk gsrq iznku fd;k tkrk gS\
vaxzsth esa]
(143)
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iz'u
jkWysV ,DV ds fojks/ esa yxku u nsus dk vkanksyu pykus dk lq>ko fdlus fn;k
Fkk\
i`Foh viuh /wjh ij ?kwerh gS] ;g loZizFke fdlus izfrikfnr fd;k\
i`Foh ds fdl Hkkx ij g (xq#Rotfur Roj.k) dk eku 'kwU; gksrk gS\
^êsjh uhfr tc ls eSa Hkkjr vk;k gw] dkaxzsl dks uiqald cuk jgh gS\**&;g dFku
fdldk gS\
cksjykWx iqjLdkj dc izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
^dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh laxBu* dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
js'ksnkj [kk| inkFkZ gesa eq[;r% fdlls cpkrs gSa\
fdlds uke ls izfr o"kZ fok ea=kh }kjk laln esa ctV is'k fd;k tkrk gS\
^lkbeu deh'ku* dc fu;qDr fd;k x;k\
cksjykWx iqjLdkj iznkrk laLFkk dkSu lh gS\
mkj
Lokeh Jkuan us]
dkWijfudl us]
HkwdsUnz ij]
ykWMZ dtZu dk]
y
f
il
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2
9
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2
q
5
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6
c
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2
7
esa]
ebZ] 1951 bZ- esa]
dCt ls]
jk"Vifr ds]
1927 bZ- esa]
dksjkseaMy
iQfVZykbtlZ
fyfeVsM
mnklhu ?kksy dk pH eku fdruk gksrk gS\
7]
^VkbVu* (Titan) fdl xzg dk mixzg gSa\
'kfu dk]
dkSu&lk iks"kd rRo lokZf/d tkZ iznku djrk gS\
dkcksZgkbMsV]
^,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWiQ caxky* dh fdlus LFkkiuk dh\
fofy;e tksal us]
êk.Mh* fdl jkT; dk izfl yksdu`R; gS\
xksok dk]
êqnzk ogh gS tks eqnzk dk dk;Z djs* eqnzk dh ;g ifjHkk"kk fdl vFkZ'kkL=kh us gkVZys fnolZ us]
nh gS\
r`rh; vkaXy eSlwj ;q ds le; caxky dk xouZj tujy dkSu Fkk\
ykWMZ dkuZokfyl]
laln ds fdl lnu ds fo?kVu djus dh 'kfDr jk"Vifr esa fufgr gS\
yksdlHkk]
jS";rokM+h O;oLFkk fduds }kjk izLrkfor O;oLFkk Fkh\
jhM ,oa equjks }kjk]
^vksV~Ve* fdl jkT; dk yksdu`R; gS\
dsjy dk]
tc fyV uhps dh vksj tkrk gS rc fyV esa fLFkr fi.M dk Hkkjr dSlk izrhr ?kVk gqvk]
gksrk gS\
ckWDlkbV fdldk v;Ld gS\
,Y;qehfu;e dk]
fdlh ,d lkekU; O;fDr ds jDr dk pH Lrj D;k gksrk gS\
7.357.45]
fdl xouZj tujy us rksi[kkus dk eq[;ky; dks dydrk ls esjB LFkkukarfjr ykWMZ MygkSth us]
fd;k\
^:e iQkV* fdl jkT; dk izfl R;ksgkj gS\
flfDde dk]
dkSu&lh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk gSjkYM gksej ekWMy ij vk/fjr Fkh\
izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk]
HkwLFkSfrd mixzg i`Foh ry ls yxHkx fdruh pkbZ ij fLFkr gksrs gSa\
36000 fdeh-]
uxjikfydk ds fo?kVu ds fdrus ekg ds Hkhrj bldk pquko djkuk vfuok;Z 6 ekg]
gS\
fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa 1916 bZ- esa iwuk esa efgyk fo'ofo|ky; dh ykWMZ psEliQksMZ ds]
LFkkiuk dh xbZ\
fdl jkT; dk izfl R;ksgkj îksaxy* gS\
rfeyukMq dk
(144)
1973 bZ-
General Studies
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iz'u
olk dh deh ls Ropk dSlh gks tkrh gS\
Hkkjr ds mkjh eSnku esa fdl feV~Vh dk lokZf/d foLrkj gS\
rki c<+us ij xSlksa dh ';kurk ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS\
ve`rlj ds Lo.kZ eafnj esa fdlus Lo.kZ xqacn cuok;k Fkk\
^fo'o ty fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fodkl nj fdruh jgh\
la;qDr jk"V la?k ds /ot dh i`"BHkwfe fdl jax dh gS\
42osa lafo/ku la'kks/u }kjk leorhZ lwph esa dkSu&lk fo"k; tksM+k x;k\
rkR;k Vksis dk ewy uke D;k Fkk\
^fgekpy fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
fdls ^Hkfo"; dk b/u* dgk tkrk gS\
nq/ok us'kuy ikdZ fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
fdl foVkfeu dh deh ls vksB] ftg~ok rFkk Ropk esa #[kkiu vk tkrk gS\
eq.Mk fonzksg dk usrk dkSu Fkk\
^fo'o Je fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
fdl iz/kuea=kh ds dk;Z dky esa izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ykxw dh x;h\
o"kZ 2010 esa fnYyh esa vk;ksftr jk"VeaMy [ksyksa esa dkSu&ls nks u, [ksy tksM+s
x,\
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa f"k dks fdl lwph esa j[kk x;k gS\
fIl fe'ku* Hkkjr dc vk;k\
^Hkkjr&frCcr lhek iqfyl* (ITBP) dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
flD[kksa dk izFke xq# dkSu Fkk\
HkwdEih; rjaxksa dk ekiu fdl ;a=k ls fd;k tkrk gS\
osUpqjhehVj fdl izes; ij vk/kfjr gS\
Hkkjr /eZ egkeaMy dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
fdl Hkkjrh; fiQYe dks dku fiQYe lekjksg loZizFke iqjLr fd;k x;k\
prqFkZ iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dc izkajHk dh x;h\
jsfM;l vkSj vykuk gfM~M;k dgk ik;h tkrh gS\
dgha Hkh ^fuokl djus dh Lora=krk* ij fdl jkT; esa izfrcU/ gS\
lj lS";n vgen [kk us ^lkbfUVfiQd lkslkbVh* dh dc LFkkiuk dh\
^nks vk[ksa ckjg gkFk* fiQYe dk funsZ'ku fdlus fd;k\
mkj
#[kk]
tyks<+ feV~Vh]
';kurk c<+rh gS]
j.kthr flag us]
22 ekpZ dks]
3.7%]
gYdh uhyh jax dh]
tula[;k fu;a=k.k]
jkepanz ikaMqjax]
15 vizSy dks]
gkbMkstu dks]
mkj izns'k esa]
foVkfeu ch]
fcjlk eqaMk]
1 ebZ dks]
tokgjyky usg: ds]
Vsful rFkk /kuqfoZ|k]
y
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9
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(145)
jkT; lwph esa]

1942 bZ- esa]
24 vDVwcj] 1962 bZ- dks
xq# ukud]
flLeksxzkiQ]
cjukSyh ds izes; ij]
ia- nhun;ky 'kekZ us]
nks ch?kk tehu dks]
1vizSy] 1969 bZ- dks]
gkFk esa]
tEew o d'ehj jkT;]
1865 bZ- esa]
oh 'kkarkjke us]
General Studies
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iz'u
dkSu&lk b/u U;wure i;kZoj.kh; iznw"k.k mRiUu djrk gS\
mkjh vesfjdk esa fLFkr ekmaV eSfdUys fdl ioZr dh pksVh gS\
foVkfeu B6 dk jklk;fud uke D;k gS\
cknkeh ds pkyqD; oa'k dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
fiQYe ^fiatj* fdl miU;kldkj ds blh uke ds miU;kl ij vk/kfjr gS\
jk"Vh; uewuk losZ{k.k laxBu dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh x;h Fkh\
fdl ok;ljk; ds 'kklu dky dh lcls izeq[k ?kVuk 1857 dh fonzksg Fkk\
fdrus iz/kueaf=k;ksa dk fu/u muds dk;Zdky ds nkSjku gh gks x;k\
fdlus [kqn dks ^viQjkfl;kc* dk oa'kt crk;k\
izFke jaxhu pyfp=k dkSu&lk Fkk\
';kurk dh bdkbZ D;k gS\
fo'o dh lcls mQph ioZr pksfV;ksa fdl izdkj ds ioZr esa ik;h tkrh gSa\
^dBksjre /krq* dkSu&lh gS\
nf{k.k Hkkjr esa fot; izkIr djus okyk fnYyh dk izFke lqYrku dkSu Fkk\
dkaxks yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT; dh jkt/kuh dgk gS\
xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k fuxe dh LFkkiuk dc dh x;h Fkh\
bUlSV&2 ka`[kyk dk dkSu&lk mixzg vHkh Hkh dk;Z'khy gS\
jkT;lHkk esa dqy fdrus lnL; gks ldrs gSa\
fdls ^dukZVd laxhr dk firk* dgk tkrk gS\
nf{k.k vhdk dh eqnzk D;k gS\
dkSu&lk gkeksZu yM+ks ;k mM+ks gkeksZu dgykrk gS\
Hkkjr esa izos'k djus okys 'khrks".k dfVca/h; pokrksa dh mRifk dgk gksrh gS\
vkfdZfeMht fdl ns'k ls lacaf/r Fks\
^fyaxk;r lEiznk;* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
fdl ns'k dk jk"Vh; izrhd ^leqnzrV* gS\
fdl fokh; o"kZ esa ^loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku* izkjEHk fd;k x;k\
la;qDr jk"V la?k ds egklHkk dk vf/os'ku o"kZ esa U;wure fdrus ckj gksrk gS\
jkT;lHkk ds fdrus lnL; jkT;ksa rFkk la?k {ks=kksa ds fo/kulHkk lnL;ksa }kjk
fuokZfpr gks ldrs gSa\
ôsn ikfjtkr lkSjHk* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
fdl ns'k dk jk"Vh; iQwy dkWuZ "ykoj gS\
mkj
gkbMkstu]
jkWdh dk]
ik;jhMkWfDlu]
t;flag us]
ve`rk izhre ds]
1950 bZ-]
ykWMZ dSfuax ds]
rhu]
cycu us]
I;kj dh I;kl (1961 bZ-)
IokWbt]
uohu ofyr ioZr esa]
IysfVue]
vykmhu f[kyth]
fda'kklk]
tqykbZ] 1969 esa]
bUlSV&2bZ]
250]
iqjUnj nkl dks]
jS.M]
,Mhusyhu]
Hkwe; lkxj esa]
;wuku ls]
cklo us]
MsuekdZ dk]
2001-02 esa]
,d ckj]
238]
y
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2
9
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q
5
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6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
(146)
fuEckdZ us]
teZuh dk
General Studies
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iz'u
fdl /krq dk iz;ksx ekuo }kjk lcls igys fd;k x;k\
pkoy mRiknu esa fo'o esa Hkkjr dk dkSu&lk LFkku gS\
fL=k;ksa ds ;kSoukoLFkk esa ;kSu y{k.kksa ds fy, mkjnk;h gkeksZu dkSu&lk gS\
loZizFke fdl fons'kh ;k=kh ,oa ys[kd us f"k dks 'kwnzksa dk O;olk; crk;k\
;wjksi dk dkSu&lk ns'k f"k dh iz/kurk rFkk fgeky; dh Hkkfr vkYil ioZr
dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k ^;wjksi dk Hkkjr* dgykrk gS\
loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku ij fd;s x;s O;; esa dsUnz ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkj dk vuqikr
D;k gS\
nwljs vks&,f'k;kbZ [ksy dk vk;kstu dgk fd;k x;k\
jkT; lHkk ds fdrus lnL; jk"Vifr }kjk euksuhr gks ldrs gSa\
lksyadh oa'k dk vafre 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
fdl jkT; ds ljdkjh nrjksa esa oans ekrje~ dk xk;u vfuok;Z fd;k x;k gS\
v'kksd dk jkT;kfHk"ksd fdl o"kZ gqvk\
Hkkjr esa dqy f"k Hkwfe ds fdrus Hkkx ij pkoy dh [ksrh gksrh gS\
vkfdZfeMht dk fu;e fdlls lacaf/r gS\
iqydsf'ku f}rh; ds le; dkSu&lk phuh rhFkZ ;k=kh Hkkjr vk;k Fkk\
iqjh (vksfM'kk) fLFkr dks.kkdZ ds lw;Z eafnj dk fuekZrk dkSu Fkk\
ftls fons'kh eqnzk esa 'kh?kz ns'kkarj.k dh izo`fk gks] mls D;k dgrs gSa\
yky #f/j df.kdkvksa dk fuekZ.k dgk gksrk gS\
mkj
rkck]
f}rh;]
,LVkstu]
sulkax us]
bVyh]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
2
q
5
k
6
c
i
1
l
c 10
2
7
65 : 35]
vYth;lZ esa]
12]
Hkhe f}rh;]
e; izns'k esa]
269 bZ-iw- esa]
1/4 Hkkx ij]
Iyou ds fu;e ls]
sulkax]
ujflag izFke]
xje eqnzk]
vfLFk eTtk (Bone marrow)
esa]
Hkkjr ds lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa eaf=kifj"kn ds mkjnkf;Ro dk flkar vuqPNsn 75 (3) esa]
izfrikfnr gSa\
egkohj ds firk dk uke D;k Fkk\
flkFkZ]
vjch dks fdl o"kZ ls UNO dh egklHkk }kjk dk;Zdkjh Hkk"kk ds :i esa viuk;k 1973 bZ- esa
x;k\
êksgj yo.k* dk jklk;fud lw=k D;k gS\
FeSO(NH)SO.6HO]
iwohZ ?kkV dh lclsmQph pksVh dkSu&lh gS\
egsUnzfxfj
(1500 ehVj
mQph)]
Mk;fyfll dk iz;ksx fdl vax dh f;k dks iwjk djus ds fy, gksrk gS\
o`Dd dh]
ckS /eZ us lekt ds fdu oxks ij egRoiw.kZ izHkko Mkyk\
efgyk vkSj 'kwnz]
egknsoh oekZ dks mudh fdl jpuk ds fy, KkuihB iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;k\ ^;kek* ds fy,]
cSad nj ls D;k izHkkfor gksrk gS\
C;kt dh cktkj nj]
fdl ok;ljk; dk laca/ ^czsdMkmu Iyku* ls Fkk\
ykWMZ ososy dk]
cEcbZ jkT; dks foHkkftr djds egkjk"V rFkk xqtjkr uked nks vyx&vyx jkT; 1960 bZ- esa]
dc cuk, x,\
xkSre cq }kjk fHk{kq.kh la?k dh LFkkiuk dgk dh xbZ Fkh\
oS'kkyh esa]
ve`rk izhre dks mudh fdl jpuk ds fy, KkuihB iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;k\ ^dkxt rs duokl* ds
fy,]
(147)
General Studies
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iz'u
mkj
mRiykodrk ls dkSu oSKkfud lacaf/r Fks\
vkfdZfeMht]
vjkoyh ioZr Js.kh fdu unh iz.kkfy;ksa }kjk foHkkftr gksrh gS\
ywuh ,oa cukl }kjk]
uedhu ty yksgs ds ikbi dks tax yxkdj pVdk nsrs gSa] bl izf;k dks D;k la{kkj.k]
dgrs gSa\
^[kqnkbZ f[knerxkj* ds uke ls fdls tkuk tkrk gS\
[kku vCnqy xiQkj [kk dks]
ve`rk izhre fdl Hkk"kk dh izfl lkfgR;dkj Fkha\
iatkch]
dsUnz ljdkj vFkksZIkk; .k (Way and means advances) fdlls ysrh gS\
Hkkjrh; fjotZ cSad ls]
^fpidks vkanksyu* dk usr`Ro fdlus fd;k\
lqUnjykyk cgqxq.kk us]
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa izFke la'kks/u fdl o"kZ gqvk Fkk\
1951 bZ- esa]
fdls ^fcuk rkt dk ckn'kkg* dgk tkrk gS\
lqjsUnzukFk cuthZ dks]
egk'osrk nsoh fdl Hkk"kk dh izfl lkfgR;dkj gSa\
ckaXyk
Losnu fdlds fy, egRoiw.kZ gS\
'kjhj ds rkieku ds
fofu;af=kr djus ds fy,]
vjkoyh ioZr dh lcls mQph pksVh dkSu&lh gS\
xq#f'k[kj]
fdlh rkjs dk jax fdldk ifjpk;d gksrk gS\
rkjs ds rki dk]
^fMLdojh vkWiQ bafM;k* fdldh jpuk gS\
tokgjyky usg: dh]
^yko.kh* fdl jkT; dk izfl yksdu`R; gS\
egkjk"V dk]
Hkkjrh fjtoZ cSad dh izFke efgyk fMIVh xouZj dkSu gS\
ds- th-mns'kh]
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds fdrus LFkk;h lnL; ns'k gSa\
ikp]
Hkkjr dh lcls iqjkuh jktuhfrd ikVhZ dkSu&lh gS\
dkaxzsl]
Hkkjr dk igyk lekpkj i=k dkSu&lk Fkk\
caxky xtV]
fdl 'kgj dk ^fpkjS* yksdfiz; R;ksgkj gS\
enqjS dk]
izs'kj dqdj fdl feJ/krq dk cuk gksrk gS\
M~;wjsyqfeu dk]
Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; esa caxky dh [kkM+h ,oa vjc lkxj nksuksa gh ekulwuh 'kk[kkvksa iatkc esa]
ls o"kkZ gksrh gS\
;wjksih; tSo rduhdh la?k dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
1978 bZ- esa]
g;d oa'k ds fdl jktk dk miuke ^Jsf.kd* Fkk\
fcfEclkj]
^yklkSax mRlo* fdl jkT; esa euk;k tkrk gS\
flfDde esa]
1 vizSy ls fokh; o"kZ izkjaHk djus dh ijaijk fdl o"kZ ls ykxw dh x;h\
1967 ls]
fdl [ksydwn O;fDrxr dks îk;yh ,Dlizsl* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
ih- Vh- m"kk dks]
fdl vf/fu;e dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk izkarh; Lok;krk Fkh\
Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e]
1935]
fcfEclkj fdl /eZ dk vuq;k;h Fkk\
ckS]
fo'o izfl ^dqaHk esyk* mkjk[kaM ds fdl 'kgj esa yxrk gS\
gfj}kj esa
y
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General Studies
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iz'u
g"kZo/Zu dh cgu jkT;Jh dk fookg fdlls gqvk Fkk\
ykSVrs ekulwu ls dksjkse.My rV ;k rfeyukMq esa o"kkZ gksus dk eq[; dkj.k D;k
gS\
Bksl diwj ls diwj ok"i cukus dh izf;k dks D;k dgrs gSa\
ufpdsrk vkSj ;e ds e; lqizfl laokn fdl xzaFk esa mfYyf[kr gS\
^rVj{kd cy* (Coast Guards) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
jktdks"kh; ?kkVs esa ls C;kt vnk;fx;ksa dks ?kVkus ds ckn D;k 'ks"k izkIr gksrk
gS\
fdlh kà[kyk esa izkFkfed miHkksDrk dkSu gksrs gSa\
Hkkjr dk jk"Vh; i'kq D;k gS\
f'k'kqukx us viuh jkt/kuh dgk cukbZ\
rVj{kd cy dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
fdl ;kSfxd dks ^feYd vkWiQ eSXusf'k;k* dgrs gSa\
mkj
xqgoeZu (ekS[kfj oa'k)]
LFkkuh; mPpkop]
m/oZikru]
dBksifu"kn~ esa]
ubZ fnYyh esa]
izkFkfed ?kkVk]
y
f
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7
'kkdkgkjh]
ck?k (iSUFkj Vkbfxzl)]
oS'kkyh esa]
1978 bZ- esa]
eSXuhf'k;e
gkbMkWDlkbM
dks]
dukZVd esa dgok dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;ksxh ekulwu ls igys ckSNkjksa dks D;k psjh CykWWle]
dgk tkrk gS\
Hkkjr esa jk"Vh; tSo rduhdh cksMZ dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
1982 bZ- esa]
izFke ckS laxhfr dgk vk;ksftr dh xbZ\
jktx`g esa]
xksyh pykus ds y{; dk e; Hkkx D;k dgykrk gS\
cqYl vkbZ]
O;kikfj;ksa] daifu;ksa rFkk fuxeksa dh 'kq vk; ij tks dj yxk;k tkrk gS] mls fuxe dj]
D;k dgk tkrk gS\
lqYrku ds ckn U;k; foHkkx dk loksZPp vf/dkjh D;k dgykrk Fkk\
dkth&my&dqtkr]
fdl lafo/ku la'kks/u ds rgr lafo/ku dh izLrkouk esa la'kks/u fd;k x;k\ 42osa lafo/ku la'kks/u esa]
f[kyth oa'k dk dkSu&lk lqYrku dHkh&dHkh jktnjckj esa fL=k;ksa dk oL=k igudj eqckjd f[kyth]
vk tkrk Fkk\
foeku pkyd ds cSBus dh txg dks D;k dgrs gS\
dkWdfiV
tsV batu dSl batu gS\
izfrf;k batu]
fdl xzg ij xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy dk eku lokZf/d gS\
o`gLifr ij]
;wfj;k uked dkcZfud inkFkZ dk eq[; vo;o D;k gS\
ukbVkstu]
cgyksyh flDds dk izpyu fdlus 'kq: fd;k\
cgyksy yksnh us]
fdl dfo dks îfr dk lqdqekj dfo* dgk tkrk gS\
lqfe=kkuanu iar dks]
Hkkjrh; vk;kr dh lcls cM+h en D;k gS\
isVksfy;e ,oa yqczhdsUV]
nsosUnz esokM+h fdl {ks=k esa izfl gSa\
foKku dFkk ys[ku {ks=k esa]
jk"Vh; vkikrdky dh mn~?kks"k.kk Lor% fdl ekSfyd vf/dkj dks fuyfEcr Lora=krk ds vf/dkj dks]
djrh gS\
fdl lar us f'kokth }kjk x, migkjksa dks ysus ls budkj dj fn;k Fkk\
rqdkjke us]
^dkelw=k* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
okRL;k;u us]
(149)
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iz'u
fdl jksx ds dkj.k fL=k;ksa esa iq#"kksa ds y{k.k cuus yxrs gSa\
fdl xzg dks îhyk xzg* dgk tkrk gS\
fdl ize esa "ek tkZ dk fofue; ugha gksrk gS\
dfyax ;q ds mijkar v'kksd us fdl /eZ dks Lohdkj fd;k Fkk\
ês?knwr* fdldh jpuk gS\
,e- ,u- jk; }kjk 1945 bZ- esa dkSu&lh ;kstuk fufeZr dh x;h\
mkj
,Mhuy fofjfyTe]
o`gLifr dks]
#ks"e ize esa]
ckS /eZ]
dkfynkl dh]
tu ;kstuk (People's
Plan)]
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds fdrus vLFkk;h lnL; ns'k gksrs gSa\
nl]
Hkkjr ds izFke jk"Vifr dkSu Fks\
MkW- jktsUnz izlkn]
v'kksd dks ckS /eZ esa fdlus nhf{kr fd;k\
mixqIr us]
^dknEcjh* fdldh jpuk gS\
ck.kHkV~V dh
fdls ûkbVksfye* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
dSfYl;e
lk;ukekbM
(CaCN) dks]
lw;Z ls rhljk de nwjLFk xzg dkSu&lk gS\
i`Foh]
bUlqfyu ds vfrlzo.k ls dkSu&lk jksx gks tkrk gS\
gkbiksXykblhfe;k]
fdl lezkV ds dky esa is'kkoj ckS lH;rk dk izfl dsUnz Fkk\
dfu"d ds]
^fofFk* fdl jkT; ls lac yksdu`R; gS\
vka/z izns'k ls]
t;izdk'k ukjk;.k us loksZn; ;kstuk dk izLrqrhdj.k fdl o"kZ fd;k\
tuojh] 1950 bZ- esa]
vksyfEid [ksy esa Hkkjr us gkWdh dk Lo.kZ ind vafre ckj dc thrk\
1980 bZ-]
fofHkUu la?kh; vk;ksxksa dks xfBr djus dk vf/dkj fdls izkIr gS\
jk"Vifr dks]
ifg;k cukuk fdl dky esa izkjEHk gqvk\
uo ik"kk.k dky esa]
êgkjkl* fdl jkT; ls lac yksdu`R; gS\
ef.kiqj ls]
fnYyh dh izfl ^tkek efLtn* dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
'kkgtgk us]
ckg~; xzg ;k o`gLifr ln`'k xzgksa dh fdruh la[;k gS\
4]
cgq:in'khZ (dSfyMksLdksi) esa rhu niZ.kksa esa izR;sd nks niZ.kksa ds chp fdrus fMxzh 60 dk dks.k]
dk dks.k curk gS\
lksyg egktuinksa dk mYys[k fdl ckS xzaFk esa feyrk gS\
vaxqkjfudk; esa]
gykgkckn esa dqaHk esys dk vk;kstu fdrus o"kZ ds varjky esa fd;k tkrk gS\ 12 o"kZ ds varjky ij]
Îykfuax ,.M n iqvj* iqLrd ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
ch- ,l- feUgkl]
ikfjra=k esa tkZ dk izkFkfed ;k eq[; lzksr D;k gksrk gS\
lw;Z dk izdk'k]
la;qDr izoj lfefr esa yksdlHkk ds fdrus lnL; gksrs gSa\
30]
ex/ dh izkjfEHkd jkt/kuh dgk Fkh\
fxfjozt]
igkM+h uxj ^dlkSyh* fdl jkT; esa gS\
mkjk[k.M esa
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iz'u
[kfut lajpuk dh n`f"V ls ghjk D;k gS\
dkSu&lk m|ksx ,d otu kl m|ksx gS\
dkSu&lk dksf'kdkax DNA j[krk gS\
egkohj dk tUe dgk gqvk Fkk\
jktk jkeeksgu jk; dh lekf/ dgk fLFkr gS\
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk cukus dh ftEesokjh fdl laLFkk ij gS\
Hkkjr esa ^fp'rh flyflyk* ds izorZd dkSu Fks\
fo/ku ifj"kn~ ds lnL; ds fy, U;wure vk;q lhek fdruk o"kZ gksuk fu/kZfjr
fd;k x;k gS\
loZizFke ^'kwU;okn* dk izfriknu djus okys ckS nk'kZfud dkSu Fks\
vjch Hkk"kk dks UNO dh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ }kjk dc dk;Zdkjh Hkk"kk ds :i esa
viuk;k x;k\
1.5 ehVj yEcs O;fDr dks viuk laiw.kZ izfrfcEc ns[kus ds fy, vko';d niZ.k
dh U;wure yEckbZ D;k gksxh\
Hkkjr esa dkxt dh igyh fey dgk yxkbZ xbZ Fkh\
dkSu&lh v/krq izdk'k dks ijkofrZr dj ldrh gS\
Hkkjr ds mkj ds ns'kksa esa ckS /eZ ds fdl lEiznk; dk izpyu gqvk\
Hkkjr ds igys iqfyl laxzgky; dh LFkkiuk dgk dh xbZ gS\
MkW- eueksgu flag fok ea=kh jgrs gq, fdruh ckj ctV is'k dj pqds gSa\
e`nk vijnu dks jksdus dk D;k lcls cM+k mik; gS\
jkT;lHkk dk dkSu insu lHkkifr gksrk gS\
varfje ljdkj esa fof/ ea=kh fdls cuk;k x;k Fkk\
Hkkjr ds fdl 'kgj esa iQksj LVkj js.kh dk izFke rSjrk gqvk gksVy fufeZr fd;k
x;k gS\
îzksxSEM lsy MsFk dk dksf'kdh; ,oa vkf.od fu;a=k.k* D;k dgykrk gS\
usikuxj fdl m|ksx ds fy, izfl gS\
rhu ewy jax dkSu&dkSu gSa\
eqfLye yhx us dc eqfDr fnol euk;k\
ewfrZ nsoh iqjLdkj ds rgr fdruh jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gS\
Hkkjr ds fdrus iz/kuea=kh ds ikl fok ea=kky; Hkh jgk\
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds vLFkk;h ns'kksa dks fdrus o"kks ds fy, pquk tkrk gS\
Hkkjr ds izFke mijk"Vifr dkSu Fks\
tqrs gq, [ksr ds lk{; dgk feys gSa\
vIiu esuu iqjLdkj fdl {ks=k esa ls lac gSa\
mkj
dkcZu]
dkxt m|ksx]
ekbVksdkWf.M;k]
dq.Mxzke (oS'kkyh) esa]
fczLVy (baXySaM) esa]
;kstuk vk;ksx ij]
[oktk eqbuqhu fp'rh]
30 o"kZ]
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(151)
ukxktqZu]
1982 bZ- esa]
0.75 ehVj]
fljkeiqj esa]
ghjk]
egk;ku]
xkft;kckn (m- iz-) esa]
,d ckj Hkh ugha]
oujksi.k]
mijk"Vifr]
Hkhejko vacsMdj dks]
dksydkrk esa
,ftax]
v[kckjh dkxt ds fy,]
uhyk] gjk vkSj yky]
51 gtkj #i;s]
pkj]
nks o"kZ ds fy,]
MkW- ,l- jk/k".ku]
dkyhcaxk esa]
i=kdkfjrk ls]
General Studies
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iz'u
Lopkfyr batuksa esa ls fdls fgefujks/h ds :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk jsyos tksu dkSu&lk gS\
mkj
,fFkyhu XykbdkWy]
e; jsyos ,oa if'pe
jsyos]
fejxh dh vkS"kf/ fdl ykbdsu ls izkIr gksrh gS\
ijesfy;k ls]
rkcs ds lokZf/d flDds fdl oa'k ds 'kkldksa us tkjh fd,\
dq"kk.k 'kkldksa us]
vIiu esuu iqjLdkj fotsrk dks fdruh jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gS\
,d yk[k #i;s]
iwoZ esa fok ea=kh jg pqds fdrus O;fDr;ksa us Hkkjr ds jk"Vifr in dks lq'kksfHkr nks]
fd,\
eqFkS;k eqjyh/ju fdl ns'k ds izfl fdsV f[kykM+h gSa\
Jhyadk]
fok vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
jk"Vifr]
ekr`nsoh ^mek* dk uke fdlds flDdksa ij vafdr gS\
dq"kk.k ds]
lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa ukscsy iqjLdkj ds ckn lcls cM+k iqjLdkj dkSu&lk gS\
eku cqdj iqjLdkj
fdl dky esa ^laLr lkfgR; dk Lo.kZ dky* dgk tkrk gS\
xqIr dky dks]
izFke ckj eaxy xzg ij dkSu&lk varfj{k ;ku mrjk Fkk\
ikFk iQkbUMj]
;fn ok;qeaMy u gks rks i`Foh ls vkdk'k fdl jax dk fn[kkbZ nsxk\
dkyk]
13oha lnh ds var esa fdl osful ;k=kh us ik.M~; jkT; dh ;k=kk dh Fkh\
ekdksZ iksyks]
^Lokax* fdl jkT; ls lac izfl yksdu`R; gS\
gfj;k.kk ls]
dsUnz ljdkj }kjk ^vaR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk* dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
dsUnzd esa vf/dka'kr% D;k ik;k tkrk gS\
Mh- ,u- ,-]
fo/ku ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky fdrus o"kks dk gksrk gS\
6 o"kZ]
izR;{k :i ls ckn'kkg ds fu;a=k.k okyh Hkwfe D;k dgykrh Fkh\
[kkylk Hkwfe]
^xjck* fdl jkT; dk izfl yksdu`R; gS\
xqtjkr dk]
lhls ds lap;u okys lsy esa fdl vEy dk iz;ksx gksrk gS\
lY";wfjd vEy dk]
'kqesdj ysoh&9 /wedsrq fdl xzg ls Vdjk;k Fkk\
o`gLifr ls]
fyVle ,d izkfrd jatd gS] ;g fdlls izkIr gksrk gS\
ykbdsu ls]
ru[okg ds cnys nh tkus okyh Hkwfe D;k dgykrh Fkh\
tkxhj Hkwfe]
îklh?kkV* fdl jkT; dk i;ZVu LFky gS\
v#.kkpy izns'k dk]
^Loty/kjk dk;Ze* dc izkjEHk fd;k x;k\
og lwiQh lar dkSu Fkk] tks ;g ekurk Fkk fd HkfDr laxhr bZ'oj ds fudV igqpus eqbuqhu fp'rh]
dk ekxZ gS\
lHkh n'kkvksa esa e`R;qnaM {kek djus dh 'kfDr fdlesa fufgr gS\
jk"Vifr esa]
^'kksj'kkg }kjk fufeZr lM+d o ljk;* viQxku lkezkT; dh /efu;k Fkha** ;g ds- vkj- dkuwuxks dh]
fdldh mfDr gS\
^v#foys vkJe* dgk gS\
iqMqpsjh esa
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iz'u
fdl jax dk dkap esa izdk'k dh pky lcls de rFkk viorZukad lcls vf/d
gksrk gS\
Hkkjr esa ik;k tkus okyk yksgk eq[;r% fdl izdkj dk gS\
^Mk;ukekbV* dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
fnYyh dk iqjkuk fdyk fdlds }kjk ouok;k x;k\
^xksyu dh igkfM+;k dgk fLFkr gS\
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ô"kkZ chek ;kstuk* fdl o"kZ 'kq: dh x;h\
Hkkjr dh ifo=krek unh xaxk fdl 'kgj ds fudV lokZf/d iznwf"kr gS\
izR;sd vke pquko ds ckn yksdlHkk ds izFke l=k ,oa izR;sd o"kZ ds izFke l=k
dks dkSu lacksf/r djrk gS\
^Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl* dh izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk v/;{k dkSu Fkh\
^ck?kk* fdu nks ns'kksa ds chp LFky lhek ij fLFkr gS\
^lsc* vko`rchth ds fdl dqy ls lac gS\
Hkkjr esa js'ke dk lokZf/d mRiknu fdl jkT; esa gksrk gS\
yky vkSj gjk jax feykus ls dkSu&lk jax curk gS\
^f'keyk dk laU;klh* (gjfeV vkWiQ f'keyk) fdls dgk tkrk gS\
^cMZ eSu vkWiQ bafM;k* ds miuke ls dkSu izfl gSa\
varjZjkT;h; ifj"kn dSlh bdkbZ gS\
^vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd ifj"kn~* ds fdrus lnL; ns'k gSa\
la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa rFkk v/;{k dh fu;qfDr fdrus o"kks ds fy,
gksrh gS\
^bZLV bafM;k ,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
igyk fo'o fganh lEesyu dgk vkSj fdl o"kZ vk;ksftr fd;k x;k Fkk\
^ck:n* dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k Fkk\
varjkZ"Vh; frfFk js[kk ls fdl fn'kk esa tkus ij ,d fnu c<+krs gSa\
dRFkk vko`rchth ds fdl dqy ls lac gS\
dje'kkg fdl fonzksg ls lac Fkk\
fdl egkiq#"k dk miuke ^caxky dsljh* gS\
izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk vafre izk:i dc izdkf'kr fd;k x;k Fkk\
VsLV fdsV esa 600 fodsV ysus okys fo'o ds rhljs xsanckt dkSu gSa\
jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds v/;{k dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
fdl tutkfr us ekuo cfy izFkk dk fu"ks/ djus ds dkj.k vaxzstksa ds fo#
fojks/ izdV fd;k Fkk\
^îki ls Mjks] ikih ls ugha**&fdldh mfDr dh gS\
mkj
cSaxuh jax dk]
gsesVkbV]
vYsM ukscsy us]
'ksj'kkg ds }kjk]
nf{k.kh&if'peh lhfj;k esa]
o"kZ 2004 esa]
dkuiqj ds fudV]
jk"Vifr]
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ljksftuh uk;Mw]
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku]
jkstslh dqy ls]
dukZVd esa]
ihyk]
,- vks- g~;we dks]
MkW-lyhe vyh]
,d laoS/kfud bdkbZ]
54]
6 o"kks ds fy,]

ukxiqj (Hkkjr) 1975 bZ- esa
jkstj csdu us]
iwjc ls if'pe]
ysX;wfeukslh ls]
ikxyiaFkh fonzksg ls]
vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ dk]
fnlEcj] 1952 esa]
vfuy dqacys]
jkT;iky]
[kksaM tutkfr us]
egkRek xk/h dh]
General Studies
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iz'u
enzkl esa fdlus ^n iQksdykslZ vkWiQ lnuZ bafM;k* izdkf'kr fd;k\
xzsukbV dh x.kuk fdl izdkj ds pV~Vkuksa esa dh tkrh gS\
uhyk vkSj ihyk jax feykus ls dkSu&lk jax curk gS\
êfj;kg cfy izFkk* dc can dh xbZ\
fdlus dgk fd&cqfeku O;fDr ds ihNs ,d izfr'kr izsj.kk vkSj
gksrh gS\
îz/kuea=kh jkstxkj l`tu dk;Ze* dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
ykbdsu esa fduds e; lgthfork gksrh gS\
mkj
uVs'kk 'kkL=kh us]
ikrkyh; vkXus; 'kSy]
liQsn]
1857 bZ-esa]
99% esgur Fkkel vYok ,Mhlu us]
y
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vxLr] 2008 dks]

dod rFkk 'kSoky ds
e;]
fdl vuqPNsn esa jk"Vifr dks v/;kns'k tkjh djus dh 'kfDr izkIr gS\
vuqPNsn&123 esa]
MSfu'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
1616 bZ- esa]
fiQth dh jkt/kuh dgk gS\
lwok
dkcZu MsfVax ls fdldh vk;q dk fu/kZj.k gksrk gS\
thok'e dh]
Hkkjrh; foeku iku izkf/dj.k dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
1955 bZ- esa]
gfjryod (DyksjksfiQy) esa dkSu&lk /krq vk;u ik;k tkrk gS\
eSXuhf'k;e]
fdl flD[k xq# ve`rlj uxj dh LFkkiuk dh\
xq# vejnkl us]
jpukdkj LVsuyh dk eq[; dkWfed ik=k dkSu gS\
LikbMjeSu]
Hkkjr esa dqy Je'kfDr dk fdruk izfr'kr Hkkx vlaxfBr {ks=k esa gh dk;Zjr 94 izfr'kr ls vf/d]
gS\
;wjksih; ;k=kh gkWfdUl] fofy;e fiQUp] lj VkWel jks ,oa ,MoMZ VSjh fdl eqxy tgkxhj ds]
ckn'kkg ds njckj esa vk, Fks\
jk"Vifr us loZizFke vuq-&352 ds vUrxZr ladVdkyhu vkikr dh ?kks"k.kk fdl 1962 bZ-esa]
o"kZ dh Fkh\
fdl vkanksyu ds nkSjku lcls cM+k "kd Nkikekj ;q ns[kus dks feyk\
rsyaxkuk vkanksyu ds]
og yksd lHkk Lihdj dkSu Fks] tks ckn esa Hkkjr ds jk"Vifr gq,\
uhye latho jsM~Mh]
/krq ds izdk'kh; xq.kksa ds v/;;u djus esa fdldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
iksyjkbM dk]
1 ns'kkarj dh lokZf/d nwjh dgk ij gksxh\
fo"kqor js[kk ij]
ijek.kq 'kfDr la;a=k fdl flkar ij dk;Z djrk gS\
fo[kaMu flkar ij]
vafre eqxy ckn'kkg dkSu Fkk\
cgknqj'kkg f}rh;]
?kksalyk cukus okyk ,dek=k lki dkSu&lk gS\
fdax dkscjk]
izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fdrus #i;s O;; djus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ Fkh\
2378 djksM+]
Hkkjr esa Vsyhfotu dh 'kq#vkr dc gqbZ\
15 flrEcj] 1959 bZ- dks]
tEew&d'ehj esa fo/ku ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gS\
36]
flD[k /eZ dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
xq# ukud us]
Hkkjr ds fdl iz/kuea=kh us ikfdLrku igqpus gsrq cl ls ;k=kk dh Fkh\
vVyfcgkjh oktis;h
(154)
15
General Studies
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iz'u
izdk'k la'ys"k.k ds nkSjku iSnk gksus okyh vkDlhtu dk lzksr D;k gS\
fdl ns'k dh nks&frgkbZ tula[;k nf{k.kh&iwohZ Hkkx esa jgrh gS\
flusek?kj esa f=kfoeh; fp=kksa dks ns[kus ds fy, fdldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
1857 bZ- esa fnYyh dk lSU; usr`Ro fdlus fd;k\
îjek.kq tkZ foHkkx* dgk fLFkr gS\
NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
varjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'kksa dk dk;Zdky fdrus o"kks dk gksrk gS\
ftl uxj dh vkcknh rhu yk[k ;k mlls vf/d gS ogk fdl lfefr dk xBu
fd;k x;k gS\
fdl fczfV'k dekaMj us >kalh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ dks gjk;k Fkk\
^Hkkjrh; [kxksy HkkSfrdh laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
92U238 esa U;wVkWu dh la[;k D;k gksxh\
dkSu&lh xSl ok;qeaMy dks lokZf/d iznwf"kr djrh gS\
Hkkjr esa xk;ksa dk lokZf/d la[;k okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
Iyklh dh yM+kbZ ds le; dkSu eqxy lezkV Fkk\
^jk"Vh; efLr"d vuqla/ku dsUnz* dgk fLFkr gS\
lkaln LFkkuh; {ks=k fodkl ;kstuk dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
^n oYMZ fouhFk fiQV* cSMfeaVu ds fdl dksp dh thou dFkk gS\
yksdlHkk lfpoky; fdlds v/hu dk;Z djrk gS\
fdl Hkkjrh; 'kkld us vk/qfud rtZ ij fons'kksa esa viuk nwrkokl [kksyk Fkk\
^fo'o fganh fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
jkuh y{ehckbZ dk ewy uke D;k Fkk\
fo'o dk lcls mQpk tyizikr ,afty fdl unh ij fLFkr gS\
tc izdk'k ghjs ls dkp esa tkrk gS] rks dSlk ijkorZu gksrk gS\
caxky ds fdl xouZj tujy ds 'kklu dky esa ljdkjh [ktkuk eqf'kZnkckn ls
dydkk LFkkukarfjr fd;k x;k\
^lej bu dydkk* fdldh jpuk gS\
^tokgjyky jk"Vh; 'kgjhdj.k fe'ku* dc izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
yglqu dk [kkus ;ksX; Hkkx D;k dgykrk gS\
dkSu&lk vk;ksx ernkrk lwfp;k rS;kj djokrk gS\
fdldh e`R;q 1 vxLr] 1920 dks vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds izkjaHk gksus ds fnu gh
gks xbZ\
^Vsu Vq ikfdLrku* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
mkj
ty]
dukMk dh]
iksyjkbM dk]
c[r [kka us]
eqEcbZ esa]
1 vizSy] 1980 bZ- dks]
9 o"kks dk]
okMZ lfefr]
y
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9
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g~;jkst us]
caxyq: esa]
146]
dkcZu eksuksDlkbM]
mkj izns'k]
'kkg vkye f}rh;]
ekuslj esa]
23 fnlEcj] 1993 ls]
ih- xksihpan dh]
yksdlHkk/;{k ds]
Vhiw lqYrku us]
10 tuojh dks
ef.kdf.kZdk]
dSjks unh ij]
iw.kZ vkafrd ijkorZu]
okjsu gsfLVaXl ds]
deyk nkl dh]

3 fnlEcj] 2005 dks]
'kYdh]
fuokZp vk;ksx]
cky xaxk/j fryd dh]
[kq'koar flag]
General Studies
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iz'u
rRo 92U235 esa izksVkWu dh la[;k D;k gS\
fo"kqor js[kk ds lgkjs 1 nks ns'kkarj ds e; dh nwjh yxHkx fdruh gksrh gS\
Hkkjr esa izFke ckj f=ke xHkkZ/u fdl o"kZ gqvk\
jktLFkku dh fdl tutkfr esa xka/hth ds vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa Hkkx fy;k Fkk\
izFke KkuihB iqjLdkj fdls iznku fd;k x;k\
jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dSlh bdkbZ gS\
flw vkSj dkUgw fdl fonzksg ds izfl usrk Fks\
fok vk;ksx ds v/;{k dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
fdl vkanksyu ds nkSjku fpkjatu nkl us viuh odkyr NksM+ nh Fkh\
mkj
92]
111 fdeh-]
1939 bZ- esa]
eh.kk us]
th- 'kadj dq:i dks]
lafo/kuskj bdkbZ]
laFkky fonzksg]
jk"Vifr]
vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds
nkSjku]
KkuihB iqjLdkj ls lEekfur izFke fgUnh lkfgR;dkj dkSu Fks\
lqfe=kkuanu iar
us=knku esa jksxh esa fdl Hkkx dk izfrjksi.k fd;k tkrk gS\
dkWfuZ;k dk]
i`Foh dh ijh ijr ds fy, ^fl;ky* 'kCn dk fdlus loZizFke iz;ksx fd;k gksEl us]
Fkk\
jkWdsV dks pykus esa iz;qDr b/u D;k dgykrk gS\
iz.kksnd]
pksy izkar dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
eaMye]
^jk"Vh; n`f"Vghu laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
nsgjknwu esa]
izFke fok vk;ksx dk xBu dc fd;k x;k Fkk\
1951 dks]
Hkkjr esa Ldwy Vh- oh- dk izlkj.k dc izkjaHk fd;k x;k\
24 vDVwcj] 1961 bZ- dks]
fdl jkT; esa fo/ku ifj"kn~ dh lnL; la[;k U;wure gS\
tEew o d'ehj esa]
bfrgkl esa pksy 'kkld fdl izdkj ds iz'kklu ds fy, izfl gSa\
xzke iz'kklu ds fy,]
^fo'os'ojS;k jk"Vh; rduhdh laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
ukxiqj esa]
fdl i'kq ds nw/ esa lcls vf/d olk ik;h tkrh gS\
jsf.M;j ds nw/ esa]
iw.kZr% fgekPNkfnr egk}hi dkSu&lk gS\
vaVkdfVdk]
fudV n`f"V ds nks"k (Myopia) esa izfrfcEc dgk curk gS\
jsfVuk ds lkeus]
fnYyh lYrur ds fdl lqYrku us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd jktk dk dksbZ vykmhu f[kyth us]
lxk&lEcU/h ugha gksrk\
^lsaVj iQkWj eSjhu fyfoax fjlkslZ ,.M bdksykWth* dgk gS\
dksfPp esa]
I;kt mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk dkSu&lk jkT; vxz.kh gS\
egkjk"V]
la;qDr jk"V la?k ds egklfpo dh fu;qfDr fdrus o"kks ds fy, dh tkrh gS\
ikp o"kks ds fy,]
fcgkj esa yksdlHkk dh lhVksa dh dqy la[;k fdruh gS\
40]
lYrur dky esa /eZ foHkkx ,oa nku foHkkx ds iz/ku dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\ lnz&ml&lqnwj]
^fo'o okfudh fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
21 ekpZ dks
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iz'u
Mhty fdlds izHkkth vklou ls izkIr gksrk gS\
,d dSysaMj o"kZ esa vf/d ls vf/d fdrus xzg.k gks ldrs gSa\
xk; rFkk HkSal ds Fkuksa esa nqX/ mrkjus ds fy, fdl gkeksZu dh lqbZ yxkbZ tkrh
gS\
bVyh ;k=kh fudksyks dks.Vh fdlds 'kkludky esa fot;uxj vk;k\ &
jke/kjh flag ^fnudj* dks mudh fdl jpuk ds fy, KkuihB iqjLdkj iznku
fd;k x;k\
eky ifjogu dh jks&jks (RO-RO) lsok fdlds }kjk izkjEHk dh x;h gS\
lqlh lqlkafr fdl [ksy ls lac gSa\
vkikrdky ds dkj.k fdl yksdlHkk dk dk;Zdky lokZf/d Fkk\
jkekuqt ds vuq;kf;;ksa dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
laLr Hkk"kk ds fy, lkfgR;dkj dks KkuihB iqjLdkj loZizFke iznku fd;k
x;k\
^xqykexhjh* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
nf{k.kh xksykZ esa lcls cM+k fnu dc gksrk gS\
fdlh [kks[kys pkyd ds Hkhrj fo|qr {ks=k D;k gksrk gS\
HkfDr vkanksyu dk lkekftd ifj.kke D;k gqvk\
^MhEl kWe ekbZ iQknj* fdldh jpuk gS\
^vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk* dc izkjaHk dh x;h\
^dsUnzh; vkyw vuqla/ku laLFkku* dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
vizR;kf'kr O;;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, Hkkjr dh vkdfLed fuf/ ls dkSu jkf'k
fudky ldrk gS\
esjB vkSj Vksijk ds v'kksd LraHkksa dks fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd us dgk LFkkfir
fd;k\
^ftUukg % bafM;kt ikVhZ'ku] bafMisaMsal* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
lcls vf/d lf; /krq dkSu&lk gS\
tula[;k dh n`f"V ls dkSu&lk ns'k U;wure tula[;k okyk ns'k gS\
fdls ^leqnzh uhacw* (Sea Lemon) dgk tkrk gS\
yksnh oa'k dk loZJs"B 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
^dUnfj;k egksno eafnj* rFkk ^prqHkqZt eafnj* e; izns'k ds fdl LFkku ij gS\
^Lo.kZt;arh 'kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk* dc izkjEHk dh x;h\
^gks fonzksg* dc gqvk\
Hkkjr ds fdl mijk"Vifr dk fu/u muds dk;Zdky esa gh gks x;k\
vfHkys[kksa esa fdls ^xtcVsdj* dgk x;k gS\
fouksck Hkkos }kjk LFkkfir ioukj vkJe fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
mkj
isVksfy;e ds]
7]
vkWDlhVksflu]
nsojk; izFke]
^moZ'kh* ds fy,]
y
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dksd.k jsyos }kjk]

cSMfeaVu ls]
ikapoha yksdlHkk dk]
oS".ko]
lR;or 'kkL=kh dks]
T;ksfrck iQqys]
22 fnlEcj dks]
'kwU;]
{ks=kh; Hkk"kk dh le`f]
cjkd vksckek dh]
2 vDVwcj] 2000 dks]
f'keyk esa]
jk"Vifr]
fnYyh esa]
tloar flag
lksfM;e]
osfVdu flVh]
Mksfjl dks]
fldUnj yksnh]
[ktqjkgks]
1 fnlEcj] 1997 ls]
1820-21 esa]
".kdkar dk]
nsojk; f}rh; dks]
egkjk"V esa]
General Studies
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iz'u
rfM+r pkyd dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
VaxLVu fdl izdkj dk /kfRod [kfut gS\
lksfM;e /krq dks dgk j[kk tkrk gS\
oYyHkkpk;Z us fdl lEiznk; dh LFkkiuk dh\
lksekfy;k dh jkt/kuh dgk gS\
Hkkjr esa izFke [kfut uhfr dc ?kksf"kr gqbZ Fkh\
Hkkjr dk igyk 'kSf{kd mixzg dkSu&lk gS\
mPp U;k;ky; ds vU; U;k;k/h'k dk osru fdruk gS\
^rqxydukek* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
yhfc;k dh jkt/kuh dgk gS\
fdls ^m|ku dk ?kksa?kk* dgk tkrk gS\
^fejk.Mk* fdl xzg dk mixzg gS\
lcls de fof'k"V izfrjks/ fdl /krq dk gksrk gS\
vdcj dk othj dkSu Fkk\
rqylhnkl us ^jkepfjrekul* dh jpuk fdl Hkk"kk esa dh\
VkVk vk;ju ,.M LVhy dEiuh (TISCO) dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ gqbZ\
^fo'o cSad* (IBRD) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
fdls la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k fu/kZfjr djus dh 'kfDr izkIr
gS\
fdl 'kkld us Hkw&ekiu esa ^tjhc* dk iz;ksx izkjaHk fd;k\
^n csVj eSu* fdldh jpuk gS\
I;kt o yglwu esa xa/ fdl rRo dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k gksrk gS\
^,Vyl* (Atlas) fdl xzg dk mixzg gS\
ekuo 'kjhj esa ikpu dk vf/dka'k Hkkx fdl vax esa laiUu gksrk gS\
tkxhjnkjh ladV loZizFke fdl eqxy ckn'kkg ds 'kklu dky esa mRiUu gqbZ\
^xkbM* fdldh jpuk gS\
Hkkjrh; y/q m|ksx fodkl cSad (SIDBI) dh dc LFkkiuk dh x;h\
^cqYl vkbZ* fdl [ksy Li/kZ ls laca gS\
jkT;lHkk esa fdl jkT; ds izfrfuf/;ksa dh la[;k lokZf/d gS\
caxky ds fdl dfo ds vuqlkj Iyklh ds ;q ds ckn Hkkjr ds fy, 'kk'or
nq%[k dh dkyh jkr dk vkjaHk gqvk\
^n lfdZy vkWiQ jhtu* fdldh jpuk gS\
mkj
csatkfeu sadfyu us]
ykSg /kfRod [kfut]
feV~Vh ds rsy esa]
#nz lEiznk;]
eksxkfn'kw]
1961 esa]
,MqlSV]
80 gtkj]
vehj [kqljks]
gwu
dq.Mfyuh (Helix) dks]
;wjsul dk]
pknh dk]
chjcy]
vo/h]
1907 bZ- esa]
okf'kaxVu Mh-lh- esa]
jk"Vifr dks]
y
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(158)
'ksj'kkg us]
vfurk uk;j dh]
lYiQj]
'kfu dk]
NksVh vkar esa]
vkSjaxtsc ds]
vkj-ds-ukjk;.k dh]
2 vizSy] 1990 dks]
fu'kkusckth ls]
mkj izns'k ds]
uohupanz lsu ds]
vferkHk ?kks"k dh
General Studies
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iz'u
mkj
fdl /eZ esa ;q vkSj f"k nksuksa oftZr gSa\
tSu /eZ esa]
fo'o vkfFkZd eap dk okf"kZd cSBd ds fy, pfpZr ^nkoksl* fdl ns'k esa fLFkr fLoV~tjySaM]
gS\
";wt dk flkar fdl ij vk/kfjr gS\
fo|qr ds "eh; izHkko
ij]
iatkc esa fl[k jkT; dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\
j.kthr flag]
xq# xksfoUn flag dh lekf/ dgk cuh gS\
ukansM+ (iatkc) esa]
Hkkjr esa f"k o xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq fok miyC/ djkus okyh loksZPp laLFkk ukckMZ]
dkSu&lh gS\
jk"Vh; okuLifrd m|ku dgk ij fLFkr gS\
dksydkrk esa]
dksbZ fo/s;d /u fo/s;d gS ;k ugha bldk fu.kZ; dkSu djrk gS\
yksdlHkk/;{k]
1857 ds fonzksg ds le; iVuk dk dfe'uj dkSu Fkk\
fofy;e Vsyj]
paMhx<+ dk okLrqdkj dkSu Fkk\
Mh- dkjC;qft;j]
^dkukZykbV* fdldk v;Ld gS\
iksVSf'k;e dk]
fo'o esa lokZf/d o"kkZ okyk LFkku ekflujke esa vkSlr okf"kZd fdruh gksrh gS\ yxHkx] 1140 lseh-]
euq"; esa ikpu f;k dgk izkjEHk gksrh gS\
eq[k esa]
miU;kl ^nqxsZ'k uafnuh* ds dkSu jpukdkj gSa\
cafdepanz pVthZ]
^lal ,aM yolZ* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\
Mh- ,p- ykjsal]
Hkkjr esa fo|qr mRiknu esa lokZf/d va'knku fdldk gS\
rki fo|qr dk]
dkSu igys ,d kafrdkjh Fks tks ckn esa ,d ;ksxh vkSj nk'kZfud cu x,\
vjfoan ?kks"k]
jkT; ds yksd lsok vk;ksx dk O;; fdl ij Hkkfjr gksrk gS\
jkT; dh lafpr fuf/ ij]
gM+Iik LkH;rk ds fdl LFky ls xksnhckM+k dk lk{; feyk gS\
yksFky ls]
KkuihB iqjLdkj ls lEekfur izFke ysf[kdk dkSu Fkh\
vk'kkiw.kZ nsoh
fo|qr tkZ dk O;kikfjd ek=kd D;k gS\
fdyksokV ?kaVk (Kwh)]
ukfj;y mRiknu esa fo'o esa Hkkjr dk dkSu&lk LFkku gS\
nwljk]
vaMs dk ckg~; [kksy izeq[kr% fdldk cuk gksrk gS\
dSfYl;e dkcksZusV dk]
oSfnd ;qx esa jktO;oLFkk dk Lo:i dSlk Fkk\
jktra=kkRed]
^dke[;k eafnj* fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
vle esa]
fuos'k dh n`f"V ls Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk lcls cM+k m|ksx dkSu&lk gS\
ykSg&bLikr m|ksx]
,MqlSV dks dc iz{ksfir fd;k x;k Fkk\
20 flrEcj] 2004 dks]
;kstuk vk;ksx dk dkSu v/;{k gksrk gS\
iz/kuea=kh]
pkj vkJeksa dk loZizFke mYys[k fdl xzaFk esa feyrk gS\
tkckyksifu"kn~]
ds-th-ch- dk iw.kZ foLrkj D;k gS\
dksfersr
xkslqnjLraosUuksbZ
cstksikLruksLrh]
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iz'u
FkSyslhfe;k ds jksxksa esa 'kjhj fdlds la'ys"k.k dh {kerk ugha j[krkA
dkSu&lh ty/kjk dks ^tkiku dh dkyh /kjk* dgykrh gS\
,d fdyksokV fdlus twy ds cjkcj gksrk gS\
,fj;u vkSj IywVkdZ us pUnzxqIr ekS;Z ds fy, fdl 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk\
Hkkjr dh igyh cksyrh fiQYe dkSu&lh Fkh\
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dk ys[kk o"kZ D;k gS\
^varjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k* (IMF) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
lafpr fuf/ ls /u [kpZ djus ds fy, fdldh Lohfr vko';d gS\
egkRek xka/h us Hkkjr esa lR;kxzg dk iz;ksx dgk fd;k\
^nks ch?kk tehu* dk funsZ'ku fdlus fd;k\
/krqvksa ds lkFk la;ksx dj ikjk D;k cukrk gS\
xq#f'k[kj pksVh dgk fLFkr gS\
fdl #f/j xzqi dks loZnkrk xzqi (Universal Blood Donors) dgrs gSa\
^caxkyh* lekpkj i=k dk izdk'ku fdlus izkjaHk fd;k\
^fcgkj fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjrh; fjotZ cSad ds izFke xouZj dkSu Fks\
vatyh Hkkxor fdl [ksy ls lEcfU/r gS\
mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/h'k dk osru fdruk gS\
loZizFke fdlus ^gkse:y yhx* dh LFkkiuk dh\
^x`g j{kk okfguh* (Home Guards) dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
ejkBh lekpkj i=k ^bUnw izdk'k* dk izdk'ku fdlus izkjaHk fd;k\
tk;js] ratkfu;k vkSj tkfEc;k dh lhek dkSu&lh >hy cukrh gS\
pqacd'khyrk dk ek=kd D;k gS\
pUnzxqIr ekS;Z us vius thou ds vafre le; esa fdl /eZ dks viuk;k\
gkbZ vYVhV~;wM fjlpZ yScksjsVjh dgk fLFkr gS\
dsUnz ,oa jkT;ksa ds e; djksa ds foHkktu dh fliQkfj'k dkSu&lk vk;ksx djrk
gS\
edM+h dhV ls fHkUu gksrh gS] D;ksafd edM+h esa ik;h tkrh gSa\
izFke iw.kZr% xSj dkaxzslh iz/kuea=kh dkSu Fks\
tSu /eZ us vius vk/;kfRed fopkjksa dks fdl n'kZu ls xzg.k fd;k\
Mhty yksdkseksfVo oDlZ (DLW) dgk fLFkr gS\
mkj
gheksXykschu]
D;wjksf'k;ks ty/kjk]
3.6 106 twy ds]
,.MksdksV~l]
vkye vkjk]
tqykbZ&twu]
okf'kaxVu Mh-lh- esa]
laln dh]
pEikj.k esa]
fcey jk; us
veyxe]
ekmaV vkcw]
xzqi O dks]
,l- ,u- cuthZ us]
22 ekpZ dks]
lj vkslcksuZ fLeFk]
jkbiQy 'kwfVax ls]
90 gtkj]
cky xaxk/j fryd us]
1962 bZ- esa]
jk.kkMs us]
Vaxkfudk >hy]
gsujh@ehVj]
tSu /eZ]
xqyexZ esa]
fok vk;ksx]
y
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vkB Vkxsa]
vVy fcgkj oktis;h]
lka[; n'kZu]
okjk.klh esa
General Studies
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iz'u
dyk vkSj f'kYi esa iz;ksx fd, tkus okys fdl jlk;u ls ,uhfe;k vkSj Y;wdhfe;k
gks ldrk gS\
vkVhZft;u dqa, fdl izdkj dh pV~Vku esa feyrs gSa\
Hkzw.k ds fodkl ds fy, fdl vax ds }kjk [kk| dh iwfrZ dh tkrh gS\
tSu rhFkdj ik'oZukFk }kjk izfrikfnr pkj egkozrksa esa egkohj Lokeh us ikposa
egkozr ds :i esa D;k tksM+k\
^JhgfjdksVk* fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
Hkkjr }kjk lcls vf/d fons'kh eqnzk fdl oLrq ds vk;kr ij O;; dh tkrh
gS\
fdl fcy ds ikl gksus ds fojks/ esa cVqds'oj nr vkSj Hkxr flag us lsUVy
ysftLysfVo vlsEcyh esa ce iQsads Fks\
fdl vuqPNsn ds rgr laln fdlh Hkh jkT; esa fo/ku ifj"kn~ dk xBu dj
ldrh gS\
jkT; ds lIrkax flkar dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k\
îQk;j vkWu n ekmaVsu* fdldh jpuk gS\
ykSg pqacdh; inkFkZ dkSu&dkSu gSa\
mkj
,YMhu]
ijrnkj pV~Vku esa]
chtk.Mklu ls]
czp;Z]
y
f
il
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6
c
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c 10
2
7
vka/z izns'k esa]
isVksfy;e inkFkZ ij]
ifCyd ls"Vh fcy]
vuqPNsn
169]
dkSfVY; us]
vfurk nslkbZ dh]
yksgk] dksckYV] fudsy rFkk
muds feJ/krq]
HkwdEi dk v/;;u D;k dgykrk gS\
flLeksykWth]
ûs"Fkyhu* dk eq[; lzksr D;k gS\
dksyrkj]
dkSfVY; }kjk jfpr ^vFkZ'kkL=k* fdrus vf/dj.kksa esa foHkkftr gS\
15]
fo'o dk lcls cM+k }hi êktqyh* fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
vle esa]
Hkkjr esa thou chek fdl ns'k dh nsu gS\
fczVsu dh]
Hkkjr esa dqy fdrus Vkbxj fjotZ gSa\
42]
D;k /u fo/s;d dks jk"Vifr iqufoZpkj ds fy, okil Hkst ldrk gS\
ugha]
gks;ly oa'k dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
fo".kqo/Zu us]
fdl ns'k dh laln dk uke ^M~;wek* gS\
:l dh
eq[k ds }kjk ysus okyh xHkZ fujks/d xksfy;ka fdldk fujks/ djrs gSa\
vaMksRltZu dk]
Hkkjr esa lM+dksa dh dqy yackbZ esa jk"Vh; jktekxks dk ;ksxnku fdruk izfr'kr 2% yxHkx]
gS\
vLFkk;h pqacd fdl inkFkZ ls cuk;k tkrk gS\
ueZ yksgk ls]
osywj esa ^psUuk ds'ko eafnj* dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k\
fo".kqoZu us]
^n xkWM vkWiQ LekWy fFkaXl* fdldh jpuk gS\
v#?karh jk; dh]
Hkkjr ds fdrus ,sls iz/kuea=kh gq, gSa] tks fok ea=kh in ij Hkh dke dj pqds pkj]
gSa\
^[kk| ,oa f"k laxBu (FAO) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
jkse (bVyh) esa]
jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\
jkT;iky]
bYrqrfe'k ds 'kklu dky esa fdlus eaxksy vke.k dk usr`Ro fd;k\
paxst [kk us]
ewfrZ nsoh iqjLdkj iznku djus okyh laLFkk dkSu&lh gS\
Hkkjrh; KkuihB]
(161)
General Studies
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iz'u
^Xykscy okfex* ds fy, dkSu&lh xSl vf/d mkjnk;h gS\
bafM;u us'kuy ,;jost daiuh dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ gqbZ\
fdl jksx dks Y;wdsfe;k Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
;kfg;k fcu ljfgUnh dks fdldk jkT;kJ; izkIr Fkk\
jsy dksp iQSDVh dgk fLFkr gS\
bZ- lh- th- ,l- fdlls lEcfU/r gS\
dkyksZl eks;k fdl ns'k ds izfl Vsful f[kykM+h gSa\
la;qDr jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds v/;{k ,oa lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr fdlds }kjk
dh tkrh gS\
^Hkkjr dk o;kso` O;fDr* (xzSaM vksYM eSu vkWiQ bafM;k) ds uke ls dkSu e'kgwj
gq,\
îzdk'ku foHkkx* dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
y{ehckbZ us fdldh lgk;rk ls Xokfy;j ij vf/dkj fd;k Fkk\
mkjh /zqo ds ifj/zqoh; ns'k dkSu&dkSu gS\
1 Mksesu esa ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k fdruh gksrh gS\
varfje ljdkj dks fdl egRoiw.kZ ikVhZ us 'kq# esa rks badkj fd;k] ckn esa blesa
'kkfey gksuk Lohdkj fd;k\
^fgUnqLrku vkxsZfud fyfeVsM* dgk fLFkr gS\
Hkkjr esa lokZf/d #X.krk okyk m|ksx dkSu&lk gS\
fdldh nhokjksa ls vkaf=kd jl fudyrk gS\
jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL; dk dk;Zdky fdrus o"kks dk gksrk gS\
Le`frdkjksa us laLdkjksa dh dqy fdruh la[;k crkbZ gS\
^lh-vkj-ih-,iQ-* (CRPF) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
dkSu&lh xSl ekuo jDr ds gheksXyksfcu ds lkFk vuqRe.kh; tfVy cukrh gS\
egklkxjksa dh vkSlr xgjkbZ fdruh gS\
vf/d /zweiku djus ls dkSu&lk jksx gksrk gS\
egkohj Lokeh us viuk izFke mins'k dgk fn;k Fkk\
bafnjk xk/h ijek.kq vuqla/ku dsUnz dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ Fkh\
Hkkjr ds futh {ks=k esa cSad ,p-Mh-,iQ-lh- cSad dk iathr dk;kZy; dgk fLFkr
gS\
vyh eqlfy;kj fdl fonzksg dk usrk Fkk\
/u fo/s;d dk izko/ku lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa gS\
fdlus dgk ^^vktknh gekjh igqp ds varxZr gS] gesa bls dldj idM+uk
pkfg,\
iQwy ltkus dh dyk ^bdsckuk* fdl ns'k dh gS\
mkj
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM]
1935 bZ-]
jDr dSlj dks]
eqckjd 'kkg]
diwjFkyk esa]
fu;kZr laoZu ls]
Lisu ds]
jk"Vifr ds }kjk]
y
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7
(162)
nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth]
ubZ fnYyh esa

rkR;k Vksis dh lgk;rk ls]
ukosZ] dukMk rFkk :l]
1018 ls 1021 ijek.kq]
eqfLye yhx us]
jlk;uh (egkjk"V) esa]
lwrh oL=k m|ksx]
iDok'k; dh]
6 o"kZ]
lksyg]
ubZ fnYyh esa]
CO]
3800 ehVj]
iQsiQM+k dSalj]
jktx`g esa]
1977 bZ-esa]
eqaEcbZ esa]
eksiyk fonzksg dk]
vuqPNsn 110 esa]
egkRek xk/h us]
tkiku dh
General Studies
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iz'u
ijek.kq ds ukfHkd esa dkSu&dkSu ls d.k gksrs gSa\
uhyfxfj igkM+h ij fdl izdkj ds ou ik, tkrs gSa\
mkj
izksVkWu ,oa U;wVkWu]
m".k dfVca/h; lnkcgkj
ou]
lksfM;e ,slhVsV dks lksMk ykbe ds lkFk xeZ djus ij D;k izkIr fd;k tkrk feFksu dks]
gS\
^dkyhcaxk* fdl izns'k esa fLFkr gS\
jktLFkku esa]
;wjksih; varfj{k ,tsUlh dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
isfjl esa]
ukckMZ ds rgr ,d u;h xzkeh.k vk/kfjr lajpukRed fodkl fuf/ dh LFkkiuk 1 vizSy] 1995 dks]
dc dh x;h\
Hkkjr dk izFke fodflr bdks&i;ZVu LFky dkSu&lk gS\
Fksuekyk]
jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds v/;{k rFkk lnL; dks ineqDr djus dk vf/dkj jk"Vifr dks]
fdldks gS\
gM+Iik laLfr ls lEcfU/r LFky ^jaxiqj* fdl jkT; esa gS\
xqtjkr esa]
Hkkjr dk dkSu&lk iM+kslh ns'k lkdZ (n{ksl) dk lnL; ugha gS\
E;kaekj]
'kkdkgkjh vf/dre izksVhu fdlls ikrs gSa\
nkyksa ls]
^dqVhj m|ksx cksMZ* dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
1948 bZ- esa]
fdl rRo ds lokZf/d leLFkkfud gksrs gSa\
iksyksfu;e]
gM+Iik lH;rk esa [kksiM+h 'kY; fpfdRlk dk lqfuf'pr lk{; dgk ls izkIr gqvk dkyhcaxk ls]
gS\
êSa=kh ,Dlizsl* fdu nks LVs'kuksa ds chp pykbZ xbZ gS\
dksydkrk vkSj <kdk ds
chp]
okf.kfT;d Lrj ij ns'k dh igyh vkSj lkSj tkZ ifj;kstuk dgk fuekZ.kk/hu eFkkfu;k (tks/iqj) esa]
gS\
^;wusLdks* (UNESCO) dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
1946 bZ- esa]
lcls de vof/ rd mijk"Vifr ds in ij dkSu vklhu jgs\
oh- oh- fxfj (1967 bZ- esa)]
'kkgtgk us fdl laxhrK dks ^xq.k leUnj* dh mikf/ nh\
yky [kk dks]
fdls ênn dk lar* dgk tkrk gS\
enj Vsjslk dks
^fEkFksu* dk jklk;fud lw=k D;k gS\
CH]
y{k}hi fdl izdkj dk }hi gS\
izoky }hi]
vYtkbej jksx fdl iks"kd rRo dh deh ls gksrh gS\
izksVhu dh]
kalhfl;ksa dk Hkkjr esa eq[; O;kikfjd dsUnz dgk Fkk\
ikf.Mpsjh esa]
^jk"Vh; lqj{kk xkMZ* (NSG) dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
16 vDVwcj] 1985 dks esa]
Hkkjr esa lwrh oL=k ,oa e'khujh dk lokZf/d fu;kZr fdl canjxkg ls gksrk gS\ eqEcbZ ls]
LVsiQh xzkiQ fdl ns'k dh izfl Vsful f[kykM+h gSa\
teZuh dh]
jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds v/;{k viuk R;kxi=k fdls nsrk gS\
jkT;iky dks]
nhoku osyqFkEih fdl fonzksg dk usrk Fkk\
FkEih fonzksg dk]
^fgFkzks ,;jiksVZ* dgk gS\
yUnu esa]
y
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9
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5
k
6
c
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1
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c 10
2
7
(163)
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iz'u
fdl oa'k ds 'kkldksa us eafnjksa ,oa czk.kksa dks lcls vf/d xzke vuqnku esa
fn,\
jkes'oje~ fdl jkT; esa gS\
,d Hkkjh ukfHkd ds nks gYds ukfHkd esa VwVus dh izf;k dks D;k dgrs gSa\
cD'kh txca/q fdl fonzksg dk usrk Fkk\
gsjksbu fdlls izkIr gksrh gS\
Hkkjrh; peM+s dk lokZf/d fu;kZr fdldks fd;k tkrk gS\
Hkzw.k voLFkk esa jDr ds R.B.C. dk fuekZ.k fduesa gksrk gS\
orZeku esa dqy fdrus ekSfyd vf/dkj gSa\
loZizFke fdl 'kkld }kjk pyk, x, flDdksa ij cq dh ewfrZ cus gksus ds ladsr
feys gSa\
Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; esa igyh ckj xSj dkaxzslh ljdkj cuh\
fdl inkFkZ dks ^dkyk lksuk* dgk tkrk gS\
Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; dh lhek ,d vkSj phu ls vkSj nwljksa vksj ikfdLrku ls
feyrh gS\
fdl rRo dh deh ds dkj.k is'khra=k ,oa raf=kdk ra=k laca/h jksx gks tkrk gS\
mkj
xqIr oa'k]
rfeyukMq esa]
ukfHkdh; fo[k.Mu]
ikbd fonzksg dk]
viQhe iksLrk ls]
;wukbVsM fdaxMe dks]
;r rFkk Iyhgk esa]
N%]
dfu"d ds]
y
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6
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7
dsjy esa
isVksfy;e dks]
tEew o d'ehj dh]
dSfYl;e dh deh ds
dkj.k]
xqIr lkezkT; ds fdl 'kkld dks sulkax us ^'kkfnR;* dgk gS\
dqekjxqIr f}rh;]
^jk"Vh; gksE;ksiSFkh laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
dksydkrk esa]
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fdrus mie uojRuksa dh Js.kh esa gSa\
21]
1781 bZ- esa okjsu gsfLVaXl us eqfLye f'k{kk ds fodkl ds fy, izFke enjlk dgk dydkk esa]
LFkkfir fd;k\
jk"Vifr jkT;lHkk esa fdrus O;fDr;ksa dh euksuhr djrk gS\
12]
xqIrdkyhu fdl 'kkld us ^dfojkt* mikf/ /kj.k dh\
leqnzxqIr us]
^,;jks"yksV ,;jykbUl* fdl ns'k dh gS\
:l dh]
ijek.kq ce dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\
vkWVks gku us]
frCcr ds iBkj dh leqnzry ls vkSlr mQpkbZ fdruh gS\
5 fdeh]
bfFkyhu ds cgqyhdj.k ls fdl inkFkZ dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS\
ikWfyFkhu dk]
pksy lsuk dk lcls laxfBr vax dkSu&lk Fkk\
inkfr lsuk]
^lsTe* fdl ns'k dh laln dks dgk tkrk gS\
iksySaM ds laln dks]
varjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k }kjk xfBr cksMZ vkWiQ xouZlZ esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/Ro dkSu dsUnzh; fok ea=kh]
djrk gS\
Hkkjr ds pkj esxk 'kgjksa esa /ofu iznw"k.k ls dkSu&lk esxk 'kgj lokZf/d izHkkfor fnYyh]
gS\
Hkkjr ds mijk"Vifr dks inP;qr djus dk ladYi dgk izLrkfor fd;k tk ldrk dsoy jkT;lHkk esa]
gS\
^vdcjukek* ,oa ^vkbu&,&vdcjh* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
vcqy iQty us]
;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; (EEC) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
tsusok esa
(164)
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iz'u
fdl iks"kd rRo dh deh ls ekbksflfLVd ,usfe;k uked jksx gksrk gS\
/kSyk/kj rFkk ihj iatky ds chp dkSu&lh ?kkVh gS\
izFke ijek.kq ce fdlus cuk;k Fkk\
vcqy glu dks dkSu&lh mikf/ nh xbZ\
^jktho xk/h jk"Vh; ;qok fodkl fo|ky; laLFkku* dgk fLFkr gS\
Lok/hu Hkkjr dh izFke vkS|ksfxd uhfr fdl o"kZ ?kksf"kr dh x;h Fkh\
^varjkZ"Vh; lkeqfnzd laxBu* (IMO) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS\
yksdlHkk ds fdrus lnL; jk"Vifr }kjk euksuhr gksrs gSa\
izkarh; lSU; iz/ku D;k dgykrk Fkk\
^f'kolkxj ,;jiksVZ* fdl ns'k esa gS\
dkcZfud ;kSfxd ^;wjksVkWihu* dk mi;ksx eq[;r;k fdl dk;Z esa gksrk gS\
Hkkjr dk vjkoyh dSlk ioZr gS\
Hkkstu esa mifLFkr csUtksbd vEy dk mRltZu fdl :i esa gksrk gS\
uxj iz/ku dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
1962 bZ- esa phu ds fo# ;q ds vkjEHk esa Hkkjrh; j{kk ea=kh dkSu Fks\
Hkkjr esa fofuos'k vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh x;h\
y{ehckbZ us'kuy baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ fiQftdy ,tqds'ku dgk fLFkr gS\
orZeku esa dqy fdrus jk"Vh; ny gSa\
iatkc dk fczfV'k lkezkT; esa foy; dc gqvk\
Hkkjr dk dkSu&lk jkT; rhu vksj ls usiky] phu vkSj HkwVku ls f?kjk gS\
êgkfoHkk"k lw=k* dh jpuk fdlus dh\
Hkkjrh; varjkZ"Vh; tyekxZ izkf/dj.k dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
loZizFke fdlus Mk;ksM okYo dk fuekZ.k fd;k\
fdl ok;ljk; us Hkkjr esa igyh ckj ,sfrgkfld bekjrksa dh lqj{kk ,oa ejEefr
dh vksj /;ku fn;k\
jk"Vh; foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku dgk fLFkr gS\
Hkkjrh; cSadksa dh fons'kksa esa 'kk[kk, fdl ns'k esa lokZf/d gSa\
thoksa ds Dyksu (ge'kDy) rS;kj djus dh oSKkfud ifr dk D;k uke gSa\
la;qDr jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds v/;{k rFkk lnL; dk dk;Zdky D;k gS\
mkj
iQkWfyd ,flM]
dqYyw ?kkVh]
ts- jkWcVZ vkseu us]
ukfnj&my&tek dh]
JhisjEcnwj esa]
1948 bZ- esa]
yanu esa]
nks]
c['kh]
ekWjh'kl esa]
ew=k jksxksa ds mipkj esa]
vof'k"V ioZr]
fgI;wfjd vEy ds :i esa]
dksroky]
oh- ds- ".k esuu]
1996 bZ- esa]
Xokfy;j esa]
06]
1849 bZ-]
flfDde
olqfe=k us]
1986 bZ- esa]
tkWu ,Eczksl ysfeax us]
ykWMZ dtZu us]
y
f
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9
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6
c
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1
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c 10
2
7
fdl vkanksyu ds nkSjku frjaxk esa pj[kk dks n'kkZ;k x;k\
^jk"Vh; U;k; vdkneh* dgk fLFkr gS\
(165)
iQjhnkckn esa]
;wukbVsM fdaxMe esa]
Dyksfuax]
6 o"kZ rd ;k 62 o"kZ (tks
Hkh igys gks)]
vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds
nkSjku]
Hkksiky esa]
General Studies
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iz'u
laosnuk dks de djus ds fy, fdl izdkj dh vkS"kf/ dk mi;ksx gksrk gS\
fdl jkT; esa jsy ifjogu dk lcls cM+k tky gS\
,uhfyMk esa mRltZu mlds fdl vax }kjk lEiUu gksrk gS\
orZeku esa Hkkjr ds lcls yksdfiz; [ksy fdsV dks fdl jktusrk us vaxzstksa dk
[ksy dgdj mldh fuank dh Fkh\
izk;}hi ^foVh ysow* fdl ns'k dk Hkkx gS\
,d eq'r eqvkotk nsdj ,sfPNd lsokfuo`fk dh ;kstuk D;k dgykrh gS\
fdlus j{kkca/u dh 'kq#vkr caxky foHkktu ds fo# ,drk iznf'kZr djus ds
fy, fd;k\
fo/ku ifj"kn~ dh dqy la[;k dk fdruk Hkkx fo/ku lHkk ds lnL;ksa }kjk pqudj
vkrk gS\
vdcj u iQrsgiqj lhdjh esa ^bcknr[kkuk* dh LFkkiuk dc dh\
csLV csdjh dk.M xqtjkr ds fdl 'kgj esa gqvk Fkk\
/krq o rsy HkaMkjksa dk irk yxkus esa fdldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa e; lhek js[kk dh yEckbZ fdruh gS\
^Y;wblkbV* D;k gS\
vdcj u iQrsgiqj lhdjh esa ^cqyn njoktk* dk fuekZ.k fdl fot; ds miy{;
esa djok;k\
{ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls fo'o dk lcls cM+k fgUnw eafnj dkSu&lk gS\
Hkkjr esa phuh feyksa dh lokZf/d la[;k fdl jkT; esa gS\
xaxk dk;Z ;kstuk dk igyk pj.k dc ls dc rd pyk\
xzke iapk;r dk xBu lafo/ku ds fdl vuqPNsn esa of.kZr gS\
iQrsgiqj lhdjh ds vkoklx`gksa esa lcls cM+k egy dkSu&lk gS\
^ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy jk"Vh; iqfyl vdkneh* dgk fLFkr gS\
ekuo 'kjhj dh fdu dksf'kdkvksa esa lcls de iqu;ksZtu 'kfDr gksrh gS\
Hkkjr vkSj phu ds e; lhek js[kk dk fu/kZj.k fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k Fkk\
dSalj ds mipkj esa fdl ;qfDr dk mi;ksx vf/d lqfo/kiw.kZ fd;k tk jgk gS\
fdlds njckj esa ykyk [kk rFkk lq[klsu uked izfl laxhrdkj Fks\
^bLdkWu eafnj* fdl nsork dks lefiZr gS\
varjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k fdl lEesyu dh nsu gS\
la;qDr jk"V la?k ds izFke egklfpo dkSu Fks\
Hkkx 9(d) esa fdrus vuqPNsn gSa\
lkalkfjd nq%[kksa ls eqfDr ikus gsrq cq us fdl ekxZ dks viukus dk mins'k
fn;k\
^dsUnzh; Jfed cksMZ* dgk fLFkr gS\
mkj
fu'psrd (Anaesthetic)]
mkj izns'k]
ushfM;k }kjk]
egkRek xka/h us]
fiQth dk]
xksYMu gSaM'ksd Ldhe]
y
f
il
a
2
9
u
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1914 bZ- esa]
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General Studies
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cq us fuokZ.k izkfIr dks ljy cukus ds fy, fdrus 'khyksa ij cy fn;k\
lfork vEcsndj dk ewy D;k gS\
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jk"VeaMy dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh xbZ\
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^dE;qfuLV baVjus'kuy* dk lnL; cuus okyk igyk Hkkjrh; dkSu Fkk\
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bZlkbZ /eZ vkSj ;gwnh /eZ dk mn; fdl ns'k esa gqvk\
dks>hdksM canjxkg fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
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General Studies

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lkekU; v;;u

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oU; tho ij fiQYe fuekZ.

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fLVyu fof/ }kjk]

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j.kthr flag dk mkjkf/dkjh dkSu Fkk\

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ubZ fnYyh esa]

dkWij vkSj ftad }kjk]

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ts- ds- jkWfyax (fczVsu)]

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fdl ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdky esa gkse:y yhx dh LFkkiuk gqbZ Fkh\

ykWMZ psEliQksMZ ds]

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leorhZ lwph esa]

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eaxy vkSj o`gLifr ds

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fofy;e foYlu dks]

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Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad]

fr#ifr (vka/z izns'k) esa]

rkjh[ks fiQjkst'kkgh esa]

eqaxsj (fcgkj) esa

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dqyh dqrqc'kkg us]

cafde panz pVthZ dh]

ckS /eZ rFkk tSu /eZ essa]

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[ksy izf'k{k.k ls]

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foaLVu pfpZy us]

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fo'o O;kikj laxBu dks]

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f'kgkcqhu vgen izFke us]

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