Mechanical Intro 17.0 M07 Modal Thermal and Multistep Analysis

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Module 07: Modal, Thermal, and Multistep Analysis

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical
2016 ANSYS, Inc.
March 11, 2016
Module 07 Topics
This module covers introductory topics for modal, thermal, and multistep analysis:
1. Modal Analysis
2. Modal Theory and Assumption
3. Modal Geometry and Material
Properties
4. Modal Contact
5. Modal Solution
6. Modal Results
7. Modal Analysis with Prestress
8. Steady State Thermal Analysis
9. Thermal Geometry and Material
Properties
10. Thermal Contact
11. Thermal Boundary Conditions
12. Thermal Solution
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13. Thermal Results

14. Multistep Analysis
15. Multistep Setup
16. Multistep Controls
17. Multistep Loads
18. Multistep Postprocessing
19. Solution Combinations
20. Workshop 07.1: Modal Analysis of a
Machine Frame
21. Workshop 07.2: Thermal Analysis of a
Pump Housing
22. Workshop 07.3: Multistep Analysis
07.01 Modal Analysis

The modal analysis (also known as free vibration analysis) procedure is very similar to that for
performing a linear static analysis, so not all steps will be covered in detail.
The schematic setup for modal (free vibration) is shown here. Later, the prestressed modal
procedure will be covered.
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March 11, 2016
07.02 Modal Theory and Assumptions

The linear equation of motion for free, un-damped vibration is:
M u K u 0
Assume harmonic motion:
u
i sin it i
2
u i i sin it i
in the governing equation and rearranging yields an
Substituting {} and {}
eigenvalue equation:
K M 0
2
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07.02 Modal Theory and Assumptions

As shown on previous slide, for vibration analysis, the natural circular
frequencies i and mode shapes i are calculated from:
K M 0
2
i
Assumptions for modal analysis:

[K] and [M] are constant:
Linear elastic material behavior is assumed.

Small deflection theory is used, and no nonlinearities are included.
[C] is not present, so damping is not included in the basic formulation. Damped modal
analysis is covered in the advanced training course ANSYS Mechanical Linear and
Nonlinear Dynamics.
{F} is not present, so no excitation of the structure is considered.
The structure can be constrained or unconstrained.
Mode shapes {i} are relative values, not absolute.
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07.03 Modal Geometry and Material Properties

Modal analysis can employ any type of geometry:
Solid bodies, surface bodies and line bodies.
The Point Mass feature can be used:
A point mass adds mass without additional flexibility to the structure, thus
reducing the natural frequency (K/M)1/2.
Material properties: Youngs Modulus, Poissons Ratio, and Density are
required.
Structural and thermal loads are not available in free vibration:
If no supports (or partial) are present, rigid-body modes will occur at or near 0 Hz.
The choice of boundary conditions will affect the mode shapes and frequencies of
the part. Carefully consider how the model is constrained.
2016 ANSYS, Inc.
March 11, 2016
07.04 Modal Contact

Contact regions are available in free vibration analyses; however,
nonlinear contact behavior, if present, will be linearized:
Contact Type
Bonded
No Separation
Rough
Frictionless
Frictional
Initially Touching
Bonded
No Separation
Bonded
No Separation
Bonded
Modal Analysis
Inside Pinball Region
Bonded
No Separation
Free
Free
Free
Outside Pinball Region

Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
If any gap is present, nonlinear contact types will be treated as free

(i.e., as if contact had never been defined).
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07.05 Modal Solution

Within Mechanical Analysis Settings:
Specify the number of modes to find (default is 6).
Optionally specify a frequency search range (defaults from 0Hz to 1e+08Hz).
Request additional result output if desired.
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March 11, 2016
07.05 Modal Solution

When a solution is complete, the solution branch will display a bar chart and
table listing frequencies and mode numbers.
RMB to request the modes to be displayed (or select all).

Individual mode shapes can be animated:
2016 ANSYS, Inc.
March 11, 2016
07.06 Modal Results

Modal Results:
Because there is no excitation applied to the structure the mode shapes are relative
values not actual ones.
Mode shape results are mass normalized.
The same is true for other results (stress, strain, etc.).
Because a modal result is based on the

models physical properties and
constraints, and not on any particular
forcing inputs, we can predict where
the maximum or minimum results will
occur for a particular mode shape, but
not the magnitudes of those results.
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07.07 Modal Analysis with Prestress

While many prestressed modal examples appear in musical instruments (guitar
strings, drum heads, etc.), there are numerous engineering applications where
the inclusion of prestress effects are important.
Note: While prestressing in tension will cause natural frequencies to increase,
compressive states can cause natural frequencies to decrease.
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Setup a pre-stressed modal analysis in the schematic by linking a
static structural system to a modal system at the solution level.
Notice: in the modal system, the structural analysis result becomes

an initial condition.
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The stress state of a structure under influences the modal solution
by modifying the stiffness of the structure:
K xo F
o S
A linear static analysis is

performed
A stress stiffness matrix is

calculated from the
structural analysis
K S
2
i
M i 0
The original free vibration equation is

augmented to include the [S] term
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07.08 Steady State Thermal Analysis

The schematic setup for a steady-state thermal analysis (also known as
steady-state heat transfer analysis) is shown here.
Later in this module, we will show the procedure for setting up a coupled
thermal-structural analysis.
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07.08 Steady State Thermal Analysis

For a steady-state (static) thermal analysis in Mechanical, the temperatures
{T} are solved for in the matrix below:
K T T QT
Assumptions:
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No transient effects are considered in a steady-state analysis

[K] can be constant or a function of temperature
{Q} can be constant or a function of temperature
Fixed temperatures represent constraints {T} on the system (like fixed
displacements on structures).
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07.09 Thermal Geometry and Material Properties

In thermal analyses all body types are supported:
Solid, surface, and line bodies.
Line bodies cross-section and orientation is defined within DesignModeler or
SpaceClaim.
A Thermal Mass feature is available for use in transient analysis (not covered in
this course).
Assumptions for shell and line bodies:
Surfaces (shells): temperatures may vary over the surface (no through-thickness
temperature variation)
Lines (Beams): temperature may vary along the length of the beam (no variation
through the cross section).
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07.09 Thermal Geometry and Material Properties

The only required material property for steady state analysis is thermal
conductivity.
Thermal Conductivity is
input in the Engineering
Data application:
Temperature-dependent
thermal conductivity is
input as a table:
If any temperature-dependent material properties
exist, this will result in a nonlinear solution.
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07.10 Thermal Contact

As with structural analyses, contact regions are automatically created to
enable heat transfer between parts in assemblies.
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When can heat flow across a contact region?
Contact Type
Bonded
No Separation
Rough
Frictionless
Frictional
Heat Transfer Between Parts in Contact Region?

Initially Touching
Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Thermal Contact Behavior:

If parts are in contact heat transfer can occur between them.
If parts are out of contact no heat transfer takes place.
For bonded and no separation the pinball can be expanded to allow heat transfer
across a gap.
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If the contact is bonded or no separation, then heat
transfer will occur when the surfaces are within the
pinball radius.
Pinball Radius
In this figure, the gap between the two parts

is larger than the pinball region, so no heat
transfer will occur between the parts.
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By default, perfect thermal contact is assumed, meaning no temperature drop
occurs at the interface.
Numerous real world conditions can contribute to less than perfect contact
conductance:
Surface roughness
Surface finish
Oxides
Trapped fluids
DT
Contact pressure
Surface temperature
T
Lubricants
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The amount of heat flow across a contact interface is defined by the contact heat flux
expression q shown here:
Tcontact is the temperature of the contact surface and
Ttarget is the temperature of the target surface.
q TCC Ttarget Tcontact

By default, TCC (Thermal Contact Conductivity) is set to a high value
based on the size and material conductivities in the model. This
essentially provides perfect conductance between parts.
A lower TCC value can be set in the contact details to provide a
more realistic thermal resistance:
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Spot welds provide discrete contact locations where heat transfer can take place.
T2
T1
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07.11 Thermal Boundary Conditions

Heat Flow:
A heat flow rate can be applied to a vertex, edge, or surface.
Heat flow has units of energy/time.
Heat Flux:
Heat flux can be applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D).
Heat flux has units of energy/time/area.
Internal Heat Generation:
An internal heat generation rate can be applied to bodies only.
Heat generation has units of energy/time/volume.
A positive value for heat load will add energy to the system.
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Perfectly Insulated (heat flow = 0):
Can be used to remove part of an applied boundary condition:
A convection
load is scoped
to the entire
body.
A perfectly insulated
condition removes the
selected faces from the
convection load.
NOTE: Adiabatic (Perfectly Insulated)

is the default condition where no
boundary condition has been applied. Therefore, Perfectly Insulated is only necessary
to remove part of a previously applied BC or to define a symmetry region.
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Temperature, Convection and Radiation:
At least one type of thermal condition containing temperature {T} should be present
to bound the problem (prevent the thermal equivalent of rigid-body motion).
Temperature:
Imposes a temperature on vertices, edges, surfaces or bodies.
qc hATsurface Tambient
Convection:
Ambient temperature
4
4
qR FA Tsurface
Tambient
Radiation:
Ambient temperature
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Convection:
Applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D analyses).
Convection q is defined by a film coefficient h, the surface area A, and the difference
between surface temperature Tsurface and ambient temperature Tambient.
qc hATsurface Tambient
h and Tambient are user-input values.

The film coefficient h can be constant, temperature-dependent, or spatiallydependent (only temperaturedependent is covered in this course).
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To define temperature-dependent convection:
Select Tabular for the film coefficient.
Set the independent variable to temperature.
Enter coefficient vs temperature tabular data.
In the Coefficient Type field, specify how temperature
from the table is to be interpreted.
Note: As shown (above right), other

independent variables are available
for tabular data. These are not
covered in this course.
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Once defined, convection correlations can be
exported to a convection library for reuse.
Several common textbook correlations are

available to import from a Workbench sample
library.
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Radiation:
Applied to surfaces (edges in 2D analyses)
4
4
qR FA Tsurface
Tambient
where:
= Stefan-Boltzman constant
= Emissivity
A = Area of radiating surface
F = Form factor
Correlations:
To ambient (form factor assumed to be 1)
Surface-to-surface (view factors calculated).
Stefan Boltzman constant is set automatically based on the

active unit system
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Surface to Surface radiation is related by Enclosure number.
In the example shown, 2 radiation boundaries are defined with different emissivity. By
sharing a common enclosure number, view factors will be calculated for all surfaces.
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07.12 Thermal Solution

As with all analysis types in Mechanical the Analysis Settings can be used to
set solution options.
Note: The same Analysis Data Management options discussed in reference for static structural
analyses are available in thermal analysis.
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07.12 Thermal Solution

To perform a thermal-stress solution link a structural analysis to the
thermal model at the Solution level.
An imported load branch is inserted in the Static Structural branch along

with any applied structural loads and supports
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07.13 Thermal Results

Various results are available for postprocessing:
Temperature
Heat Flux
Reaction Heat Flow Rate
User Defined
In Mechanical, results can be requested before or after solving.

A new solution is not required when retrieving new results from a solved model.
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Temperature:
Temperature is a scalar quantity.
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Heat flux contour or vector plots are available:
Heat flux q is defined as:
q KXX T
Total Heat Flux and Directional Heat Flux can be requested.

The magnitude and direction can be plotted as vectors by activating vector mode:
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Reaction heat flow rates are available for Temperature, convection or radiation
boundary conditions:
Reaction heat flow rate is requested by inserting a reaction probe.
A short cut is to drag and drop a boundary condition onto the Solution branch.
OR
Select from
Probe menu
Drag and drop
boundary condition
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When the solution is finished, its good practice to check the validity of the
answers. Checking for thermal equilibrium is one of the most basic steps in
this regard.
From the First Law of Thermodynamics, the steady-state heat balance can
be expressed simply as:
[energy in] [energy out] = 0

Reaction probes can be used to check heat flow through each defined
boundary condition.
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Thermal equilibrium example
Heat balance:
Heat generation load 0.001 W/mm3
Total heat generated : +44.698 W
Reaction to Temperature BC: -34.382 W
Reaction to Convection BC: -10.316 W
By summing the probe results we find

good agreement:
Hgen - Rtemp - Rconv = 0
44.698 10.316 34.382 = 0.000

Having verified an energy balance, we can
proceed to postprocess other results.
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07.14 Multistep Analysis

Step Controls:
Multiple steps allow a series of static analyses to be set up and
solved sequentially.
For a static analysis, the end time can be used as a counter/tracker to
identify the load steps and substeps.
Results can be viewed step by step.
Load values for each step can be entered in the Tabular Data
section provided.
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Time and load values

are displayed in the
graphics window
07.15 Multistep Setup

Multistep Setup:
Begin by setting the desired Number of Steps in the
Analysis Settings details.
When the number of steps is defined, the table and graph
areas will reflect the setting.
Note the reference to Step End Time should be viewed as a tracking mechanism
only. The term time here does not imply we are doing a transient analysis.
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07.16 Multistep Controls

In a multistep analysis, each step is controlled as an
independent analysis. Loads, supports, and analysis settings
can be set up individually for each step.
To ensure you are configuring the correct step/solution
always check the Current Step Number field in the details.
There are several shortcuts available when
selecting which load step(s) you wish to configure:
Click in the graph area within any time range
(note, to select step 3 for example you need
only click in the graph anywhere between steps
2 and 3 to activate this step).
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For certain settings you may wish to select more than
one step at a time:
From the bar at the bottom of the graph use the

shift or control keys to select multiple steps.
You can select all steps by right-clicking in the graph

and choosing Select All Steps.
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A summary of all the different steps can be viewed by highlighting Analysis
Settings and then selecting the Worksheet icon.
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07.17 Multistep Loads

Since a multistep analysis is a sequence of static solution steps,
applied loads can vary from one step to another.
Generally, loads are applied in the same way as with a single step
analysis. There are some additional considerations, however:
For loads that will remain constant over all steps, input a
magnitude just as with single step analyses.
The graph and table will reflect the value.
Note: Since we are dealing with static analysis, the fact that a load is
shown as ramped is of no consequence.
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To vary the load in different steps, change the
Magnitude setting to Tabular.
Then, use the table to enter the desired values for

each step:
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For certain loads and/or supports you may wish to have the boundary condition
inactive. To do this use the graph or table to choose the step(s) and right click to
choose Activate/Deactivate at this step!
Note the graph and table will

graphically indicate inactive steps:
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07.18 Multistep Postprocessing

Results for each individual step can be viewed after solution by selecting
the desired step and then RMB > Retrieve This Result.
Select desired step
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07.18 Multistep Postprocessing

When post processing, if you choose to retrieve results within a step,
Mechanical will return interpolated values.
For example, if you retrieve a result from time = 2.5635 (as below), you could
interpret this as the point within step 3 where approximately 56% of the load
has been applied.
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07.19 Solution Combinations

Solution combinations allow you to obtain solutions that are calculated from
other solutions. The advantage of this approach is the calculations are all done
within the post processor so no solution time is required.
A solution combination may involve multiple environments or may be the result
of multiple steps from a single environment.
Solution combinations provide a coefficient for each entry to allow combinations
to be scaled.
Solution Combination = Coef 1 * Environment 1 + Coef 2 * Environment 2 + . . .
Solution combinations are valid for static and transient structural analyses.
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With the Model branch highlighted, a Solution
Combination can be chosen from the context toolbar.
A new branch is inserted where combined results can be
requested and retrieved.
With the Solution Combination branch highlighted, the
worksheet view allows the identification multiple
environments to be combined.
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Solution combinations are set up using
the Solution Combination Worksheet
(highlight the Solution Combination
branch):
RMB in the worksheet to add or
delete rows.
Select the environment from a drop
down list.
Note: Both a Coefficient (scale factor)
and a time point (multistep or transient
analyses) can be specified in the
worksheet.
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Depending on the type of project, there are many
different ways to specify solution combinations.
In this case, a multistep structural analysis was

performed. A combination was setup by
combining results from different time points
in the same environment.
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A solution combination can be used to scale a single analysis,
as shown here.
Original Result
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Scaled Result

If a project contains multiple analysis systems that share Engineeering
Data, Geometry, and Model cells, their solutions can be combined as well:
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Example: A brake caliper is
simulated in both standing and
rolling configurations. After the 2
environments have been solved, a
Solution Combination shows the
superposed effects of both.
Solution Combination
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07.20 Workshop 07.1: Modal Analysis of a Machine Frame

Goal:
Investigate the vibration characteristics of the machine frame shown here by
testing two sets of constraints.
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07.21 Workshop 07.2: Thermal Analysis of a Pump Housing

Goal:
Analyze the pump housing shown below for its heat transfer characteristics.
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07.22 Workshop 07.3: Multistep Analysis

Goal:
Perform a four-step analysis on the pipe clamp assembly shown below.
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17.

Module 07: Modal, Thermal, and Multistep Analysis

2016 ANSYS, Inc.

March 11, 2016

2016 ANSYS, Inc.

March 11, 2016

13. Thermal Results

07.01 Modal Analysis

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07.02 Modal Theory and Assumptions

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07.02 Modal Theory and Assumptions

Assumptions for modal analysis:

Linear elastic material behavior is assumed.

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07.03 Modal Geometry and Material Properties

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07.04 Modal Contact

Outside Pinball Region

If any gap is present, nonlinear contact types will be treated as free

2016 ANSYS, Inc.

March 11, 2016

07.05 Modal Solution

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07.05 Modal Solution

RMB to request the modes to be displayed (or select all).

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07.06 Modal Results

Because a modal result is based on the

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07.07 Modal Analysis with Prestress

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07.07 Modal Analysis with Prestress

Notice: in the modal system, the structural analysis result becomes

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07.07 Modal Analysis with Prestress

A linear static analysis is

A stress stiffness matrix is

The original free vibration equation is

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07.08 Steady State Thermal Analysis

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07.08 Steady State Thermal Analysis

No transient effects are considered in a steady-state analysis

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07.09 Thermal Geometry and Material Properties

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07.09 Thermal Geometry and Material Properties

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07.10 Thermal Contact