Giossary (CHAPTER 1) Aphanitic: refers to rock texture that contains minerals that are too small to see, Arkose: sandstone that contains a large amount of feldspar. Batholith: large intrusive body of rock, generally granite. Breccia: similar to cuff, but contains large angular fragments (>2 mm) within the fine matrix. Cleavage: a separation along a plane of weakness that produces a smooth plane which reflects light when broken. A fracture is an irregular break of the rock Conglomerate: rock composed of fragments of pre-existing rocks greater than 2 mm and inclusion of other rocks (pebbles, cobbles, and boulders; see Table 1.7) Continental shelf: the gently inclined, flat portions of the continent below sea level, extending from the shore to the continental slope where itslopes into the deep ocean platform. The shelfis generally covered with clastic sediments and the slope with fine sediments. Diagenesis: the chemical and physical changes that a sediment undergoes after deposition. Most of the diagenesis occurs after burial of the sediment. In deep burial (> 3,000 m) the principal diagenetic changes are compaction and lithification.Fissility: the property of breaking along thinly spaced sheets, or planes, parallel to the depositional bedding orientation. Foliation: directional property of metamorphic rocks caused by layered deposition of minerals. Lithification: the process of changing accumulated unconsolidated sediments into a rock, The grains are compacted by the overburden sediments and cemented by deposition (from interstitial water) of silica, calcite, clays, iron oxide, and other minerals, between the grains Hardness (H): and arbitrary scale of approximately equal steps between, numerical hardness numbers, except for 9 to 10, which is a very large step (the hardness value is followed by a mineral that represents that value): 1—Tale, 2—Gypsum, 3—Calcite, 4—Fluorite, 5—Apatite, 6—Orthoclase, 7—Quartz, 8—Topaz, 9—Corundum, 10—Diamond. The minerals 1-3 can be scored by a fingernail, 4-5 by a copper penny, 5-6 by a knife or piece of glass, 6-8 by a piece of quartz, but 9-10 cannot be scored by any of the above. Igneous rocks solidify from a melt, or magma. They are classified according to texture and mineralogy; however, they are not uniform in either composition or texture. A homogenous magma produces a variety of chemically different rocks by the process of fractional crystallizati or differentiation. Igneous rocks that are rich in light-colored mineral are generally referred to as felsic because they contain a relatively large amount of feldspar. Composition and texture (grain size) are used for classification, The common groups of rocks fall into various steps in the differentiation of a basaltic magma according to the Bowen series. Igneous rocks occur in two ways: intrusive (below the surface) and extrusive (on the surface). The source is magma from the upper part of the mantle. Luster: reflection of light by a clean surface. Metamorphic rocks form as a result of a new set of physical and chemical conditions being imposed on pre-existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks differ significantly in mineralogy and texture, Most are regional and related to orogenic events. The naming of metamorphic rock is based principally on textural features, but some names are based on ‘composition. Most have distinct anisotropic features: foliation, lineation, and rock cleavage. Obsidian: a dark-colored, or black, essentially non-vesicular volcanic glass, It usually has the composition of rhyolite. : having crystals greater than 1 cm, : named for the texture of the matrix. Porphyritic basalt is fine-grained dark rock, with inclusions of large crystals. PorphyriticPorphyroblasts: crystals created during metamorphism that are larger than the mineral grains in the rock. Pyroclasts: viscous magma containing gas erupting at the surface; the gas expands rapidly, blowing the plastic magma into fragments high in the air. Pyroclasts less than 2 mm in size are called ash, between 2 mm and 64 mm itis lapilli, and when the size is greater than 64 mm pyroclasts are known as blocks or bombs. Pumice: formed from a froth of small bubbles in magma which has erupted suddenly. It is light, glassy, and floats on water. Sedimentary rocks: composed of the weathered fragments of older rocks that are deposited in layers near the earth's surface by water, wind, and ice. Shale: composed of clay particles less than 1/256 mm. Not gritty when tested by biting. Exhibits fissility. Siltstone (mudstone): composed of particles between 1/256 and 1/16 mm in size. Noticeably gritty to the teeth. Tuff: a deposit of volcanic ash that may contain as much as 50% sedimentary material. Vitreous (glassy): variously described as greasy, waxy, pearly, or silky.