Numerical Examples

Ex. 4.1 The initial pressure and temperature of steam entering a multi stage turbine (d=100
cm, N=3000 rpm) are 100 bar and 5000C respectively. The steam flow rate is 100 Kg/s and
the exit angle of the first stage nozzle blades is 70 0. Assuming maximum utilization factor,
determine the rotor blade angles, blade heights, power developed and the final state of steam
after expansion for the following arrangements.

st 0.78
a. Single stage impulse,

st 0.85
b. Single stage 50% reaction,
Solution
a. Single stage impulse
Blade and air angles are assumed to be equal
For maximum utilization factor
opt = u/c2 = (1/2)sin2, 3 and 2 = 3
Therefore,
opt = u/c2 = (1/2)sin70 = 0.47
u

dN 3.14 1 3000

157.08 m / s
60
60

c2 = 157.08/0.47 = 334.2 m/s

wst = 2u2 = 2 (157.08)2 = 49348.25 J/Kg = 49.35 KJ/Kg

P = m wst = 100 49.35 = 4935 KW

tan2 + tan3 = tan 2 + tan 3
tan2 = 2 tan 2
tan 2 = 1.373
2 = 3 = 53.9470
If the blade heights at the rotor entry and exit are h2, h3
h2 = h3 = m / cxd
Instead of density, the specific volume can be found from the steam table (refer any
thermodynamics book)
cx = c2cos 2 = 334.2 cos70 = 114.30 m/s

h2 = h3 = 100 0.04 / (114.3 3.14 1) = 1.11 cm

The isentropic enthalpy drop in the stage is,

 hs

wst 49.35

63.27 KJ / Kg
st
0.78

The final state of steam can be calculated as follows

p 2 T2

p1 T1

But
63.27 = cp(T1 T2) = 2.1

(773 - T2 )

T2 = 743.1 K

p2 = 100 (743.1 / 773)3.5 = 87.1 bar.

b. Single stage reaction turbine
opt = u/c2 = sin2 = sin70 = 0.9397
c2 = 157.08/0.9397 = 167.61 m/s
wst = u2 = (157.08)2 = 24.67 KJ/Kg

P = m wst = 100 X 24.67 = 2467 KW

2 = 3 = 00
3 = 2 = 700
If the blade heights at the rotor entry and exit are h2, h3
h2 = h3 = m / cxd
Instead of density, the specific volume can be found from the steam table (refer any
thermodynamics book)
cx = c2cos 2 = 167.61 cos70 = 57.17 m/s

h2 = h3 = 100 0.04 / (57.17 3.14 1) = 1.948 cm

The isentropic enthalpy drop in the stage is,

hs

wst 24.67

29.02 KJ / Kg
st
0.85

The final state of steam can be calculated as follows

p 2 T2

p1 T1
But,

29.02 = cp (T1 T2) = 2.1

(773 - T2)

T2 = 759.18 K = 486.180C

p2 = 100 (759.18 / 773)3.5 = 93.8 bar.

Ex. 4.2 A fifty percent reaction stage of a gas turbine has the following data:
Entry pressure and temperature, p1 = 10 bar, T1 = 1500 K
Speed = 12,000 rpm
Mass flow rate = 70 kg/s

st 0.87
Stage pressure ratio and efficiency, pr = 2.0,
Fixed and moving blade exit air angles = 600

1.4, c p 1.005 KJ / KgK

Assume optimum blade to gas speed ratio,
Determine a. Flow co-efficient

b. Mean diameter of the stage

c. Power developed

d.

Pressure ratio across the fixed and rotor e. blade rings f. Hub tip ratio of the rotor g.
Degrees of reaction at the hub and tip.
Solution
a. flow co-efficient
() = cx / u
But opt = u/c2 = sin2 = sin 60 = 0.866; u = c2 X 0.866; c2 cos 2 = cx
Ignoring kinetic energy,

1 2
c2 h1 h2 J / Kg
2
But for 50% reaction turbine,
1
h1 h3 h1 h2 h2 h3
2

Now,
1

h1 h3 c p T1 T3ss st c p T1 1 p r st

0.286
h1 h3 1.005 1500 1 2
0.87 235.84 KJ / Kg

Therefore,
235.84
h1 h2
117.92 KJ / Kg
2
1 2
c 2 117.92 X 10 3
2
c 2 485.63m / s
c x 485.63 cos 60 242.81m / s

242.81
0.5773
420.56

b. Mean diameter of the stage

dN
60
60u 60 420.56
d

0.6693m
N
12000

c. Power

P = m Cp (T1-T3) = m (h1-h3) = 70 235.84 = 16.508 MW

d. Pressure ratio across the fixed and rotor blade rings
h1 - h3ss = 235.84 / 0.87 = 271.08 KJ/Kg
T1 T3ss = 271.08 / 1.005 = 269.73 K
T1 T3 = 235.84 / 1.005 = 234.66 K
Stage loss = 269.73 234.66 = 35.07 K
Since the blade rows in both the stator and rotor are identical the losses can also be assumed
as same. Therefore,
T1 T2s = T1 T2 + (35.07/2) = (h1 h2 / cp) + 17.53 = 117.33 + 17.53 = 134.86 K
T1 T2s = T1 (1- pr 0.2857)
134.86 = 1500 (1 - pr (stator) 0.2857)
pr (stator) = 1.387

p1
p1

p3

p2

2 .0
1.442
1.387

pr rotor = p2/p3 =
e. Hub tip ratio of the rotor
For exit of the stator or entry of the rotor

p2
RT 2

10
7.2bar
1.387
T2 1500 117.33 1382.67 K
p2

7.2
1.81Kg / m 3
0.287 1382.67
.

m
70
l2

0.0757 m
2 c x d 1.81 242.81 3.14 0.6693
At the rotor exit,

p3
RT3

10
5bar
2
T3 1500 234.66 1265.34 K
p3

5 10 5
1.376 Kg / m 3
0.287 1265.34
.

m
70
l3

0.09964m
3 c x d 1.367 242.81 3.14 0.6693

Therefore, the average height of the rotor blade,

l 2 l3
0.08762m
2

The mean radius of the blade ring

rm

d 0.6693

0.3346m
2
2

The hub and tip radii are,

l
0.08762
0.3346
29.08cm
2
2
l
0.08762
0.3346
37.841cm
t rm
2
2
rh rm

f. The hub-tip ratio of the stage as

rh
29.08

0.768
rt 37.841
g. The degree of reaction along the blade height is given by

rh2
r2
29.08 2
0 .5 1 1 R h
33.46 2
Rh 0.336
R 1 1 R h

For the tip section,

Rt 1 1 Rh

rh2
rt 2

29.08 2
Rt 1 1 0.336
0.6078
37.8412

Ex.4.3 A ninety Degree IFR turbine stage has the following data.
Total to static pressure ratio: p01/p3 = 3.5
Exit pressure

: 1 bar

Stagnation temperature at entry: 6500C

Blade to isentropic speed ratio: = 0.66
Rotor diameter ratio: d3 / d2 =0.45
Rotor speed: N = 16000 rpm
Nozzle exit air angle: 2 = 200
Nozzle efficiency: N = 0.95
Rotor width at entry: b2 = 5 cm
Assuming constant meridional velocity, axial exit and that the properties of the working fluid
are the same as those of air, determine the following quantities
a. Rotor diameter

b. The rotor blade exit air angle

c. The mass flow rate
d. Hub and tip diameters at the rotor exit
e. The power developed
f. The total to total efficiency of the stage.
Solution:
a. rotor diameter
d2 N
60
u 2 c0
u2

c 0 2 1005 923 1 3.5 0.2857 747.4m / s

u 2 0.66 747.1 493.28m / s
60 493.28
0.589m
3.14 16000
d 3 0.45 0.589 0.265m
d2

b. The rotor blade exit air angle

c x3
u3

tan
c3 = cx3 = cr2 = 179.54 m/s
d3 N
60
3.14 .265 16000
u3
222.0m / s
60
u3

tan 3

179.54
0.8087
222

3 38.96 0
Therefore,

c. The mass flow rate

.

m 2 c r 2 d 2 b2
R

c p T2 T3
u 22

T2 T3

0 .5

0.5 493.28 2
121.06 0 c
1005

Now,
c p T01 T03 u 22
493.28 2
242.12 0 c
1005
923 T03 242.12

T01 T03

T03 680.88 K
T3 T03

c32
179.54 2
680.44
664.84 K
2c p
2 1005

T2 121.06 664.84 785.9 K

c2

u2
493.28

524.94m / s
cos 2
cos 20

1 2
c2
2
T01 T2 s 0.5 524.94 2 / 1005 0.95 144.31K
c p T01 T2 s N

Now the pressure ratio across the nozzle can be determined.

.2857
T01 1 p rN
144.31
3.5

p 01
144.31
1
1.8135
p2
923
p 01 3.5bar , p3 1bar
p2

3.5
1.93bar
1.8135

Then,
1.93 10 5
2
0.8556 Kg / m 3
287 785.9
Therefore mass flow rate,
.

m 0.8556 179.54 3.14 0.589 0.05 14.21Kg / s

d. Hub and tip diameters at the rotor exit

m 3 c x 3 d 3 b3
14.21
0.1814m
0.524 179.54 3.14 0.265
d h d 3 b3 26.5 18.14 8.36cm

b3

d t d 3 b3 26.5 18.14 44.64cm

e. The power developed

P=14.21X493.282 = 3457.7 KW
f. The total to total efficiency of the stage.

ts

wa

ws

u 22

c p T01 1 p r 0

493.284 2
100 87.11%
1005 923 1 3.5 .2857