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Philippine SupremeCourt Jurisprudence >Year 2015 > August2015 Decisions >G.R. No. 202322, August19,
2015 LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT AUTHORITY, Petitioner, v. ROMULO S. MENDOZA, FRANCISCO S. MERCADO,
ROBERTOM.REYES,EDGARDOCRISTOBAL,JR.,ANDRODOLFOROMAN,Respondents.:
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G.R.No.202322,August19,2015LIGHTRAILTRANSITAUTHORITY,Petitioner,v.ROMULOS.
MENDOZA,FRANCISCOS.MERCADO,ROBERTOM.REYES,EDGARDOCRISTOBAL,JR.,ANDRODOLFO
ROMAN,Respondents.
SECONDDIVISION
G.R.No.202322,August19,2015
LIGHTRAILTRANSITAUTHORITY,Petitioner,v.ROMULOS.MENDOZA,FRANCISCOS.
MERCADO,ROBERTOM.REYES,EDGARDOCRISTOBAL,JR.,ANDRODOLFOROMAN,
Respondents.
DECISION
BRION,J.:
For resolution is the present petition for review on certiorari1 which seeks the reversal of the January
31,2012Decision2andJune15,2012Resolution3oftheCourtofAppealsinCAG.R.SPNo.109224.
TheAntecedents
TheLightRailTransitAuthority(LRTA)isagovernmentownedandcontrolledcorporationcreatedunder
Executive Order No. 603 for the construction, operation, maintenance, and/or lease of light rail transit
systemsinthePhilippines.
DebtKollectCompany,Inc.
To carry out its mandate, LRTA entered into a tenyear operations and management (O & M)
agreement4withtheMeralcoTransitOrganization,Inc.(MTOI)fromJune8,1984,toJune8,1994,for
an annual fee of P5,000,000.00. Subject to specified conditions, and in connection with the operation
and maintenance of the system not covered by the O & M agreement, LRTA undertook to reimburse
MTOIsuchoperatingexpensesandadvancestotherevolvingfund.
"Operatingexpenses"included"allsalaries,wagesandfringebenefits(bothdirectandindirect)upto
the rank of manager, and a lump sum amount to be determined annually as top management
compensation (above the rank of manager up to president), subject to consultation with the LRTA."
MTOI hired the necessary employees for its operations and forged collective bargaining agreements
(CBAs)withtheemployees'unions,withtheLRTA'sapproval.
OnJune9,1989,theManilaElectricCompany,whoowned499,990ofMTOIsharesofstocks,soldsaid
sharestotheLRTA.Consequently,MTOIbecameawhollyownedsubsidiaryofLRTA.MTOIchangedits
corporate name to Metro Transit Organization, Inc.(METRO), but maintained its distinct and separate
personality. LRTA and METRO renewed the O & M agreement upon its expiration on June 8, 1994,
extendedonamonthtomonthbasis.5
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ChanRoblesIntellectualProperty
Division
On July 25, 2000, the Pinagisang Lakas ng Manggagawa sa METRO, INC., the rankandfile union at
METRO, staged an illegal strike over a bargaining deadlock, paralyzing the operations of the light rail
transport system. On July 28, 2000, the LRTA Board of Directors issued Resolution No. 00446 where
LRTA agreed to shoulder METRO'S operating expenses for a maximum of two months counted from
August1,2000.ItalsoupdatedtheEmployeeRetirementFund.
Becauseofthestrike,LRTAnolongerrenewedtheO&MagreementwhenitexpiredonJuly31,2000,
resulting in the cessation of METRO'S operations and the termination of employment of its workforce,
includingtherespondentsRomuloMendoza,FranciscoMercado,RobertoReyes,EdgardoCristobal,Jr.,
andRodolfoRoman.
On April 1, 2001, the METRO Board of Directors authorized the payment of 50 % of the dismissed
employees' separation pay, to be sourced from the retirement fund. In May 2001, respondents
receivedonehalf(1/2)oftheirseparationpay.Dissatisfied,theydemandedfromLRTApaymentofthe
50%balanceoftheirseparationpay,butLRTArejectedthedemand,promptingthemtofileonAugust
31,2004,aformalcomplaint,7beforethelaborarbiter,againstLRTAandMETRO.
LRTA moved to dismiss the complaint on grounds of absence of employeremployee
relationshipwiththerespondents,lackofjurisdictionandofmerit,andprescriptionofaction.
TheCompulsoryArbitrationRulings
Inhisdecision8datedAugust8,2005,LaborArbiter(LA)ArthurL.AmansecpiercedtheveilofMETRO'S
corporatefiction,invokedthelawagainstlaboronlycontracting,anddeclaredLRTAsolidarityliablewith
METROforthepaymentoftheremaining50%ofrespondents'separationpay.OnappealbytheLRTA,
the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) affirmed in its decision9 of December 23, 2008, LA
Amansec's ruling, thereby dismissing the appeal. It also held that the case had not prescribed. LRTA
movedforreconsideration,buttheNLRCdeniedthemotioninitsresolution10ofMarch30,2009.
TheCasebeforetheCA
LRTAchallengedtheNLRCdecisionbeforetheCAthroughapetitionforcertiorariunderRule65ofthe
Rules of Court, contending that the labor tribunal committed grave abuse of discretion when it (1)
assumed jurisdiction over the case (2) held that it was an indirect employer of the respondents with
solidary liability for their claim and (3) took cognizance of the case despite its being barred by
prescription.
LRTA argued that as a governmentowned and controlled corporation, all actions against it should be
broughtbeforetheCivilServiceCommission,nottheNLRC,pursuanttoArticleIXB,Section2(1)ofthe
Constitution, as declared by this Court's decision in the consolidated cases of LRTA v. Venus, Jr., and
METROv.CourtofAppeals(Venuscase).11Itfurtherarguedthatitcouldnotbemadesolidarityliable
withMETROfortherespondents'claimsinceMETROisanindependentjobcontractor.
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Inadifferentvein,LRTAstressedthatitsResolutionNo.0044updatingtheretirementfundforMETRO
employees was merely a financial assistance to METRO, which neither created an employeremployee
relationshipbetweenitandtheMETROemployees,nordiditimposeacontractualobligationuponitfor
theemployees'separationpay.Lastly,itreiteratedthatrespondents'claimhadalreadyprescribedsince
they filed the complaint beyond the threeyear period under Article 306 of the Labor Code (formerly
Article291renumberedbyR.A.10151,AnActAllowingtheEmploymentofNightworkers).12
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The respondents, for their part, prayed for the dismissal of the petition, relying on an earlier case
involvingthesamecauseofactiondecidedbytheCA,LRTAv.NLRCandRicardoB.Malanao,etal.,13
andwhichhadbecomefinalandexecutoryonFebruary21,2006.14Inthatcase,theypointedout,LRTA
washeldsolidarityliablewithMETRO,asanindirectemployer,forthepaymentoftheseverancepayof
METRO'Sseparatedemployees.
Inthemeantime,oronJune3,2010,LAAmansecissuedaWritofExecution15forhisAugust8,2005
decision.OnAugust5,2010,respondentsfiledanUrgentManifestation16 stating that pursuant to the
labor arbiter's order, LRTA's cash bond covered by Check No. LB0000007505, dated September 20,
2005, for PI,082,929.16 had been released to them. Thus, they considered the case to have become
academic.
August2015Jurisprudence
G.R. No. 197709, August 03, 2015 JOSE YULO
AGRICULTURALCORPORATION,Petitioner,v.SPOUSES
PERLA CABAYLO DAVIS AND SCOTT DAVIS,
Respondents.
G.R.No.200969,August03,2015 CONSOLACION
D. ROMERO AND ROSARIO S.D. DOMINGO, Petitioners,
v.ENGRACIAD.SINGSON,Respondent.
G.R. No. 213847, August 18, 2015 JUAN PONCE
ENRILE, Petitioner, v. SANDIGANBAYAN (THIRD
DIVISION), AND PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES,
Respondents.
A.C. No. 8708 (CBD Case No. 082192), August 12,
2015SPOUSESBYRONANDMARIALUISASAUNDERS,
Complainants, v. ATTY. LYSSA GRACE S. PAGANO
CALDE,Respondent.
G.R. No. 177803, August 03, 2015 SPOUSES
EMILIANO L. JALBAY, SR. AND MAMERTA C. JALBAY,
Petitioners,
v.
PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
BANK,
Respondent.
G.R.No.201365,August03,2015THEPEOPLEOF
THE PHILIPPINES, PlaintiffAppellee, v. MANUELA
FLORESYSALAZAR@WELLAAccusedAppellant.
G.R. No. 198908, August 03, 2015 VIRGINIA
OCAMPO, Petitioner, v. DEOGRACIO OCAMPO,
Respondent.
G.R.
No.
195175,
August
10,
2015
TheCADecision
The CA affirmed the NLRC ruling that LRTA is solidarity liable for the remaining 50% of respondents'
separationpay,butnotsquarelyonthesamegrounds.UnliketheNLRC,itconsideredinapplicablethe
doctrineofpiercingtheveilofcorporatefictiontojustifyLRTA'ssolidaryliabilityduetotheabsenceof
fraud or wrongdoing on LRTA's part in relation to the nonpayment of the balance of the respondents'
separationpayasthisCourthadstatedintheVenuscase.17
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TheCAlikewisedisagreedwiththeNLRC'sopinionthatMETROisalaboronlycontractorsoastomake
LRTAtherespondents'directemployer.ItexplainedthatMETROwasacorporationwithsufficientcapital
andinvestmentintoolsandequipment,anditsownemployees(whowereevenunionized)toundertake
theoperationandmanagementofthelightrailtransitsystem,forwhichitwasexclusivelyengagedby
LRTA. Neither did LRTA exercise the prerogatives of an employer over the METRO employees. It thus
concludedthatLRTA'ssolidaryliabilityasanindirectemployerislimitedtothepaymentofwages,and
for any violation of the Labor Code,18 excluding backwages and separation pay which are punitive in
nature.19
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The CA nonetheless held that LRTA cannot avoid liability for respondents' separation pay as it is a
contractualobligation.ItagreedwiththeNLRCfindingthatLRTAprovidedMETRO'S"operating
expenses" which included the employees' wages and fringe benefits, and all other general
andadministrativeexpensesrelativetotheoperationofthelightrailtransitsystem.
TheCAfoundadditionalbasisforitsrulinginthelettertotheLRTA,datedJuly12,2001,ofthenActing
Chairman of the METRO Board of Directors, Wilfredo Trinidad, that "Funding provisions for the
retirementfundhavealwaysbeenconsideredoperatingexpensesofMETRO.Pursuanttothe
O&MAgreement,theLRTAhadbeenreimbursingMETROofalloperatingexpenses,including
thefundssetasidefortheretirementfund.ItfollowsnowthatcircumstancescallforMetrotopay
thefullseparationbenefitsthatLRTAshouldprovidethenecessaryfundingtocompletelysatisfythese
benefits."20
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Also, the CA noted that "METRO'S November 17, 1997 Memorandum further revealed that the LRTA
Board approved 'the additional retirement/resignation benefit of 7.65 days or a total of 1.5 months'
salary for every year of service' for METRO'S rankandfile employees and that lthe granting of 1.5
months'salaryforeveryyearofserviceasseveranceorresignationpaywouldeffectivelyamendthe
existing Employees' Retirement Plan."21 This LRTA memorandum, together with its July 28, 2000
Resolution No. 0044, the CA believed, was an indication that LRTA regularly financed the retirement
fund.
Accordingly, the CA stressed, the LRTA cannot argue that the retirement fund was not meant to cover
theseparationpayofthe"terminated"employeesofMETRO,andneithercanitdenythatitisboundto
complywithitsundertakingtoprovidethenecessaryfundstocoverpaymentoftherespondents'claim.
The CA brushed aside the prescription issue. It held that the complaint is not timebarred, citing De
Guzman v. Court of Appeals,22 where the Court affirmed the applicability of Article 1155 of the Civil
ADRIATICO Y
Respondents.
ERUDA
AND
ROMEO
DE
Code23toanemployee'sclaimforseparationpayintheabsenceofanequivalentLaborCodeprovision
for determining whether the period for such claim may be interrupted. It agreed with the NLRC
conclusionthattheprescriptiveperiodforrespondents'claimforseparationpaywasinterruptedbytheir
letterstoLRTA24 (dated September 19, 2002 and October 14, 2002) demanding payment of the 50%
balanceoftheirseparationpay.
LUNA,
ThePetition
Its motion for reconsideration having been denied by the CA, LRTA now asks the Court for a reversal,
contendingthattheappellatecourtcommittedaseriouserroroflawwhenitaffirmedtheNLRCdecision.
G.R.No.209447,August11,2015PRESIDENTIAL
COMMISSION ON GOOD GOVERNMENT (PCGG),
Petitioner,v.HON.WINLOVEM.DUMAYAS,PRESIDING
JUDGE, REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, BRANCH 59, MAKATI
CITY AND UNITED COCONUT PLANTERS BANK (UCPB),
Respondents. G.R. NO. 210901 PRESIDENTIAL
COMMISSION ON GOOD GOVERNMENT (PCGG),
Petitioner,v.HON.WINLOVEM.DUMAYAS,PRESIDING
JUDGE, REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, BRANCH 59, MAKATI
CITY AND UNITED COCONUT PLANTERS LIFE
ASSURANCECORPORATION(COCOLIFE),Respondents.
It faults the CA for not ruling on the jurisdictional question which, it contends, had been settled with
finality"inactionssimilartotheoneatbar."25
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On the merits of the case, LRTA submits that no liability, from whatever origin or source, was ever
attachedtoitinsofarastherespondents'claimisconcerned.ItdisputestheCAopinionthatitsliability
for50%oftherespondents'separationpayisacontractualobligationunderMETRO'Sretirementfund.
ItalsoassailstheCA'srelianceonitsJuly28,2000ResolutionNo.0044asevidenceofitscontractual
obligation.Itassertsithasnosuchobligation.
Lastly, LRTA contends that while its board of directors updated METRO'S retirement fund to cover the
retirementbenefitsofMETRO'Semployees,theupdatingwasamerefinancialassistanceorgoodwillto
METRO.Itdidnotexecute,itstresses,anydeedorcontractinfavorofMETRO,AvhichamendedtheO&
Magreementbetweenthem,orassumedanyobligationinfavorofMETROoritsemployeesthus,ithas
nocontractualobligationfortheunpaidbalanceofrespondents'separationpay.
TheRespondents'Position
IntheirComment26datedOctober8,2012,therespondentsprayedthatthepetitionbedismissedfor
lackofmeritastheCAhadcommittednoerroroflawwhenitaffirmedtheNLRCdecision.
TheystandfirmontheirpositionthatLRTAislegallyboundtopaythebalanceoftheirseparationpayas
evidenced by its official undertakings such as the Joint Memorandum, dated June 6, 1989,27 with
METRO,itswhollyownedsubsidiary,providing,amongothers,fortheestablishmentoftheRetirement
FundofMETRO,Inc.,EmployeesLRTABoardResolutionNo.0044ofJuly28,2000,28authorizingthe
updating of the retirement fund and approving the collective bargaining agreements entered into by
METROwithitsunionscontainingtermsandconditionsofemploymentandbenefitsforitsemployees.
TheyalsocitethelettertoLRTA,29datedJuly12,2001,oftheActingChairmanoftheMETROBoardof
Directorsstatingthatfundingprovisionsfortheretirementfundhavealwaysbeenconsideredoperating
expensesofMETRO.Inshort,theymaintain,LRTAregularlyfinancedtheretirementfundintendednot
only for the retirement benefit, but also for the severance and/or resignation pay of METRO'S
employees.
TheCourt'sRuling
Thejurisdictionalissue
LRTAreiteratesitspositionthatthelaborarbiterandtheNLRChadnojurisdictionoveritinrelationto
therespondents'claim,quotingtheVenusrulingtoproveitspoint,thus:"xxxThereshouldbeno
dispute then that employment in petitioner LRTA should be governed only by civil service
rules, and not the Labor Code and beyond the reach of the Department of Labor and
Employment,sincepetitioner LRTA is a governmentowned and controlled corporationwith
an original charter x x x Petitioner METRO was originally organized under the Corporation
Code, and only became a governmentowned and controlled corporation after it was
acquiredbypetitionerLRTA.Eventhen,petitionerMETROhasnooriginalcharter,hence,itis
the Department of Labor and Employment, and not the Civil Service Commission, which has
jurisdictionoverdisputesfromtheemploymentofitsworkersxxx."30
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A.M.No.CA1226P,August17,2015OFFICEOF
THE COURT ADMINISTRATOR, Complainant, v. ANA
MARIE ABARENTOS, RECORDS OFFICER IV, COURT OF
APPEALS,CEBUCITY,Respondent.
Wedisagree.Underthefactsofthepresentlaborcontroversy,LRTA'srelianceontheVenus ruling is
misplaced. The ruling has no bearing on the respondents' case. As we see it, the jurisdictional issue
shouldnothavebeenbroughtupinthefirstplacebecausetherespondents'claimdoesnotinvolvetheir
employmentwithLRTA.Thereisnodisputeonthisaspectofthecase.Therespondentswerehiredby
METROand,were,therefore,itsemployees.
Rather,thecontroversyinvolvesthequestionofwhetherLRTAcanbemadeliablebythelabortribunals
for the respondents' money claim, despite the absence of an employeremployee relationship between
themanddespitethefactthatLRTAisagovernmentownedandcontrolledcorporationwithanoriginal
charter.
The Court provided the answer in Phil. National Bank v. Pabalan31 where it said: "By engaging in a
particularbusinessthroughtheinstrumentalityofacorporation,thegovernmentdivestsitselfprohac
vice of its sovereign character, so as to render the corporation subject of the rules governing private
corporations."32
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The NLRC accordingly declared: "for having conducted business through a private corporation, in this
case,respondentMETRO,asitsbusinessconduitoralterego,respondentLRTAmustsubmititselftothe
provisions governing private corporations, including the Labor Code. Consequently, the Labor Arbiter
rightfullydismissedtheMotiontoDismissofrespondentLRTA."33
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In this light, we find no grave abuse of discretion in the labor tribunals' taking cognizance of the
respondents'moneyclaimagainstLRTA.
Thesubstantiveaspectofthecase
Thepetitioniswithoutmerit,forthefollowingreasons:
ChanRoblesvirtualLawlibrary
First. LRTA obligated itself to fund METRO'S retirement fund to answer for the retirement or
severance/resignation of METRO employees as part of METRO'S "operatingexpenses." Under Article
4.05.1oftheO&Magreement34betweenLRTAandMetro,"TheAuthorityshallreimburseMETROforx
xx"OPERATINGEXPENSESxxx"InthelettertoLRTA35datedJuly12,2001,theActingChairmanof
theMETROBoardofDirectorsatthetime,WilfredoTrinidad,remindedLRTAthat"fundingprovisionsfor
the retirement fund have always been considered operating expenses of Metro.36 The coverage of
operatingexpensestoincludeprovisionsfortheretirementfundhasneverbeendeniedbyLRTA.
Inthesameletter,TrinidadstressedthatasaconsequenceofthenonrenewaloftheO&Magreement
by LRTA, METRO was compelled to close its business operations effective September 30, 2000. This
created,Trinidadadded,alegalobligationtopaythequalifiedemployeesseparationbenefits
under existing company policy and collective bargaining agreements. The METRO Board of
Directorsapprovedthepaymentof50%oftheemployees'separationpaybecausethatwas
onlywhattheEmployees'RetirementFundcouldaccommodate.37
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TheevidencesupportsTrinidad'sposition.WereferprincipallytoResolutionNo.004438issuedby
theLRTABoardofDirectorsonJuly28,2000,inanticipationofandinpreparationfortheexpirationof
theO&MagreementwithMETROonJuly31,2000.
Specifically, the LRTA anticipated and prepared for the (1) nonrenewal (at its own behest) of the
agreement,(2)theeventualcessationofMETROoperations,and(3)theinvoluntarylossofjobsofthe
METRO employees thus, (1) the extension of a twomonth bridging fund for METRO from
August 1, 2000, to coincide with the agreement's expiration on July 31, 2000 (2) METRO'S
cessationofoperationsitclosedonSeptember30,2000,thelastdayofthebridgingfund
and most significantly to the employees adversely affected (3) the updating of the "Metro,
Inc., Employee Retirement Fund with the Bureau of Treasury to ensure that the fund fully
coversallretirementbenefitsyayabletotheemployeesofMetro,Inc."39
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TheclearlanguageofResolutionNo.0044,toourmind,establishedtheLRTA'sobligationforthe50%
unpaid balance of the respondents' separation pay. Without doubt, it bound itself to provide the
necessaryfundingtoMETRO'SEmployeeRetirementFundtofullycompensatetheemployeeswhohad
beeninvoluntaryretiredbythecessationofoperationsofMETRO.Thisisnotatallsurprisingconsidering
thatMETROwasawhollyownedsubsidiaryoftheLRTA.
Second. Even on the assumption that the LRTA did not obligate itself to fully cover the separation
benefits of the respondents and others similarly situated, it still cannot avoid liability for the
respondents' claim. It is solidarity liable as an indirect employer under the law for the
respondents' separation pay. This liability arises from the O & M agreement it had with METRO,
whichcreatedaprincipaljobcontractorrelationshipbetweenthem,anarrangementitadmittedwhenit
argued before the CA that METRO was an independent job contractor40 who, it insinuated, should be
solelyresponsiblefortherespondents'claim.
UnderArticle107oftheLaborCode,anindirectemployeris"anyperson,partnership,associationor
corporationwhich,notbeinganemployer,contractswithanindependentcontractorfortheperformance
ofanywork,task,joborproject."
Department Order No. 1802, s. 2002, the rules implementing Articles 106 to 109 of the Labor Code,
providesinitsSection19that"theprincipalshallalsobesolidarityliableincasethecontractbetween
theprincipalispreterminatedforreasonsnotattributabletothecontractororsubcontractor."
AlthoughthecessationofMETRO'SoperationswasduetoanonrenewaloftheO&Magreementand
notapreterminationofthecontract,thecauseofthenonrenewalandtheeffectontheemployeesare
thesameasinthecontractpreterminationcontemplatedintherules.Theagreementwasnotrenewed
throughnofaultofMETRO,asitwassolelyatthebehestofLRTA.Thefactis,underthecircumstances,
METROreallyhadnochoiceonthematter,consideringthatitwasameresubsidiaryofLRTA.
Nevertheless, whether it is a pretermination or a nonrenewal of the contract, the same adverse effect
befalls the workers affected, like the respondents in this case the involuntary loss of their
employment,oneofthecontingenciesaddressedandsoughttoberectifiedbytherules.
Infine,wefindnoreversibleerrorintheCArulings.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the petition for review on certiorari is DISMISSED, for lack of
merit.TheassaileddecisionandresolutionoftheCourtofAppealsareAFFIRMED.Thedecisiondated
May8,2005,ofLaborArbiterArthurL.Amansec,isREINSTATED.
SOORDERED.
chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Carpio,(Chairperson),DelCastillo,Mendoza,andLeonen,JJ.,concur.
Endnotes:
1Rollo,pp.930filedpursuanttoRule45oftheRulesofCourt.
2Id.at3651pennedbyAssociateJusticeMarioV.LopezandconcurredinbyAssociate
JusticesFernandaLampasPeraltaandSocorroB.Inting.
3Id.at5354.
4CArollo,pp.172208.
8Id.at5869.
10Id.at95.
ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary
5Rollo,p.103PetitionforCertiorari,p.7,par.10.
6CArollo,p.255.
7Id.at5556.
11520Phil.233(2006).
12SignedintolawbyPresidentBenignoS.AquinoIII,March14,2013.
13Rollo,pp.150173CAG.R.SPNo.83984.
14Id.at:179180EntryofJudgmentinG.R.No.169194,LRTAv.RicardoB.Malanao,et
al., where the Supreme Court's 3rd Division denied LRTA's Rule 45 appeal from the CA
decisioninsamecase.
15CArollo,pp.657662.
16Id.at654655.
17Supranote11.
18Articles106and109.
19RosewoodProcessing,Inc.,v.NLRC,etal.,352Phil.1013,1035(1998).
20CArollo,pp.267268.
21Id.at254.
22358Phil.397,409(1998).
23Theprescriptionofactionsisinterruptedwhentheyarefiledbeforethecourt,
whenthereisawrittenextrajudicialdemandbythecreditors,andwhenthereis
awrittenacknowledgmentofthedebtbythedebtor.
24CARollo,pp.281285.
25
Supranote1,at21,par.4.
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26Id.at23,par.5.
27CArollo,pp.215216.
28Supranote6.
29Supranote20.
30Supranote11,at243,244.
31173Phil.25,(1978).
32Id.at29.
33Supranote9,at9,par.1.
34Supranote5.
35Supranote20.
36Id.par.4.
37Id.pars.2&3.
38Supranote6.
39Id.par.2
40Rollo,p.113PetitionforCertiorari,p.17,par.10.
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