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Popular Antennas
Dr. Hassan Tariq Chattha
Department of Electrical Engineering
The University Engineering & Technology
(Lahore) Faisalabad Campus
Classification of Antennas
Wire-Type Antennas
Dipoles
Monopoles
Biconical antennas
Loop antennas
Helical antennas
Linearly polarised antennas
Element antennas
Narrow-band
Transmitting
Aperture-Type Antennas
Horn and open waveguide
Reflector antennas
Slot antennas
Microstrip antennas
Circularly polarised antennas
Antenna array
Broad-band
Receiving
5.1
Dipole Antennas
Radiation pattern is
E() = sin
The directivity is
D = 1.5 (1.76dBi)
Half-wavelength dipole
Example 5.1
A dipole of the length 2l = 3 cm and diameter d = 2 mm is
made of copper wire (s = 5.7 107 S/m) for mobile
communications. If the operational frequency is 1 GHz,
a). obtain its radiation pattern and directivity;
b). calculate its input impedance, radiation resistance and
radiation efficiency;
c). if this antenna is also used as a field probe at 100 MHz
for EMC applications, find its radiation efficiency again,
and express it in dB.
Monopole Antennas
Ground
An example
Duality Principle
Duality means the state of combing two different things
which are closely linked. In antennas, the duality theory
means that it is possible to write the fields of one
antenna from the field expressions of the other antenna
by interchanging parameters:
System 1
System 2
Loop Antennas
Directivity of a loop
Helical Antennas
A helix can radiate in many modes, the axial (end-fire) and the normal (broadside) mode
are the ones of most interest. It consists of a wire wound N turns around a cylinder in
diameter D with spacing S between the turns, and it is fed against a ground plane at one
end of the structure by a coaxial cable. The total length of the helix is L = NS while the
total length of the wire is Lw = NL0 = N S + C
2
S2 + C2
S
1 S
tan
tan
C
1
The directivity:
Radiation resistance
Example 5.2
Design a circularly polarised helix antenna of an endfire radiation pattern with a directivity of 13 dBi. Find
out its radiation resistance, HPBW, AR and
radiation pattern.
Radiation patterns
Which is better?
Yagi-Uda Antennas
Log-periodic Antennas
Antenna design
This seems to have too many variables. In fact, there
are only three independent variables for log-periodic
antenna design.
the scaling factor:
the spacing factor:
Example 5.3
Design a log-periodic dipole antenna to cover all UHF TV
channels, which is from 470 MHz for channel 14 to 890
MHz for channel 83. Each channel has a bandwidth of 6
MHz. The desired directivity is 8 dBi.
Frequency-Independent Antennas
5.2
They are often
used for higher
frequency
applications
(> 1GHz) than
wire-type
antennas.
Aperture-Type Antennas
Directivity:
Example 5.4
An open waveguide aperture of dimensions a long x and b
along y located in the z = 0 plane is shown in Figure. The
field in the aperture is TE10 mode and given by
Find
i). the radiated far field and plot the radiation pattern in both
the E and H planes;
ii). the directivity.
Horn Antennas
Horn antennas are the simplest and one of the most widely
used microwave antennas the antenna is nicely integrated
with the feed line (waveguide) and the performance can be
easily controlled.
They are mainly used for standard antenna gain and field
measurements, feed element for reflector antennas, and
microwave communications.
i.e.
The directivity:
Example 5.5
Design a standard gain horn with a directivity of 20 dBi
at 10 GHz. WR-90 waveguide will be used to feed the
horn.
Reflector Antennas
Reflector antennas can offer much higher gains than
horn antennas and are easy to design and construct.
The most widely used antennas for high frequency and
high gain applications in radio astronomy, radar,
microwave and millimetre wave communications, and
satellite tracking and communications.
The most popular shape is the paraboloid because of
its excellent ability to produce a pencil beam (high gain)
with low sidelobes and good cross-polarisation
characteristics
Plane reflectors
Corner reflectors
Curved reflectors
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Parabolic Cylinder
Focus is a line
Hyperbola
Parabola
Focus is a point
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Offset reflectors
Cassegrain fed
Dual offset
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Antenna design
The reflector design problem consists primarily of
matching the feed antenna pattern to the reflector. The
usual goal is to have the feed pattern about 10 dB down
in the direction of the rim, that is the edge taper = (the
field at the edge)/(the field at the centre) 10 dB.
Directivity:
Half-power beamwidth
Slots Antennas
They are very low-profile and can be conformed to basically
any configuration, thus they have found many
applications, for example, on aircraft and missiles.
Antenna
Equivalent circuit
where E and H are the electric and magnetic fields within the
slot, and n is the unit vector normal to the slot surface S
For a half-wavelength slot, its equivalent electric surface current JS
= n H = 0, the remaining source at the slot is its equivalent
magnetic current MS = n E (it would be 2MS if the conducting
ground plane were removed using the imaging theory).
Babinets Principle
In optics, the field at any point behind a plane having a screen, if
added to the field at the same point when the complementary
screen is substituted, is equal to the field at the point when no
screen is present.
Apply this to antennas; for the input impedance of
complementary antennas
This means that the product of the impedances of two complementary
antennas is the constant 2/4 and this is the interpretation of Babinets
principle in antennas.
Since the impedance for a half-wavelength dipole is about 73 ohms, the
corresponding slot has an impedance of
Microstrip/Patch Antennas
Ease of construction and integration, relatively low cost,
compact low profile configuration and good flexibility
Typical applications for 1 - 20 GHz
Operational principles
Radiation pattern
Main properties
Directivity
Input impedance
Antenna design
Optimised width:
Resonant freq.:
Length:
Example 5.7
RT/Duroid 5880 substrate ( and d = 1.588 mm) is to be
used to make a resonant rectangular patch antenna of
linear polarisation;
a). Design such an antenna to work at 2.45 GHz for
Bluetooth applications;
b). Estimate its directivity;
c). If it is to be connected to a 50 ohms microstrip using the
same PCB board, design the feed to this antenna;
d). Find the fractional bandwidth for VSWR < 2.
Components
Feed
Patch ( radiating
Element )
Dielectric
Ground plane
copper
The patch ( radiating element ) may be circular , rectangular or any other shape .
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Design parameters : ( W , L , f ,
e)
lo = c / f
lg = l /
The microstrip antennas have a main radiating edge , the other edge is weaker .
e
W
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Shorting
Posts
79
Feeding techniques
Feeding by coupling
Microstrip line
Feed
Direct feeding by coaxial
Feed line ( probe )
Aperture
coupled
feed
Proximity
coupled
feed
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Patch
Coaxial
Equivalent circuit
82
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Aperture
coupled
feed
Proximity
coupled
feed
84
Advantages
86
Advantages
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Disadvantages
2 Low efficiency , especially for short circuited microstrip
antenna
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1- Decreasing dielectric
Constant
2- Increasing thickness
3- Increasing width .
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Patch #1 :
Fed by coax
Feed line
Patch #2 , 3 :
Fed by
Coupling.
Single element
Parasitic elements
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5.3
Antenna Arrays
Example
element
AF
Total
array
element
AF
Total
array
Thus
Phased Array
That is:
The radiation pattern, SLL, HPBW, and gain for four different
source distributions of eight in-phase isotropic sources spaced by
l/2; there are trade-offs!
Self-impedance:
Mutual impedance:
5.4
Polarisation
Polarisation has to be matched from Tx to Rx.