Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TechnicalStandard
TS0710
Concrete
Revision:1.0
Date:21November2016
2016 SAWaterCorporation.Allrightsreserved.
ThisdocumentmaycontainconfidentialinformationofSAWaterCorporation.
Disclosureordisseminationtounauthorisedindividualsisstrictlyprohibited.
Unauthorisedprintedcopiesareuncontrolled.
TS0710Concrete
SAWaterTechnicalStandard
Copyright
ThisStandardisanintellectualpropertyoftheSouthAustralianWaterCorporation.Itis
copyrightandallrightsarereservedbySAWater.Nopartmaybereproduced,copiedor
transmittedinanyformorbyanymeanswithouttheexpresswrittenpermissionofSAWater.
TheinformationcontainedinthisStandardisstrictlyfortheprivateuseoftheintended
recipientinrelationtoworksorprojectsofSAWater.
ThisStandardhasbeenpreparedforSAWatersowninternaluseandSAWatermakesno
representationastothequality,accuracyorsuitabilityoftheinformationforanyother
purpose.
Application&InterpretationofthisDocument
ItistheresponsibilityoftheusersofthisStandardtoensurethattheapplicationof
informationisappropriateandthatanydesignsbasedonthisStandardarefitforSAWaters
purposesandcomplywithallrelevantAustralianStandards,Actsandregulations.
UsersofthisStandardacceptsoleresponsibilityforinterpretationanduseoftheinformation
containedinthisStandard.Usersshouldindependentlyverifytheaccuracy,fitnessforpurpose
andapplicationofinformationcontainedinthisStandard.
OnlythecurrentrevisionofthisStandardshouldbeusedwhichisavailablefordownloadfrom
theSAWaterwebsite.
Significant/MajorChangesIncorporatedinThisEdition
Nil.
ThisisthefirstissueofthisTechnicalStandard.
ThisTechnicalStandardssupersedesthefollowingSAwaterTechnicalStandards:
TS1a SupplyandDeliveryofLeanMix,NoFines,Grade20or25Concrete
TS1b SupplyandDeliveryofGrade32,40or50Concrete
TS3b FineandCoarseAggregatesforConcreteforWaterRetainingStructuresandin
AggressiveEnvironments(ExcludingLightweightAggregate)
TS3c FineandCoarseCalcareousAggregates(Marble)forConcreteSewerageStructures
(ExcludingLightweightAggregate)
TS68 ReinforcedConcreteConstructionforLiquidRetainingStructuresand/orAggressive
Environments
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DocumentControls
RevisionHistory
Revision Date
Author
Comments
21November
2016
HanyHabib
1.0
Template:TechnicalStandardVersion6.00,10/05/2016
Approvers
Role
SignatureandDate
ResponsibleDisciplineLead
30/11/2016
HanyHabib
X
Signer's Name
Signed by: HA003047
ManagerEngineeringTechnicalServices
30/11/2016
MuratAksoy
X
Signer's Name
Signed by: AK003305
SeniorManagerEngineeringServices
12/12/2016
RichardGray
X
Signer's Name
Signed by: GR001964
Reviewers
Role
Name
Revision
ReviewDate
PrincipalEngineerMaterialsScience
PaulVince
1.0
22Nov2016
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Contents
1
Introduction..............................................................................................................10
1.1
Purpose........................................................................................................................10
1.2
Glossary........................................................................................................................10
1.3
References...................................................................................................................10
1.3.1
AustralianandInternational...................................................................................10
1.3.2
SAWaterDocuments..............................................................................................14
1.4
Definitions....................................................................................................................14
2
Scope.........................................................................................................................16
DesignLife.................................................................................................................16
QualityAssurance......................................................................................................16
5
Concrete....................................................................................................................17
NormalClassConcrete.................................................................................................17
5.1
5.2
SpecialClassConcrete.................................................................................................17
5.3
LeanConcrete..............................................................................................................17
5.4
NoFinesConcrete.......................................................................................................18
5.4.1
Scope......................................................................................................................18
5.4.2
CoarseAggregate....................................................................................................18
5.4.3
Cement...................................................................................................................18
5.4.4
MixDesignRequirements.......................................................................................18
5.4.5
SupplyandDelivery................................................................................................18
5.4.6
Placement,CompactionandFinish........................................................................18
5.4.7
Curing......................................................................................................................19
5.5
OtherTypesofConcrete..............................................................................................19
6
ConstituentMaterialsofConcrete.............................................................................19
6.1
CementitiousMaterials...............................................................................................19
6.1.1
Cement...................................................................................................................19
6.1.2
FlyAsh.....................................................................................................................19
6.1.3
GroundGranulatedBlastFurnaceSlag...................................................................19
6.1.4
AmorphousSilica....................................................................................................20
6.2
Aggregates...................................................................................................................20
6.2.1
General...................................................................................................................20
6.2.2
FineAggregate........................................................................................................21
6.2.3
CoarseAggregates..................................................................................................22
6.2.4
AdditionalRequirementsforCalcareousAggregates.............................................23
6.3
MixingWater...............................................................................................................23
6.4
Admixtures...................................................................................................................24
6.5
OtherAdditives............................................................................................................25
6.6
SolubleSalts.................................................................................................................26
6.7
StorageofMaterials....................................................................................................26
6.7.1
StorageofCementitiousMaterials.........................................................................26
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6.7.2
6.7.3
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StorageofAggregates.............................................................................................27
MoistureContentofAggregates............................................................................27
7
DesignofConcreteMixes...........................................................................................27
7.1
RequirementsforFreshConcrete................................................................................27
7.1.1
Consistency.............................................................................................................27
7.1.2
SlumpwithMidRangeandHighRangeWaterReducingAdmixture....................28
7.1.3
DryingShrinkage.....................................................................................................28
7.1.4
Bleed.......................................................................................................................28
7.1.5
AirContent..............................................................................................................29
7.2
RequirementsforHardenedConcrete........................................................................29
7.2.1
DesignRequirements..............................................................................................29
7.2.2
TypicalConcreteCharacteristicsandDurabilityRequirementsforConcretebased
onExposureClassifications.....................................................................................29
7.2.3
CoverToleranceRequirements..............................................................................35
7.2.4
MaximumCrackWidthRequirement.....................................................................35
7.2.5
RequirementsforConcreteandConcreteStructuresinContactwithPotable
Water......................................................................................................................36
8
DesignandAcceptanceofConcreteMix....................................................................36
8.1
General........................................................................................................................36
8.2
ProposedMixDesign...................................................................................................36
8.3
TrialMix.......................................................................................................................38
8.3.1
General...................................................................................................................38
8.3.2
TrialMixTestRequirements...................................................................................38
8.3.3
TrialMixReport......................................................................................................39
8.4
ApprovalofConcreteMixDesign................................................................................40
8.4.1
VariationstoApprovedConcreteMixDesign........................................................40
8.4.2
TrialPours...............................................................................................................41
8.5
ConcreteMaximumTemperature...............................................................................41
8.6
ConcreteMaximumTemperatureDifferentials..........................................................42
9
SupplyandDeliveryofConcrete................................................................................42
9.1
General........................................................................................................................42
9.2
ConcreteDelivery........................................................................................................42
9.3
OnsiteTransportation................................................................................................43
9.3.1
ConcretePump.......................................................................................................43
9.3.2
ConcreteBucketorKibble......................................................................................43
9.3.3
Chute.......................................................................................................................44
9.3.4
BeltConveyor.........................................................................................................44
9.4
PeriodforCompletionofDischarge,PlacementandCompaction..............................44
9.5
RetemperingwithadditionofWaterorAdmixtureafterMixing................................45
10 ConcretePlacementandCompaction........................................................................45
10.1
ConcretePlacing..........................................................................................................45
10.1.1
General...................................................................................................................45
10.1.2
Preparation.............................................................................................................45
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10.1.3
Placement...............................................................................................................46
10.1.4
AdverseWeatherConditions..................................................................................47
10.1.5
UnscheduledInterruptionstoConcretePlacing....................................................49
10.1.6
DimensionsofConcretePlacing.............................................................................49
10.1.7
ConcretePlacingSequence....................................................................................49
10.1.8
UnderwaterConcretePlacement...........................................................................50
10.1.9
UseofRockSpalls...................................................................................................50
10.1.10
TraceabilityofConcrete..........................................................................................50
CompactionofConcrete..............................................................................................50
10.2
10.3
Screeding.....................................................................................................................51
11 FinishingofUnformedConcreteSurfaces...................................................................51
11.1
General........................................................................................................................51
11.2
ClassU1........................................................................................................................52
11.3
ClassU2........................................................................................................................52
11.4
ClassU3........................................................................................................................52
11.5
ClassU4........................................................................................................................52
11.6
ClassU5........................................................................................................................53
11.7
ReferenceSampleSlabs...............................................................................................53
12
FormedConcreteSurfaces.........................................................................................53
13 ConcreteCuringandProtection.................................................................................53
13.1
General........................................................................................................................53
13.2
CuringafterPlacement................................................................................................53
13.3
CuringafterHardened.................................................................................................54
13.4
LiquidMembraneFormingCuringCompound............................................................54
13.5
RetentionofFormwork...............................................................................................55
13.6
AcceleratedHeatCuring..............................................................................................55
13.7
CuringDuration............................................................................................................56
14 Joints.........................................................................................................................56
14.1
General........................................................................................................................56
14.2
ConstructionJoints......................................................................................................56
14.3
ControlJoints...............................................................................................................57
14.4
ConcreteJointsforWaterRetainingandExcludingStructures...................................57
14.4.1
GeneralRequirements............................................................................................57
14.4.2
WaterstopProvenDurabilityandRequirements...................................................57
15 ConcreteTemperatureandStrainMonitoring............................................................58
15.1
ThermalBlock..............................................................................................................58
15.2
SiteMonitoring............................................................................................................58
16 PrecastConcreteUnits...............................................................................................59
16.1
General........................................................................................................................59
16.2
TraceabilityofPrecastConcreteUnits........................................................................60
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17 SprayedConcrete.......................................................................................................60
17.1
General........................................................................................................................60
17.2
CompetencyofPersonnelInvolvedinSprayedConcrete...........................................61
17.3
PrequalificationofSprayingProcedure.......................................................................61
17.3.1
General...................................................................................................................61
17.3.2
PreparationofTestPanels......................................................................................61
17.3.3
SamplingandTestingofPanels..............................................................................62
17.3.4
Prequalification.......................................................................................................62
17.4
ApplicationofSprayedConcrete.................................................................................62
17.4.1
Equipment..............................................................................................................62
17.4.2
SurfacePreparation................................................................................................63
17.4.3
Application..............................................................................................................63
17.4.4
Finishing..................................................................................................................64
17.4.5
TolerancesonSurfaceofSprayedConcrete...........................................................64
17.4.6
Joints.......................................................................................................................65
17.4.7
InspectionandSoundnessofFinishedSprayedConcrete......................................65
17.4.8
RepairofDefectiveAreas.......................................................................................65
18
CrackInspectionandAssessment..............................................................................65
19
SiteConcreteCoverMeasurements...........................................................................66
20
WallConcreteCompactionforLiquidRetainingStructures........................................66
21 ConcreteRepair.........................................................................................................67
21.1
General........................................................................................................................67
21.2
ConcreteRepairMaterialsandProcedures.................................................................67
21.3
RepairedConcreteTolerances.....................................................................................68
21.4
RepairedConcreteQualityControl..............................................................................68
22 ConcreteQualityControl...........................................................................................69
22.1
General........................................................................................................................69
22.2
ConcreteQualityCriteria.............................................................................................69
22.3
BatchCertificates.........................................................................................................69
22.4
RequirementsforTestingFacilitiesandPersonnel.....................................................70
22.5
TestingFrequency........................................................................................................70
22.6
SamplingandTesting...................................................................................................70
22.7
Noncompliances.........................................................................................................70
22.8
RejectionofConcrete..................................................................................................71
23 SuperWorkableConcrete..........................................................................................71
23.1
General........................................................................................................................71
23.2
RequirementsforFreshSuperWorkableConcrete.....................................................71
23.3
SamplingandTesting...................................................................................................72
23.4
SelfCompactingConcrete(SCC)..................................................................................72
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24
UltraHighPerformanceConcrete..............................................................................72
25
AlkaliActivatedConcrete...........................................................................................72
26 FormworkandFalsework...........................................................................................73
26.1
General........................................................................................................................73
26.2
FormworkConstruction...............................................................................................73
26.3
FormTies.....................................................................................................................74
26.4
RemovalofFormwork.................................................................................................74
26.5
ProprietaryFormworkandFalseworkSystem............................................................75
27 InsertandSupport.....................................................................................................75
27.1
EmbedmentofInserts.................................................................................................75
27.2
Supports.......................................................................................................................76
28
BarChairsandSpacers...............................................................................................76
29 Reinforcement...........................................................................................................76
29.1
SteelReinforcement....................................................................................................76
29.1.1
Materials.................................................................................................................76
29.1.2
Schedules................................................................................................................76
29.1.3
Fixing.......................................................................................................................77
29.1.4
Bending...................................................................................................................77
29.1.5
Splicing....................................................................................................................77
29.1.6
Welding...................................................................................................................77
29.1.7
Surfaceconditionofreinforcement.......................................................................78
29.1.8
ProtectionofSteelReinforcement.........................................................................78
29.2
StainlessSteelReinforcement.....................................................................................79
29.2.1
Materials.................................................................................................................79
29.2.2
Schedules................................................................................................................79
29.2.3
Fixing.......................................................................................................................79
29.2.4
Bending...................................................................................................................79
29.2.5
Splicing....................................................................................................................80
29.2.6
Welding...................................................................................................................80
29.2.7
Surfaceconditionofreinforcement.......................................................................80
29.3
PrestressingTendons..................................................................................................80
29.3.1
General...................................................................................................................80
29.3.2
PrestressingAnchorages.......................................................................................81
29.3.3
PrestressingSheathing..........................................................................................81
29.3.4
InspectionofConcreteinPrestressingElements..................................................81
29.4
FibreReinforcedPolymerReinforcement...................................................................81
29.4.1
Materials.................................................................................................................81
29.4.2
Schedules................................................................................................................81
Fixing.......................................................................................................................82
29.4.3
29.4.4
HandlingandStorage.............................................................................................82
29.4.5
Bending...................................................................................................................82
29.4.6
Splicing....................................................................................................................82
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29.4.7
30
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Surfaceconditionofreinforcement.......................................................................83
DissimilarMetalsEmbeddedinConcrete...................................................................83
31 FibreReinforcedConcrete..........................................................................................83
31.1
SteelFibreReinforcedConcrete(SFRC).......................................................................83
31.1.1
General...................................................................................................................83
31.1.2
SupplyandDelivery................................................................................................84
31.2
SyntheticFibreReinforcedConcrete...........................................................................85
32
ContractorWorksMethodStatementforConcreteincludingEarlyAgeThermalCrack
Assessment................................................................................................................86
Listoffigures
Notableoffiguresentriesfound.
Listoftables
Table1MinimumFrequencyofTestingforFineAggregates...................................................22
Table2MinimumFrequencyofTestingforCoarseAggregates...............................................23
Table3MaximumAcidSolubleChlorideIonContentinConcrete.........................................26
Table4MaximumShrinkageStrainofConcreteSpecimens....................................................28
Table5TypicalConcreteCharacteristics..................................................................................32
Table6ToleranceonLocationsofReinforcement...................................................................35
Table7MaximumAcceptableCrackWidth.............................................................................35
Table8AllowableTimefromBatchingtoPlacing.....................................................................44
Table9MinimumAcceptableCriteriaforFreshSuperWorkableConcrete............................71
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Introduction
SAWaterisresponsibleforoperationandmaintenanceofanextensiveamountofengineering
infrastructure.
Thisstandardhasbeendevelopedtoassistinthedesign,maintenance,construction,and
managementofthisinfrastructure.
1.1 Purpose
Thepurposeofthisstandardistodetailminimumrequirementstoensurethatassetscovered
bythescopeofthisstandardareconstructedandmaintainedtoconsistentstandardsand
attaintherequiredassetlife.
TheaimofthisTechnicalStandardistoachieveconcreteoftherequiredstrength,durability
andsurfacefinish.Itdescribesthematerials,supply,placing,compacting,finishing,curingof
concrete,includingmassconcrete,reinforcedconcrete,prestressedconcrete,leanmixandno
finesconcrete.
1.2 Glossary
Thefollowingglossaryitemsareusedinthisdocument:
Term
Description
SAWater
SouthAustralianWaterCorporation
TG
SAWaterTechnicalGuideline
TS
SAWaterTechnicalStandard
1.3 References
1.3.1
AustralianandInternational
ThefollowingtableidentifiesAustralianandInternationalstandardsandothersimilar
documentsreferencedinthisdocument:
Number
Title
AS1012.1
MethodsoftestingconcreteSamplingofconcrete
AS1012.2
MethodsoftestingconcretePreparingconcretemixesinthelaboratory
AS1012.3.1
MethodsoftestingconcreteDeterminationofpropertiesrelatedtotheconsistencyof
concreteSlumptest
AS1012.3.5
MethodsoftestingconcreteDeterminationofpropertiesrelatedtotheconsistencyof
concreteSlumpflow,T500andJringtest
AS1012.4.1
MethodsoftestingconcreteDeterminationofaircontentoffreshlymixedconcrete
Measuringreductioninconcretevolumewithincreasedairpressure
AS1012.4.2
MethodsoftestingconcreteDeterminationofaircontentoffreshlymixedconcrete
Measuringreductioninairpressureinchamberaboveconcrete
AS1012.6
MethodsoftestingconcreteDeterminationofbleedingofconcrete
AS1012.8.1
MethodsoftestingconcreteMethodformakingandcuringconcreteCompression
andindirecttensiletestspecimens
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Number
Title
AS1012.8.4
MethodsoftestingconcreteMethodformakingandcuringconcreteDrying
shrinkagespecimenspreparedinthefieldorinthelaboratory
AS1012.9
MethodsoftestingconcreteCompressivestrengthtestsConcrete,mortarandgrout
specimens
AS1012.11
MethodsoftestingconcreteDeterminationofthemodulusofrupture
AS1012.13
MethodsoftestingconcreteDeterminationofthedryingshrinkageofconcretefor
samplespreparedinthefieldorinthelaboratory
AS1012.14
MethodsoftestingconcreteMethodforsecuringandtestingcoresfromhardened
concreteforcompressivestrength
AS1012.20.1
MethodsoftestingconcreteDeterminationofchlorideandsulfateinhardened
concreteandconcreteaggregates
AS1012.21
MethodsoftestingconcreteDeterminationofwaterabsorptionandapparentvolume
ofpermeablevoidsinhardenedconcrete
AS1141.5
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesParticledensityandwaterabsorptionof
fineaggregate
AS1141.6.1
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesParticledensityandwaterabsorptionof
coarseaggregateWeighinginwatermethod
AS1141.6.2
MethodsforsamplingandtestingofaggregatesParticledensityandwaterabsorption
ofcoarseaggregatePycnometermethod
AS1141.11.1
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesParticlesizedistributionSieving
method
AS1141.13
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesMaterialfinerthan2micrometre
AS1141.14
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesParticleshape,byproportionalcalliper
AS1141.15
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesFlakinessindex
AS1141.22
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesWet/drystrengthvariation
AS1141.23
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesLosAngelesvalue
AS1141.24
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesAggregatesoundnessEvaluationby
exposuretosodiumsulphatesolution
AS1141.25.3
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesDegradationfactorFineaggregate
AS1141.31
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesLightparticles
AS1141.34
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesOrganicimpuritiesotherthansugar
AS1141.35
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesSugar
AS1141.25.3
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesDegradationfactorFineaggregate
AS1141.60.1
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesPotentialalkalisilicareactivity
Acceleratedmortarbarmethod
AS1141.60.2
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesPotentialalkalisilicareactivity
Concreteprismmethod
AS1141.65
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesAlkaliaggregatereactivityQualitative
petrologicalscreeningforpotentialalkalisilicareaction
AS1141.66
MethodsforsamplingandtestingaggregatesMethyleneblueadsorptionvalueoffine
aggregateandmineralfillers
AS1289.2.1.1
MethodsoftestingsoilsforengineeringpurposesSoilmoisturecontenttests
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Number
SAWaterTechnicalStandard
Title
Determinationofthemoisturecontentofasoil Ovendryingmethod(standard
method)
AS1289.2.1.2
MethodsoftestingsoilsforengineeringpurposesSoilmoisturecontenttests
DeterminationofthemoisturecontentofasoilSandbathmethod(subsidiarymethod)
AS1289.2.1.4
MethodsoftestingsoilsforengineeringpurposesSoilmoisturecontenttests
DeterminationofthemoisturecontentofasoilMicrowaveovendryingmethod
(subsidiarymethod)
AS1289.2.1.5
MethodsoftestingsoilsforengineeringpurposesSoilmoisturecontenttests
DeterminationofthemoisturecontentofasoilInfraredlightsmethod(subsidiary
method)
AS1289.2.1.6
MethodsoftestingsoilsforengineeringpurposesSoilmoisturecontenttests
DeterminationofthemoisturecontentofasoilHotplatedryingmethod
AS1289.5.1.1
MethodsoftestingsoilsforengineeringpurposesSoilcompactionanddensitytests
Determinationofthedrydensity/moisturecontentrelationofasoilusingstandard
compactiveeffort
AS/NZS1314
Prestressinganchorages
AS1379
Specificationandsupplyofconcrete
AS1418.15
Cranes(includinghoistsandwinches)Concreteplacingequipment
AS1478.1
Chemicaladmixturesforconcrete,mortarandgroutAdmixturesforconcrete
AS1478.2
Chemicaladmixturesforconcrete,mortarandgroutMethodsofsamplingandtesting
admixturesforconcrete,mortarandgrout
AS/NZS1554.3
StructuralsteelweldingWeldingofreinforcingsteel
AS/NZS1554.6
StructuralsteelweldingWeldingstainlesssteelsforstructuralpurposes
AS1597.1
PrecastreinforcedconcreteboxculvertsSmallculverts(notexceeding1200mmspan
and1200mmheight)
AS1597.2
PrecastreinforcedconcreteboxculvertsLargeculverts(exceeding1200mmspanor
1200mmheightanduptoandincluding4200mmspanand4200mmheight)
AS2159
PilingDesignandinstallation
AS/NZS2425
BarchairsinreinforcedconcreteProductrequirementsandtestmethods
AS2758.1
AggregatesandrockforengineeringpurposesConcreteaggregates
AS/NZS3582.1
SupplementarycementitiousmaterialsFlyash
AS3582.2
SupplementarycementitiousmaterialsSlagGroundgranulatedblastfurnace
AS/NZS3582.3
SupplementarycementitiousmaterialsAmorphoussilica
AS3600
Concretestructures
AS3610
Formworkforconcrete
AS3610.1
FormworkforconcreteDocumentationandsurfacefinish
AS3735
Concretestructuresretainingliquids
AS3799
Liquidmembraneformingcuringcompoundsforconcrete
AS3850.1
PrefabricatedconcreteelementsGeneralrequirements
AS3850.2
PrefabricatedconcreteelementsBuildingconstruction
AS3972
Generalpurposeandblendedcements
AS/NZS4020
Testingofproductsforuseincontactwithdrinkingwater
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Number
Title
AS/NZS4058
Precastconcretepipes(pressureandnonpressure)
AS4198
Precastconcreteaccesschambersforsewerageapplications
AS/NZS4680
Hotdipgalvanized(zinc)coatingsonfabricatedferrousarticles
AS/NZS4672.1
SteelprestressingmaterialsGeneralrequirements
AS/NZS4672.2
SteelprestressingmaterialsTestingrequirements
AS4997
Guidelinesforthedesignofmaritimestructures
AS/NZS4671
Steelreinforcingmaterials
AS/NZS4676
Structuraldesignrequirementsforutilityservicespoles
AS5100.5
BridgedesignConcrete
AS/NZISO9001
Qualitymanagementsystemsrequirements
BS1881204
Testingconcrete.Recommendationsontheuseofelectromagneticcovermeters
BS6744
Stainlesssteelbarsforthereinforcementofanduseinconcrete.Requirementsandtest
methods
BS79732
SpacersandchairsforsteelreinforcementandtheirspecificationPart2:Fixingand
applicationofspacersandchairsandtyingofreinforcement.
BS8666
Scheduling,dimensioning,bendingandcuttingofsteelreinforcementforconcrete.
Specification.
BSEN14721
Testmethodformetallicfibreconcrete.Measuringthefibrecontentinfreshand
hardenedconcrete
BSEN148891
FibresforconcretePart1:SteelfibresDefinitions,specificationsandconformity
BSEN148892
FibresforconcretePart2:PolymerfibresDefinitions,specificationsandconformity
EN2061
ConcretePart1:Specification,performance,productionandconformity
ISO17025
Generalrequirementsforthecompetenceoftestingandcalibrationlaboratories
ISO229651
ConcretePart1:Methodsofspecifyingandguidanceforthespecifier
ACI117
GuideForToleranceCompatibilityInConcreteConstruction
ACI224R01
ControlofCrackinginConcreteStructures
ACI30510
GuidetoHotWeatherConcreting
ACI440.6M
SpecificationForCarbonAndGlassFibrereinforcedPolymerBarMaterialsForConcrete
Reinforcement
ASTMA380
StandardPracticeforCleaning,Descaling,andPassivationofStainlessSteelParts,
Equipment,andSystems
ASTMA955M
StandardSpecificationforDeformedandPlainStainlessSteelBarsforConcrete
Reinforcement
ASTMC1074
PracticeforEstimatingConcreteStrengthbytheMaturityMethod
ASTMC1018
StandardTestMethodforFlexuralToughnessandFirstCrackStrengthofFibre
ReinforcedConcrete(UsingBeamWithThirdPointLoading)(Thisstandardhasbeen
withdrawnbutthemethodcanstillbeused)
ASTMC1603
TestMethodforMeasurementofSolidsinWater
ASTMC1611
StandardTestMethodforSlumpFlowofSelfConsolidatingConcrete
ASTMC1621
StandardTestMethodforPassingAbilityofSelfConsolidatingConcretebyJRing
ASTMC1293
StandardTestMethodforDeterminationofLengthChangeofConcreteDuetoAlkali
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Number
SAWaterTechnicalStandard
Title
SilicaReaction
CIAZ5
ShotcretinginAustralia
CIAZ7/01
DurabilityPlanning
CIAZ7/04
GoodPracticeThroughDesign,ConcreteSupplyandConstruction
CIAZ7/07
PerformanceTeststoAssessConcreteDurability
CIAZ9
CIACuringofConcrete
CIAZ12
CIAPumpedConcrete
CIAZ40
SuperworkableConcrete
CIRIAC660
EarlyageThermalCrackControlinConcrete
AWWAB100
GranularFilterMaterial(byAmericanWaterWorksAssociation)
FHWARD02099 GuideforCuringofPortlandCementConcretePavements:FinalReport
SAHB79
AlkaliAggregateReactionGuidelinesonMinimisingtheRiskofDamagetoConcrete
StructuresinAustralia
HB84
GuidetoConcreteRepairandProtection
NTBUILD443
Concrete,hardened:Acceleratedchloridepenetration
NTBUILD492
Concrete,mortarandcementbasedrepairmaterials:Chloridemigrationcoefficient
fromnonsteadystatemigrationexperiments
NP:PCH
PrecastConcreteHandbookbytheNationalPrecastConcreteAssociationAustralia
(NPCAA)inconjunctionwiththeConcreteInstituteofAustralia
ICRI310.2R
SelectingandSpecifyingConcreteSurfacePreparationforSealers,Coatings,Polymer
Overlays,andConcreteRepair
NationalCodeofPracticeforPrecastTiltUpandConcreteElements
1.3.2
SAWaterDocuments
ThefollowingtableidentifiestheSAWaterstandardsandothersimilardocumentsreferenced
inthisdocument:
Number
Title
TS0002
PVCWaterstop
1.4 Definitions
Thefollowingdefinitionsareapplicabletothisdocument:
Term
Description
SAWatersRepresentative
TheSAWaterrepresentativewithdelegatedauthorityunderaContractor
engagement,including(asapplicable):
SuperintendentsRepresentative(e.g.AS4300&AS2124etc.)
SAWaterProjectManager
SAWaternominatedcontactperson
ResponsibleDisciplineLead
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Term
Description
(viaSAWatersRepresentative)
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Scope
ThisTechnicalStandardappliestotheconstructionofconcretestructures;itappliestobothin
situworksandconstructionusingprefabricatedconcreteelements.ThisTechnicalStandard
doesnotapplyto:
Temporaryconcretestructures.
Alltypesoflightweightconcrete.
Specialtechnologies/innovativedesigns.
Grout.
Mortar.
Recycledconcrete.
Expansiveconcrete.
Polymerconcrete.
ThisTechnicalStandarddoesnotcoverhealthandsafetyaspectsofconcretemanufacturing,
supplyandconstructionorthirdpartysafetyrequirements.
ThisTechnicalStandardshallbereadinconjunctionwithAustralianStandardsandother
TechnicalStandardsasappropriate.
DesignLife
ThedesignlifefortheWorksshallbeinstructedbySAWatersRepresentativeandshall
include:
1.
50years::Buildinganddepots,shedsandwarehouses,externaltankaprons,
hardstands,slabsonground,ramps,switchboardplinthsandtransformers
bundings,accessstructuresandworkingplatforms,stormwater
channelsetc.
2.
100years:Water/wastewatertreatmentplantsandpumpingstations,storagetanks,
valvechambers,Maintenanceholes,pipechairs,thrustandanchorblocks,
bridgesandjettystructuresetc.
3.
Anotherperiod:Asstipulatedintheprojectspecification.
QualityAssurance
ThefollowingrequirementsareinadditiontothosecontainedintheContract.
TheContractorshallplan,establishandmaintainaqualitysystemfortheprojectwhich
conformstothisStandardandcomplies,asaminimum,withalltherelevantsystemelements
ofAS/NZSISO9001andincludesmaterialscertification,methodstatements,qualityrecords
includinginspectionandtestplans(ITPs),holdpoints,witnesspointsandworkinstructions.
QualitymanagementsystemsandqualityplansbytheContractorincludingallSubcontractors
shallbeusedasanaidtoachievingconformancewiththisStandard,buttheyshallnotrelieve
theContractoroftheresponsibilitytocomplywiththeContractrequirements.
AcopyofthequalityplanshallbesubmittedtoSAWatersRepresentativeforapprovalprior
tocommencementofworks.
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TheContractorshallprovideSAWatersRepresentativeatalltimeswithaccesstothe
Contractor'squalityproceduresandrecordstoenablemonitoringandqualityauditing.This
alsoincludesthetakingofrandomsamplesforprooftestingortocarryoutortoarrangefor
destructiveornondestructivetesting.
AuditingandprooftestingbySAWatersRepresentativeshallinnowayrelievetheContractor
ofanyoftheobligationsunderthisstandard.
Concrete
Allconcreteshallconformtotheapprovednominatedconcretemixes.
Allconcreteshallbemanufactured,suppliedanddeliveredinaccordancewiththe
requirementsofAS1379andtheadditionalrequirementsofthisTechnicalStandard.
ConcreteisdesignatedasnormalclassorspecialclassasdescribedinClauses5.1and5.2
below.
5.1 NormalClassConcrete
NormalClassconcretecanbespecifiedfornoncriticalelementsinnonaggressiveexposure
conditions.SpecifiedconcreterequirementsarelimitedinAS1379andkeyitemsare:
1.
Strengthgradeof20,25,32,40,50MPa.
2.
Slumpof20to120,nominatedin10mmintervals.
3.
Maximumaggregatesizeof10,14,20mm.
4.
Aircontenttomaximum5%.
NormalClassconcreterequiresarangeofconcretepropertiestobeachievedinAS1379,
includingdryingshrinkageupto1,000microstrain(56dayvaluetoAS1012.13).
GuidanceonNormalClassconcreteisgiveninCIAZ7/04.
5.2 SpecialClassConcrete
Unlessotherwisespecifiedandapproved,allconcretesuppliedinaccordancewiththis
StandardshallbeSpecialClassconcreteasdefinedinAS1379.
ThisStandarddescribestheadditionalpropertiestobespecifiedandcriteriatobemetfor
SpecialClassconcretes.
5.3 LeanConcrete
Unlessspecifiedotherwiseintheprojectspecificationordesigndrawings,leanconcreteshall
conformtothisStandard.
Theleanconcreteshallhaveaminimumstrengthof10MPa.
Theminimumcementitiousmaterialcontentshallbe220kg/m,themaximumwaterto
cementitiousmaterialratioshallnotexceed0.90andthemaximumsizeofaggregateshallbe
20mm.
Theslumpoftheleanconcreteshallbe100mmincludinguseofanytypeofwaterreducing
admixturesthatshallhavethepriorapprovalofSAWatersRepresentative.
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5.4 NoFinesConcrete
5.4.1
Scope
ThisClausedefinestherequirementsforthesupplyofallmaterialsandconstructionofno
finesconcreteinareasshownontheDrawings.
Nofinesconcreteshallconsistofcoarseaggregate,uniformlymixedwithPortlandcement,
andwater.
5.4.2
CoarseAggregate
Coarseaggregateshallconsistofunweathered,dense,sound,clean,hard,strong,durable
piecesofcrushedrockfreefromdeleteriouscoatingsanddustandshallcomplywithallthe
requirementsofAS2758.1.
Theaggregateshallbeanominal20mmsinglesizedaggregate.
TheflakinessindexoftheaggregatetestedinaccordancewithAS1141.15shallnot
exceed35%.
5.4.3
Cement
CementshallbePortlandCementTypeGPcomplyingwithAS3972andshallbeinaccordance
withClause6.1.1fortherequirementsthatapplyforTypeGP.
5.4.4
MixDesignRequirements
Thenofinesconcretemixdesignshallcomplywiththefollowingrequirements:
1.
Minimumcementcontent210kg/m.
2.
Maximumwater/binderratioof0.5.
Theproposedone(1)mnofinesconcretemixdesignandallcertificatesoftest(fromaNATA
accreditedauthority)toconfirmcompliancewiththeStandardrequirementsshallbe
submittedbytheContractortoSAWatersRepresentativeforreviewandapprovalatleast10
workingdayspriortouseintheWorks.
ThenofinesconcreteshallnotbeusedintheWorksuntilthemixdesignisapprovedbySA
WatersRepresentative.
5.4.5
SupplyandDelivery
Nofinesconcreteshallbemanufacturedanddeliveredinaccordancewiththerequirementsof
AS1379.
5.4.6
Placement,CompactionandFinish
ThenofinesconcreteshallnotbelessthanthedimensionsshownontheDrawings.
Theareainwhichnofinesconcreteisproposedtobeplacedshallbeinspectedandchecked
immediatelypriortocommencementofplacing.Thenofinesconcreteshallbeplacedinsuch
mannerastorequireaminimumofrehandlingandshallbesodistributedwhencompacted
andfinishedasrequiredbytheDrawings.
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Nofinesconcreteshallberoddedsufficientlyonlytoensuretheformiscompletelyfilled.It
shallbescreededtotherequiredsurfacelevelwithouttampingorvibrating.
5.4.7
Curing
Nofinesconcreteshallbecuredforatleastfourdaysbycoveringimmediatelyafterplacing
andfinishingwithpolythenesheetingorsimilarmaterialapprovedbySAWaters
Representative.Theuseofwetsandoranyothermaterialwhichcanenterthevoidsorcuring
membranethatcannotcoverallthevoidedsurfacesshallnotbeusedforcuringpurposes.
5.5 OtherTypesofConcrete
RefertoClauses7,8,16,17,23,24,25and31.
ConstituentMaterialsofConcrete
6.1 CementitiousMaterials
CementitiousmaterialsorbinderhavethesamemeaninginthisStandard.
6.1.1
Cement
ThecementshallbeGeneralPurposecement(TypeGP),ShrinkageLimitedcement(TypeSL)or
Blendedcement(TypeGB),inaccordancewithAS3972andthisStandard.TheContractorshall
providemanufacturerstestcertificatesshowingallcementhasbeensampledtestedand
conformsinallrespectswithAS3972.Cementmorethanthreemonthsoldshallberetested
forconformance.Cementshowingevidenceofdeteriorationorhardeningshallnotbeused.
Cementshallbefromonemanufacturerandofonebrand,typeandgrindunlessapproved
otherwisebySAWatersRepresentative.Anyvariationtothemanufacturer,brand,typeand
grindconstitutesachangeinmaterialandsubmissionofanewtrialmixdesignisrequiredas
perClause8.3ofthisStandard.
BlendedcementTypeGBshallconsistofaspecifiedminimumquantityofPortlandcementin
combinationwithGroundGranulatedBlastFurnaceSlag,FlyAshand/orAmorphousSilicaand
asspecifiedinthisStandard.Blendingofcementshallbeateitherthecementmanufacturers
facilitiesorattheconcretebatchingplant.
Highearlystrengthcement(TypeHE)canbeusedonlywiththewrittenapprovalofSAWaters
RepresentativeandissubjecttomeetingallotherrequirementsofthisStandard.
6.1.2
FlyAsh
FlyashshallconformtoAS/NZS3582.1andthisStandard.
TheuseofGrade2flyashissubjecttomeetingallotherrequirementsofthisStandard.
Flyashshallbefromasinglesourceofpowerstationandgrade.Variationstothesourceofthe
flyashsupplyanditsgradeintheProjectshallrequiresubmissionofanewtrialmixdesignas
perClause8.3ofthisStandard.
6.1.3
GroundGranulatedBlastFurnaceSlag
GroundgranulatedblastfurnaceslagshallconformtoAS3582.2andthisStandard.
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NOTE:HereafterinthisStandard,theapprovedgroundgranulatedblastfurnaceslagis
referredtoasslag.
Slagshallbefromasinglesource.VariationstothesourceoftheslagsupplyintheProject
shallrequiresubmissionofanewtrialmixdesignasperClause8.3ofthisStandard.
6.1.4
AmorphousSilica
AmorphoussilicashallconformtoAS/NZS3582.3andthisStandard.
Amorphoussilicashallbefromasinglesource.Variationstothesourceoftheamorphoussilica
supplyintheProjectshallrequiresubmissionofanewtrialmixdesignasperClause8.3ofthis
Standard.
6.2 Aggregates
6.2.1
General
AllaggregateshallcomplywithalloftherequirementsofAS2758.1andthisStandard.
Aggregatesshallconsistofhard,dense,durable,uncoatedrockparticlesandshallbefreefrom
organicmatterandinjuriousamountsofdust,claylumps,softorflakyparticles,shale,alkali,
loamorotherdeleterioussubstances.
Calcrete,scoria,nonquarryrock,Adelaidequartzite,volcanicbreccia,mudstone,sandstone,
shale,highlyweatheredoralteredrocks,argillaceousrocks,arenaceousrocks,lightweight
aggregates,aggregatecontaininganyphyllite,andanymaterialwithpotentialtocause
deleteriousalkalisilicate(ASR)oralkalicarbonate(ACR)reactionsshallnotbeusedas
aggregateorasasourcerockformanufacturedfineaggregate.
TheContractorshallnominatethesource,typeandgradingofthefineandcoarseaggregates
theyintendtouse.Variationstothesourceoftheaggregatessupplyandtypeand/orthe
gradingoftheaggregatesdeviatedmorethanthemaximumpermissibledeviationspecifiedin
AS2758.1constituteachangeinmaterialandsubmissionofanewtrialmixdesignisrequired
asperClause8.3ofthisStandard.
Theaggregatesshallconsistsubstantiallyofparticlesofsatisfactoryshape,definedashavinga
maximumdimensionnotgreaterthanthreetimestheminimumdimension.
Petrographictestingofaggregatesshallbeundertakentoprovideinformationonalkali
aggregatereactivity(AAR),ASRorACRrisk,byAS1141.65orotherSAWaterRepresentative
approvedtestmethod.
Fineandcoarseaggregatesshallbeseparatelytestedforpotentialalkaliaggregatereactivity
(AAR)usingtheAcceleratedMortarBarTest,AS1141.60.1orsimilarapprovedmethod.An
alternativetestmethodistheAcceleratedConcretePrismTest,AS1141.60.2orsimilar
approvedmethodsuchasASTMC1293.Aggregatesforuseinconcreteshallbeclassifiedas
nonreactivewhentestedusingthesamecementtypeasnominatedfortheWorks.
RecentlycompletedlaboratorytestdatamaybeacceptedatthediscretionoftheSAWater
Representative.
TheriskforAARinconcreteisoutlinedinSAHB79andguidanceisgivenonuseofflyash,slag
andsilicafumeasamitigationmeasureforaggregatesthatwouldbereactivewhenusingonly
Portlandcement.Useofflyash,slagandsilicafumeinthismannerissubjecttotheapproval
ofSAWaterRepresentative.ThisapproachisinaccordancewithSAHB79.
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6.2.2
SAWaterTechnicalStandard
FineAggregate
ThesizegradingoffineaggregatewhentestedaccordingtoAS1141.11.1,shallcomplywith
thelimitsspecifiedinTableB2ofAS2758.1.
Whenmorethanonetypeoffineaggregateisproposedforuseinthemix,theindividual
aggregategradingshallconformtothelimitsspecifiedinTableB2ofAS2758.1.
WhereanominatedgradingoutsidethespecifiedlimitsinTableB2ofAS2758.1isproposed,
additionalinformationshallbeprovidedtoSAWaterRepresentativedemonstratingthatthe
concreteproducedshallmeetallotherrequirementsofthisStandard,togetherwithadditional
evidenceofacceptableperformanceforsegregation,bleeding,plasticshrinkageandfinishing
properties.
Themaximumamountofwaterabsorptionforfineaggregateshallnotexceed2.5%when
testedaccordingtoAS1141.5.
Manufacturedfineaggregatefromasourcethatcomplieswithalloftherequirementsofthis
Standardwillbepermitted,providedthatthefollowingrequirementsineitheritems(a)and
(b),oritems(b)and(c)aremet.
a.
TheexposureclassificationoftheconcreteinaccordancewithAS3600isB1or
less;
b.
Therequireddesignlifeoftheconcreteisnotexceeding50years;
c.
Theconcreteisusedasasacrificiallayerwherethefaceoftheconcretestructure
isexposedtoaggressivesewerenvironment.
Otherwise,amaximumof25%ofmanufacturedfineaggregatefromasourcethatcomplies
withalloftherequirementsofthisStandardwillbepermitted.Considerationmayalsobe
giventoapprovetheuseofuptoamaximumof50%ofmanufacturedfineaggregatebySA
WaterRepresentativeifobjectivedocumentedevidenceisprovidedthatconcretemadewith
suchhigheramountofmanufacturedfineaggregatecomplieswithallotherrequirementsof
thisStandardbothinthefreshandhardenedstates,includingevidenceofacceptable
performanceregardingtendencyforsegregation,bleeding,plasticshrinkage,satisfactory
compaction,finishingandabrasionresistanceproperties.
Manufacturedfineaggregateshallbecrushedfromrockfromwhichcoarseaggregateis
produced,conformingtoClause6.2.3.Productionprocessesshallensurethatthe
manufacturedfineaggregatestockpilesarenotcontaminatedwithweatheredorhighly
alteredrockorwithclayseamsorothercontaminants.Crushingofmultiplesourcerocksintoa
singlemanufacturedfineaggregatestockpileshallnotbepermittedunlessitcanbe
demonstratedthatsuchaprocessisunderblendcontrolandproducesaconsistentproduct.
Formanufacturedfineaggregate,thedeleteriousfinesindex(DFI)shallnotexceed100when
testedinaccordancewithAS1141.66.
Fineaggregatesshallbetestedatafrequencywhichissufficienttoensurethatconcretecomplies
withthespecifiedrequirements.ThefrequencyshallnotbelessthanthatshowninTable1below.
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Table1MinimumFrequencyofTestingforFineAggregates
TypeofTest
TestMethod
MinimumFrequencyofTesting1
ParticleSize
AS1141.11.1
1.
Atthestartoftheproject;and
2.
1per500tonnesofaggregate
productionorpartthereof.
WaterAbsorption
AS1141.5
Halfyearlyinterval
Materialfinerthan0.002
mm
AS1141.13
LightParticles
AS1141.31
Monthlyinterval
Sodiumsulfatesoundness
AS1141.24
Halfyearlyinterval
Organicimpuritiesother
thansugar
AS1141.34
Monthlyinterval
Sugar
AS1141.35
Monthlyinterval
1.
Atthestartoftheproject;and
2.
1per500tonnesofaggregate
productionorpartthereof.
SulfateContent
AS1012.20.1
Atthestartoftheproject
ChlorideContent
AS1012.20.1
Atthestartoftheproject
AlkaliAggregateReactivity
AS1141.60.1
Yearlyinterval
PetrographicExamination
AS1141.65
Yearlyinterval
Degradationfactor
2
Deleteriousfinesindex
AS1141.25.3
Quarterlyinterval
AS1141.66
Quarterlyinterval
NotestoTable1:
1
Anychangeinproductionparametersorchangeinquarryfaceshallinitiatethe
commencementofanewtestcycle.
Applicableformanufacturedfineaggregatesonly.
6.2.3
CoarseAggregates
ThesizegradingofcoarseaggregatewhentestedaccordingtoAS1141.11.1,shallcomplywith
thelimitsspecifiedinTableB1ofAS2758.1.
Themaximumamountofwaterabsorptionforcoarseaggregatesshallnotexceed2.0%when
testedaccordingtoAS1141.6.1orAS1141.6.2.
InadditiontotherequirementsspecifiedinAS2758.1,theproportionofmisshapenparticles
inthecoarseaggregateretainedonthe9.50mmtestsieveshallnotexceed25%when
determinedinaccordancewithAS1141.14usinga2:1ratio.
Forwearingsurfacesofallexposureclassifications,surfacessubjecttohydraulicabrasionfrom
liquidvelocitiesgreaterthan4m/sorconcreteswiththerequireddesignlifeinexcessof50
years,thedurabilityoftheaggregateshallconformtotherequirementsforexposure
classificationCspecifiedinAS2758.1.
Coarseaggregatesshallbetestedatafrequencywhichissufficienttoensurethatconcrete
complieswiththespecifiedrequirements.Thefrequencyshallnotbelessthanthatshownin
Table2below.
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Table2MinimumFrequencyofTestingforCoarseAggregates
TypeofTest
TestMethod
MinimumFrequencyofTesting1
ParticleSize
AS1141.11.1
1.
Atthestartoftheproject;and
2.
1per1500tonnesofaggregate
productionorpartthereof.
WaterAbsorption
AS1141.6.1or
AS1141.6.2
Halfyearlyinterval
Materialfinerthan2
microns
AS1141.13
1.
Atthestartoftheproject;and
2.
1per1500tonnesofaggregate
productionorpartthereof.
ParticleShape
AS1141.14
Halfyearlyinterval
FlakinessIndex
AS1141.15
Halfyearlyinterval
LosAngelesvalue
AS1141.23
Halfyearlyinterval
Sodiumsulfatesoundness
AS1141.24
Halfyearlyinterval
Wetstrengthandwet/dry
strengthvariation
AS1141.22
Halfyearlyinterval
Sugar
AS1141.35
Monthlyinterval
SulfateContent
AS1012.20.1
Atthestartoftheproject
ChlorideContent
AS1012.20.1
Atthestartoftheproject
AlkaliAggregateReactivity
AS1141.60.1
Yearlyinterval
PetrographicExamination
AS1141.65
Yearlyinterval
Table2Notes:
1
Anychangeinproductionparametersorchangeinquarryfaceshallinitiatethe
commencementofanewtestcycle.
6.2.4
AdditionalRequirementsforCalcareousAggregates
Bothfineandcoarsecalcareousaggregatesincludingbutnotlimitedtolimestone,marbleand
dolomitemaybeusedinacidicconditionwherethepHislessthan4.0ifanapprovedcoating
orlinerisusedtoisolatetheconcretefromtheacidiccondition.Otherwise,thecalcareous
aggregatesshallnotbeused,unlessallofthefollowingcriteriaaremet:
1.
Boththefineandcoarsecalcareousaggregateshaveaminimumacidsolubilityof94%
whentestedinaccordancewithAWWAB100;and
2.
Thecalcareousaggregateisusedasasacrificialaggregateandtheconcretecoveris
increasedbyanamountequaltothelossthatwouldoccuroverthedesignlife.This
additionalcoverissacrificialandnotconsideredtomakeanycontributiontothe
strengthofthemember.
Wherethecalcareousaggregatesareusedassacrificialaggregateandthesurfacesarenot
subjecttohydraulicabrasionfromacidicliquidwithflowgreaterthan2m/s,themaximumLos
AngelesIndexvalueoftheaggregatemayberelaxedbutshallnotexceed55%loss.
6.3 MixingWater
Mixingwatershallconsistof:
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1.
Batchwater(waterweighedormeteredthroughthebatchingplant);
2.
Ice;
3.
Wateraddedbytruckoperator;
4.
Washwaterretainedinthedrumforuseinthenextbatchofconcrete;
5.
Waterintheadmixturesused;and
6.
Freemoistureontheaggregates.
ThequalityofthemixingwatershallcomplywiththerequirementsofthisStandardandAS
1379andshallhavetotalsolidsnotexceeding50,000ppmwhentestedaccordingtoASTM
C1603.
Allnonpotablewatershallbesampledandtestedasaminimumatsixmonthlyintervalsto
demonstratethecompliancewiththerequirementsofthisStandardandAS1379.
6.4 Admixtures
AdmixturesshallconformtotherequirementsofAS1478.1andshallbeusedinaccordance
withAS1379,themanufacturersrecommendationandthisStandard.
TheContractormayelecttouseairentrainingadmixturesfortheconcretewithexposure
classificationB1orless.Theuseofairentrainingadmixturesinallotherexposure
classificationsandforfreezethawresistanceshallbesubjecttoapprovalbySAWater
Representative.
SetacceleratingandhydrationcontroladmixturesshallnotbeusedunlessapprovedbySA
WaterRepresentative.
Admixturesshallhavenoharmfuleffectwhatsoeveruponthequalityoftheconcreteorupon
anyreinforcementorprestressingsystemorotherfixturesembeddedtherein.
Wheretwoormoreadmixturesareproposedforincorporationintoaconcretemix,their
compatibilityshallbecertifiedinwritingbythemanufacturer(s).
WhereadmixturesareproposedthefollowinginformationshallbeprovidedtoSAWater
Representative:
1.
Name,type,manufacturersdetailanddosagerate;
2.
Purpose/reasonforinclusion;
3.
Methodofuse,includingstorageandmethodforcontrollingandmeasuringdosage;and
4.
Conformingtestresultsfromthemanufacturer.
TheContractorsPremixSuppliermayneedtouseawaterreducingsetretardingadmixtureto
achievethespecifiedwater/cementratioandworkabilityrequirements.Whereawater
reducingadmixtureisused,thePremixSuppliershallshowbyteststhattheuseofthe
admixture,incombinationwiththeothermaterialstobeusedintheWorks,producesthe
desiredeffectwithoutaffectingtheotherqualitiesrequiredfortheconcrete,andwithout
endangeringthereinforcement.
Thewaterreducingsetretarding(WRRe)admixtureshallcomplywiththerequirementsfora
TypeWRReadmixturespecifiedinSection2,AS1478.1.Thedosageusedineachmixand
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sectionoftheworksshallbeasapprovedbySAWatersRepresentativewiththemixdesignat
Clause8.4.
Forhighslumpconcreteindeeppourwalls,theContractormayneedtouseamidrange
(MWR)orhighrange(HWR)admixturetoincreaseworkability,plusacompatiblewater
reducingsetretardingadmixture,complyingwiththerequirementsspecifiedinSection2,AS
1478.1.ThedosagerateshallbeasapprovedbySAWatersRepresentativewiththemix
designatClause8.4.
Thetotalalkalicontributionlevels(measuredasNa2Oequivalent)ofalladmixturesusedina
mixshouldnotexceed0.20kg/m.TotalNa2Oequivalentfromadmixturesmayexceed0.20
kg/msubjecttotheoveralllimitof2.8kg/mNa2Oequivalentforconcreteisnotexceeded.
Theconcreteforthefloorslabofwatertanksonlythataretypically150mmthickandupto
200mmthickmaycontainanapprovedshrinkagereducingadmixturetoSAWaters
Representativeapproval,includingthedosagerate.Notethattheadditionoftheshrinkage
reducingadmixturemayreducethecompressivestrengthcomparedtoareferenceconcrete
withouttheadmixtureandtheContractorsPremixSuppliermayneedtomakeadjustmentsto
thewater/binderratiotoachievetherequiredstrength.Usageshallbeinaccordancewiththe
admixturemanufacturersrecommendationsandapprovalofmixdesignatClause8.4.
Useofintegralwaterproofingadmixturesintheconcreteshallonlybeusedwiththeprior
writtenapprovalofSAWatersRepresentativetoincreasewatertightintegrity(e.g.insitu
jointsinprecastwallsofwatertanks)andtoincreaseresistancetoacidicoracidsulfatesoilsin
theabsenceofamembrane.
6.5 OtherAdditives
MaterialsotherthanthosedetailedinClauses6.1to6.4areconsideredasadditives.
RefertoClause31.1fortheuseofsteelfibresthatcomplywithBSEN148891CEMarking
System1andareusedforstructuralpurposes.
RefertoClause31.2fortheuseofpolymerfibresEN148892ClassIIthatcomplywithCE
MarkingSystem1andareusedforstructuralpurposes.
Allothertypesofsteelfibresandpolymerfibresshallbeclassifiedasadditives.
TheuseofadditivesshallbeusedinaccordancewithAS1379,themanufacturers
recommendationandthisStandard.
Theadditivesshallhavenoharmfuleffectwhatsoeverupontheconstituentmaterialsusedin
theconcrete,thequalityoftheconcreteoruponanyreinforcementorprestressingsystemor
otherfixtureembeddedtherein.
Whereadditivesareproposedforincorporationintoaconcretemix,theircompatibilitywith
theconcreteadmixturesshallbecertifiedinwritingbythemanufacturer(s).Wheretwoor
moreadditivesareproposedforincorporationintoaconcretemix,theircompatibilityshall
alsobecertifiedinwritingbythemanufacturer(s).
WhereadditivesareproposedthefollowinginformationshallbeprovidedtoSAWater
Representative:
1.
Name,type,manufacturersdetailanddosagerate;
2.
Purpose/reasonforinclusion;
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3.
Methodofuse,includingstorageandmethodforcontrollingandmeasuringdosage;and
4.
Conformingtestresultsfromthemanufacturer.
6.6 SolubleSalts
Sulfateandchlorideioncontentsfortheconcretemixshallbereportedfortheproposedmix
designsbasedonthevaluesintheconstituentmaterials.Sulfateandchlorideioncontents
shallalsobedeterminedbytestingofhardenedconcreteinaccordancewithAS1012.20.1.
ThesulfatecontentofconcreteexpressedasthepercentagebymassofacidsolubleSO3tothe
totalcementitiousmaterialshallnotbegreaterthan5%generallyand4%forsteamandheat
acceleratedcuredconcrete.
Themassofacidsolublechlorideionperunitvolumeofconcreteshallnotexceedthevalues
giveninTable3.
Table3MaximumAcidSolubleChlorideIonContentinConcrete
Exposure
classification
Maximumacid
solublechloride
ioncontent
(kg/m3)
0.8
B1
0.6
B2
0.4
C1
0.3
C2
0.3
D&U
Todurability
assessment
6.7 StorageofMaterials
6.7.1
StorageofCementitiousMaterials
Allcementitiousmaterialsincludingcement,flyash,slagand/oramorphoussilicainsolidform
shallbedeliveredandstoredinaccordancewiththerequirementsofAS3972,AS1379and
thisStandard.Thecementitiousmaterialsshallbedryandfreefromcontamination.All
transportationunitsandstoragesincludingsilos,binsorshedsshallbearaclearindicationof
thetypeofbinderinthem.Differenttypesofcementitiousmaterialshallnotbemixedinthe
sametransportationunitsandstorages.
Inaddition,cementitiousmaterialinbagsshallbestoredabovegroundlevelinasuitable
weatherproofstructureofwhichtheinteriorshallbedry,protectedfromdampnessandwell
ventilatedatalltimes.Differenttypesofcementitiousmaterialinbagsshallbeclearly
distinguishedbyvisiblemarkingsandshallbestoredinseparatestacks.Cementitiousmaterial
inbagsshallbeusedintheorderinwhichitisdelivered.Cementitiousmaterialfrombroken
bagsshallberejected.
Cementitiousmaterialshallbesuppliedinthemanufacturerssealedunbrokenbagsorinbulk
andshallbefreeflowingandfreeoflumpsorsignsofmoistureabsorption.Cementitious
material,whichhasdeteriorated,becomehardenedorlumpyornotconformingtothis
Standardinanyway,shallberejected.
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6.7.2
SAWaterTechnicalStandard
StorageofAggregates
AllaggregatesshallbedeliveredandstoredinaccordancewiththerequirementsofAS1379
andthisStandard.
Eachtypeornominalsizeofcoarseaggregateandfineaggregateshallbekeptseparatedand
suitableprecautionsshallbetakentopreventtheaggregatesfrombeingcontaminatedbythe
groundorbywindblowndustorotherforeignmatter.Aggregatesshallalsobedeliveredand
storedinsuchamannerthattheywillprevententryofsurfaceorgroundwater,allowfree
drainageofrainwaterandwillnotsegregate.
Thestorageofaggregatesshallbearrangedsothatdryingoutandheatinginhotweatherare
preventedinordertoavoidfluctuationsinwatercontentandreducetemperatures.
6.7.3
MoistureContentofAggregates
Themoisturecontentofthefineandcoarseaggregatesshallbedeterminedpriortoconcrete
productionforthedayandwheneverconditionschangeorfreshaggregatesaredelivered.
Themoisturecontentofthefineandcoarseaggregatesshallbedeterminedtoconstantmass
inaccordancewithAS1289.2.1.1,AS1289.2.1.2,AS1289.2.1.4,AS1289.2.1.5orAS
1289.2.1.6.Moisturemetersorotherequivalentdevicesmayalsobeusedprovidedtheyare
calibrated,asaminimum,onamonthlybasis.
Correspondingcorrectionsshallbemadetothemassofallaggregatesandthevolumeof
waterusedinthemixsothatthenominatedwatertocementitiousmaterialratioisachieved.
DesignofConcreteMixes
7.1 RequirementsforFreshConcrete
7.1.1
Consistency
Theconsistencyandworkabilityofconcreteshallbesuchthatitcanbehandledand
transportedwithoutsegregationandcanbeplacedusingthesitefacilities,workedand
compactedintoallcorners,anglesandnarrowsectionsofforms,andaroundall
reinforcement.
Theconsistencyofeachbatchofconcreteshallbecheckedbymeansoftheslumptest.
SamplingandtestingshallbecarriedoutinaccordancewithAS1012.1andAS1012.3.1,
respectively.
Whereaslumpinexcessof180mmisproposed,theContractorshalldemonstratebywayof
trialpourinaccordancewithClause8.3thattheconcretecanbeplaced,compactedand
finishedwithoutdeleteriouseffects.
SlumpflowshallbespecifiedandtestedinaccordancewithAS1012.3.5whenaslumpgreater
than200mmisrequired.
TolerancesonslumpvaluesshallbeinaccordancewithAS1379andforslumpflowin
accordancewiththespecifiedvaluesforconsistencygreaterthan200mmslumptaking
accountofAS1012.3.5.
Aspecifiedslumpof150mmorgreater(e.g.18040mm)maybeconsideredforwall
constructiontoassistcompactiondependingonwallheight,thickness,slumpretention(i.e.
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higherslumpwillretainworkabilitylonger,particularlyinhotweatherconcreting)and
formworkdesigntowithstandthefreshconcrete.
Concreteplacedunderwatershallcontainanapprovedantiwashoutadmixture.
7.1.2
SlumpwithMidRangeandHighRangeWaterReducingAdmixture
Aconcretemixdesignwithamidrange(MWR)orhighrange(HWR)admixtureshallhavea
trialmix(referClause8.3)completedbeforeWorksusetodeterminetheconcreteproperties
includingtotalwatercontentandreversiontime.
Aconcretemixdesignwithamidrange(MWR)orhighrange(HWR)admixtureaddedafterall
otherconcretematerialshavebeenmixedshallhavetrialmixslumptestscompletedbefore
andaftertheadditionoftheadmixture.
TolerancesonslumpvaluesshallbeinaccordancewithClause7.1.1.
7.1.3
DryingShrinkage
Dryingshrinkageshallbelimitedtoreducedryingshrinkagecracking.
Dryingshrinkageshallbemeasuredfortheconcretemixdesignandacceptance(referClause
8)inaccordancewithAS1012.13to56daysbasedontheaverageofthreeconcretedrying
shrinkageprismsandshallnotexceedthevaluesgiveninTable4.
Table4MaximumShrinkageStrainofConcreteSpecimens
Exposure
classification
Maximumdrying
shrinkage()
at56daysof
drying
750
B1
700
B2
650
C1
650
C2
650
D&U
Todurability
assessment
Ashrinkagereducingadmixtureshallbeusedinfloorslabsofwatertanksinaccordancewith
Clause6.4tominimisedryingshrinkage.
7.1.4
Bleed
Bleedshallbelimitedinordertocontrolplasticsettlementortheformationofbleedchannels
thatmightprejudicetheconcretedurabilityorappearance.Bleedshallbemeasuredin
accordancewithAS1012.6.Bleedshallnotexceed:
1.
3%forslabs;
2.
2%forwalls;
3.
1%forpilesanddiaphragmwalls;
4.
2%forotherelements.
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Concretebleedhasanimpactonplasticcrackingincombinationwiththeevaporationrate
(referClause10.1.4.4).
7.1.5
AirContent
AircontentofconcreteshallbemeasuredusingoneofthemethodsprovidedintheAS
1012.4.1orAS1012.4.2.
Theaircontentofconcreteshallnotexceed:
1.
3%forhigherdurabilityconcrete(e.g.concreteinstructuresforwater
retaining/excluding,wastewater,dams,desalination,belowgroundliquidexcluding,
etc.)notsubjecttofreezing;
2.
Aspecificaircontentwherefreezethawresistanceisrequiredinaccordancewith
AS3600Section4.7byuseofairentrainmentadmixture(referClause6.4);
3.
4%forallothercontent.
7.2 RequirementsforHardenedConcrete
7.2.1
DesignRequirements
TheContractorshallberesponsibleforalldesignrequirementsforDesignandConstruct
Contracts.
NOTE:TheContractorshalldiscusswithSAWaterRepresentativepriortoundertakingany
designthatdepartsfromthisStandardincludingallreferencesinClause1.3.
7.2.2
TypicalConcreteCharacteristicsandDurabilityRequirementsfor
ConcretebasedonExposureClassifications
TheconcreteusedshallhavethetypicalcharacteristicsgiveninTable5subjecttoproject
specificstructuralanddurabilityrequirementsandtotheapprovalofSAWater
Representative.
Thedurabilityrequirementsforconcreteelementsbasedonexposureconditionsarerelated
tothedesignlife(referClause3)fortheWorksaslistedbelow:
1.
2.
50yearsinaccordancewithAS3600andAS3735:
a.
Therequirementsareforplain,reinforcedandprestressedconcretestructuresand
membersfor50years+/20%aregiveninAS3600Section4.1;
b.
AS3735durabilityreferstoAS3600sothesamerequirementsapply;
c.
AS3600requirementscanapplywithoutadditionaldurabilityreviewforAS3600
exposurecategoriesA1andA2;
50yearsinaccordancewithAS3600/AS3735plusadditionaldurabilityreview;
a.
AS3600Section4.1Notesgivenbelowthatcanjustifydurabilityreviewbythe
DesignerusingaDurabilityConsultantasrequired;
Morestringentrequirementswouldbeappropriateforstructureswithadesign
lifeinexcessof50years(e.g.monumentalstructures),whilesomerelaxationof
therequirementsmaybeacceptableforstructureswithadesignlifelessthan
50years(e.g.,temporarystructures).
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Durabilityisacomplextopicandcompliancewiththeserequirementsmaynot
besufficienttoensureadurablestructure."
b.
3.
4.
AS3600/AS3735requirementsneedadditionaldurabilityreviewforallAS3600
exposurecategoriesexcludingA1andA2.Theextentofreviewwillvaryfromminor
forexposurecategoryB1tomoredetailedforexposurecategoriesB2,C1,C2and
U;
100yearsinaccordancewithAS5100.5;
a.
ForstructuresdesignedtoAS3600andAS3735withadesignlifeof100yearsuse
AS5100.5durabilitysincerequirementsareforplain,reinforcedandprestressed
concretestructuresandmembersfor100years.Forconcreteelementsdesignedin
accordancewithAS3735for100yearsdesignlife,increasethecoverofAS3735by
10mmforClassB1/B2andby15mmforClassC;
b.
AS5100.5requirementscanapplywithoutadditionaldurabilityreviewforAS
5100.5exposurecategoriesAandB1nonaggressivesoils.Additionaldurability
reviewisrequiredforallotherexposurecategories;
100yearsinaccordancewithAS5100.5plusadditionaldurabilityreview;
a.
AS5100.5Section4.1Notesgivenbelowthatcanjustifydurabilityreviewbythe
DesignerusingaDurabilityConsultantasrequired;
Somerelaxationoftherequirementsmaybeacceptablefortemporary
structures.
Durabilityisacomplextopicandcompliancewiththeserequirementsmaynot
besufficienttoensureadurablestructure.AS5100.5Supp1(Commentaryto
thisStandard)containsbackgroundtoandguidanceontheprovisionsofthis
Clause."
b.
AS5100.5requirementsneedadditionaldurabilityreviewforallAS5100.5
exposurecategoriesexcludingAandB1nonaggressivesoils.Theextentofreview
willvaryfromminorforexposurecategoryB2tomoredetailedforexposure
categoriesCandU.
5.
Durabilityreviewisrequiredforspecificexposurecategoriesofliquidretainingand
excludingstructuresinAS3735;
6.
AS2159providesexposureconditionsbelowgroundlevelfor50and100yearsdesign
life;
7.
Greaterthan50yearsandlessthan100yearsshallusetheaboverequirementsfor100
yearstogetherwithdurabilityreviewtodetermineifanyrelaxationoftherequirements
canapply;
8.
Greaterthan100yearsinaccordancewithAS5100.5plusadditionaldurabilityreviewby
aDurabilityConsultant;
9.
AConcreteDurabilityPlanspecifictotheWorksthatwillachievetheintentofthis
ClauseshallbesubmittedfortheapprovalofSAWaterRepresentativepriorto
proceedingwiththework.
10.
AlldurabilityreviewinputgivenaboveshallbeinaccordancewithCIAZ7/01.
NOTE:ExposurecategoriesaregiveninAS3600,AS4997,AS5100.5andAS2159.The
exposurecategoriesarelimitedandguidanceonabroaderrangeofexposurecategoriesarein
internationalStandardssuchasISO229651andEN2061.
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SAWaterTechnicalStandard
ItisintendedthatthisClauseofthisStandardwillbereviseduponthereleaseofthefollowing
documents:
1.
NewAustralianStandardforBridgeDesignPart5:Concrete(currentlyindraftDRAS
5100.5);
2.
CIAZ7/02DurabilityExposureClasses(draftinprogress)andCIAZ7/03Durability
DeemedtoComplyRequirements(draftinprogress).
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SAWater
Table5TypicalConcreteCharacteristics
Exposure
classification
Minimum
Cementitiousmaterial
content(1)
fc(MPa)
(kg/m3)
at28days
Minimum
Maximum
Maximum(2)
waterto
cementitious
materialratio
Maximum
Apparent
volumeof
permeable
voids(3)
Chlorideionpenetrationinmarine
andsalineexposure
Maximumchloridetestcoefficients
at20oC
Supplementarycementitiousmaterial(5)
Flyash(%bymass)
GGBFS(%bymass)
(x1012m2/sec)(4)
NTBuild443
(De)
NTBuild492
(DRMC)
Minimum
Maximum
Minimum
Maximum
25
280
320
0.56
30
40
B1
32
320
400
0.50
14%at28
days
30
40
B2
40
360
450
0.45
13%at28
days
3.5
8.0
20
50
40
70
C1
50
420
500
0.40
12%at56
days
2.0
4.0
25
50
50
70
C2
50
450
500
0.36
12%at56
days
2.0
4.0
30
50
60
70
D&U
TotheassessmentofaDurabilityConsultantandSAWaterRepresentativeapproval
Table5Notes:
Note1:Cementcontentmaximumandminimumvaluesaresubjecttovariationsinsourceofcementitiousmaterials,binderproportions,qualityofbinder
materials,etc.andthereforesomevariationscanoccurovertimeandbeappliedforspecificWorkstoSAWatersRepresentativewrittenapproval.
Inaddition,thecementcontentwillvarywithseasonaltemperaturevariations.
Note2:Thewater/cementratiomustnotbelessthan0.32forcastinplaceconcreteand0.28forprecastconcrete,toensurecementhydration.
Note3:%ApparentvolumeofpermeablevoidsasdeterminedbytestmethodAS1012.21withspecimenpreparedinaccordancewithAS1012.8.1.
Note4:FortheMaximumchloridetestcoefficients,thefollowingtermsapply:
DedenoteseffectivediffusioncoefficientfromNordtestNTBuild443.
DRMCdenotesrapidmigrationcoefficientfromNordtestNTBuild492.
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TechnicalStandardConcrete
SAWater
ContinuouslystandardmoistcureafterdemouldingspecimensfortheNordtestNTBuild443andNTBuild492testsandtestatanageof56and
28daysrespectively.
ThespecifiedcoefficientsarebasedontheminimumconcretecoversspecifiedinAS5100.5:2004Table4.10.3(A).
ThePrincipalmaymodifythespecifiedcoefficientsiftheconcretecoverisincreased.
Thespecifiedcoefficientsareforatesttemperatureof20oC.Modifytherequiredcoefficientsforagiventemperatureasfollows:(Deor
DRMC)req=4.15e0.0703T1whereT1isthespecifiedtemperature.
Note5:
Minimumandmaximumfiguresdonotapplytoatripleblendmix;
GGBFSshouldbeusedformemberssubjecttoacidicenvironment;
Thecontractorshalladdressthepotentialoflowerearlystrengthdevelopment,curingandstrippingtimesandconcretestrengthrequirementsfor
earlylifting;
AmorphoussilicaorsilicafumeshallnotbeusedunlessotherwiseapprovedbySAWaterRepresentative;and
ForexposureclassificationsAandB1,concretemadewithblendedcementmustcontainaminimumof240kg/m3ofGeneralPurposeorShrinkage
Limitedcementtolimitcarbonation.
Note6:Forsewageandwastewaterstructuresofitem2exposuresinTable4.1ofAS3735,installapprovedphysicalbarrier(protectivecoatingsorliner)to
protecttheconcreteagainstacidattacks.Thebarriershallcovertheentireconcretesurfaceabovewaterlevel(includingcoverslabsoffit)and
extendtoaminimumof500mmbelowthelowwaterlevel.Thedesignlifeofthephysicalbarriershallbe100years.Alternatively,subjecttothe
approvalofSAWaterRepresentative,thephysicalbarriershallbeinstalledsuchthatitcanbereplacedorrepairedwithoutmajorwork.The
minimumdesignlifeforthisalternativeapproachshallnotbelessthan25years.
Note7:Concretecharacteristicsfordams,desalinationplants,etc.aswellasD&UexposuresshallbeprojectspecifictotheassessmentofaDurability
ConsultantandapprovalofSAWaterRepresentative.
Note8:PrecastconcreteshallbeaccordingtoTable5.Precasteralternativeconcretemixmaybeconsideredforanyprecastconcreteelementssubjectto
SAWaterRepresentativereviewandwrittenapproval.
Note9:UnlessotherwisespecifiedontheDrawings,orapprovedbySAWaterRepresentative,theconcreteslumpofthenominatedmixshallnotexceed
180mm.Whereanominatedslumpinexcessof180mmisproposed,demonstratethattheconcretemaybeplaced,compactedandfinished
withoutdeleteriouseffects.
Note10:ForconsistencyofconcretemixreferClause7.1.1and7.1.2.
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TechnicalStandardConcrete
SAWater
Note11:DryingShrinkageshallnotexceedClause7.1.3requirements.
Note12: ConcretebleedshallnottoexceedClause7.1.4requirement.
Note13:AircontentoftheconcreteshallnotexceedClause7.1.5requirement.
Note14:MaximumcrackwidthshallnotexceedClause7.2.4requirement.
NOTE:SAWaterencouragesandpromotesresearch,developmentandinnovation.SAWaterwillconsidertheuptakeofnewconcreteproductand
technologythathavesignificantpotential.TheContractorshalldiscusswithSAWaterRepresentativepriortousingtheproductand/ortechnology.
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7.2.3
SAWaterTechnicalStandard
CoverToleranceRequirements
ThetoleranceonconcretecovershallbeinaccordancewithAS3600for50yearsdesignlifeand
AS5100.5forgreaterthan50yearsupto100yearsdesignlifeunlessSAWatersRepresentative
requirescompliancewiththetolerancesonminimumcovergiveninTable6.Concreteelements
designedtoAS3735shallhavetoleranceonconcretecoverof0mm,+10mm.
Table6ToleranceonLocationsofReinforcement
7.2.4
Element
ToleranceonMinimumCover(mm)
Beams,columns,wallsandsuspendedslabs
0,+15
Slabsongrade
0,+30
Footingscastagainstground
0,+50
MaximumCrackWidthRequirement
UnlessotherwisedesignatedintheContract,concreteshallhavenocracksatanystageafter
constructionmeasuredattheconcretesurfaceofwidthgreaterthanthevalueslistedinTable7.
Table7MaximumAcceptableCrackWidth
Exposure
classification
Maximum
acceptablecrack
width(mm)
0.3
B1
0.2
B2
0.15
C1
0.1
C2
0.1
D&U
Todurability
assessment
Note:GuidanceonthedurabilityofconcretewithcrackwidthsisgiveninCIRIAC660andwillbe
availableinthefuturefromCIARecommendedPracticeZ7/06.Bothincludetheacceptablecrack
widthfromaparticularviewingdistancereducesastheprestigeofthestructureincreases.Guidance
isalsogiveninACI224R01.TheContractorshallrefertoCampbellAllen,D.,1979.TheReductionof
CrackinginConcrete.UniversityofSydneyinassociationwithCementandConcreteAssociationof
Australia,Sydney,May.
ConcreteearlyagethermalcrackriskassessmentisrequiredatClause32.
AS3735Suppl2001providesmeancrackwidthsfordesignofconcretestructuresretainingliquids
forconditionsofearlyagethermal,shrinkageandrestraintpluslimitingsteelstressforserviceability.
Inaddition,whereaconcreteelementisrequiredtobeliquidretainingorexcluding,concreteshall
havenocracksatanystageafterconstructionmeasuredattheconcretesurfaceofwidthgreater
than0.2mm.Allcracksofsurfacewidthgreaterthan0.1mmandcrackswithanyvisiblewater
leakageinconcreteelementstobeliquidretainingorexcludingshallberecordedbytheContractor
inaccordancewithClause18forassessmentandrepairtoSAWatersRepresentativerequirements.
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SAWaterTechnicalStandard
Note:Theliquidretainingorexcludingrequirementsforconcretestructurescanalsoapplywherea
liquidisincontactwiththeconcrete.Forexample,thesuspendedroofslabofawatertankorthe
suspendedroofslabofachlorinebuildingisrequiredtobewatertight.Inaddition,belowground
concretestructuresmayberequiredtobewatertight.
AllcracksgreaterthanthecrackwidthspecifiedinTable7shallbeclassifiedasnoncompliant.All
cracksshallbeinspectedandassessmentincludingtheneedforrepairinaccordancewithClause18
andanyrepairsrequiredshallbeinaccordancewithClause21.
7.2.5
RequirementsforConcreteandConcreteStructuresinContactwith
PotableWater
ThisclauseappliestoallconcretethatisincontactwithPotableWater(e.g.concretewaterstorage
tanks,etc.).
Alladditives,admixtures,releaseagents,sealcoats,paints/linings,repairmaterialsandcuring
compoundsthatwillremainonthesurfaceofconcretethatwillbeincontactwithpotablewater
(including,butnotlimitedtoproduction,treatment,storageanddistribution)shallcomplywith
AS/NZS4020.
TheContractorshallprovideevidenceintheformofcertificationbyaNATAaccreditedlaboratoryto
SAWatersRepresentative.
Variationstothesourceoftheconstituentmaterialsofconcreteand/orthemixdesignconstitutea
changeinmaterialandsubmissionofanewcertificationisrequired.
Inthecircumstancewherethecostoftestingorthetimeavailabletogettestingcompletedisnot
feasible,theContractorshallapplyaAS/NZS4020certifiedcoatingorlineronthesurfaceofthe
concretethatcomesincontactwithpotablewater.
DesignandAcceptanceofConcreteMix
8.1 General
TheContractorshallberesponsibleforthedesignandproductionofallconcretesothatthespecified
durability,strengthandotherrequirementsofthehardenedandfreshconcreteareachieved.The
concreteusedshallbeinaccordancewithAS1379andthisStandardandcanbereadymixedor
batchedonsite.
Note:Theuseofreadymixedconcreteorprecastconcreteshallinnowaylessenorremovethis
responsibility.
SprayedconcreteorshotcreteshallonlybeusedifapprovedbySAWaterRepresentative.
Undernocircumstancesshallhandmixedconcretebepermitted.
8.2 ProposedMixDesign
TheContractorshallsubmitdetailsofthemixdesignforeachspecifiedclassofconcretetoSAWater
Representativepriortothecommencementofthetrialmix.Themixdesignshalluseonlythe
constituentmaterialsthathavebeenshownbytestingtomeettherequirementsofClause6ofthis
Standard.
Theproposedmixdesignsubmissionshallincludethefollowinginformation:
1.
Cementitiousmaterial,includingbutnotlimitedto:
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
SAWaterTechnicalStandard
a.
Brandandtype;and
b.
Currenttestresultsforallcementitiousmaterialsdemonstratingconformancewith
Clause6.1;
Aggregates,includingbutnotlimitedto:
a.
Materialsourceandgeology;
b.
Nominatedcombinedaggregategrading;and
c.
CurrenttestresultsforallaggregatesdemonstratingconformancewithClause6.2;
Admixturesandadditives,includingbutnotlimitedto:
a.
Manufacturerstechnicaldatasheet;
b.
Manufacturersmaterialsafetydatasheet;and
c.
Manufacturerscertificationofcompatibility;
Premixsupplierproposedmixdesigndetails,includingbutnotlimitedto:
a.
Mixcode;
b.
Quantityofeachconstituentmaterial,includingalladmixturesandadditives,basedon
1mandaggregatesatsaturatedsurfacedry(SSD);
c.
Methodofcontrollingalkaliaggregate
d.
Targetwatertocementitiousbinderratio;
e.
Slumpatpointofdischarge;and
f.
Forconcretecontaininghighrangewaterreducers:finalslumpandreversiontime.
Batching,mixingandtransport,includingbutnotlimitedto:
a.
Methods;
b.
Levelofcontrolandaccuracyofbatching;
c.
Levelofcontrolandaccuracyofdeterminationoftheaggregatemoisturecontent;
d.
Minimummixingtime;and
e.
Maximumperiodforcompletionofdischarge;and
f.
ComplianceofbatchplantequipmentandtransitmixerswithAS1379;
Placementofconcrete,includingbutnotlimitedto:
a.
Methodsfortransfer,placementandcompactiononsitenotingspecifiedslumpandpour
geometries;
b.
Concretedeliveryrateandnumberofvibratorsonsite;
c.
Sequenceofcasting;
d.
Maximumdropheighttoavoidsegregation;
e.
Anynonstandardsitetestingrequirementssuchasslumpflowforconcretesgreaterthan
200mmslump;and
f.
Particularrequirementsforsprayedorotherspecialpurposeconcrete;
HardenedconcretepropertiesasperClause8.3.2andforconcretecharacteristicsinTable5,
includingbutnotlimitedto:
a.
Targetmeancompressivestrength;
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b.
Targetmeandryingshrinkage;and
c.
Targetandlimitingvaluesforanyotherspecifiedproperties,includingbutnotlimitedto:
Flexuralstrength,Sulfateandchlorideioncontents,apparentvolumeofpermeablevoids,
chloridediffusioncoefficient,andchloridemigrationcoefficient.
TheContractormaysubmitforconsiderationtheresultsoftestscompletedwithintheprevious
12monthsfromsimilarmixesproducedfromtheplantandmaterialsproposedfortheProject.The
SAWaterRepresentativewillinstructwhetheratrialmixshallbeundertakenasperClause8.3.
TheContractorshallsubmittheproposedconcretecuringmethodinaccordancewithClause13.1at
thesametimeofsubmittingtheconcretemixdesign.
8.3 TrialMix
8.3.1
General
TheContractorshallmaketrialmixesforallclassesofconcretehavingacharacteristicstrength
greaterthan20MPaunlessdirectedotherwisebySAWaterRepresentative.
TheContractormaysubmitforSAWaterRepresentativeconsiderationproposedconcretemix
designswiththeresultsofconcretemixtestsandmaterialsdataforalltherequirementsinClauses
8.3.2and8.3.3completedwithintheprevious12monthsfromsimilarmixesproducedfromtheplant
(orsimilarwithjustification)andsimilarmaterialsproposedfortheWorksasanalternativeto
concretetrialmixes.SAWaterRepresentativeshallreviewthesubmissionanddetermineifa
concretetrialmixisrequiredbytheContractor.
Theconcretemixesshallbemadeusingtheplantanddegreeofqualitycontrolproposedforthe
Project.Theminimumvolumeofthetrialmixshallbe25%oftheratedcapacityofthemixer.
Whereconcreteisnotbatchedandmixedonthesite,atimedelayequaltoanaveragedeliverytime
onsiteshallbeappliedbetweenthemixingoftheconcreteandthesamplingforslumpandother
samplesfortheperformancerequirementtests.
Asanalternativetothetrialmixapproach,theContractormayconductthetrialmixinaccordance
withAS1012.2usingaNATAaccreditedlaboratory.Followingthelaboratorytrial,theContractor
shallconductasitetrialmixwithaminimumvolumeof25%oftheratedcapacityofthesitemixerto
verifythelaboratoryresultsofslump,watertocementitiousmaterialratioand28dayscompressive
strength.
SAWatersRepresentativemaypermittheContractortousetheremainingtrialmixconcreteina
noncriticalstructure.
8.3.2
TrialMixTestRequirements
Eachtrialmixshalldemonstratebywayoftestingthatalltheperformancerequirementsasspecified
inClause7areachieved.
Plasticconcretetestingshallinclude:
1.
Concretetemperature;
2.
Slump;
3.
Aircontent;
4.
Massperunitvolume;
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5.
Bleed;and
6.
ReversiontimeconsistencytestingtoClause7.1.1untilan80mmslumpisreachedfor
concretecontainingmediumorhighrangewaterreducer(AS1478.1TypeMWRorHWR).
UnlessotherwisespecifiedandapprovedbySAWatersRepresentative,themeasuredslumpafter
addingwaterreducingadmixturesshallbewithintheallowablerangespecifiedinAS1379ofthe
targetslump.
Notlessthantwelve(fifteenif56dayagestrengthsarerequired)concretecylindersandthree
concretedryingshrinkageprismsshallbecastandcuredinaccordancewithAS1012.8.1andAS
1012.8.4,respectively.Thefollowinghardenedpropertiesshallbetested:
1.
Seven(7)dayscompressivestrengthbasedontheaverageofthreeconcretecylinders;
2.
28dayscompressivestrengthbasedontheaverageofthreeconcretecylinders;
3.
Ifspecified,56dayscompressivestrengthbasedontheaverageofthreeconcretecylinders;
4.
DryingshrinkageaftertotalperiodsofairdryinginaccordancewithAS1012.13ofseven(7),
14,21,28and56daysbasedontheaverageofthreeconcretedryingshrinkageprisms;
5.
Acidsolublesulfateandchlorideioncontents.
6.
%AVPVat28and56daysbasedontheaverageoftwocylindersperagemouldedandcured
toAS1012.8.1andtestedinaccordancewithAS1012.21.
Additionalconcretecylinders(aminimumofthreeperage)shallberequiredifstrengthgainistobe
assessedforearlystrippingorloading.
Thefollowinghardenedpropertiesshallalsobetestedforconcretewherechlorideinduced
reinforcementcorrosionisapotentialdurabilityriskduringthedesignlifewithchloridesfrom
exposurethatismarine,inlandsaline,operationalorothers:
1.
ChlorideDiffusionTestNTBUILD443basedontheaverageoftwoconcretecylinders;and
2.
RapidChlorideMigrationTestNTBuild492basedontheaverageoftwoconcretecylinders.
8.3.3
TrialMixReport
TheContractorshallsubmitaTrialMixReporttoobtainapprovaloftheproposedconcretemix
designcontainingthefollowingminimumrequirementsforinclusionintheTrialMixReport:
1.
Classofconcrete;
2.
Supplierofconcrete(ifreadymixed);
3.
Mixdesignonecubicmetreproportions(byweightandwaterbyvolume)ofallmaterials
comprisingthemixincludinganyproposedadmixtures(byvolume);
4.
NameofsupplierandCertificatesofCompliancewithcurrentqualitycontroltestresults
requiredbythisStandardnotmorethan12monthsoldforallmaterialsusedinthemix(i.e.
cementitiousbinders,aggregates,water,admixtures).Coarseandfineaggregatesinformation
ontype,sourceandrequiredtestdatatobeinaccordancewithClause6.2;
5.
Concretemixdesignandperformancetestdataforanysimilarrecentconcreteknownand
availabletobesuppliedbytheContractorthatwillassisttheconcretetrialmixassessment;
6.
Trialmixperformancetobereportedshallincludethebelow:
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a.
Actualbatchedquantitiesofallmaterialsandcomparisonwiththeproposedmixdesign;
b.
Moistureconditionofallaggregatesusedinthetrialmix;
c.
PlasticandhardenedconcretepropertiesrequiredbyClause8.3.2;
d.
Concretecontainingmediumorhighrangewaterreducer(AS1478.1TypeMWRorHWR):
Totalwateradded,water/binderratio,slump,andreversiontime;
7.
TrialmixconcretetestingshallbecompletedinaccordancewithrelevantAustralianStandards
unlessallowedorspecifiedotherwiseinthisStandard;
8.
TrialmixreportshallbeingeneralaccordancewithAS1012.2asaguidelineapproach.
8.4 ApprovalofConcreteMixDesign
NoconcreteshallbeplaceduntilapprovalofthetrialmixhasbeenobtainedfromSAWaters
Representative.Thedetailsofeachproposedmixtogetherwithacertificatestatingthatthe
nominatedtrialmixanditsconstituentsconformtothisStandardshallbeprovidedbeforethetrial
mixisapproved.
Alltrialmixtestresultsshallbeprovidedpriortothemixbeingapprovedforuse.
Thetrialmix,theplantandthedegreeofqualitycontrolshallbeapprovedifthetrialmixtestvalues
achievethespecifiedperformanceasdetailedinClause7.
Thetestvaluesobtainedfromtheapprovedtrialmixshallbecometheapprovedbenchmarkfor
assessingtheconcreteusedintheProject.AllconcreteofthesameclassusedintheProjectshall
havethesameperformanceortestresults,withinatoleranceasdetailedinAS1379orthisStandard.
SAWatersRepresentativemaygiveprovisionalapprovalofamixbasedonearlytesting.
Notwithstandinganysuchprovisionalapproval,alltheconcreteshallmeetallperformance
requirements.
If,duringthecourseoftheProject,thedegreeofqualitycontrolisnotmaintained(asevidencedbya
declineintheperformancetestvaluesand/orbyadeteriorationinthemethodsemployedin
batchingandmixing),SAWatersRepresentativemaywithdrawtheapprovalofthemixpending
establishmentofimprovedqualitycontrol,orifnecessary,aredesignofthemix.
8.4.1
VariationstoApprovedConcreteMixDesign
ApprovedconcretemixesshallnotbealteredwithouttheapprovalofSAWatersRepresentative.
Theapprovedmixshallbeuseduntilapprovalisgivenforanalteredmix.
Thequantitiesoftheconstituentsinanapprovedmixmaybevariedtoimprovethequalityofthe
concreteormaintaingradecompliance.Variationstothequantitiesofconstituentsinthenominated
mixshallnotexceedthefollowingandshallstillconformtotheotherrequirementsofthisStandard:
1.
Cementitiousmaterials:3%bymassofeachconstituent;
2.
Aggregates:5%bymassofeachconstituent;and
3.
Admixtures:5%byvolumeand/ormassofeachadmixture.
Thevariedconcretemixshallconformtotheminimumcementitiousmaterialcontent,maximum
watertocementitiousmaterialratioandwithinthespecifiedproportionofcementand
supplementarycementitiousmaterialasspecifiedinTable5.Theamountofadmixtureusedinthe
variedconcretemixshallwithinthemanufacturersrecommendations.Allsuchvariationsshallbe
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notifiedinatimelymannertotheSAWaterRepresentative,whowillinstructanyrequirementfor
mixtrialstodemonstratecontinuedcompliance.
Variationoftheapprovedmixbeyondthelimitsstatedabove,orchangestothetypeorsourceof
anyconstituent,shallrequiresubmissionofanewtrialmixdesign.
8.4.2
TrialPours
Trialpoursshallbeperformedonsitebeforemakingconcretefortheactualworkwheninstructedby
SAWaterRepresentative.
ThemixestobeusedinthetrialpoursshallbethoseapprovedinaccordancewithClause8.3.3.The
purposeofthetrialsistoverifythatconcretemanufacturedinaccordancewiththisStandardcanbe
placed,compactedandcuredinaccordancewiththisStandardusingtheplant,equipmentand
proceduresproposedbytheContractor.Inadditionthequalityassuranceproceduresshallbein
effectonthesetrialpours.Thetrialpourshallnotbeincorporatedintheactualworkunless
approvedbySAWaterRepresentative.
SAWaterRepresentativewillnominatethescopeofthetrialpours,includingpreparationofa
procedurefordeterminingtheperformanceofthenominatedconcretemix(es).Theproposedtrial
shallinvolveatleasttwoconsecutivepours,withtheproceduredetailingthefollowinginformation:
1.
Transportandplacement,includingplantandequipmenttobeused;
2.
Dimensionsoftheproposedpour,torepresentapourforthelargestsectionstobe
constructed,butnottobelessthanavolumetobenominatedbySAWaterRepresentative,
placedinapourofapproximatelyequaldimensions(width,lengthanddepth);
3.
Temperaturecontrol;
4.
Temperaturemonitoring;
5.
Curingregimeandtimebetweenplacementofconsecutivepours;
6.
Crackinspection,recordingandmonitoring;and
7.
Othermattersspecifictothetrialpour(e.g.forsprayedconcrete).
Thetrialpoursshallbeavailableforinspectionuptofourteen(14)daysafterplacement.Ifthetrial
pourfailstomeetanyrequirementsofthisStandardthemixdesignandtrialpourprocedureshallbe
reviewedandamendedasnecessary.AnewtrialpourshallbeconductedasdirectedbytheSA
WaterRepresentativeandtheresultssubmittedforapproval.
8.5 ConcreteMaximumTemperature
Themaximumtemperatureofallprecastandcastinsituconcreteduringthefirst28daysshallnot
exceedthevaluesbelowinaccordancewithCIAZ7/04:
1.
70CforcementtypeGPcement;and
2.
80Cforotherapprovedcementsystemsincorporatingaspecifiedminimumquantityof
40%slag,20%flyashor8%silicafume).
TheearlyageconcretecrackriskshallbeassessedinaccordancewithClause32whenthemaximum
concretetemperatureislikelytoexceed70C.
Themaximumtemperaturevaluesabovearerequiredforallprecastandcastinsituconcreteto
minimisetheriskofdelayedettringiteformation(DEF)inaccordancewithCIAZ7/04.
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8.6 ConcreteMaximumTemperatureDifferentials
Allprecastandcastinsituconcreteshallhaveasaguidancemaximumtemperaturedifferential
acrossanysectionlimitedtovaluesbelowinaccordancewithCIAZ7/04andCIRIAC660:
SiliceousGravel:20C
Granite:28C
Basalt:32C
Limestone:35C.
Theearlyageconcretecrackriskresultingfromtemperaturedifferentialsshallbeassessedin
accordancewithClause32,whichshalltakeprecedenceovertheaboveguidancevalues.
SupplyandDeliveryofConcrete
9.1 General
Allconcretesuppliedshallconformtotheapprovedconcretemixandshallbedeliveredin
accordancewithAS1379andthisStandard.TheContractorisresponsibletoensuretheconcreteis
thoroughlyanduniformlymixedbeforedischargingtheconcrete.
Thesizeofeachconcretebatchshallbedeterminedconsideringthetypeandpropertiesofconcrete,
capacityandperformanceofmixingequipment,methodoftransportation,typeofconstructionand
quantityofconcretetobeplaced.
TheContractorsConcreteSuppliershallprovideandmaintainandoperatethebatchingequipment
soastoaccuratelydetermineandcontroltheamountofeachseparatematerialenteringthe
concretetothetolerancesspecifiedinAS1379.
MixingofconcreteshallcomplywiththerequirementsofAS1379.
TheContractorsConcreteSuppliershallusetruckmixersthatcomplyandhavebeenmaintainedin
accordancewiththerequirementsofAS1379.
TheContractorsConcreteSuppliershallkeepfullanddetailedbatchinganddeliveryrecordsand
thesewillbemadeavailabletoSAWatersRepresentativewithinthree(3)workingdaysofany
request.
9.2 ConcreteDelivery
Concreteshallbetransportedwithminimumdelayandinamannerwhichwillpreventsegregation,
lossofmaterialorprematurestiffening.
Concretewhichhasbeguntostiffenshallnotbeused.
Ifconcreteisdeliveredusingamixeroragitator,thesizeofeachconcretebatchshallnotexceedthe
ratedcapacityoftheagitatordrum.
InadditiontotheinformationrequiredbyAS1379thefollowinginformationshallalsoberecorded
onthedeliverydocket:
1.
Concretemixuniqueidentificationcodeusedbytheconcretepremixsupplierasperthe
approvedmixdesign;
2.
Nominatedwatertocementitiousmaterialratio;
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3.
Actualwatertocementitiousmaterialratioatdischarge;
4.
Nominatedinitialslump;
5.
Timeatdischarge;
6.
Totalactualwaterinthebatch,includingbutnotlimitedto:
7.
8.
9.
a.
MoisturecontentsofbothfineandcoarseaggregatesasrequiredbyClause6.7.3;
b.
Batchwaterandanyaddedattheslumpstand;
c.
Totalamountofwaterpermittedtobeaddedonsitethatwillnotexceedthe
water/binderratio;and
d.
Wateraddedonsitebeforecommencementofdischarge,includingwaterusedtowash
downthemixingbladesofthemixeroragitator;
Cementitiousbinder,includingbutnotlimitedto:
a.
Brandandtype;
b.
Totalmassofcementitiousbinder;and
c.
Proportionsofcomponentsbymass;
Chemicaladmixtures,includingbutnotlimitedto:
a.
Types;and
b.
Amounts;
Anyotheradditivestoabatch.
9.3 OnsiteTransportation
Concretetransportationequipmentusedonsiteshalldeliverconcretewithminimumdelayandina
mannerwhichwillpreventsegregation,lossofmaterialorprematurestiffening.
Appropriatemeasuresshallalsobetakenforprotectingtheconcretefromsunlightandweather.
9.3.1
ConcretePump
TheuseofconcretepumpshallbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsofAS1418.15andthis
Standard.PumpingconcreteshallbeinaccordancewithCIAZ7/04andCIAZ12.
Theconcretepumplocationandpipelinerouteshallbedeterminedsothatthepipelinedistanceand
thenumberofbendsareminimised.
Thepipelinediametersshallbeselectedinviewofthetypeandqualityofconcrete,themaximum
sizeofcoarseaggregate,fibresizeandcontent,pumpingconditions,easeandsafetyofpumping.
Thetypeandnumberofconcretepumpsshallbedeterminedbasedonthepumpingload,discharge
rateandtherateofplacement.
Priortocommencementofplacingconcrete,thepumpandpumplineshallbeprimedwithagrout
mixandtheinitialdischargeofconcreteshallbothbepumpedtowasteuntilaconsistentworkable
mixisdischarged.Aluminiumpipesshallnotbeusedforthedeliveryofconcrete.
9.3.2
ConcreteBucketorKibble
Theconcretebucketandkibbleshallbefabricatedsothat:
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1.
Nosegregationwhenconcreteispouredinanddischarged;
2.
Concretecanbedischargedatacontrolledrateeasilywhenopened;and
3.
Concretedoesnotleakwhenclosed.
Thesizeoftheconcretebucketandkibbleshallbedeterminedbasedontherateofplacement.
9.3.3
Chute
Theslopeofthechuteshallpreventsegregationofconcrete.
Priortocommencementofplacingconcrete,thechuteshallbewettedandtheinitialconcretethat
flowsdownthechuteshallbecartedtowasteuntilconsistentworkablemixisdischarged.
Theuseofwaterinthechutetoassistmovementofconcreteshallnotbepermitted.
9.3.4
BeltConveyor
Wherebeltconveyorisused:
1.
Appropriatemeasuresshallalsobetakenforprotectingtheconcretefromsunlightand
weather;
2.
Baffleplatesandafunneltubeshallbeprovidedatthedischargeendoftheconveyorto
preventthesegregationofconcrete;and
3.
Adeviceshallbeinstalledattheendoftheconveyortopreventthedepositionofconcreteon
thereturnbelt.
9.4 PeriodforCompletionofDischarge,PlacementandCompaction
Thetimefromtheadditionofthecementtotheaggregatestoconcreteplacementandcompaction
shallnotexceedthetimesinTable8withoutthepriorapprovalofSAWatersRepresentative:
Table8AllowableTimefromBatchingtoPlacing
Concretetemperatureattimeof
discharge(oC)
Maximumelapsedtime
ConcreteStructures
32C
90m
Allconcreteunlessapproved
otherwisebySAWaters
Representative
35C
60m
ConcretethatSAWaters
Representativeapprovesconcrete
placementtemperatureupto35C
andconsideringtheconcreteearly
agecrackassessmentatClause32.
(minutes)
ThetimesgiveninTable8maybevariedwhereithasbeendemonstratedbytrialsthattheuseofset
retarding(AS1478TypeReorWRRe)admixturesprovidesadequateretentionofconsistencyfor
longerperiodsatthenominatedtemperature.GuidanceonthismatterandgiveninCIAZ7/04.
Nonetheless,concreteshallnotbeincorporatedintotheProjectWorksatanytimeifitsworkability
isoutsidethespecifiedlimits.
Retemperingoutsidethemaximumalloweddischargetimeusingadmixturesorwatershallnotbe
allowedunderanycircumstances.
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9.5 RetemperingwithadditionofWaterorAdmixtureafterMixing
Watermaybeaddedtoamixedbatchofconcretepriortothecommencementofdischarge
providingthefollowingconditionsaresatisfied:
1.
ProcedureisinaccordancewiththeContractorsapprovedConcreteWorksMethodStatement
(referClause32);
2.
Theworkabilityoftheconcreteismeasuredbeforeandafterwateraddition,andthe
workabilityafteradditionshallbecompliantwiththisStandard;
3.
ApprovalisgivenbySAWatersRepresentative,theContractorandtheconcretesupplier;
4.
TheadditionalwaterismeasuredandrecordedbytheContractor,andwitnessedbySA
WatersRepresentative;
5.
Immediatelyaftertheadditionofanywater,operatethemixingmechanismatmixingspeed
untiltheconcreteachievestherequireduniformity;
6.
Thetotalwaterdoesnotexceedtheallowableadditionalwatercontentrecordedonthe
deliverydocketbasedonthewaterbinder/rationottobeexceeded;
7.
Thewater/binderratioisnotexceeded;
8.
TheperiodforconcretecompletionshallbeinaccordancewithClause9.4;and
9.
Theconcreteistestedforcompressivestrengthaftertheadditionofwater.
Aconcretemixdesignwithamidrange(MWR)orhighrange(HWR)admixturemayhaveadmixture
addedonsiteusingtheaboverequirementsforadditionofwater(i.e.thenormalbatching
procedureisadditionoftheseadmixturesatthebatchplant).
10 ConcretePlacementandCompaction
10.1 ConcretePlacing
10.1.1
General
AllconcreteshallbeplacedinaccordancewithAS1379andAS3600andAS5100.5,asappropriate.
GuidanceonallconcreteplacementandcompactionmattersisprovidedinCIAZ7/04.
TheContractorshallprovidethesequenceandconcreteplacingmethodologyandtheprecautions
takeninadverseweatherconditionstoSAWaterRepresentative.
UnlessotherwiseapprovedbySAWaterRepresentative,concreteshallnotbeplacedinwettrenches
orinrunningwater.
10.1.2
Preparation
Whereconcreteisplacedonearth,sandorrockfoundations,theearthorsandshallbecompacted
toatleast95%ofMaximumDryDensityasdeterminedbyAS1289.5.1.1,unlessotherwisespecified
intheContract,andtherockfreedofloosematerial.WherespecifiedintheContractorshowninthe
Drawingsthefoundationshallbecoveredwithalayerofblindingorleanconcreteasspecifiedin
Clause5.3.
WherespecifiedintheContractorshownintheDrawingsorwheretheconcreteelementiswithina
coveredstructureandisconstructedongroundsurfacesoronfoundationbedding,apolythene
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sheetseparatorofthicknessnotlessthan0.2mmshallbeemployedbetweentheground/bedding
andtheconcrete.Theseparatorshallextendnotlessthan300mmbeyondtheconcretework.Care
shallbetakentoavoidpuncturingortearingtheseparator.Shouldpuncturingortearingoccur,the
damageshallberepairedpriortoconcreting.Jointsintheseparatorshallbemadebyoverlapping
thesheetsaminimumof300mmorbyoverlappingandtaping.Whenminimisinghorizontalbase
restraintbyuseofpolythenesheetingisnotrequired(e.g.watertankfloorslab150to200mmthick
requiresbaserestraintminimised),analternativetothepolythenesheetingisawaxbasedcuring
membranetoAS3799(referSection13)subjecttoContractorsubmissionforreviewandapprovalby
SAWatersRepresentative.
TheContractorshallrefertoClause14forplacingconcreteagainstaconstructionjoint.
Immediatelybeforeplacingconcrete,allsurfacesagainstwhichtheconcreteistobeplacedshallbe
freefromstandingwater,mudanddebris.Allreinforcementshallbefixedinaccordancewith
Clause29.Surfacesofexistingconcreteagainstwhichconcreteistobeplacedshallbecleanedwith
airand/orwaterjets.Allsurfacesofforms,reinforcementandembeddedmaterialsthathave
becomeencrustedwithdriedmortarorgroutfromconcretepreviouslyplacedshallbecleansedofall
suchmortarorgroutbeforethesurroundingoradjacentconcreteisplaced.
Anyabsorbentsurfacewhenincontactwithconcreteshallbemoistenedtosaturatedsurfacedry
conditionandanyexcessfreewatershallberemoved.
10.1.3
Placement
Concreteshallnotbeplacedandshallberejectediftheconsistencyisoutsidetheacceptablelimits
asspecifiedinClause7.1.1.
Theconcreteshallbeplacedinhorizontallayersnotexceeding75%ofthelengthoftheimmersion
vibratorsbeingused,exceptthatthefirstlayerofthefirstliftshallnotbemorethan350mmthick
andeachlayershallbecompactedinaccordancewiththerequirementsspecifiedinClause10.2
beforetheprecedinglayerhastakenitsinitialset.
Concreteshallnotbeplacedfromaheightfromwhichsegregationcanoccur.Theconcrete
placementmaximumheightwithoutsegregationshallbedeterminedbytheContractorforeach
concretemixinaccordancewithCIAZ7/04.Voidedconcreteresultingfromplacingconcreteata
heightthatgivessegregationand/orinadequatecompactionwillbenoncompliant.
Freshconcreteshallbedepositedwithintheformsasnearaspossibletoitsfinallocation.Excessive
useofvibratorstomovetheconcretealongtheformsshallnotbepermitted.
Formworkshallnotbedisturbedoradjustedduringtheconcretingoperation,andshallremain
undisturbeduptotheremovalofformworkasspecifiedinClause26.4.Nostrainshallbeplacedon
anyprojectingreinforcingsteelforaperiodofatleast12hoursfollowingcompletionofconcreting.
Ifseveresegregationisidentifiedduringtheplacementofconcrete,theplacementshallbestopped
andamethodforreducingsegregationshallbedeterminedandimplemented.
Exceptatplannedconstructionjoints,theplacementofconcreteshallbecarriedoutcontinuously
untiltheplacementiscompleted.
Whenanewlayerofconcreteisplacedonapreviouslyplacedlayer,vibratorsshallbeinsertedinto
theunderlyinglayerforcompactioninaccordancewithClause10.2.
Incaseswhenbleedingwaterappearsatthesurfaceduringtheplacementofconcrete,thewater
shallberemovedusingappropriatemethods,beforeplacingmoreconcrete.Bleedwaterrequiring
removalcanresultinconcretedefects(especiallyatthesurface)andtheContractorshallcompletea
concretemixreviewandsubmitforSAwatersRepresentativereviewandapprovalbeforethesame
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concretemixisusedintheWorks.Whereexcessivebleedoccursthathascausedconcretesurface
defectsandmayimpactdurabilitytheContractorshallsubmitaproposaltorepairorreplacethe
concreteforconsiderationbySAWatersRepresentative.
10.1.4
AdverseWeatherConditions
Allfreshconcreteshallbeprotectedwhererequiredfromsunlight,windand/orrain,untilcuringis
implemented.
Concreteshallberejectedifthetemperatureoftheconcreteislessthan10oCormorethan32oCor
35oCinaccordancewithClause9.2.
TheContractorshallberesponsibleformeasuringandrecordingtheconcretetemperatureandair
temperature,relativehumidityandwindvelocity,at1mabovetheconcretetobeplacedto
determineevaporationconditionsbeforetheconcreteisplacedandtotakerelevantprecaution
measures.
TheContractorshallimplementprecautionmeasuresforconcretinginadverseweatherconditions
includingbutnotlimitedtocoldweather,hotweather,windy,dryorrainconditions.Such
precautionmeasuresshallbeapprovedbySAWaterRepresentative.
10.1.4.1
ColdWeatherRequirements
Iftheambientairtemperatureisbelow5oCandfreezingconditionsareconfinedtogroundfrosts
duringthenighttheContractorshalltakeprecautionmeasurestoensurethatconcreteisplacedand
compactedataconcretetemperatureofnotlessthan10Candtheconcreteshallsubsequentlybe
curedinaccordancewiththerequirementsinClause13.
Concreteshallnotbeplacedagainstanysurfacebearingfrostorice.
Note:Asaguide,dependingupontheseverityoftheconditions,thefollowingprecautionsmaybe
applied:
1.
Formworktobeinsulated;
2.
Insulatingcoverstobeprovidedforconcrete;
3.
Concreteplacementtemperaturenotlowerthan10C;
4.
Concretetemperaturetobekeptnotlessthan5Casmeasuredatthesurfaceuntiltheendof
thecuringperiod,whichshouldbeatleastseven(7)days;
5.
Aggregatebinstobecovered;and
6.
Areasinwhichconcreteistobeplacedtobeattemperaturesabove0C,includingformwork
andreinforcement.
10.1.4.2
HotWeatherRequirements
Placementofconcreteshallonlybepermittedproviding;
1.
Concretemixtemperaturepriortoplacementshallatnotimeexceed32C;andeither;
2.
Ambientshadetemperatureislessthan38Candfalling;or
3.
Ambientshadetemperatureislessthan38Candrising,butplacementcanbecompleted
beforetheambienttemperatureexceeds38C.
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Maximumdeliverytemperatureslessthan32Cmaybespecifiedforlargethicknessconcretepours
orconcreteelementswithhighrestraintwheretheconcreteearlyagethermalassessmentin
accordancewithClause32ofthisStandardindicatesthatlowerinitialtemperaturesarenecessary.
Wherespecified,suchtemperaturesshallnotbeexceededforthepoursconcerned.
Steelformwork,steelreinforcementandanyothermetalsurfacesthatwillcomeincontactwiththe
concreteshallbecooledtobelow32Cbeforetheconcreteisplaced.
Concreteshouldbecoveredwithanimperviousmembraneafterscreedinginadditiontouseof
evaporationretardersuntilhardenedcuringbeginsandcuringcompoundsmaybeusedbutarenot
aseffectiveassealingandmoistcuringmethods(referClause13.3).Measuresshallbetakento
minimiseevaporativemoisturelosses(RefertoClause10.1.4.4).
Concreteshallberejectedifthetemperatureoftheconcreteattheplacingpointismorethan32C.
Note:Asaguide,thefollowingprecautionsmaybeappliedforgoodconcretingpracticeinhot
weatherconditions:
1.
Shadingaggregatestockpilesandwatercoolingexposedcoarseaggregateinacontrolled
manner;
2.
Addingchilledmixingwaterorcrushedicetoreplacemixingwater(inpart);
3.
Formworkandreinforcementtobecontinuouslysprayedwithcoldwaterinadvanceofthe
concreting,withallfreewaterremovedfromtheformwork;
4.
Concretetobemixed,transported,placedandcompactedasrapidlyaspracticable;
5.
Placingtheconcreteatatimeofdayornightwhentheairtemperatureislowerthanthe
maximum;
6.
Internalcoolingusingcoolingpipeswithintheconcrete;
7.
Suitablebarrierstobeprovidedtoprotectfreshlyplacedconcretefromtheevaporative
influenceofwind;and
8.
Excessivetemperaturerisestobereducedbyshadingtheworkareasandtheconcretefrom
directsunlightand/orcoveringwithareflectivesheetduringcuring.
10.1.4.3
WetWeatherRequirements
TheContractorshalltakemeasurestoprotectthefreshlyplacedconcretefromrain.
Concreteaffectedbyrainwillberejected.
10.1.4.4
EvaporationorDryingRequirements
TheContractorshalltakeadditionalprecautions(refertoClause10.1.4)tominimiseevaporative
moisturelossesthatcancreateplasticcrackingintheconcreteexposedsurfacewhenthe
evaporationrateexceeds0.5kg/m2/hourasdeterminedusingtheformulaandwebcalculatorgiven
inFHWARD02099thatisbasedonthemonographinACI30510.TheContractorcanobtain
guidanceonconcreteplasticcrackingandevaporationratesinCIAZ7/04.Whenevaporationexceeds
theconcretebleedratewaterisdrawnoutfromtheconcretesurfacesoconcretebleedshallbe
consideredasdetailedinCIAZ7/04.
Theevaporationshallbeevaluatedpriortoplacingconcreteandduringthecuringperiod.
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10.1.5
SAWaterTechnicalStandard
UnscheduledInterruptionstoConcretePlacing
Freshconcreteshallnotbeplacedagainstconcretewhichhastakenitsinitialset.Initialsetisdefined
forthispurposeonlyastheconcretesurfacenotbeingabletobeeasilypenetratedbya12mmbar.
Ifconcreteplacingisinterruptedandtheconcretehastakenitsinitialset,theContractorshall
immediatelyinformSAWaterRepresentativeandtakethenecessaryactiontoformaconstruction
jointasperClause14attheplaceofstoppageinthemannerthatshallleastimpairthedurability,
appearanceandproperfunctioningoftheconcrete.Otherwise,theconcreteisliableforrejection.
Note:Asageneralguidance,ifaninterruptiongreaterthan45minutesoccurs,aconstructionjoint
approvedbySAWaterRepresentativeshallbeplacedforinsitucastconcrete.
Forprecastconcrete,theinterruptiongreaterthan45minutesshallbeidentifiedasanon
conformanceandtheunitshallberejected.
TheContractorshalleliminateasfaraspossiblefeatheredgesandadverselyslopingtopsurfacesand
shallthoroughlycompacttheconcretealreadyplacedinaccordancewithClause10.2.Allworkon
theconcreteshallbecompletedwhileitisstillplasticanditshallnotthereafterbedisturbeduntilit
ishardenoughtoresistdamage.
Sufficientequipmentandmaterialstocomplywiththisrequirementshallbereadilyavailableatall
timesduringconcreteplacing.
BeforeconcretingisresumedaftersuchaninterruptiontheContractorshallcutoutandremoveall
damagedoruncompactedconcrete,featheredgesoranyotherundesirablefeaturesandshallleave
acleansoundsurfaceagainstwhichthefreshconcretemaybeplaced.
IfitbecomespossibletoresumeconcreteplacingwithoutcontraveningthisStandardandSAWater
Representativeapprovessuchresumption,thenewconcreteshallbethoroughlyworkedinand
compactedagainsttheexistingconcretesoastoeliminateanyconstructionjoints.
10.1.6
DimensionsofConcretePlacing
ThepositioningofconstructionjointsifnotshownontheDrawingsshallbesubjecttoapprovalofSA
WaterRepresentative.TheContractorshallnotchangethepositionofconstructionjointswithout
thepriorwrittenapprovaloftheDesignerandSAWatersRepresentative.
TheContractorshallsubmitdetailsoftheconcreteplacingsequenceandplanintheWorksmethod
statement(referClause32)toSAWaterRepresentative.
ConcreteshallbeplacedtothefullplannedheightofallpoursshownontheDrawingsandtothe
requirementsofthisStandardincludingconcreteconsistency(referClause7.1.1),placement(refer
Clause10.1.3)adverseweatherconditions(referClause10.1.4),unscheduledinterruptions(refer
Clause10.1.5)andearlyagethermalcrackriskassessment(referClause32).
10.1.7
ConcretePlacingSequence
Inordertopreventcrackingduetorestraintofearlierlifts,theContractorshallarrangethatasfaras
possibletheintervalsbetweenplacingsuccessiveliftsofconcreteinonesectionoftheprojectareof
equalduration.
Note:Asaguide,thisdurationshallnormallybenotlessthanthreeormorethanseven(7)days
undersimilartemperateweatherconditionsunlessjustifiedbyaconcreteearlyagethermalcrack
riskassessment(referClause32)approvedbySAWaterRepresentative.
WhentheDrawingscallforcontractiongapsinconcrete,theseshallbeofthewidths,detailsandin
thelocationsshownontheDrawingsandtheyshallnotbefilleduntilthefulltimeintervalshownon
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theDrawingshaselapsed.Concreteplacementincontractiongapstypicallywillbesubjecttohigh
restraintwhereaconcreteearlyagethermalcrackriskassessment(referClause32)isrequired.
10.1.8
UnderwaterConcretePlacement
TheContractorshallsubmitthemethodologyforunderwaterconcretingpriortoconcretingforthe
reviewofSAWaterRepresentative.Concreteshallnotbeplaceduntiltheproposedmethodology
hasbeenapprovedbySAWaterRepresentative.
Note:Asaguide,thefollowingtechniquesmaybeemployed:
1.
Pump;
2.
Tremie;
3.
Slipform;
4.
Dewateringofformwork.
TheContractorshallnotplaceconcreteinwaterhavingatemperaturebelow5oC.
10.1.9
UseofRockSpalls
SpallsofsolidrockmaybeusedinmassconcreteconstructionwhereapprovedbySAWater
Representative.
Thespacingofthespallsshallbesuchthatthecleardistancebetweenthespallsandtheirclearance
fromfacesofformsshallnotbelessthan150mm.
Thespallsshallbesurfacewettedandbeddedbyhand,andtheconcreteshallbevibratedinplaceall
aroundthespalls.
10.1.10 TraceabilityofConcrete
Allconcretebatchesplacedshallberecordedandtraceablefromthebatchplanttoitsgeneral
locationintheconcreteelementbytheserialnumberonthedeliverydocket.
10.2 CompactionofConcrete
Compactionofconcretebymeansofmechanicalvibrationshallcommenceimmediatelyafterthe
concreteisplaced.Compactionshalleitherbeachievedbytheuseofinternalvibratorsorexternal
formvibrators.TheamountandtypeofvibrationusedshallbeinaccordancewithCIAZ7/04and
approvedbySAWaterRepresentative.
CompactionbyhandtampingshallnotbeusedwithouttheapprovalofSAWaterRepresentative.
Vibrationshallbeappliedtothefulldepthofeachlayerandextendedintothetop100mmofthe
underlyinglayer.Vibrationshallcontinueateachpointuntilairbubblesceasetoemergefromthe
concrete,thenwithdrawnslowly.Concreteshallnotbevibratedtothepointwheresegregationof
theingredientsoccurs.
Vibrationshallnotbeappliedeitherdirectlyorthroughthereinforcementtoanyconcretewhichhas
takenitsinitialset.
Whereinternalvibratorsareused,theyshallbeinsertedverticallyatsuccessivelocationsatspacing
notexceedingthemanufacturer'sstatedzoneofinfluence,andshallnotbeallowedtorestonthe
steelreinforcement.
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Whereintensecompactionisspecified,theformworkshallbemadeofrigidmetalcomplyingwith
Clause26andtheuseofexternalformvibratorsismandatory.Internalvibratorsshallbeusedin
conjunctionwithexternalformvibrators.
Note:Forgoodconcretingpractice,theContractorshallprovideatleasttwovibratorsingood
workingorderonstandbyonsiteduringtheconcreteplacement.
10.3 Screeding
Immediatelyafterplacingandcompaction,exposedsurfacesshallbescreededofftothespecified
levelsandprofiles.
Afterscreeding,theContractorshallprotectthesurfaceandcomplywiththerequirementsof
Clause13.2sothatnodryingoutofthesurfaceoccurs.Bleedwatershallbedealtwithinaccordance
withClause10.1.3.Waterforcuringshallnotbeintroducedontheconcretesurfaceuntilithas
hardenedandshallbeinaccordancewithClause13.3.
Cracksshouldnotappearontheconcretesurfaceduringthescreedingorfinishingwhencuringis
completedinaccordancewithClause13.However,anycracksthatformduringscreedingand
finishingshallbeclosedupbyrevibratingtheconcretewhiletheconcreteisstillinaplasticstate.
TheContractorshallsubmitdetailsofanycracksthatformduringscreedingandfinishingtoSA
WatersRepresentativewithintwo(2)daysoffinishingtheconcreteandcrackinspectiononthese
areasshallbecompletedinaccordancewithClause18.
11 FinishingofUnformedConcreteSurfaces
11.1 General
Allunformedsurfacesshallbefinishedtruetolinesandlevelswithinthetolerancesspecifiedinthe
Drawings,AS3600andAS5100.5,asappropriate.
Finishingofexposedconcretesurfacesshallbecarriedoutaftertheconcretehasbecomesufficiently
hardtosupportthefinishingoperation.Workingoftheunformedsurfacesshallbetheminimum
necessarytoproducethedesiredfinish.
Theedgesoftheunformedsurfacesshallbeneatlyroundedwithanapprovedjointingtool,havinga
minimumradiusof5mm,toafinishconformingtotherequirementsofthisStandard.
Unlessspecifiedotherwise,toppingsshallnotbeused.
Thefinishedsurfacesgradedfordrainageshallnotretainpoolsofsurfacewater.
TheclassesoffinishforunformedsurfacesshallbeasspecifiedorasshownontheDrawings.
ThedesignatedclassesforunformedsurfacesareU1,U2,U3,U4andU5asdefinedinClauses11.2to
11.6.
CuringshallcommenceimmediatelyinaccordancewithClause13followingtheprogressive
completionatanylocationoffinalfinishingoperations.
ForthepurposeofthisClause,abruptirregularitiesisdefinedasverticaloffsetsandbeassessedby
directmeasurement.Gradualirregularitiesshallbemeasuredfromastraighttemplate3mlong.
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11.2 ClassU1
ClassU1finishisahardandsmoothsteeltrowelledfinishproducedbythesuccessivetrowellingofa
ClassU3finish.Poweredsteeltrowels,vibratingscreedorplatefinishmaybeusedinlieuofhand
trowelswhereappropriate.
AClassU1finishshallbeusedwherespecifiedandonuncoveredslabsincontrolrooms,switchboard
rooms,chlorinationstationsandwhereappearanceandcleanlinessareofparamountimportance
andwhereaddedresistancetowearandresistancetoerosionandcavitationundertheactionof
waterathighflowvelocitiesarerequired.
ForClassU1finish,gradualirregularitiesshallbelessthan5mmandshallnotcontainanyabrupt
irregularities.
11.3 ClassU2
ClassU2finishisa'broomed'steeltrowelledfinishusedonsurfaceswherespecifiedandonall
walkwaysandslabsthatwillbewalkedonregularlyduringsubsequentoperationandwillbe
periodicallywettedbyrainand/orwashdownwater.Suchsurfacesincludewalkways,externalcover
slabsontanksatwaterfiltrationworks,andwetwellfloorsinwaterandsewagepumpingstations.
ThesurfaceshallbefirstworkedtoaClassU3finish.Itshallthenbebroomfinishedatan
appropriatestagewhentheconcretehashardenedtoastatewhereabroomfinishcanbeapplied
without'tearing'thesurfaceandonewhichmatchesthefinishofthereferencesampleslab(Referto
Clause11.7).
Broomingshallbeinonedirectiononlyanditshallbecarriedoutusingamediumstifflonghandled
broomandbyapplyingthenecessarypressuretoproducethedesirednonslipfinish.
Theaveragetexturedepthshallbenotlessthan0.8mm.
11.4 ClassU3
ClassU3finishisasteeltrowelledfinishandshallapplyonlytosurfacesspecifiedforthisfinish.It
includesallflattrafficsurfaces,allsurfaceswhichareperiodicallywettedbutnotusedaswalkways,
suchasthetopsoftankwalls,valvechambers,foundations,stairwells,exposedfloorsofwater
retainingstructures,andallexpansionandcontractionjointseatings.
ThepreliminaryoperationsasspecifiedforClassU4finishshallbecarriedoutandanynecessary
cuttingwithedgingorjointingtoolsandanyfillshallbedoneduringfloating.
Steeltrowellingshallbeginimmediatelyafterfloating.Itshallbeperformedwithafirmpressurethat
willflattenandsmooththesandytextureofthepreviouslyfloatedsurface,andshallproducea
dense,uniformsurfacefreefromblemishesandtrowelmarks.
11.5 ClassU4
ClassU4finishisawoodfloatfinishandshallapplyonlytosurfacesspecifiedtoreceivethisfinish.
Thisfinishshallnotapplytowaterretainingsurfaces.ClassU4finishisalsousedasthesecondstage
offinishesU3,U2andU1.
ThesurfaceshallbefirstlevelledandscreededasforClassU5finish.Floatingshallonlybeginwhen
thescreededsurfacehasstiffenedsufficientlyandonlyafterallbleedwaterhasevaporatedorhas
beenremoved.Forfinishinglargerfloorareasortoeliminateanyridgesandfillinanydepressions
leftbythestraightedge,floatingoperationsbytheuseofbullfloatingordarbyingmaybeemployed.
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AClassU4finishshallbeasurfaceuniformintextureandfreefromscreedmarks.AClassU4finish
shallnothaveanyabruptand/orgradualirregularitiesofmorethan5mm.
11.6 ClassU5
ClassU5finishappliestosurfaceswhereroughnessisnotobjectionablesuchasthoseuponor
againstwhichfillmaterialorconcretewillbeplacedandsurfacesthatwillotherwisebepermanently
concealed.Itisalsothefirststageofallotherfinishes.
Thefinishingoperationsshallconsistoflevellingandscreedingtheconcretetoproduceaneven
uniformsurface.Surplusconcreteshallberemovedimmediatelyaftercompactionbystrikingitoff
withasawingmotionusingastraightedgeorscreedacrosswoodormetalstripswhichhavebeen
setasguide.Specialscreedsshallbeusedforcurvedsurfaces.
AClassU5finishshallnothaveanyabruptand/orgradualirregularitiesofmorethan10mm.
11.7 ReferenceSampleSlabs
AttherequestofSAWatersRepresentative,theContractorshallcastonsiteasampleslabof
approximately1.0x0.5metresasareferenceforanyoneormoreofthespecifiedsurfacefinishes.
ThesurfacefinishoftheapprovedsampleslabswillbeusedbySAWatersRepresentativeasa
referenceforacceptanceoffinishedwork.
12 FormedConcreteSurfaces
TheclassesoffinishforformedconcretesurfacesshallbeasspecifiedorasshownontheDrawings.
FormedconcretesurfacesshallbedefinedinaccordancewithAS3610.1.
13 ConcreteCuringandProtection
13.1 General
Allfinishedconcretesurfacesshallbeprotectedfromdamagefromanycauseincludingmortar
splashesandstains,timberstains,ruststains,chemicalattack,additives,oils,drainagewater,
protectivecoatings,foreignmatterandthelike.
Thecuringofunformedsurfacesofconcreteshallcommenceassoonastheconcreteisplacedin
accordancewithCIAZ7/04.
TheContractorshallsubmitfulldetailsoftheproposedmethodologyofcuring,includingbutnot
limitedtomaterialsandperiodofcuring,aspartoftheproposedconcretemixdesignsubmissionto
SAWaterRepresentativeforapproval.
Asfarasispracticableconcreteshallnotbeexposedtoaggressiveenvironments,includingbutnot
limitedtoseawaterorliquidswithpH<5,untiltheendofthecuringperiod.
Theconcreteshallbemaintainedatatemperatureabove5C.
13.2 CuringafterPlacement
Theconcreteshallbekeptmoistfromtimeofplacementuntilsurfacefinishingiscompletedwhen
hardenedcuringbeginsbyuseofsprayinganevaporationretardanttopreventplasticshrinkage
crackingand/orcrusting.Reapplytheevaporationretardantasweatherconditionsjustify.
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13.3 CuringafterHardened
Hardenedconcretecuringofexposedconcretesurfacescommencesassoonassurfacefinishing
operationsarecompletedwhentheconcretehashardenedsufficientlytopreventdamage.The
concretesurfaceshallbekeptcontinuouslymoistandthewholesurfaceprotectedfromtheeffects
ofwindandsun.Acceptablecuringmethodsinclude:
1.
Maintainwatersaturationofconcretebypondorcontinuouslysprinklethesurfacewith
water.Intermittentcuring,suchassprayingwithwateronceaday,isnotacceptable;
2.
Coveringwithsealedplasticfilmtopreventmoistureevaporationfromtheconcretesurfaceby
coveringcompletelywithpolythenesheetingorequivalentcoveringmaterialsecurelyheldin
position.Thecoveringshallbeinfullcontactwiththeconcretesurface.Theedgesofthe
sheetingshallbetapedorshallbeoverlappedbyatleast200mmandthewholeshallbe
securelyheldinposition.Anydamagetoordisplacementofthesheetingduringconstruction
operationsshallimmediatelybemadegood.Anadditionalmeasureforconsiderationisthe
topconcretesurfaceshallbekeptcontinuouslymoistbytheuseofanabsorbentcoverbeing
saturatedwithwaterandthenimmediatelybeingcoveredbythepolythenesheet;
3.
Applyanapprovedliquidcuringcompoundtoexposedconcretesurfaceswhereapprovedby
theSuperintendent;
4.
Coveringwithwetadsorptivematerial(e.g.hessian,geotextile,canvas,etc.)andwrappingthis
withsealedplastic;
5.
Retainformworkinplace.
13.4 LiquidMembraneFormingCuringCompound
Generalandspecificcharacteristicsofcuringcompoundsandtestingthereofshallcomplywiththe
requirementsofAS3799.
TheContractorshallprovidethefollowingcuringcompoundinformationtoSAWaterRepresentative
withallcuringsubmissioninaccordancewithClause13.1:
1.
Name,type,manufacturersdetailanddosagerate;
1.
Methodofuse,includingstorageandmethodforcontrollingandmeasuringdosage;and
2.
AcurrentCertificateofCompliancefromthemanufacturer;and
3.
Foreachbatchdelivered,aCertificateofUniformityfromthemanufacturer.
Onlywaxbased(AS3799,ClassA),resinbased(AS3799,ClassB),andwaterborne(AS3799,ClassZ)
curingcompoundsthatcomplywiththerequirementsofAS3799maybeused.
Allcuringcompoundsappliedtoconcretethatwillcomeincontactwithdrinkingwatershallbe
approvedforuseinpotable/drinkingwaterinaccordancewithAS/NZS4020.
Apressurisedsprayertogiveuniformcovershallapplythecuringcompound.Thesprayershall
incorporateadeviceforcontinuousagitationandmixingofthecompoundinitscontainerduring
spraying.Thecuringcompoundshallbeappliedusingafinesprayattheratestatedonthe
CertificateofCompliance.
CuringcompoundsshallbeusedinaccordancewiththemanufacturersrecommendationandCIAZ9.
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Thecuringcompoundshallbeappliedtounformedsurfacesimmediatelyaftercompletionofall
finishingoperations,andtoformedsurfaceswithin30minutesoftheremovalofformworkfromthe
section.
Anyrequiredrepairofconcretesurfacesnotcompletedpriortoapplicationofthecuringmembrane
shallonlybeperformedaftercompletionofthecuringperiodand(atleastlocal)removalofthe
curingmembrane.Eachrepair,afterbeingapplied,shallbemoistenedandcoatedwithcuring
compoundinaccordancewiththeforegoingrequirements.
Curingcompoundshallnotbeappliedtoconstructionjointsunlessthejointistohavecuring
compoundremovalbyroughenedorblastcleaningatalaterstagepriortoconcreting
Curingcompoundshallnothaveadeleteriouseffectontheconcreteorstrainthesurfaceofthe
concrete.
Anycuringcompoundshallbecompatiblewithboththeconcretemixandtheappliedfinishesand
shalltakeaccountofallpossiblefinishes(e.g.protectivecoatings,waterproofingorsurfacesystem)
tobeappliedtotheconcrete,andconsiderconcretesurfacepreparationforsuchfinishes.Ifthe
curingmembranehasanimpactontheconcretesurfacepreparation(e.g.requiringblastcleaning
removal)alternativecuringmethodsshallbeconsidered.
Curingcompoundsshallnotbeusedonsurfacesagainstwhichfreshconcreteisrequiredtobond.
Thecuringmembraneshallbemaintainedintactafteritsinitialapplication,fortherequiredcuring
period.Anydamagetothecuringmembraneshallbemadegoodbyresprayingoftheaffectedareas
withoutdelay.
TrafficandotheroperationsbytheContractorshallbesuchastoavoiddamagetocoatingsofcuring
compoundforthewholeperiodofcuring.Whereitisimpracticablebecauseofconstruction
operationstoavoidtrafficoversurfacescoatedwithcuringcompound,theconcretesurfaceshallbe
protected(e.g.byacoveringofsandnotlessthan25mminthickness,polythenesheetingplus
plywoodformworkorbyothereffectivemeans.Theprotectivecoveringshallnotbeplaceduntilthe
curingcompoundiscompletelydry.TheContractorshallremoveallprotectivecoveringafter
completionofthecuringperiod.Anycuringcompoundthatisdamagedorthatpeelsfromconcrete
surfacesshallberepairedwithoutdelay.
13.5 RetentionofFormwork
Whereformworkisleftinplaceforcuringpurposes,anyexposedsurfacesoftheconcreteshallbe
curedbyothermeansinaccordancewithClause13.Theformworkshallalsobesealedagainst
evaporativemoisturelossesforthedurationofcuring.
Wherepartoforalltheformworkistobestrippedbeforetherequiredcuringperiodiscompleted,
curingoftheformedsurfaceshallcommencewithin30minutesofstrippingandcontinueforthe
remainderofthecuringperiod.
13.6 AcceleratedHeatCuring
Whereacceleratedheatcuringisproposed,theContractorshallsubmitthemethodofsteamor
temperaturecontrolandproposedcuringcycle,durationofheatcuringtoSAWaterRepresentative
withallcuringsubmissioninaccordancewithClause13.1.
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13.7 CuringDuration
Curingshallbeundertakentosatisfyshorttermrequirementstopreventplasticcrackingandlong
termrequirementsofensuringcontinuedcementhydration.Curingshallbecontinueduntilthe
requirementsofOptions1,2or3describedbelowaremet:
1.
Option1:7daysminimumcuringforGPcement;
2.
Option2:14daysminimumcuringforGBorLHcement;
3.
Option3:Untiltheconcreteinthecoverzoneachieves60%ofitscharacteristicstrengththat
shallbedeterminedbycoverzonematuritymonitoringinaccordancewithASTMC1074or
strengthtestingofadditionalcylinderscastbythepremixconcretesupplierandcuredina
similarmannertothecoverzoneconcreteitrepresents.
Notrafficshallbeallowedtopassoverandnomaterialsshallbedepositedonanyconcreteduringits
curingperiodwithouttakingprecautionstopreventdamagetotheconcrete.
14 Joints
14.1 General
Allcontrolandconstructionjointsshallbecompletedstraightandplumb.Alltransversejointsshall
benormaltolongitudinaljoints.
TheuseofwaterstopsforwaterretainingorexcludingstructuresshallcomplywithTS2(PVC
waterstop)andClause14.4.
14.2 ConstructionJoints
ConstructionjointsshallbeinaccordancewithAS3735,AS3600andAS5100.5,asappropriate,
exceptwherespecifiedotherwiseinthisstandard.
Thenumberofconstructionjointsshallbekepttoaminimum.
TheContractorshallproposeconstructionjointlocationsandshallsubmittheirconstructionjoint
proposalstoSAWaterRepresentativeforapproval.
Constructionjointsshall,unlessotherwisedetailedoragreed,betrulyhorizontalorverticaland
madewithasmallformedchamferorotherapprovedmeansofensuringthatastraight,cleanline
appearsatthejointoncompletion.
Concreteagainstwhichnewconcreteistobeplacedshallbeintentionallyroughenedbyremovingall
laitanceandsufficientmortartoexposethecoarseaggregatetoadepthof3mm.Theroughened
surfaceshallbecleanedofforeignmatter,laitanceandlooseorporousmaterialandotherforeign
materiallikelytoaffectbondingofnewtooldconcrete.Thesurfaceshallbeinasaturatedsurface
dryconditionimmediatelybeforeplacingofnewconcrete.
Greencuttingortheuseofwaterand/orairjettingpriortofinalsetofconcretetoroughenthe
constructionjointsurfacemaybepermittediftheContractorcanprovideproofofcompetencywith
theuseofthismethodinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthisStandardandtothesatisfaction
ofSAWaterRepresentative.
Alternatively,SAWaterRepresentativemayallowtheuseofanapprovedsurfaceretarder.The
surfaceretardershallbeusedinaccordancewiththeManufacturer'swritteninstructions.The
ContractorshallprovidethefollowinginformationtoSAWaterRepresentative:
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1.
Name,type,manufacturersdetailanddosagerate;
2.
Methodofuse,includingstorageandmethodforcontrollingandmeasuringdosage;and
3.
Conformingtestresultsfromthemanufacturer.
14.3 ControlJoints
AllcontroljointsshallbeprovidedaslocatedanddetailedontheDrawingsorintheContract.
14.4 ConcreteJointsforWaterRetainingandExcludingStructures
14.4.1
GeneralRequirements
TheContractorshalldevelopaMethodStatementforallconstructionjointdetailinstallations,
includingproposedmaterialstobeused,andsubmitforSAWatersRepresentativeapprovalatleast
28dayspriortoanyconstructionjointworks.
Allwaterproofingmaterialsthatcomeincontactwithwaterintendedforhumanconsumptionshall
beapprovedforuseindrinkingwaterinaccordancewithAS/NZS4020.
Intheeventofanunscheduleddelayinaconcretingoperation,anyproposalbytheContractorto
introduceanunplannedconstructionjointshallbesubjecttoapprovalbySAWatersRepresentative.
TheSuperintendentmaydirectremovaloftheconcreteandreplacementwithfreshconcreteathis
discretion.
Waterstops,sealantsandcoatingsshallbesubjecttoapprovalforusebySAWatersRepresentative,
includingdurabilityreviewtoachievethedesignlife.
Constructionandexpansionjointsurfacesshallreceivespecialattentionwhenplacingconcreteto
ensuretheyhavesoundconcretewithnovoids.
Theapproachforconcretejointsshallprovide:
1.
Multiplebarriersinordertoprovidelevelsofredundancyandbackup;
2.
Highworkabilityconcretewithslumpgreaterthan150mmforwalljointsmaybean
acceptablebarriersubjecttotheSAWaterRepresentativesreviewandapproval;
3.
Accessforjointmaintenanceasoperationalconstraintsallow(e.g.sealantinjointgroovecan
bereplacedbutwaterstopswithintheconcretearenotintendedtobereplaced);
4.
Abilitytoreturnanddrilltheconcretetoallowgroutinjectionofanyleakswithpolyurethane
orotherapprovedmethods;
5.
Abilitytoreturnandtreatleaksbyinjectingreinjectabletubingwhereprovided.
14.4.2
WaterstopProvenDurabilityandRequirements
SurfacesealantmaterialsproposedtobeusedbytheContractorshallhavewrittenconfirmation
fromthemanufacturerthattheyhaveaminimum15yearservicelifeincontactwithchlorinated
and/orchloraminatedpotablewaterwithanyqualificationstotheapprovalofSAWaters
Representative.
PlasticwaterstopsproposedtobeusedbytheContractorshallhavewrittenconfirmationfromthe
manufactureroftheminimumservicelifewhencastintoconcretethatshallachievetheWorks
designlife.
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TheContractorshallprovideevidencefromthesealantmaterialmanufacturerofthelongtermuse
oftheproductselsewhere,samplesofthesealantmaterialsandthenamesandexperienceofthe
applicatorstotheSAWaterRepresentativeforapprovalatleasttwoweekspriortoinstallation.
Waterstopsatwatertightjointsshallincludethefollowingasnominatedonthedrawings:
1.
Rearguardandcentrebulbwaterstopsinstalledintheconcrete;
2.
Hydrophilicsealsinstalledwithintheconcrete,withminimumconcretecoverrequiredbythe
hydrophilicsealmanufacturer.Concreteisrequiredtobeacceptablycompactedsincevoided
concreteabovethehydrophilicsealwillallowwaterpenetrationaroundthehydrophilicseal.
Useofhydrophilicsealsinwaterretainingorexcludingstructuresrequirementsassessmentin
accordancewithCIAZ7/04.UnlessotherwiseapprovedbySAWaterRepresentative,swellable
hydrophilicsealsshallnotbeusedastheprimarywaterstopinwaterretainingstructures;
3.
Gunappliedpolyurethanesealantinagrooveontheconcretesurface.
Alljointsealingsystemsshallbeinstalledinaccordancewiththemanufacturersrecommendations.
TheContractorshallprovidetheSuperintendentwithwrittenconfirmationthatthejointinstallation
hasbeencompletedinaccordancewiththemethodofinstallationrecommendedbythejoint
materialmanufacturer.
15 ConcreteTemperatureandStrainMonitoring
TheContractorshallproposemethodsofassessmentoftheinsituconcretetemperaturerise,
monitoringofpourtemperaturesandstrainwhichshallbesubjecttoapprovalbySAWaters
Representative.
Athermalblockorhotbox(referClause15.1)shallbecastandmonitoredforconcretethatrequires
concreteearlyagethermalcrackassessment(referClause32)anddataisnotavailableforthesame
orsimilarconcreteasdeterminedbySAWatersRepresentative.
SitemonitoringoftemperatureandstrainshallbeconductedoninitialconcretepourstoClause15.2
foreachconcretemixtypeandtheresultsinterpolatedforfuturesimilarconstructedcomponents.
AdditionalsitemonitoringshallbeasdirectedbySAWatersRepresentativewherethetestdata
cannotbeinterpolated.
15.1 ThermalBlock
ThethermaltestblockshallbecompletedinaccordancewithCIAZ7/07toobtainsemiadiabatic
temperaturefortheconcretethatshallbepredictedtoadiabatictemperatureusingguidancefrom
CIAZ7/07.
15.2 SiteMonitoring
Thermocouplesandvibratingwirestraingaugesshallbepositionedatarangeofpositionsto
determinetheconcretepeaktemperature,differentialtemperatureandstrainacrosstheconcrete
section(inaccordancewithCIAZ7/07)ofliquidretaining/excludingandothercriticalelements(e.g.
minimumofoneinsituelementfirstconstructed).Locationsoftemperatureandstrainmonitoring
pointsshallbesubmittedbytheContractorforapprovalbySAWatersRepresentativeandDurability
Consultantthatcompletestheconcreteearlyagethermalcrackassessment(referClause32).
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16 PrecastConcreteUnits
16.1 General
ThisClauseprovidesthespecialrequirementsforprecastconcreteunitsconstruction.
TheContractorisresponsibleforthedesign,manufacture,storage,handling,deliveryanderectionof
precastconcreteunit.Theprecastconcretesuppliershallimplementandmaintainaquality
managementsysteminaccordancewithAS/NZISO9001.
TheContractorshallproduceallshopdrawingsfortheprecastconcreteunitandtheshopdrawings
shallbesubmittedtoSAWaterRepresentativeforapproval.TheContractorshopdrawingsshall
indicatethepositionoftheprecastelementsinthestructure,allreinforcements,prestressing,ducts,
embeddeditemsetc.TheseshopdrawingsshallbesubmittedtoSAWatersRepresentativefor
approvalaminimumof14workingdaysbeforecommencingproductionoftheprecastelements.
Allowaminimumof14workingdaysforreview.Approvaloftheshopdrawingsdoesnotrelinquish
theContractorfromanyresponsibilityofconstructingthestructureinaccordancewiththedesign.
TheContractorshallalsosubmit,forreviewbySAWaterRepresentative,detailsofthelifting
calculationandproposedhandlingandsupportingmethodologypriortoliftingandsupportingthe
units.ThecalculationshallbecertifiedbyacompetentandexperiencedStructuralEngineer.
TheContractorshalldesign,manufacture,store,handle,deliveranderectprecastconcreteunitsin
accordancewith:
1.
AllrequirementscontainedwithinthisStandard;
2.
Allrequirements,recommendationsandguidanceinthefollowingAustralianStandards,as
appropriate:
a.
AS1597.1;
b.
AS1597.2;
c.
AS2159;
d.
AS3850.1;
e.
AS3850.2;
f.
AS/NZS4058;
g.
AS4198;
h.
AS/NZS4676;and
i.
AS5100.5;
3.
Allrequirements,recommendationsandguidanceinNationalCodeofPracticeforPrecast,
TiltUpandConcreteElementsinBuildingConstruction;
4.
Manufactureandacceptanceofprecastconcreteelementsshallbeinaccordancewiththis
Standard,theDrawings,andthePrecastConcreteHandbook(NP:PCH2009)bytheNational
PrecastConcreteAssociationAustralia(NPCAA)inconjunctionwiththeConcreteInstituteof
Australia.
Inthecaseofadiscrepancyamongtheabovedocuments,thisStandardshallgovern.Theorderof
precedenceisthenfollowedbytherelevantAustralianStandard;NationalCodeofPracticefor
Precast,TiltUpandConcreteElementsinBuildingConstructionandPrecastConcreteHandbook.The
ContractorshallalsonotifySAWaterRepresentativeofthesediscrepanciesimmediately.
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Wheretherequirements,guidanceandrecommendationscontainedamongtheabovedocuments
arenotdefined,theContractorshallseekclarificationfromSAWaterRepresentative.
Maximumtemperatureofconcreteduringacceleratedcuringofprecastmanufactureshallnot
exceed70Ctominimisetheriskofdelayedettringiteformation(DEF),exceptwhereatleast20%fly
ash,or40%slagor8%silicafumebymassofbinderisincorporated,inwhichcasethemaximum
temperatureshallnotexceed80C.
Theprecastelementsshallbestored,handledandplacedstrictlyinaccordancewiththeprecasters
recommendations.
Ifholesorliftinglugsareusedintheprecastelementsforhandlingpurposes,theholesorlug
recessesshallbefilledwithaSAWatersRepresentativeapprovedproprietaryshrinkage
compensatinggroutafterinstallation.AnadditionalsurfacecoatingapprovedbySAWaters
Representativeshallbeappliedoverliftinglugpointswheretheconcretecovertothelugdoesnot
meetthespecifiedcover.
Precastconcreteunitsshallbeliableforrejectioniftherequirements,guidanceand
recommendationscontainedintheabovedocumentsarenotfollowed.
Anyunitsdamagedordistortedinexcessofthespecifiedtolerancespriortoorduringerectionshall
bereplacedattheContractorsexpense.
16.2 TraceabilityofPrecastConcreteUnits
Allmanufacturedprecastconcreteunitsshallbetracedfromthecompletionofmanufacturetotheir
finallocationbyauniqueidentificationnumber.
Theidentificationnumber,dateofcasting,themanufacturersnameorregisteredmarkandthe
maximummassshallbemarkedoneveryprecastunit.
Temporaryidentificationshallbemadeonthesurfaceoftheunitwhereitcanbeeasilyidentified.
Finalmarkingshallbemadebyindeliblemarkingmaterial,usinglettersapproximately40mmhigh.
17 SprayedConcrete
17.1 General
ThisClauseprovidesthespecialrequirementsforapplicationofwetprocesssprayedconcrete(i.e.
shotcrete)anddryprocesssprayedconcrete(i.e.gunite).ThisStandarddoesnotcovertheuseof
proprietarysprayappliedcementitiousmaterials.
Onlyshotcreteshallbeusedforstructuralapplicationsincludingbutnotlimitedtoretainingwalls,
soilnailwalls,tunnellinings,supportinginsituexcavatedmaterial,surfaceimprovementandshort
termsupport.
Shotcreteandgunitemaybeusedforconcreterepairworksandfortheconstructionofoverlaysfor
cathodicprotection(CP)ofconcretestructures.
InformationdetailedinCIAZ5,particularlyonmixdesignandmaterialsusedinsprayedconcretecan
beusedtosupplementthisStandardasdeemedsuitablebythedesigner.CIAZ5alsocontainsdetails
onsuitablemethodsofsprayedconcreteapplicationofandtheseprocessescanbespecifiedby
referencetoCIAZ5.ThetestmethodsgiveninthisStandardaresimilartothoseinCIAZ5anditis
recommendeddesignersconsidertherecommendationsontestsandtestfrequencygiveninCIAZ5
whenfinalisingaprojectspecification.
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Sprayedconcreteshallneitherbeappliedinliquidnorappliedinaggressiveenvironmentincluding
butnotlimitedtoseawaterandliquidswithpH<5.
InadditiontotherequirementsspecifiedinClause9.1,anyacceleratorsandotheradmixturesthat
areaddedtoconcreteatthenozzleoratthedeliveryhoseshallbedispensedbycalibrated
mechanicalmeansatdosageratesnotexceedingthemaximumrecommendedbythemanufacturer.
Allchemicaladmixturesaddedtowetprocesspremixedconcreteatthenozzleoratthedelivery
hoseshallbeincludedaspartoftheconcretemixdesignreviewedinaccordancewiththe
requirementsofClause8.2.
RefertoClauses31.1and31.2fortheuseofsteelandsyntheticfibres.
17.2 CompetencyofPersonnelInvolvedinSprayedConcrete
Personnelundertakingthesprayedconcreteworksincludingthenozzleoperator,supervisorand
finisher,shallhaveaminimumof5yearsexperienceinsprayedconcreteapplicationanda
demonstratedcompetencyforsubstratepreparation,sprayedconcreteplacementtechniquesand
inspection,sprayedconcretematerialquality,equipmentoperation,encapsulationofsteel
reinforcement,finishingandcuring.
Thenozzleoperatorshallhaveademonstratedcompetenceandabilitytoproducesprayedconcrete
complyingwiththisStandardandhaveprequalificationtothesprayedconcreteprocedure
requirementsasstatedinClause17.3.
Thesprayedconcretesupervisorshallbetrainedandqualifiedonallaspectsofsprayedconcrete
applicationtechniquesandshallbepresentateachstageoftheworks.Installationpersonnelshall
betrainedandskilledintheapplicationprocedurestobeused.
Documentedevidenceshallbeavailabletodemonstrateexperience,qualification,skillsandtraining
ofpersonnel.
17.3 PrequalificationofSprayingProcedure
17.3.1
General
TheContractorshallsubmitdetailsoftheproposedsprayedconcreteoperations,includingthe
proposedtypeofsprayedconcrete,mixdesign,substratepreparation,methodofapplication,
equipmentandnozzleoperatorsforreviewbySAWaterRepresentativepriortocommencementof
thesprayedconcreteoperation.
TheContractorshallproduceevidenceofthenozzleoperatorspreviousexperienceinthe
applicationofsprayedconcrete.Thenozzleoperatorsshallhavedemonstratedcompetenceand
abilitytoproducesprayedconcretecomplyingwiththisStandard.
17.3.2
PreparationofTestPanels
Twotestpanels750mmx750mmandthegreaterofthespecifiedthicknessor150mmshallbe
constructedbytheContractorforeachnominatednozzleoperatorpriortocommencingfullscale
sprayconcreteoperation,forthepurposeofcheckingthesuitabilityoftheproposedmixdesign,
materials,plantandequipment,themethodofworkingandthecompetenceoftheoperator
intendedfortheProject.
Thetestpanelsshallberepresentativeofthesprayingoperation(s)tobeadopted,theinsitu
material(s),thelocationandtheactualorientation(i.e.vertical,overheadetc.)ofthesprayed
concrete.
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Sprayingofconcreteintothetestpanelswhenplacedhorizontallyonthegroundshallnotbe
allowed.
AdditionalpanelswillberequirediftheContractorshouldchangethemixdesign,plantand
equipmentoroperator.Thetestpanelsshallbestoredandcuredundersimilarconditionstothe
sprayedconcreteplacedinsituandinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthisStandard.
Wherereinforcementintheformofsteelfabricorsteelreinforcement,ortitaniumanodemeshfor
cathodicprotection,istobeusedthesamereinforcementdetailingandnumberoflayersormesh
shallbeprovidedinthetestpanel.
17.3.3
SamplingandTestingofPanels
TheContractorshallcutsampleofcoresfromeachtestpanel,inaccordancewithAS1012.14,at
rightanglestotheplaneofthepanelapproximately48hoursafterthepanelhasbeensprayed.
Coresshallnotbetakenwithin125mmoftheedgesofthepanel.
TheContractorshallensurethat2corespertestpanelarecutfromconcreteadjacenttoorthrough
steelreinforcementforthepurposeofvisualassessmentofthequalityofthesprayedconcrete
adjacenttosteelreinforcement
17.3.4
Prequalification
SprayedconcreteshallnotbeplaceduntilSAWaterRepresentativehasreviewedallprequalification
procedures,theresultsoftesting,andvisualinspectionofboththecoressampledandthetest
panelsinaccordancewiththerequirementsofClause17.3.3.Concreteshallnotbesprayeduntilthe
mixdesignhasbeenreviewedbySAWaterRepresentative.
Whereitisshownthatthesamematerials,mixdesigns,equipment,proceduresandpersonnelhave
givensatisfactoryresultsinsimilarworks,SAWaterRepresentativemayaccepttheconstructionof
testpanelsconcurrentlywiththefirstsprayedconcreteplacedintheWorks.
Theprequalifiedsprayedconcreteprocedureshallbeadheredtothroughoutthesprayedconcrete
operation.Sprayedconcreteshallonlybecarriedoutbythesamenozzleoperatorwhoperformed
theprequalifiedprocedureandproducedtheconformingtestpanels.
Theprequalifiednozzleoperatorandprequalifiedsprayedconcreteproceduremayonlybechanged
afterfurtherprequalificationandwiththeapprovalofSAWaterRepresentative.
17.4 ApplicationofSprayedConcrete
17.4.1
Equipment
Theequipmentusedshallhaveadequatecapacityandbecapableofdeliveringtheconcrete
constituentstothenozzleatauniformratesuchthatthesprayedconcreteleavesthenozzleina
continuousuninterruptedstreamandatavelocityofdischargewhichwillmaximisecompaction,
minimisereboundandoversprayandpreventsaggingoftheappliedconcrete.
Equipmentshallbecapableofallowingthenozzletobemaintainedperpendicular.Forhandspraying
operation,theequipmentshallbeatadistanceoflessthan1mfromthereceivingsurface,and
exceptwherenecessaryattherequiredanglewhichwillproduceadenseinsituconcretewith
maximumadherenceofmaterialontothepreparedsubstrate.
Formachinesprayingoperation,theequipmentshallbeatadistanceoflessthan2moras
recommendedbythemanufacturerfromthereceivingsurface.
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Deliveryhosesshallhaveaninternaldiameterforunimpededflowofmaterialwithoutblockages,
ballingoffibreorsegregationofaggregateand/orfibre.
Chemicaladmixturedispensingequipmentshallbesubjecttoregularmaintenanceandcalibratedat
threemonthlyintervals.
17.4.2
SurfacePreparation
17.4.2.1
SurfaceofInSituMaterial
Excavationtotherequiredlineandgradeshallbecarriedoutinaccordancewiththeproject
drawingsandearthworksspecification.
Theintegrityofthesurfaceoftheinsituorexcavatedinsitumaterialshallbemaintainedfreeof
excessivewettingordryingpriortotheapplicationofthesprayedconcrete.
Actionshallbetakentocontrolgroundwaterbytheinstallationofdrainstopreventcontactwiththe
newlysprayedconcretesurfaceorthedevelopmentofhydrostaticpressuresbehindthesprayed
concrete,effectiveforthedesignlife.
Looseandunsoundmaterialwhichmayaffectadhesionofthesprayedconcretetotheinsitusurface
shallberemovedandthesurfaceshallbecleanedbeforeapplyingsprayedconcrete.Thesurface
shallbedampbutwithoutfreewaterandpreparedsothatnoabruptchangesinthethicknessofthe
sprayedconcreteoccur.
17.4.2.2
ConcreteSurfaces
Looseandunsoundmaterialshallberemovedfromtheexistingconcretesurface.Theconcrete
surfaceshallbethoroughlycleaneddowntoremoveanytracesofdirt,grease,oil,remnantsof
curingcompoundsandorganiccontaminants(i.e.moss,algae,etc.),orothersubstancesthatcould
interferewiththebondofthenewlyplacedsprayedconcrete.Wheresprayedconcreteistobe
placedagainstasmoothconcretesurface,thesurfaceshallberoughenedasaminimumtoan
exposedaggregatefinish(notlessthanCSP7perICRI310.2R2013)bysuitablemeans.Theconcrete
substrateshallbeadequatelyprewettedpriortotheapplicationofthesprayedconcrete.The
surfaceshallbepreparedsuchthatnoabruptchangesinthicknessofthesprayedconcreteoccur.
ForconcreterepairandCPoverlayworkscompletedwithproprietarysprayappliedcementitious
mortarstheconcretesubstrateshallbepreparedinaccordancewiththerequirementsoftheoverlay
manufacturer.
17.4.2.3
SteelworkandReinforcement
Steelworkandreinforcementbarsshallbefreeoflooseorthickrust,oil,grease,paint,mudorany
otherharmfulcoatinginaccordancewithClauses29.1.7,29.2.7or29.4.7asappropriatepriortothe
applicationofsprayedconcrete.
Reinforcementshallbefirmlyfixedtoprovidethecover,clearancesandlapsdescribedinthe
drawings.
17.4.3
Application
Sprayedconcreteshallnotbeplaceduntiltheevidencethatthesubstratepreparation,
reinforcement,andembedmentshavebeenreviewedbySAWaterRepresentative.
Sprayedconcreteshallbeappliedassoonasispracticalfollowingthepreparationofthesubstrateas
specifiedinClause17.4.2.
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Thefinishedsprayedconcreteshallbedenseandhomogeneousforitsfullthickness,without
segregationofaggregateorfibres,andwithoutcollapsing,excessivereboundorothervisible
imperfections.
Eachlayerofthesprayedconcreteshallbebuiltupbymakingseveralpassesovertheworkingarea.
Duringstartingandstoppingofthesprayingoperationorwheneverflowbecomesintermittentor
irregularforanycausethenozzleoperatorshalldirectthenozzleawayfromtheworkuntilitagain
becomesconstant.
Wherealayerofsprayedconcreteistobecoveredbysucceedinglayers,itshallbeallowedtoset
priortoapplicationofthesucceedinglayer.Thesurfaceshallbecheckedforsoundness,segregated,
looseorotherwiseuncompactedsprayedconcrete.Defectiveconcreteshallberemoved,repairedas
specified,cleaned,andwettedusingablastofairandwater.
Forverticalandnearverticalsurfacesapplicationshallcommenceatthebottom.Foroverhead
surfacessprayedconcreteshallbeappliedfromtheshouldertothecrown.
Layerthicknessshallbelimitedtoamaximumof150mmtoensurethatthematerialdoesnotsagor
delaminate.
Thespraynozzleshallbeheldatsuchadistanceandangletoensureplacementofconcretebehind
andaroundsteelreinforcementbeforeanyconcreteisallowedtoaccumulateonitsfrontface.
Sprayedconcreteshallnotbeplacedthroughmorethanonelayerofsteelfabric,reinforcementor
titaniumanodemeshinoneapplication.
Anyareaswherereboundcannotescapeorbeblownfreeshallbefilledwithsoundconcrete.All
oversprayorreboundshallberemoved,priortotheplacementofsprayedconcreteontoadjacent
surfaces.
Wherethesprayingprocessisadverselyaffectedbywindorotheradverseeffectsduringapplication,
sprayingshallbediscontinuedunlessspecialprecautionscanbeimplementedtoensurecompliance
withtherequirementsofthisclause.
SprayedconcreteshallonlybeappliedinaccordancewiththerequirementsofClauses10.1and13
17.4.4
Finishing
UnlessotherwisespecifiedintheContract,thesurfacefinishofsprayedappliedstructuralconcrete
retainingwalls,soilnailwalls,tunnelliningsandotherstructuralcomponentsformingpartof
permanentWorksshallbesteelfloatedandsatisfytherequirementsofClause11.3forClassU2
surfacefinish.
UnlessotherwisespecifiedintheContract,othersprayedconcretesurfacesshallbeleftassprayed.
Allsurfacefinishesshallbeuniformintextureandfreefromanyblowholesorsurfaceimperfections.
17.4.5
TolerancesonSurfaceofSprayedConcrete
TolerancesforsprayedappliedstructuralconcreteshallsatisfytherequirementsofClause21.3.
Wheresprayedconcreteistobeplacedtoaspecifiedshapeitshallbewithin25mmofthatshape
andcontainnodepressiongreaterthan15mmbelowa2metrestraightedge.Forsprayedconcrete
onnaturalsurfacesorsurfaceswithundefinedshapethethicknessshallbewithin0mm+15mmof
thenominalthickness.
TheContractorshallutiliseprobesduringapplicationofsprayedconcretetoenablethemonitoring
oftherequiredthickness.
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TheContractormayproposealternativemethodsforthemonitoringofsprayedconcretethickness
duringapplication,fortheapprovalofSAWaterRepresentative.
17.4.6
Joints
ThepositionsandtypesofjointsshallbeasshownonthedrawingsorspecifiedintheContract.
Theuseofinternalwaterstopsisnotpermitted.
UnlessotherwisespecifiedintheContract,theconstructionjointshallbeofoneoftheapproaches
showninFigure9.12and9.13oftheConcreteInstituteofAustraliasRecommendedPracticeZ5
ShotcretinginAustralia,SecondEdition,preparedbyAustralianShotcreteSociety,excepttheuseof
unformedjoint.
17.4.7
InspectionandSoundnessofFinishedSprayedConcrete
TheContractorshallundertakeavisualinspectionandasoundnessinspectionofthefinished
sprayedconcreteattheageofatleast28days.Visualinspectionshallbefordefectssuchaslackof
compaction,drypatches,voidsorsandpockets.Soundnessinspectionshallbebytappingwitha
small(0.8kg)handheldhammertolocatedrummyorhollowresponseareasthatmightindicatea
possiblelackofbond,delaminationorotherdefect.TheContractorshallremoveandrectifysuch
defects.
17.4.8
RepairofDefectiveAreas
Areasofthefinishedworkthatexhibitalackofcompactionorbonding,drypatches,voidsandsand
pockets,orhaveslumpedorsagged,shallberemovedandrepairedwithasinglecomponent,
shrinkagecompensatingproprietarycementitiousmaterialinaccordancewiththerequirementsof
Clause21toachievethespecifiedlevelofdurability.Theexposedsurfaceoftherepaireddefective
areashallbesimilarintextureandcolourtothesurroundingsprayedconcrete.
18 CrackInspectionandAssessment
Asitecrackinspectionshallbecompletedonallconcretesurfacesinaccordancewiththeprocedures
containedinCIAZ7/07bytheContractorinthepresenceofSAWatersRepresentative:
1.
Atthecompletionofthecuringperiodandwhentheconcretehascooledtoambient
conditions(approximately7daysaftercast).Thiswillidentifyanyunexpectedcrackingand
allowadjustmentsasneededforfutureconcretepours;
2.
Immediatelyafterallconstructionactivitiesarecompleted(priortobackfillingofsoilif
requiredforbelowgroundlevelstructures)andallowingsufficienttimepriortooperational
usetodocumentcrackpositionsandmeasurethesurfacewidthofanycracksthathave
formedandcompleteanyrepairsthatarejustified;
3.
12monthsaftercompletionoftheProjectorpriortotheendofthedefectsliabilityperiod,
whicheverisearlier;
4.
Inadditionforliquidretainingstructures,detailedinspectiononthelastdayoftestingfor
liquidtightnessinaccordancewithAS3735Section7toidentifyanyvisiblewaterleakageor
darkercolouredconcretethatindicateswaterpenetrationthroughcracks,plusother
constructionjoints,surfacevoidsorotherrequirementsofthisStandard.
Allinspectionsshalldeterminethepresenceofanycrackswithwidthgreaterthanthatspecifiedin
Clause7.2.4.
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WherecrackwidthgreaterthanthatofspecifiedinClause7.2.4,theyshallbeidentifiedasanon
conformance.Inaddition,theContractorshall:
1.
MeasurelengthandwidthofcracksinaccordancewithCIAZ7/07;
2.
MarkcracksonplanandelevationdrawingsandissueasAsBuiltConcreteCracksdrawings
inaccordancewithaformatacceptabletoSAWatersRepresentativeandissuethedatainan
MSExcelspreadsheet;
3.
Undertakeanassessmenttoevaluatetheinfluenceofthenonconformingcracks(moredetails
below);
4.
Establishthecause(s)ofthecracks,crackwidth,themoistureconditionofthecrackand
whetheracrackisactiveorinactiveincludingconcreteearlyagethermalcrackassessmentin
accordancewithClause32;
5.
SAWatersRepresentativemayrequirerepresentative50mmdiametercoresamplestobe
takenthroughrepresentativecrackstotheinteriorreinforcementdepthtoassistinevaluation
offuturedurabilityandcrackrepairsrequired;and
6.
SubmitacrackrepairmethodologyforSAWaterRepresentativereview,priortoanyrepair
worksbeingundertakeninaccordancewithClause21.
Theassessmentofthecrackedconcretestructureandtheproposedcrackrepairmethodologyshall
beundertakenbyaDurabilityConsultantoranexperiencedconcretetechnicalspecialistwitha
minimumof5yearspracticalexperienceinthediagnosticassessmentandinvestigationofconcrete
structures.Thecrackrepairmethodologyshallincludedetailsofthecrackfillingmaterialproperties,
location,surfacepreparationandmethodofapplication,likelypostrepairedcrackbehaviour,and
effectontherequirementsspecifiedinthisStandard,thestructuraladequacyimpactanddurability
impacttoachievetherequireddesignlifewithoutincreasedmaintenancebycomparisonto
uncrackedconcrete.
Note:GuidanceonthedurabilityofconcretewithcrackwidthsisgiveninCIRIAC660andwillbe
availableinthefuturefromCIARecommendedPracticeZ7/06.
19 SiteConcreteCoverMeasurements
Asitecoverinspectionshallbecompletedafterconstructiononarepresentativenumberofexterior
andinteriorareasusingacovermeterwithcapabilitiescomplyingwithBS1881204.Inspectionshall
beconductedinthepresenceoftheSAWaterrepresentative.Wheremorethan5%fornormal
compactionandqualitycontrol,and1%forintensecompactionandhighlevelofqualitycontrol,of
covermeasurementsarelessthanspecified,theContractorshallcommissionadurabilityreviewbya
DurabilityConsultantandrectifytheprobleminaccordancewiththerecommendationsofthe
DurabilityConsultant,andtotheacceptanceofSAWatersRepresentative.GuidanceisgiveninCIA
Z7/04.
20 WallConcreteCompactionforLiquidRetainingStructures
Concretecompactionatthebaseofwallshasthegreatestriskofinadequatecompactionandshallbe
inspectedandtestedaftercompletionasbelow.
1.
Visualinspectiontodetermineanysurfacevoidsorbleedchannels.Photographsshallbetaken
torecordallvisibledefects;
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2.
Mechanicalhammertapping(veryhardwitha1kghammer)oftheconcretesurfaceto
determineanyskimconcretematrixovervoidedinteriorconcrete.Photographsshallbetaken
torecordallvisibledefectsidentifiedbyanysurfaceskimremoval;
3.
Concretecoresamplingshallbecarriedoutonconcreteinthetrialwallcasting,whereatrialis
carriedout,oronthefirstwallcastofeachconstructiontype,andifconcretevoiddefectsare
indicatedbyvisualinspectionormechanicalhammertappinginvestigations,whereinstructed
bySAwatersRepresentative.Aminimumoftwocoresshallbetakenfromthewallelement
tobetested:
4.
a.
Coresamplesshallbe50mmdiameter.Thecorelocationsshallbedeterminedbyvisual
inspectionandmechanicalhammertappingfindingsandshallbeinareasofworst
defects,ifany.Thecoresshallbelocatedtoavoidreinforcementbarsbyuseofcover
meterrebardetection;
b.
Coresshallbefromtheexteriorsurfaceofthewallunlessthedefectsareclearlyonthe
innerface.Thecoresshallgotomiddepthofthewallonly;
c.
Photographsshallbetakentorecordallcorepositions(i.e.surfacebeforecoring),cores
extracted,andallcoreholesshowinginsituconcrete;
AllcoresamplingshallbeundertakenbytheContractor.
21 ConcreteRepair
21.1 General
ThisClauseappliesonlytorepairofminorandnonstructuralconcretedefectsincludingcracks,
voids,honeycombing,blowholes,airpockets,bleedvoids,concretewhereformworkremovalcreates
spallsortheconcretesurfacenotconformingtothesurfacefinishclassasspecifiedinClause11.
TheContractorshallmakegoodanyconcretedefectsandremoveanyprotrusionsorexcessconcrete
tothespecifiedfinishrequirementsasrequiredbythisStandardinaccordancewiththeprocedures
containedinHB84.
TheContractorshallprovideadetailedRepairMethodStatementforconductofeachrepair
includingtechnicaldatasheetsofproprietarymaterialstobeused,bondingagents,coatings,extent
ofsawcuttingandbreakout,surfacepreparation,placementmethod,curing,qualitycontrolanda
summaryoftheRepairContractorsrelevantexperience,submittedtoSAWatersRepresentativeat
leastseven(7)workingdayspriortocommencementofrepairwork.Repairsshallnotproceeduntil
theContractorsRepairMethodStatementhasbeenapprovedbySAWaterRepresentative.SA
WaterRepresentativemayrequestsubmissionofindependenttestdatatoconfirmperformance
parametersstatedonproductdatasheet.
21.2 ConcreteRepairMaterialsandProcedures
Contractorrepairofconcretedefects(referClause21.1)shallbetotheapprovalofSAWaters
Representative,andtoachieveacolourmatchwithadjoiningexternalsurfaceconcretewhenrepair
workhasset.
RepairofconcreteshallbeperformedbyacceptablyskilledworkersapprovedbySAWaters
Representative.TheContractorshallkeepSAWatersRepresentativeadvisedastowhenrepairof
concretewillbeperformed.
UnlessinspectioniswaivedbySAWaterRepresentativeineachspecificcase,repairofconcreteshall
beperformedonlyinthepresenceofSAWaterRepresentative.
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TherepairedconcretesurfacesshallbetotherequirementsofthisStandard.
Accordingtothenatureofthedefecttoberepaired,repairsshallbebyoneofthefollowing
methods:
1.
Prebaggedproprietarycementitiousrepairmortarforconcretedefectstypicallyofdepth
0mmto70mm;
2.
Proprietarycementitiousmicroconcreteforconcretedefectstypicallyofdepth50mmto
200mm;
3.
Concreteasspecifiedintheworksforexcessivevoidsorconcretereplacement;
4.
Epoxyresinbasedrepairmortarforconcretedefectsafterfullevaluationofpotential
incompatibilitywithconcreteduetodifferentialmovement(e.g.thermalandmoisture
gradients)plusbondadhesionwithinepoxyopentime;
5.
Polyurethaneresinorsimilarflexiblematerialsinjectionofcracksfordurabilityrepair;
6.
Lowviscosityepoxyresininjectionofcracksforstructuralrepair;
7.
Protectivecoatingsorfinishesforinadequatecover;and
8.
OtherstobeapprovedbySAWatersRepresentative.
Allproprietaryrepairmaterialsshallbeusedstrictlyinaccordancewiththemanufacturers
instructions.
Protectionandcuringofcementitiousrepairmaterialsshallbecarriedoutinaccordancewiththe
requirementsoftheproductmanufacturersinstructions,minimumseven(7)dayscuringin
accordancewithClause13.3andasapprovedbySAWatersRepresentative.
WheredirectedbySAWatersRepresentative,areasofconcretetoberepairedshallbeTrial
RepairstoproveacceptablematerialsandmethodsasstatedintheContractorsRepairMethod
Statementpriortoproceedingwithfullscalerepairworks.Thetrialareashallbeaminimumof
0.5morasdirectedbySAWatersRepresentativeandtheentiretrialrepairprocessshallbe
observedbySAWatersRepresentative.
21.3 RepairedConcreteTolerances
Thetoleranceonedgesandsurfacesinplanandlevelshallbe3mm.
Maximumallowanceforirregularitieswhenmeasuredwitha2.0metrestraightedgeshallbe3mm.
Inaddition,evennessshallnotdeviatebymorethan1mmwhencheckedwitha300mm
straightedge.
21.4 RepairedConcreteQualityControl
TheContractorshallcompleteavisualinspectionanddelaminationsurvey(refertoCIAZ7/07)to
identifyanydefectsofallconcreterepairareasatseven(7)daysaftertherepairsarecompletedand
immediatelypriortotheapplicationofanycoating.Thedelaminationsurveyshallbeconducted
usingasmallhammeralongthewholesurfaceareaoftheconcretepatchrepairsanddelaminated
areasshallbecharacterisedbyadrummyorhollowsound.Testingfordelaminationareasshallbe
conductedinthepresenceofSAWatersRepresentativeunlesspriorapprovedotherwise.Bond
adhesionstrengthtestingoftherepairtothesubstrateconcreteshallbecompletedatthediscretion
ofSAwatersRepresentative.
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ThereshallbenodefectsintheconcreteaslistedatClause21.1,includingnocracksattheinterface
oftheconcreterepairwiththeexistingconcrete.
AlldefectsidentifiedbytheContractorshallberecordedandsubmittedtoSAWaters
Representativewithinthree(3)daysofcompletingthesiteinspection.
Alldefectiverepairsincludingdelaminatedpatchrepairsshallberemovedandrepairedin
accordancewiththerequirementsofClauses21.1and21.2tothesatisfactionofSAWaters
Representative.
TheContractorshallrecordanddocumentallrepaircompletedincludingrepairmethodstatement,
locationofrepairs,depthandextent,materialsusedplustechnicaldatasheets,qualitycontroltests
conductedandrepresentativephotostothesatisfactionofSAWatersRepresentative.
22 ConcreteQualityControl
22.1 General
TheContractorshallberesponsibleforalltesting,asspecified,toprovecompliancewiththe
requirementsofthisStandard.Thisincludesanyinspections,checks,calibrationsorselfauditsas
requiredbythisStandard.
IrrespectiveofthetestingcarriedoutbytheContractor,SAWatersRepresentativereservestheright
tocarryoutindependentinspectionsandaudittesting.ThesecostsshallbebornebythePrincipal,
exceptinthecaseoffailureandsubsequentreteststovalidateconformity;theyshallbeatthe
Contractor'sexpense.
SAWatersRepresentativemaydirecttheContractortocarryoutadditionaltesting(increaseinthe
frequencyoftesting)tothatspecified.ThecostofadditionaltestingwillbeatthePrincipal's
expense,butwherefailuretocomplywiththespecifiedrequirementshasbeenidentified,theyshall
bebornebytheContractor.Thecostofretestingofworkwhichhasfailedandbeensubsequently
rectifiedasaresultofadditionaltestingshallbebornebytheContractor.
22.2 ConcreteQualityCriteria
AllconcretetobeincorporatedintheWorksshallbemanufacturedinaccordancewithAS1379
exceptasotherwisestatedinthisStandard.Concretematerialsshallbeproportionedsothat,when
transported,placed,compactedandcuredinaccordancewithAS3600foradesignlifeupto50years
andAS5100.5foradesignlifegreaterthan50yearsupto100years,thehardenedconcretewill
complywiththestrengthgradesgiveninthisStandard,asshownontheDrawingsandasdefinedin
AS1379.
Allconstructionmaterialsthatwillcomeincontactwithdrinkingwaterwhentheconcreteisin
operationuseshallbeapprovedforuseindrinkingwaterinaccordancewithAS/NZS4020.
22.3 BatchCertificates
Allconcretesuppliedshall,atarrivalonsite,beprovidedwithbatchplantcertificatesforthe
respectivebatches.Batchcertificatesshallcontainallinformationabouttheconcretesuppliedas
requiredbyAS1379andinadditiontherequirementsofClause9.2.
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22.4 RequirementsforTestingFacilitiesandPersonnel
AlltestingfacilitiesandfieldtestingpersonnelshallholdcurrentaccreditationtoISO17025fromthe
NationalAssociationofTestingAuthorities,Australia(NATA)fortherelevanttestmethods,unless
specificallyexemptedbySAWatersRepresentative.
TheContractorshallsupplyacopyofalltestresultstoSAWatersRepresentativenolaterthantwo
(2)workingdaysaftertestinghasbeencompletedforcompressionstrengthandnolaterthanfive(5)
workingdaysaftertestingforallothertests.
22.5 TestingFrequency
InspectionandTestPlans(ITPs)shallnominatetheproposedtestingfrequencytoverifyconformity
oftheitemanditshallnotbelessthanrequirementsinthisStandard.Whereaminimumfrequency
isnotspecifiedaminimumfrequencyshallbenominatedforapprovalbySAWatersRepresentative.
VariationstoreducethefrequencyoftestingshallbeatthediscretionofSAWatersRepresentative.
WheretheContractorhasimplementedasystemofstatisticalprocesscontrolandcandemonstrate
thatalowerfrequencycanassurethequalityoftheproduct,SAWatersRepresentativemayagree
toalowerfrequency.
22.6 SamplingandTesting
FreshconcreteshallbesampledandtestedinaccordancewithAS1379andAS3600Section17.1.6,
forprojectassessmenttesting.
TestspecimensshallbetestedinaccordancewithrequirementsinthisStandard.
22.7 Noncompliances
TheContractorshallrecordandimmediatelyreportallnoncomplianceswiththisStandard,including
allreferencedtestswithintheStandardfromthelistatClause1.3,toSAWatersRepresentative.The
recordshallindicatethenatureofthenoncompliance,thecorrectiveactiontakenandthe
location(s)withintheWorkspotentiallyoractuallyaffectedbythenoncompliance.
ThefollowingstepsshallbetakenbytheContractortotheapprovalofSAWatersRepresentative.
1.
Identifytheextentandcauseofthenoncompliance;
2.
Takemeasurestopreventreoccurrence,includingsuspendingworks;
3.
Proposeinvestigationstodeterminethequalityoftheconcreteandothermaterialsinthe
works;
4.
Proposerepairactionstoreinstatetheappearance,strengthanddurabilityoftheaffected
Works,withdurabilityreviewinparticularforwatertightnessofliquidretainingorexcluding
elements;and
5.
TheContractorshallengageaDurabilityConsultant(referCIAZ7/01)foranymattersthat
reducedurabilityincludingtoachievetherequireddesignlifewithoutadditionalinspection
andmaintenance.
SAWatersRepresentativeshallreviewallnoncompliancesanddeterminerejectionofconcretein
accordancewithClause22.8orconcreterepairinaccordancewithClause21.
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22.8 RejectionofConcrete
ConcretesuppliedtositebutdeemedbySAWatersRepresentativetonotcomplywiththe
acceptancecriteriawillberejectedbySAWatersRepresentative.Hardenedconcretethatexhibits
anyofthedefectslistedinSection17.1.7ofAS3600shallberejected.
Hardenedconcretewhichexhibitsa7daycompressivestrengthbelow60%usingGPcementor50%
usingGBorLHcementofthe28daycharacteristicstrengthforthatgradeofconcreteshallbe
consideredasasufficientbasisforrejection.ThisshallconstitutesufficientgroundsforSAWaters
RepresentativetoinstructtheContractortowithholdfurtherworkonthosecomponentswhich:
1.
Constitutemajorstructuralmembers;or
2.
Aresupportedorconnectedtothecomponentswiththeconcreteofsuspectquality.
Untilthe28daycharacteristicstrengthoftheconcreteisobtainedandtheconcreteacceptedor
rejectedaccordingly.TheContractorshallnotbeentitledtoanyclaimforcompensationorContract
extensionoftimeconsequentialtotheissuanceofSAWatersRepresentativeinstructiontowithhold
suchworkirrespectiveofthe28daystrengthofthesuspectconcrete.
AnyconcreterejectedbecauseofnoncompliancewiththerequirementsofthisStandardshallbe
replacedatthecostoftheContractor.Thecostofremovalandreplacingothercomponentsor
worksdeemednecessarybecauseoftheirconnectiontotherejectedconcreteshallbebornebythe
Contractor.SAWatersRepresentativewillnotconsideranyclaimarisingfromtherejectionofnon
complyingconcretesupplyorinstallation.
23 SuperWorkableConcrete
23.1 General
UnlessspecifiedotherwiseinthisClause,superworkableconcreteshallconformtothisStandard.
Superworkableconcreteshallonlybeusedinveryheavilyreinforcedelements,ininaccessibleareas
andwhereveryrapidconcreteplacingisdesired.Theuseofsuperworkableconcreteshallbe
approvedbySAWaterRepresentative.GuidanceisavailableformCIAZ40.
Wheresuperworkableconcreteisproposed,atrialmixismandatoryandshallbeundertakenin
accordancewiththerequirementsspecifiedinClause8.Thesuperworkableconcretesuppliershall
implementandmaintainaqualitymanagementsysteminaccordancewithAS/NZISO9001forthe
concretebatchingandproductionprocess.
Thesuperworkableconcretemixingmethodshallbedeterminedbasedontheexistingrecordsorby
conductingtests.
Therequirementsforslumpflow,differencebetweenslumpflowandJringflow,timeforthe
concretetoreach500mmdiameter(T500)andVisualStabilityIndexshallbeappliedinlieuofthe
slumprequirements.
23.2 RequirementsforFreshSuperWorkableConcrete
Table9MinimumAcceptableCriteriaforFreshSuperWorkableConcrete
Property
TestMethod
AcceptableCriteria
SlumpFlow
AS1012.3.5
550mmto800mmSpread
DifferencebetweenSlumpFlowand
JRingFlow
AS1012.3.5
50mm
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Property
TestMethod
AcceptableCriteria
Timefortheconcretetoreach500
mmdiameter
AS1012.3.5
5seconds
VisualStabilityIndex
ASTMC1611
23.3 SamplingandTesting
Samplingandtestingforsuperworkableconcreteshallbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsof
concreteinthisStandardexceptthattheslumpflow,differencebetweenslumpflowandJringflow,
timefortheconcretetoreach500mmdiameter(T500)andVisualStabilityIndexshallbesampled
andtestedatthesamefrequencyastheslumptestforothertypeofconcrete.
Whenmakingtestcylindersforsuperworkableconcretethetestsampleshallbeplacedintothe
cylindermouldsfromaheightnotexceeding100mmfromthetopofthemould.Theplacingofthe
concreteintothemouldsshallbedoneinonecontinuousmotion.Withtheexceptionoflighttapping
ofthesidesofcylindermouldswithaplasticmallet,roddingorvibrationshallnotbeappliedtotest
cylindersmadeupofsuperworkableconcrete.
23.4 SelfCompactingConcrete(SCC)
InadditiontotherequirementsspecifiedinClause23.1to23.3,compactionasperClause10.2shall
notapplywithSCCtobeselfconsolidatingwithoutcompaction.Untiltheconcreteishardened,self
compactingconcreteshallnotbesubjectedtoanyphysicaldisturbanceafterplacement.
24 UltraHighPerformanceConcrete
ForthepurposeofthisStandard,ultrahighperformanceconcreteisahighstrength,ductileconcrete
withcompressivestrengthinexcessof100MPawhentestedaccordingtoAS1012.9,modulusof
ruptureinexcessof18MPawhentestedaccordingtoAS1012.11andfractureenergyinexcessof
10N/mmwhentestedaccordingtoASTMC1018.
UnlessspecifiedotherwiseinthisClause,ultrahighperformanceconcreteshallconformtothis
Standard.TheuseofultrahighperformanceconcreteshallbeapprovedbySAWaterRepresentative.
TheContractorshallprovideaprojectexecutionplanandmethodologyforusingultrahigh
performanceconcrete,basedonthefullunderstandingofmaterialcharacteristicsduringplacement
andafterhardening.Theultrahighperformanceconcretesuppliershallimplementandmaintaina
qualitymanagementsysteminaccordancewithAS/NZSISO9001fortheconcretebatchingand
productionprocess.
Trialmixismandatoryandshallbeundertakeninaccordancewiththerequirementsspecifiedin
Clause8.Thefreshandhardenedconcreterequirementsshallbebasedonappropriateindices
containedwithinthisStandardaccordingtothetypeofultrahighperformanceconcrete,
constructionconditionsandconstructionmethodsandshallbedemonstratedbywayoftesting.
25 AlkaliActivatedConcrete
ForthepurposeofthisStandard,alkaliactivatedconcreteisconcretemadeofessentiallyanybinder
systemderivedbythereactionofanalkalimetalsource,eithersolidordissolved,withasolidsilicate
oraluminosilicaterichpowder.
UnlessspecifiedotherwiseinthisClause,alkaliactivatedconcreteshallconformtothisStandardand
alltechnicalrequirementsofthisStandardshallbemet.Alkaliactivatedconcreteshallalsocomply
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withAS1379.Whilealkaliactivatedconcretemaynotcontaincement,inthisStandard,theterm
ConcreteinAS1379shallbeinterpretedtoincludealkaliactivatedconcrete.
TheuseofalkaliactivatedconcreteshallbesubjecttoapprovalbySAWaterRepresentative.
TheContractorshallprovideaprojectexecutionplanandmethodologyforusingalkaliactivated
concrete,basedonthefullunderstandingofmaterialcharacteristicsduringplacementandafter
hardening.Thealkaliactivatedconcretesuppliershallimplementandmaintainaquality
managementsysteminaccordancewithAS/NZSISO9001fortheconcretebatchingandproduction
process.
Trialmixismandatoryandshallbeundertakeninaccordancewiththerequirementsspecifiedin
Clause8.3.Thefreshandhardenedconcreterequirementsshallbebasedonappropriateindices
containedwithinthisStandardaccordingtothetypeofultrahighperformanceconcrete,
constructionconditionsandconstructionmethodsandshallbedemonstratedbywayoftesting.
Wherealkaliactivatedconcreteisproposed,thealkaliactivatedconcretesuppliershallimplement
andmaintainaqualitymanagementsysteminaccordancewithAS/NZSISO9001fortheconcrete
batchingandproductionprocess.
26 FormworkandFalsework
26.1 General
Formworkandfalseworkincludingalltemporarysupportingmembers,shallconformtoSafeWork
AustraliaFormworkandfalseworkguidancematerial,therelevantAustralianStandardsincludingbut
notlimitedtoAS3610andAS3610.1,andthisStandard.
Formworkandfalseworkshallbedesignedconsideringthetype,scaleandimportanceofthe
structureandtheconditionsofconstructionandenvironment.
Formworkandfalseworkshallbedesigned,inspectedandcertifiedbycompetentandexperienced
engineer(s)suchthattheerectionofformworkandfalseworksatisfytheperformancerequirements.
Errorsinlineorleveloftheformwork,orpositioningand/orquantityofsteelreinforcementshallbe
correctedpriortoplacingconcrete.TheContractorwillberesponsibleforanydefectstothe
formwork,reinforcement,embeddedcomponents,ortheformedconcretesurface,whichmay
becomeapparentduringoraftercastingtheconcrete.
UnlessitiswaivedbySAWaterRepresentativeineachspecificcase,therelevantCertificateof
ComplianceforformworkandfalseworkshallbesubmittedtoSAWatersRepresentative.The
applicationofanyloadshallnotproceeduntiltheCertificateofComplianceoftheconstructed
formworkhasbeenreviewedbySAWatersRepresentative.
Formworkdrawingsanddesigncomputations,ifrequiredbySAWaterRepresentative,shallalsobe
preparedbytheContractorandsubmittedforexamination.
Blockouts,inserts,ducts,embeddeditems,etc.shallbelocatedandfixedsothattheconstruction
tolerancesspecifiedarecompliant.
26.2 FormworkConstruction
Formworkshallbewatertight,bracedandtiedtogethertoconfinefreshlyplacedconcreteand
maintainpositionandshapeduringconstruction.Formworkshallbeconstructedinsuchawaythatit
canberemovedwithoutdamagetotheconcrete.
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Whereformworkisintendedforreuse,thedeteriorationofthematerialsfollowingtheiruseand
handlingshallbeassessed.Formswhichbecomeunsatisfactoryshallnotbeused.
UnlessspecifiedotherwiseintheContract,allcornersofcastinplaceorprecastconcreteshallhave
20mmx20mmchamfersorfillets.Chamfersandfilletsshallbeformedandcastintegrallywiththe
concretemember.Cuttingorgrindingofchamfersshallnotbeallowed.
Theinteriorsurfaceofformworkshallbethoroughlycleanedoutandtreatedwithreleaseagentor
lubricanttopreventadhesionoftheexposedconcretesurface,inaccordancewiththe
manufacturersinstructions.Thereleaseagentorlubricantshallbeofthenonstainingtypeandshall
notdiscolourthesurfaceoftheconcrete.Thereleaseagentorlubricantshallbeapplieduniformlyin
athinfilmandanysurplusremovedpriortotheconcreteplacement.Reinforcementandother
embedmentsshallnotbesoiledbythereleaseagentorlubricant.InaccordancewithClause7.2.5
thereleaseagentshallbecompliantwithAS/NZS4020ifresidualamountscomeincontactwith
potablewater.
Allformsshallbecleanedandfreefromsand,shavings,tiewireendsandotherdebris.Surpluswater
shallbedrained.Ifnecessary,temporaryopeningsshallbeprovidedatappropriatepositionsinthe
formtofacilitatecleaning,inspectionandplacingconcrete.Anytemporaryopeningsshallbeclosed
inpropermannerpriortoplacingconcrete.
26.3 FormTies
Formtiesshallconsistofbolts,rodsorotherfasteningsystemsthatwillensurethatformsor
falseworkarerigidlyfixed.
Formtiesforuseinwaterretainingandwaterexcludingstructuresshallbeapprovedproprietary
productsspecificallydesignedandmanufacturedtobewatertight.Onlyapprovedwatertightformtie
productsbymanufacturersPCH,Peri,MaxFrankorequivalentapprovedshallbeused.
Formtiesthatafterremovalleaveaholeextendingthroughoutthethicknessofaconcretesection
willnotbepermitted.
Anyembeddedformtiesshallremainembeddedandshallterminatenotlessthantheminimum
coverspecifiedintheContractorthisStandard.
HolesorgapsleftfromformtiesshallberepairedinaccordancewithClause21andthetie
manufacturersinstructions.
Topformtiesshallnotbelocatedwithin150mmofthetopofthepour.
26.4 RemovalofFormwork
Formworkandfalseworkshallberemovedinsuchamannerandsequencethattheconcrete
elementisnotsubjectedtoimpact,excessiveloadoreccentricloadandnodamagetotheconcrete
surfaceoccurs.
Minimumformworkstrippingtimesshallbeinaccordancewiththeminimumformworkstripping
timessetoutinTable5.4.1ofAS3610andguidancegiveninCIAZ7/04.
Formworkandfalseworkshallnotberemoveduntiltheconcretehasachievedsufficientstrengthto
carryitsownweightandanyloadssuperimposedduringthecourseoffurtherconstruction.
TheContractorshalldeterminethetimingandsequenceoftheremovaltakingthestrengthof
concrete,thestructuretypeandimportance,membertypesanddimensions,loadsimposedonall
members,temperature,weatherandventilationintoappropriateconsideration.Formworkfor
successivewallliftsshallnotbesupportedbypreviouslyplacedconcreteuntilthatconcretehas
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achievedaminimumcharacteristicstrengthof15MPa.Horizontalforms(forsuspendedslabsand
beams)shallnotberemoveduntilacompressivestrengthof25MPahasbeenachieved.The
ContractormaysubmitStructuralEngineercertifiedcalculationsforlowerstrengthformwork
supportorremovalforreviewandapprovalbySAWatersRepresentative.
Incaseswhenthestructureissubjectedtoloadsimmediatelyaftertheremovalofformworkand
falsework,theconcretestrength,thestructuretypeandthecharacteristicandvalueofimposed
loadsshallbecarefullyconsideredinordertoavoidharmfulcracksandotherdamagetothe
structure.
Toreducethelikelihoodofcrackingduetothermalshock,formworkshallnotbestrippedinthe
coldestpartoftheday.Theperiodoftimebeforestrippingshouldbeincreasediftheaverage
temperatureoverthecuringperiodislessthan5C.AS3600providesguidanceontheincreased
durationinthisperioddependingontheambienttemperature.
NotwithstandingtheminimumstrippingtimesinTable5.4.1ofAS3610,formworkshallonlybe
removedwhereitcanbedemonstratedthatdoingsowillnotinitiateearlyageconcretecracksby
prematureremovalofplywoodformwork,ifplywoodformworkisused.
Curingshallbeimmediatelyappliedtotheexposedconcretesurfaceiftheformworkisremoved
withinthecuringperiod(referClause13.7).
26.5 ProprietaryFormworkandFalseworkSystem
WhereproprietaryformworkproductsareapprovedbySAWaterRepresentative,theContractor
shallinstallsuchformworkinaccordancewiththemanufacturer'sspecificationand
recommendation.
27 InsertandSupport
InsertsandsupportsshallbeinaccordancewithAS3600orAS5100.5asappropriate,asspecifiedin
thisStandardandtothesatisfactionofSAWaterRepresentative.
InsertsandsupportsshallbeaccuratelycastintotheconcretebytheContractor,within4mmof
theirindicatedpositionunlessshownotherwiseontheDrawings.Theprovisionofholesorpockets
andthesubsequentgroutingofinsertsandsupportswillnotbeallowedunlessapprovedinwriting
bySAWaterRepresentative.
Tappedholesandotherrecessesshallbesealedandthesealingmateriallaterremoved.After
strippingofformwork,allconcreteandothermaterialsshallbecleanedfromthesurfacesofinserts
andsupports.
27.1 EmbedmentofInserts
TheContractorshallinstall,fixandcastinallpipes,pipesleeves,bolts,conduits,frames,castings,
steelbeamsandotheritems,whicharerequiredtobewhollyorpartiallyembeddedintheconcrete,
asshownontheDrawings.
Beforecastingofinsertsandopenings,theContractorshallchecktheirpositioning,alignmentand
elevationtoensuretheyareaccuratelyplacedandadequatelysupportedinsuitabletemplates,
framesandforms.Anymisplacementordeviationfromthespecifiedtoleranceshallbecorrectedby
theContractorattheContractor'sexpensetothesatisfactionofSAWatersRepresentative.
Metalembedmentitemsshallbefixedinplacebytyingwithtiewiremadeofthesamemetaland
samegrade,orbyanchoringtotheformsusingfixingsmadeofthesamemetalandsamegrade.
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TheContractorshallensureproperplacementandadequatecompactionoftheconcreteare
achievedaroundtheinsertsandopeningsasspecifiedinClause10.2.
27.2 Supports
TheContractorshallcheckthepositioningofsupportsforfloorplates,floorgratings,orotherfixtures
requiringevenanduniformbearing,beforesettingthesupportswithconcreteormortar.Failureto
obtainsatisfactoryuniformityofbearingshallberectifiedbytheContractor,asdirectedbythe
DesignerandapprovedbySAWatersRepresentative,attheContractor'sexpense.
28 BarChairsandSpacers
AllbarchairsandspacersshallcomplywithAS/NZS2425andthisStandard,subjecttoapprovalby
theSAWaterRepresentative.AllspacersandchairsshallbemanufacturedinanAS/NZISO9001
approvedproductionfacility.
Barchairsandspacersforconcreteinwaterretainingorwaterexcludingstructuresshallbe:
1.
Concreteofnotlesserdurabilitycharacteristicsthantheconcretetobeplacedaroundthem,
andshallotherwisecomplywiththerequirementsofAS/NZS2425;and
2.
Highdurabilityproprietaryfibrecementmouldingsorextrusions.
Note:Responsibilityforfixingreinforcementwiththecorrectcoverandforensuringthatspacersand
chairsarecorrectlyspacedandhavetherequiredperformancecharacteristicsrestswiththe
Contractor.
29 Reinforcement
29.1 SteelReinforcement
29.1.1
Materials
AllsteelreinforcementmaterialsshallconformtoAS/NZS4671andthisStandard.
Thereinforcementmaterialsupplierincludingbutnotlimitedtomanufacturersandprocessors,shall
becertifiedbytheAustralasianCertificationAuthorityforReinforcingandStructuralSteelsforthe
supplyofthesteelreinforcement.
Ifrequested,theContractorshallsupplytoSAWatersRepresentativecopiesofthemanufacturers
testcertificatesidentifiablewiththereinforcementsuppliedorprovidedocumentaryevidencethat
allproductsmeettherequirementsofAS/NZS4671andthatthesupplierhasasysteminplaceto
preventnonconformingmaterialfrombeingsupplied.
29.1.2
Schedules
TheContractorshallberesponsiblefortheproductionofallreinforcementschedules,shopdrawings
ofallprefabricatedreinforcementcagesthatmaybenecessaryforthefabricationofthe
reinforcement,includingalltiewire,supportbars,spacerbarsandthelike.
Acopyofthereinforcementschedulesandprefabricatedreinforcementcageshopdrawingsshallbe
submittedtoSAWaterRepresentative.
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Fixing
Reinforcementshallbeadequatelytiedtogethersuchastoformarigidcage,whichprevents
displacementofbarsormeshesandmaintainsdimensionaltolerancesunderallloadsappliedbefore
andduringtheconcreteplacement.TherequirementssetoutinBS79732shallberegardedasa
minimumforfixingthereinforcement.Allsteelreinforcementinpositionshallbeinspectedand
approvedbySAWatersRepresentativebeforetheconcreteplacementcommences.
Note:ResponsibilityforsecurelyfixingreinforcementrestswiththeContractor.
Tiewireshallbeannealedsteelwirehavingadiameterofnotlessthan1.2mm.Plastictiesorclips
arenotpermitted.
TheminimumclearcovertothetiewireshallbeequaltothatspecifiedinthisStandardorthat
designatedintheContractforthereinforcementbeingtied,lessthediameterofthetiewire.
Projectingendsoftiesshallnotencroachintotheconcretecoverzone.
Theendsofreinforcementformingalappedspliceshallbetiedtogetherinatleasttwoplaces.
TackweldingshallcomplywithClause29.1.6.
29.1.4
Bending
ReinforcementshallbecutandbenttocomplywiththedimensionshownontheDrawings.
Reinforcementshallnotbebentorstrainedinamannerthatshalldamageit.Wherebendingof
reinforcementisrequiredbytheDrawingsthediameterofsuchbendsandthemethodofbending
shallberestrictedtotherequirementsofAS3600andAS5100.5,whereappropriate.
DuctilityclassLreinforcementshallnotbeheatedorhotbent.
29.1.5
Splicing
WheresplicesinreinforcementarenotshownontheDrawingsandarerequiredbytheContractor,it
constitutesachangeindesigndetailsandalllocationsofsuchsplicesshallbesubmittedtoSAWater
Representativeforapproval.AllsplicesshallbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsofAS3600and
AS5100.5,whereappropriate.
29.1.6
Welding
Reinforcementshallnotbeweldedunless:
1.
IsrequiredbytheProject;
2.
IsapprovedinwritingbySAWaterRepresentative;or
3.
IsrequiredforcathodicprotectionasperClause29.1.8.3.
Whereweldingisapproved,allweldingshallbeundertakeninaccordancewithAS/NZS1554.3and
thisStandard.ThetermPrincipalinAS/NZS1554.3shallmeanSAWaterRepresentative.
Forallloadbearingweldsforliftingandtransportofprefabricatedreinforcement,theContractor
shalldesignandsubmittheweldingandhandlingdetails,takingintoaccountstaticanddynamic
loadingsandanystressreversalsthatmayoccurduringlifting,movingandtransport,toSAWater
Representative.
WiththeexceptionoffabricatingreinforcingmeshbyanAustralasianCertificationAuthorityfor
ReinforcingandStructuralSteelscertifiedfabricator,DuctilityclassLreinforcementshallnotbe
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weldedunlesstheContractorcandemonstratebywayoftestingthattheweldproceduredoesnot
resultinthelossofductility.
29.1.7
Surfaceconditionofreinforcement
Reinforcementshallbefreefromdamage,kinksandotherunwantedbendsanddeformations.
Thereinforcementshallalsobemaintainedfreefromsurfacecontamination,loosemillscale,loose
rust,mud,oil,greaseandothercoatingsthatwouldreducethebondbetweentheconcreteandthe
reinforcement.
Inaddition,thesurfaceconditionofsteelreinforcementshallcomplywiththefollowing
requirements:
1.
Anysteelreinforcementprojectingfromapreviousconcretingoperationshallbecleanedfree
ofadheringconcreteorslurrypriortoanyfurtherembedment;
2.
Anysteelreinforcementinstalledwithin1kmofthecoastlineshallbethoroughlywashedwith
ahighpressurepotablewaterjetimmediatelypriortopouringconcretetoremoveanysalts
depositedduringstorageandplacement;
3.
Steelreinforcementwhichhasbeenaccidentlysubmergedbytidalorfloodwatersshallbe
cleanedwithahighpressurepotablewaterjetassoonaspossibleafterrecovery,orinany
casepriortopouringconcrete;
4.
Withtheexceptionofcastinplaceconcreteelements,constructionorplacementofsteel
reinforcementintidalwaterorliquid,orsubmergedinstandingliquidshallnotbepermitted.
29.1.8
ProtectionofSteelReinforcement
29.1.8.1
Galvanising
WhererequiredbytheProject,steelreinforcementshallbehotdipgalvanisedtoatleastGrade
HDG600inaccordancewithAS/NZS4680.Thehotdipgalvanizedcoatingshallhaveaminimum
averageweightof600g/m2andaminimumaveragecoatingthicknessof85m.
Thegalvanisingofreinforcementshallbeundertakenafterallcutting,bendingandweldingof
reinforcementcagesiscomplete.Repairstocutendsandbeaksinthecoatingshallbeundertakenin
accordancewithAS/NZS4680.
Aftergalvanising,thereinforcementshallbepassivatedusinga0.2%sodiumdichromatesolutionby
thegalvaniser.
Theuseofgalvanisedreinforcementinconjunctionwithstainlesssteelreinforcementisprohibited.
29.1.8.2
EpoxyCoating
UnlessotherwisedesignatedintheContractandapprovedbytheSAWaterRepresentative,epoxy
coatedsteelreinforcementshallnotbeused.
29.1.8.3
CathodicProtection
Cathodicprotectionofreinforcedconcretemaybeafuturemaintenancerepairoptioninvery
aggressivechlorideexposureenvironments.Designstagedurabilityassessmentshalldeterminethe
needforcathodicprotectionrepairinstallationduringthedesignlife,plusanylikelyextendedservice
life,andconsequentreinforcementelectricalcontinuitydesignrequirementsforfuturecathodic
protection.TheContractorshallinstallallreinforcementcontinuitydetailsshownonthedrawings
includingweldingofreinforcement,additionalreinforcementandelectricalcontinuitytesting.
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29.2 StainlessSteelReinforcement
29.2.1
Materials
Wheretheuseofstainlesssteelreinforcementisspecified,stainlesssteelreinforcementshallcomply
withtherequirementsofBS6744orASTMA955M.
Thestainlesssteelreinforcementshallbedesignedbytakingintoaccountitsphysicalandmechanical
properties.
Thestainlesssteelreinforcementshallbemanufactured,processed,fabricatedandsuppliedonlyby
anAustralianStainlessSteelDevelopmentAssociationaccreditedsupplier.
TheContractorshallsupplytoSAWatersRepresentativecopiesofthemanufacturer'stest
certificatesidentifiablewiththereinforcementorprovidedocumentaryevidencethatallproducts
meettherequirementsofBS6744andthatthemanufacturerhasasysteminplacetopreventnon
conformingmaterialfrombeingsupplied.Wheresuchcertificatescannotbesupplied,theContractor
shallarrangetestingofreinforcementfortension,bendingandductilitytoBS6744.
29.2.2
Schedules
RefertoClause29.1.2.
29.2.3
Fixing
Stainlesssteelreinforcementshallbeadequatelytiedtogethersuchastoformarigidcage,which
preventsdisplacementofbarsormeshesandmaintainsdimensionaltolerancesunderallapplied
loadsappliedbeforeandduringtheconcreteplacement.TherequirementssetoutinBS79732shall
beregardedasaminimumforfixingthereinforcement.Allstainlesssteelreinforcementinposition
shallbeinspectedandapprovedbySAWatersRepresentativebeforetheconcreteplacement
commences.
Note:ResponsibilityforsecurelyfixingreinforcementrestswiththeContractor.
Tiewireusedtotiestainlesssteelshallbeofthesamegradewiththereinforcementandshallhavea
diameterofnotlessthan1.2mm.Plastictiesorclipsarenotpermitted.
TheuseofmetalchairsorspacersasperClause28otherthanthosemadestainlesssteelofsame
gradeisprohibited.
TheminimumclearcovertothetiewireshallbeequalledtothatofspecifiedinthisStandardorthat
ofdesignatedintheContractforthestainlesssteelreinforcementbeingtied,lessthediameterofthe
tiewire.Projectingendsoftiesshallnotencroachintotheconcretecover.
Theendsofstainlesssteelreinforcementsformingalappedspliceshallbetiedtogetherinatleast
twoplaces.
TackweldingshallcomplywithClause29.2.6.
29.2.4
Bending
Stainlesssteelreinforcementshallbecutandbenttocomplywiththedimensionshownonthe
DrawingswiththedimensionaltolerancecomplyingwithAS3600andAS5100.5,asappropriate.
Stainlesssteelreinforcementshallnotbebentorstrainedinamannerthatshalldamageit.Where
bendingandformingofstainlesssteelreinforcementisrequiredbytheDrawingsthediameterof
suchbendsandthemethodofbendingshallberestrictedtotherequirementsofBS8666.
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Hotbendingofstainlesssteelreinforcementshallbeinaccordancewithmethodsrecommendedby
themanufacturer.Pinsusedforbendingstainlesssteelshallbemadefromstainlesssteel.
29.2.5
Splicing
RefertoClause29.1.5.
29.2.6
Welding
Weldingofstainlesssteelreinforcementshallbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsof
AS/NZS1554.6andClause29.1.6ofthisStandard.
Inaddition,stainlesssteelreinforcementshallbeweldedonlyinaweldingworkshopspecificallyset
upforthepurpose.Suchfacilityshallmaintainconditionspreventinganycontaminationofthe
stainlesssteelandconsumablesusedintheproperperformanceoftheweldingofstainlesssteel.
Precautionsshallbetakentopreventtheformationofheattintatwelds.Whereheattintisformed
itshallberemovedbypicklingandpassivationinaccordancewithASTMA380totheapprovalofthe
SAWaterRepresentative.
29.2.7
Surfaceconditionofreinforcement
InadditiontotherequirementsinClause29.1.7ofthisStandard,stainlesssteelreinforcementshall
notbecontaminatedbycontactwithothersteel,grease,oilandiron.Grinding,weldingorcuttingof
othersteeloranyotherstructuralsteelshallnotoccurafteranystainlesssteelreinforcementhas
beenplaced.
Toolsforfabricating,lifting,fixingorbendingstainlesssteelreinforcementshallnothavebeenused
andshallnotbeusedforothermaterials.
29.3 PrestressingTendons
29.3.1
General
SteeltendonsshallbemultiplewirestressrelievedsteelstrandcomplyingwithAS/NZS4672.1.
WireorstrandorbarwhichhasbeenusedpreviouslyshallnotbeusedintheWorks.
AllprestressingmaterialinstalledintheWorksshallbecleanandfreefromlooserust,greaseand
millscaleatthetimeoffixinginpositionandsubsequentconcreting.Slightrustingofthesteelis
acceptablebutthesurfaceshallnotbepitted
Eachdeliveryofmaterialsshallbeaccompaniedbydocumentationshowingthelotnumbersfrom
whicheachcoilorbaristaken,togetherwithacertificate,fromalaboratorywithappropriateNATA
accreditation,whichindicatesconformancewiththerelevantstandard.
Inaddition,testingofwire,strandandbarshallbecarriedoutinaccordancewiththetesting
requirementsofAS/NZS4672.2.Thefrequencyoftestingshallbeatleastthreesamplesfromeach
15tonneofmaterialorpartthereof.Testingsamplesshallbefromthesamesource.
ThefollowinginformationshallbeobtainedduringtestingandsubmittedtotheSAWaters
RepresentativepriortouseintheWorks:
1.
Breakingforce;
2.
Yieldstrengthandelongation;
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3.
Loadstrainplot;
4.
Crosssectionalareaofstrand,wireorbar;
5.
100hourrelaxationlossat70%and80%ofmaximumbreakingload;
6.
Source(s)ofstrand,wireorbar.
Hightensilesteelwireandstrandshallbesuppliedincoilsconformingtotherequirementsof
AS/NZS4672.1.Prestressingsteelandcouplersshallbeprotectedfromdamageanddeterioration
atalltimes.Tendonsshallbestoredoffthegroundinsuitableweatherproofsheltersandshallnot
bekinkedorbent.
29.3.2
PrestressingAnchorages
Nodamagedanchoragedevicesshallbeused.Allpartsshallbeprotectedfromcorrosionatall
times.Allthreadedpartsshallbeprotectedbygreasedwrappingsandalltappedholesshallbe
protectedbysuitableplugsuntilused.Theanchoragecomponentsshallbekeptfreefrommortar,
looserustandanyotherdeleteriouscoating.
AnchoragesshallbeinaccordancewithAS/NZS1314.
Grippingefficiencyofthecombinedanchorageshallbemaintainedbyachievingtherequired
manufacturingtolerancesforeachcomponentasspecifiedinthemanufacturersrequirements.
Anchoragesshallbepositionedandmaintainedduringconcretingsothatthecentrelineoftheduct
shallpassaxiallythroughtheanchorageassemblyandshallbenormaltothebearingsurfaces.
Allbearingsurfacesoftheanchoragesshallbecleanpriortoconcretingandtensioning.
29.3.3
PrestressingSheathing
SheathingshallbeHDPEinaccordancewiththeDrawings,soconstructedthatingressofmortar
duringconcretingisprevented.
29.3.4
InspectionofConcreteinPrestressingElements
TheContractorshallgivetheSAWatersRepresentativeaminimumoffive(5)workingdaysnoticeof
theContractorintentiontoplaceconcrete.UnlessinspectioniswaivedbySAWaters
Representativeineachspecificcase,placingofconcreteshallbeperformedonlyinthepresenceof
theSAWatersRepresentative.Concreteshallnotbeplacedoutsidenormalworkinghourswithout
thepriorapprovaloftheSAWatersRepresentative.
29.4 FibreReinforcedPolymerReinforcement
29.4.1
Materials
Materialsforfibrereinforcedpolymer(FRP)reinforcementshallcomplyinallrespectswiththe
requirementsofACI440.6M.
Thethermosettingresinsystemshallbeavinylesterorepoxyresinbasedsystemwithaglassto
rubbertransitionTgpointorheatdistortiontemperature(HDT)notlessthan100C.HigherTg
valuesmightbespecifieddependingontheoperatingtemperaturerangeofthestructure.
29.4.2
Schedules
RefertoClause29.1.2.
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SAWaterTechnicalStandard
Fixing
TheContractorshalltieallintersectionsusingplasticcoatedornylonzipties,ornonrustingmaterial
instructedbytheManufacturerandasapprovedbySAWaterRepresentative.
TheContractorshallplaceandfixtheFRPreinforcementinaccordancewiththeManufacturers
instructions.
AllFRPreinforcementshallbesecuredtoandsupportedwithinformworkasrequiredtoprevent
displacementbyconcreteplacementorworkers.
AllFRPreinforcementshallbeaccuratelysupportedusingnoncorrosivechairsandspacersbefore
concreteplacementisstarted.TheuseofplasticchairsandspacersthatconformtoAS2425is
permitted.Inaddition,theContractorshallusechairsandspacersthatincorporateapositivelocking
mechanismtorestrainFRPreinforcementfromfloatingduringconcreteplacement.
TheContractorwillbeallowedtocuttheFRPreinforcementwithahighspeedgrindingcutter,fine
bladesaw,diamondbladeormasonrybladewiththepriorapprovalofSAWaterRepresentative.
ShearingFRPreinforcementwillnotbeallowed.
TheContractorshallplacetheFRPreinforcementwithinthetolerancesasspecifiedinACI117.
TheContractorshallremoveformoilfromFRPbarsusingamethodapprovedbytheManufacturer
beforeplacingconcrete.
29.4.4
HandlingandStorage
TheContractorshallload,haul,store,andhandletheFRPreinforcementsinaccordancewiththe
Manufacturersinstructiontopreventdamage.Specialcareisrequiredintheloading,hauling,
storageandhandlingofthereinforcementtopreventdamage.
Bundlingbandsshallbepaddedorsuitablebandingshallbeusedtopreventdamagetothe
reinforcement.
Ifthereinforcementsaretobestoredonsiteformorethan3months,thereinforcementsshallbe
coveredwithanopaquematerialtoavoidUVradiationandexposuretochemicalsubstances.
FRPreinforcementsareverylightandflexible;therefore,hoistingbundlesofFRPreinforcements
shallbeperformedwithastrongbackspreaderbarormultiplesupportstoavoidexcessivelybending
ofthereinforcements.TheFRPreinforcementshallnotbedroppedordragged.
29.4.5
Bending
FRPreinforcementshallbebenttothepropershapebythemanufacturerduringfabrication,
minimumbendradiishallconformtoTable10.1ofACI440.6M.Absolutelynofieldbendingofthe
barsispermitted.ShouldmodificationstotheFRPreinforcementberequired,theContractorshall
notifySAWaterRepresentative.
29.4.6
Splicing
LapslicesshallbeusedwhereverdetailedorspecifiedontheDrawingsandwherecontinuityis
requiredinthereinforcement.Theuseofmechanicalconnectionoradhesivebondedsplicesisnot
permitted.
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29.4.7
SAWaterTechnicalStandard
Surfaceconditionofreinforcement
Thesurfacefinishofthereinforcementshallbesanded(sandappliedduringmanufacture),sanded
braidedordeformed.PropertiesoftheproposedreinforcementshallbesubmittedtotheSAWater
Representativeforapprovalpriortouse.
Thesurfaceshallbecleananddry,freeofphysicaldamage,freeofcontaminantsandindicationsof
exposuretoUVlightduringstorage(e.g.chalking,crazing,etc.).
MaterialthathaschalkedorshowsotherdamageduetoUVexposureshallnotbeused.
30 DissimilarMetalsEmbeddedinConcrete
Contactbetweendifferenttypesorgradesofmetalembedmentsandreinforcementsshallnotbe
allowedunlesstheexpectedpotentialdifferenceissuchthatcorrosioneffectswillbenegligible.For
example,Grades304and316stainlesssteelcanbecoupledtocarbonsteelreinforcementprovided
thatallcomponentsarefullyembeddedintheconcrete.Ifthestainlesssteelelementisexposedat
theconcretesurface(e.g.asferrulesorholddownbolts)thetwometalsshallbeelectricallyisolated.
Wherepotentiallydeleteriouscontactbetweensuchdissimilarmetalsembeddedinconcreteis
unavoidable,thetwodifferentmetalsshallbeelectricallyisolatedtopreventgalvanicorbimetallic
corrosion.
ElectricalisolationmaybeeffectedbyutilisingPVCconduitsleeves,suitablesoftplasticwrappingor
tapesorbyotherapprovedmeans.
31 FibreReinforcedConcrete
31.1 SteelFibreReinforcedConcrete(SFRC)
31.1.1
General
ThisClauseshallapplywheresteelfibresareusedtoimprovetheperformanceandcapacityofa
concreteelement.TheContractorshallcomplywithClauses7and8ofthisStandardand
demonstratethatthedesignmeetstheintendedperformancerequirements.
StructuralapplicationsofsteelfibresarecurrentlyoutsidethescopeofthisStandard.Design
proceduresforsomesteelfibreshavebeenestablishedbythesteelfibremanufacturers/suppliers,
buttodate,noindependentgenericdesignruleshavebeendevelopedforcommonuseofthese
materials(i.e.nodesigninAustralianCodes/StandardsorRecommendedPractices).
Steelfibrerequirementsshallinclude:
1.
SteelfibresshallbecolddrawnwireinaccordancewithBSEN148891;
2.
Allfibresshallbecrimpedorotherwisedeformedtoprovideanendanchorage;
3.
Theminimumtensilestrengthofthewireshallbe1,050MPa;
4.
Theminimumlengthofthefibresshallbedeterminedfortheprojectwithparticular
considerationforsprayedapplication(e.g.consider50mmorlessnormallyand35/25or
2.5timeaggregatesizeforsprayedapplication);
5.
Thetypicalminimumaspectratio(length:diameter)shallbe65:1;
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6.
Thetypicalminimumdosageshallbe25kg/m;thedosageofsteelfibresshallbedetermined
bytrialmixes(referClause8.3)tomeettheperformancecriteriasetoutinthisStandard;
7.
Fibresshallbestoredindrysealedcontainersuntilrequiredforuseandshallbefreefrom
corrosion,oil,grease,chloridesanddeleteriousmaterialswhichmayreducethebondbetween
thefibresandtheconcrete;
8.
Fibreswhichtendtoformfibreballsduringbatchingandmixingshallnotbeusedandfibre
shakingtables/separatorscanbeimplementedtoavoidballingoffibrespriortobatch
addition;
9.
Visualinspectionofbatchmixesshallbeundertakentoensureballingdoesnotoccur;
10.
ApprovaltoAS/NZS4020productsforuseincontactwithdrinkingwaterplusacceptabletoSA
WatersRepresentativeinaccordancewiththeDepartmentofHealthrequirements;
11.
Useoffibresshallconsidertheimpactoffibrespartiallyexposedontheconcretesurfacethat
cangivecorrosionstaining,thefibre(orpart)becomingdislodgedfromtheconcreteduring
thedesignlifeandtheapplicationofanysurfacecoatingsontheconcretewithfibres
exposed);and
12.
Concretetrialcasting(referClause8.4.2)ofelementsshallbecompletedtoSAWaters
Representativerequirementswhereanyuncertaintyexistsonthelikelyconcreteperformance.
NOTE:ThereisnoAustralianStandardfordesigningsteelfibrereinforcedconcreteatthetimeof
publishingthisStandard.TheContractorisencouragedtodiscusswithSAWaterRepresentativeprior
toundertakingdesign.TheDraftforPublicCommentAustralianStandardforBridgeDesignPart5:
Concretedated2014(DRAS5100.5)hastheprovisionforSteelFibreReinforcedConcrete.Itis
intendedthatthisClauseofthisStandardwillberevisedupontheStandardispublishedinitsfinal
state.
Steelfibresshallnotberelieduponatconstructionsjoints.TheContractorshallprovidethe
constructionjointdetailstoSAWatersRepresentativedemonstratingthatthatthecontinuityofthe
loadtransferringandcarryingcapacityoftheconcreteelement.
31.1.2
SupplyandDelivery
Fibresshallbefreefromcorrosion,oil,grease,chloridesanddeleteriousmaterialswhichmayreduce
theefficiencyofmixingorplacementprocess,orwhichmayreducethebondbetweenthefibresand
theconcrete.
Somefibresmayhaveafilmthatprovideslimitedcorrosionprotectionbeforeplacinginconcrete
whileothersmayhavenoprotection(guidancefromCIAZ7/04).Duringstoragefibresareproneto
corrosionandunlikereinforcingbarevenasmallamountofcorrosioncanhaveasignificanteffecton
performance.Corrosionofthefibresmaynotbeimmediatelyapparent,particularlywherebagsare
dispenseddirectlyintotheconcretemixer.Hencepartofthequalityassuranceproceduresshouldbe
toopensufficientbagsoffibresandtocheckthatthebatchoffibrestobeusedarefreefrom
corrosion.
Fibresofthetypeandquantityspecifiedshallbeaddedinacontrolledprocessensuringthattheyare
disperseduniformlythroughtheconcretemix.Ifaddedafterthemainmixingprocess,theconcrete
shallberemixeduntilthefibreshavebeencompletelydispersedthroughoutthebatch.
Ballingofsteelfibresshallbeavoided.
Thesteelfibrereinforcedconcretemixshallremainworkableuntilitisfullyplaced.
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InadditiontotheinformationrequiredinClause9.2,fibretypeanddosageshallbeshownonthe
deliverydocket.
Determiningthesteelfibrecontent
Wheresteelfibreshavebeenspecifiedinaconcretemix,testingandreportingofhomogeneityof
thesteelfibresinthefreshconcreteshallbecarriedinaccordancewithBSEN14721MethodB.
1.
Thefirstbatchfor50mofSFRCintheWorksshallbetested,unlessotherwisedirectedbySA
WatersRepresentative;
2.
Onetestismadeupofthreesamples,oneineachthirdofthesameloadasfollows:
a.
atthebeginningoftheload(fromthefirstthirdofthemix),after0.5misunloaded;
b.
inthemiddleoftheload(fromthesecondthirdofthemix);and
c.
attheendoftheload(fromthelastthirdofthemix),withmin0.5mleftintruck;
3.
Allsamplesshallbetakendirectlyoutoftheconcretestreamattheendofthechute(not
outofawheelbarrow,becausethatgivessegregation);
4.
Eachsamplerequiresaminimumconcretevolumeof10litres;
5.
Theresultofatesttakenastheaverageof3samplesshallnotbelessthan90%ofthe
specifiedsteelfibrecontent;
6.
Theresultofasinglesampleshallnotbelessthan85%ofthespecifiedsteelfibrecontent;
7.
SAWatersRepresentativeshalldeterminetestrequirementsafterthefirst50mofSFRCin
theWorkstakingintoaccountthetrialmixtestingandfirstbatchtested.
31.2 SyntheticFibreReinforcedConcrete
ThisClauseshallapplywheresyntheticfibres,commonlytermedmonofilamentfibres,areusedto
improvetheperformanceandcapacityofaconcreteelement.Therearetwotypesofsyntheticfibre,
structuralsyntheticsormacrofibres,andmicrofibres(referCIAZ7/04):
1.
Structuralsyntheticsthatcanbesimilartothatofsteelfibreconcretehowever,allstructural
designmattersshallbeassessed.Typicalfibrelengthcanbe40+mm.Structuralapplicationsof
syntheticfibresarecurrentlyoutsidethescopeofthisStandard;
2.
Microsyntheticfibresareusedtoassistwithplasticcrackcontrolortoassistwithwater
blockageandexplosivespallingintheeventoffires.Typicalfibrelengthcanbe18+mm.The
useofsyntheticfibrestocontrolplasticshrinkagecracking,ortopreventexplosivespallingof
coverconcreteduringseverefires,isapotentialriskmitigationmeasurehowever,thedesign
isoutsidethescopeofthisStandard(theirefficacyintheseapplicationsiswelldocumented,
butisproprietaryinformation).Examplesforconsiderationareuseinwatertankfloorslabsfor
plasticcrackcontrolandwallsofwatertankwallsinbushfirerisklocations.
Syntheticfibrerequirementsshallinclude:
1.
100%virginpolypropylenemonofilamentfibrecontainingnoreprocessedmaterialsand
complywiththerequirementsofBSEN148892;
2.
Thetypicalminimumfibrecontentshallbe1.0kg/m;
3.
Onlythefibretype,coating,diameter,lengthanddosageshallbedeterminedtomeetthe
performancerequirementssetoutthisStandard;
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4.
ApprovedtoAS/NZ4020productsforuseincontactwithdrinkingwaterplusacceptabletoSA
WatersRepresentativeinaccordancewiththeDepartmentofHealthrequirements;
5.
Thefibretype,coating,diameter,lengthanddosageshallbedeterminedtomeetspecific
Worksperformancerequirements;and
6.
Useoffibresshallconsidertheimpactoffibrespartiallyexposedontheconcretesurface,the
fibre(orpart)becomingdislodgedfromtheconcreteduringthedesignlifeandtheapplication
ofanysurfacecoatingsontheconcretewithfibresexposed(e.g.anepoxyprotectivecoating
application).
TheContractorshallcomplywithClauses7and8ofthisStandardanddemonstratethatthedesign
meetstheintendedperformancerequirements.
NOTE:TheContractorisencouragedtodiscussuseofsyntheticfibresinreinforcedconcretewithSA
WaterRepresentativepriortoundertakingdesignwithsyntheticfibres.
Designproceduresforsomehighperformancesyntheticfibreshavebeenestablishedbythe
monofilamentfibremanufacturers/suppliers,buttodate,noindependentgenericdesignruleshave
beendevelopedforcommonuseofthesematerials(i.e.nodesigninCodes/Standardsor
RecommendedPractices).
TheContractorusingsyntheticfibresshouldfollowthemanufacturer/suppliersdesignguidelines,
andconfirmtheresultsbyspecialstudiesforthespecificWorks.
TheContractorshallberesponsibleforthesyntheticfibrescastintheconcrete,allconcrete
placementsandfinishingprocedurestoachieveconcreteinaccordancewiththisStandard.
Concretetrialsmixes(referClause8.3)andtrialcasting(referClause8.4.2)ofelementsshallbe
completedtoSAWatersRepresentativerequirementswhereanyuncertaintyexistsonthelikely
concreteperformance.
32 ContractorWorksMethodStatementforConcreteincluding
EarlyAgeThermalCrackAssessment
TheContractorshallissueaContractorWorksMethodStatementforConcretetoSAWaters
Representativeatleast20workingdayspriortocommencinganyconcreteworkscoveringall
concretesupply,testing,placementcompactionandcuringmattersinaccordancewiththisStandard
andtheDrawings,includingbutnotlimitedtothebelow:
1.
Premixsuppliername,location,plantsupplycapability,agitatorfleetcapacityincluding
breakdownimpact(referClause9.1);
2.
Concretemixdesignfrompremixsupplier(referClause8.2);
3.
Concretepoursizeandsequence(referClause10.1.6);
4.
Constructabilityapproachforslump,workability,settingtime,reinforcementcongestion,
reinforcementcoverspacers,etc.(referClauses7.1.1and7.1.2);
5.
Concreteplacementmethod(referClauses9,10,11and12,withpourstartandfinishtimes
(selectedtominimisetheriskofconcretecracks),placementmethod(e.g.pumporcrane),
compactionmethod,expectedfinishingtime,finishingmethod,etc.Methodtoinclude
equipmentandmanpowerplanningtoachieveacceptableconcretequality;
6.
Curingmethod(referClause13.1);
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7.
Precastconcreterequirements(referClause16)includingshopdrawings;and
8.
Qualitycontroltestingtobecompletedbefore,duringandafterconcreteplacement(refer
Clause22).
TheContractorshallobtainwrittenapprovalofSAWatersRepresentativeacceptanceofthe
ContractorWorksMethodStatementforConcrete,priortocommencinganyconcreteconstruction
works.
TheConcreteTrialMixReport(referClause8.3)andapprovedmixdesign(referClause8.4)shallbe
issuedtoSAWatersRepresentativeatleast10workingdayspriortocommencinganyconcrete
works.AnyamendmentstotheContractorWorksMethodStatementforConcretefromtheconcrete
trialmixresultsshallbeissuedinaRevision1withallchangesmarkedSAWatersRepresentative
review,atleast10workingdayspriortocommencinganyconcreteworks.
TheContractorshallcommissionaDurabilityConsultanttoassesstheconcreteearlyagethermal
crackriskassessmentforallconcreteelementsgreaterthan500mminminimumdimension,and
concreteelementswithhighrestraintincorporatingeachmixdesign.Theassessmentshallconsider:
1.
Cementcontentandtype;
2.
Concreteelementthickness,lengthandwidth;
3.
Elementtype(floor,wallroof);
4.
Elementrestraint;
5.
Concreteplacementtemperature;
6.
Concreteadiabatictemperaturepredictedfromthermalblocktestingwhenrelevantdatais
notavailable;
7.
Concretethermalexpansion/contractionstrainfromthermalblockdatawhenrelevantdatais
notavailable;
8.
Concreteshrinkagefromtrialmixdata;
9.
Reinforcementratios,diameterandspacing;
10.
Timeofwatercontactafterconcreteconstructionforliquidretainingorexcludingstructures;
11.
Environmentalconditionsattimeofconstruction;
12.
Formworktypeandstrippingtime;
13.
Temperatureofadjacentconcrete;and
14.
Allothermattersinfluencingconcretetemperatureandrestraint.
TheDurabilityConsultantshallproduceastatementofoutcomesfromtheassessmentand
recommendationsonitemstobeaddressed,ifany,thattheContractorshallsubmittoSAWaters
Representative.
TheContractorshallmakeanynecessarychangestomaterialsormethodologytocomplywiththe
assessmentandobtainwrittenapprovalfromSAWatersRepresentativepriortoproceedingwith
concreteworks.
TheaboverequirementsarenotapplicablewheretheContractorhascompletedadesignstage
concreteearlyagethermalcrackriskassessmentwithaDurabilityConsultantandthePrincipal,and
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approvedbySAWatersRepresentative.TheContractorshallprovideevidenceofsuchconcrete
earlyagethermalcrackriskassessmenttoSAWatersRepresentativeandapplyfortherequirement
tobewaived.
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