INTRODUCTION TO REAL ANALYSIS 1

INDIVIDUAL TASK
EXERCISES 3.6
PROPERLY DIVERGENT SEQUENCES

By:
Muhammad Nur Chalim
4101414101

MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES FACULTY
SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY
2016

EXERCISES 3.6
Problem
1. Show that if

( x n)

is an unbounded sequence, then there exists a properly divergent

subsequence.
2. Give an examples of properly divergent sequences
for all n N

( x n / y n ) is convergent

(b)

( x n / y n ) is properly divergent

lim

and

( yn )

with

yn 0

such that

(a)

3. Show that if

(x n)

x n> 0

for all

n N , then

lim ( x n ) =0

if and only if

( x1 )=+
n

4. Establish the proper divergence of the following sequences

(a) ( n)
(b)

n+1

(c)

( n1 )

(d)

( )
n
n+1

Solution
1. Show that if

( x n ) is an unbounded sequence, then there exists a properly divergent

subsequence.
Solution:
X
Given ( n ) is an unbounded
We will prove that there exists a properly divergent subsequence
Proof:
X
X
X
Since ( n ) is unbounded, then ( n ) is monotone and ( n )

is properly divergent

X
If ( n )

is increased monotone, then

( X n ) X n +1 , n
Since

lim ( X n )=+

, then

lim ( X n+1 ) =+ (Theorem)

X
X
Since ( n +1 ) is subsequence of ( n )
Thus, ( X n +1) is properly divergent subsequence.
X
If ( n )

is decreased monotone, then

( X n ) X n +1 , n
lim ( X n )=

and

therefore, according to the Theorem 3.6.4, then

Since

( X n +1 )

is subsequence of

lim ( X n+1 ) =

( X n ) , then

( X n +1 )

is properly divergent

subsequence
Thus, ( X n +1) is properly divergent subsequence.
2. Give examples of properly divergent sequences
nN
(a)

(b)

( x n ) and ( y n ) with y n 0 for all

such that:

xn
yn

is convergent

xn
yn

is properly divergent

( )
( )

Solution:
(a)

Xn
yn

( )

is convergent

( X n ) =n and ( y n ) =n2
Then,

Xn
n
1
= 2 =
yn
n
n

( )( )()

converges to 0 .

(b)

Xn
yn

( )

is properly divergent

( X n ) =n2 and ( y n ) =n
Then,

2
Xn
n
=
=( n ) is properly divergent.
yn
n

( )( )

3. Show that if

x
(
n)=0
n

N
for all
, then
lim

x n> 0

if and only if

lim

1
=+
xn

( )

Solution:
We will show that if

lim

x n> 0

for all

n N , then

x
( n)=0
lim

1
=+
xn

( )

Proof:
(i)

lim ( X n )=0
>0 k N

such that if n k , then

|X n0|<

>0 k N

such that if n k , then

Xn<

>0 k N

such that if n k , then

1 1 1
> >
Xn E E

R k N

lim

such that if n k , then

( X1 )=+
n

Thus,
(ii)

lim

lim ( X n )=0 lim

1
=+
Xn

( )

1
=+
Xn

( )

1
>
Xn

if and only if

 R k N

such that if n k , then

1
>
Xn

R k N

such that if n k , then

Xn>

Since

X n >0

1
>0
, then

, then

1
= >0, k N

>0, k N

such that if n k , then

Xn<

|X n0|<

such that if n k , then

lim ( X n )=0
Thus,

lim ( X n )=0 lim

( X1 )=+
n

Thus, it is proved that

lim ( X n )=0 lim

1
=+
Xn

( )

4. Establish the proper divergence of the following sequences.

(c) ( n )
(d)

( n+1 )

(e)

( n1 )

(f)

n
( n+1
)

Solution:
(a)

lim ( n )=+
Proof:
2
Take any R , then there exists k N , then k > k >

If n k , then
Therefore,

n k

X n = n k >

Thus, R k N
(b)

lim ( n+1 )=+

Proof:

such that if n k

then

Xn>

 n n+1 , n N and lim ( n )=+

Since

Thus, lim ( n+1 )=+

(c)

lim ( n1 ) =+
Proof:
2
Take any R , then there exists k N , k > +1 k1>

If n k , then

X n = n1 k 1>

Thus,
(g)

lim

( n+n 1 )=+

Proof:
(i)

n1 k1

X n X n+ 1=

n
n+1

n+1 n+2

n ( n+ 2 )n+1 ( n+1 )
n+1 n+ 2

n ( n+ 2 )= n2 ( n+2 )= n3 +2 n2

n+1 ( n+1 ) = ( n+1 ) ( n+1 )

2

n
( 2+2 n+1) ( n+1 )

n3 +2 n2+ n+n2 +2 n+1

n3 +2 n2
a) We obtain
Therefore :

n+1 ( n+1 ) >n ( n+2 )

X n X n+ 1<0 X n< X n+1 , n N

X =
From (i) and (ii), we can conclude that ( n ) n+1
then

lim ( X n )=lim

n
( n+1
)=+

is increased monotone,