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Hong Hao
Curtin University
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SUMMARY: Masonry walls are commonly used in both residential and office buildings as either
load-carrying structural components or partition walls. Failure of a load-carrying masonry wall to
terrorist bombing attack or accidental gas explosion could result in collapse of the structure. The
debris generated from the failed masonry wall will also impose great threats to the building occupants.
Therefore dynamic response and failure of masonry walls to blast loads must be evaluated for safety
assessment of building structures. In this study, a recently developed homogenised orthotropic
masonry material model with strain rate effect is used to model masonry material damage. The model
consists of a pressure-sensitive strength envelope, an equation of state and a double exponential
damage model. In addition, an innovative approach based on the combined facture mechanics and
continuum damage mechanics theory is used to estimate the masonry fragment size distributions.
The method estimates masonry wall fragmentation process in two steps to avoid eroding away the
masonry material. Numerical simulations of a 2.88 2.82 m masonry wall to blast loads generated
from TNT explosions of different weights and at different standoff distances are carried out. The
material strain rate effects on masonry wall dynamic responses are discussed. The numerically
predicted masonry fragment size distributions are also presented.
INTRODUCTION
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HOMOGENISED MASONRY
MATERIAL MODEL
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Table 1:
st0 (MPa)
sc0 (MPa)
sttt0 (MPa)
st0
sc0
Brick
0.12
2.60
41.28
1.00
0.00024
0.0050
Mortar
0.2
1.00
5.88
0.40
0.00045
0.00267
[C] [S]1
Ex
Q yx
Ey
1
Ey
Q zx
Ez
Q zy
Ez
1
Ez
1
2Gxy
Sym.
1
2Gyz
1
2Gzx
(1)
where [C] is the compliance matrix and [S] is
the stiffness matrix. The elastic moduli of the
equivalent material at strain rate H = 0.001 are
Ex = 3.67 GPa, Ey = 3.92 GPa, Ez = 3.47 GPa; shear
moduli Gxy=1.86GPa, Gyz = 1.58 GPa, Gxz = 1.50 GPa;
and Poissons ratio yx = 0.16, zx = 0.15, zy = 0.15,
where y is the horizontal out-of-plane direction, x is
the horizontal in-plane direction and z is the vertical
direction. These parameters under other strain rates
can be obtained by multiplying these values with
the respective DIF.
The DIF for the homogenised masonry material
properties were derived in the strain rate region
of 0.001-200 s1 (Wei & Hao, 2009). The strain rate
0.001s1 is taken as the reference static strain rate.
The static uniaxial compression strengths are:
xc=9.0MPa, yc = 12.0 MPa and zc = 8.5 MPa. The
uniaxial tensile strength of the homogenised masonry
is 10% of the corresponding compressive strength.
Australian Journal of Structural Engineering
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D i I 1 J 2 ci
(15)
2, 3
(16)
(17)
Fi
0 i
J2
1/ 3V zc), it has:
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DIF of V zc
2
1.1338 0.3417 log 10 H 0.6247 log 10 H H ! 3.55
(2)
DIF of V xc
2
1.1550 0.5325log 10 H 0.8340 log10 H H ! 4.26
(3)
DIF of V yc
2
1.2707 0.1343 log 10 H 0.6078 log 10 H H ! 0.96
(4)
DIF of V zt
2
1.0275 0.3751log 10 H 0.3872 log10 H H ! 1.21
(5)
DIF of V xt
2
1.2132 0.0796 log 10 H 0.5663 log 10 H H ! 1.27
(6)
DIF of V yt
2
1.2146 0.4304 log10 H 0.4574 log 10 H H ! 1.23
(7)
DIF of Ez
2
1.0266 0.2196 log 10 H 0.3854 log 10 H H ! 3.08
(8)
DIF of Ex
2
1.0447 0.0709log10 H 0.3339 log 10 H H ! 1.05
(9)
DIF of Ey
2
1.1078 0.0495 log 10 H 0.4099 log 10 H H ! 1.00
(10)
DIF of Gzx
2
1.1216 0.0336 log 10 H 0.1749 log10 H H ! 1.14
(11)
DIF of Gyz
2
1.1229 0.2152log 10 H 0.1222 log10 H H ! 1.10
(12)
DIF of Gxy
2
1.1885 0.0137 log 10 H 0.3087 log 10 H H ! 1.49
(13)
Figure 1:
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1/ 3(V zc V zt )
V zt V zc
D2
(18)
(D 2 1/ 3)V zt
c2
D3
c3
(22)
D 3 p2 b2
[E]De
H
wM
wF
[E]De
w ^V ` w ^V `T
wF
e
T [E]D
w ^V `
wM
w ^V `
(23)
(1 D)[E]0
(24)
(25)
MODELLING OF
FRAGMENTATION PROCESS
Fragmentation of brittle materials is caused by timedependent tensile fractures. When the applied load
exceeds the dynamic strength, pre-existing flaws
or induced damage begin to crack, and the crack
will propagate further under the dynamic loads.
Fragments form when the main cracks coalesce with
others. A crack growth variable tensor Ci is defined
to describe the anisotropic fracture state (Grady &
Kipp 1980):
Ci = NiAi
i = 1, 2, 3
(26)
N i (W )Ai (t W )dW
(27)
tcri
(28)
0.38 Ei / U
(29)
DIF of p2
2
1.0358 0.0203 log 10 H 0.1458 log 10 H H ! 2.91
(19)
DIF of b2
2
1.0591 0.1217 log10 H 0.1400 log 10 H H ! 1.25
(20)
DIF of p3
2
1.0790 0.2828 log 10 H 0.0556 log 10 H H ! 1.11
(21)
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D Hi H
Ni
i E
cr
(30)
D H i H cri
(31)
i2
g
Hi H
i
cr
(t W ) dW
Hi
(33)
t tcri
(t W )2 dW
(34)
tcri
(35)
Zi (r , t)dr
SD r 2
H i (W ) H cri
c ig
Zi ( r , t )
(36)
E
(37)
2 ccri ( t tcri )
1 Si
Zi ( , t)dSi
2
2
(38)
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(40)
F(Si )
(41)
wF(Si )
0, F(Si) reaches its maximum value.
wSi
This gives the most probable fragment size Sim as:
When
4c ig
E 2
(t if tcri )
(42)
(Sim )2
(43)
i 1 3
tcri
Ci (t)
SD Si2
H i (W if ) H cri
8c ig
F(Si )
H i (s)ds
(39)
(32)
tcri
1 Si i
Z( , t f )
2 2
F(Si )
Sim
2
43
NUMERICAL RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
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Figure 2:
Damage contours of the masonry wall to blast load of scaled distance 1.0 m/kg1/3
(a) no strain rate effect, and (b) with strain rate effect.
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(a)
Figure 3:
(b)
Displacement (a) and velocity (b) response time histories of the masonry
wall centre to blast load of scaled distance 1 m/kg1/3.
(a)
Figure 4:
(b)
Damage contours of the masonry wall to blast load of scaled distance 3 m/kg1/3
(a) no strain rate effect, and (b) with strain rate effect.
(a)
Figure 5:
(b)
Displacement (a) and velocity (b) response time histories of the masonry
wall centre to blast load of scaled distance 3 m/kg1/3.
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(a)
(b)
Figure 6:
Damage contours of the masonry wall to blast load of scaled distance 5 m/kg1/3
(a) no strain rate effect, and (b) with strain rate effect.
(a)
Figure 7:
(b)
Displacement (a) and velocity (b) response time histories of the masonry
wall centre to blast load of scaled distance 5 m/kg1/3.
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(a)
Figure 8:
(b)
Damage contours of the masonry wall to blast load of scaled distance 7 m/kg1/3
(a) no strain rate effect, and (b) with strain rate effect.
(a)
Figure 9:
(b)
Displacement (a) and velocity (b) response time histories of the masonry
wall centre to blast load of scaled distance 7 m/kg1/3.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Figure 10:
Fragment (cracks) distribution of the masonry wall under blast loads of different
scaled distances (explosive weight 1000 kg TNT equivalent) (a) 0.5 m/kg1/3,
(b) 1.0 m/kg1/3, (c) 1.5 m/kg1/3, (d) 2.0 m/kg1/3, (e) 2.5 m/kg1/3, (f) 3.0 m/kg1/3,
(g) 3.5 m/kg1/3, and (h) 4.0 m/kg1/3.
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1/k 1
1
xP
1 k(
)
V
V
1/k
x P
)
u exp 1 k (
V
(44)
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0.6
0.4
P
V
k
P=-0.001404+0.02724z
V=0.0003796+0.01015z
k=0.4209+0.9561z-1.84z 2+1.182z 3-0.3158z 4+0.02995z 5
PVk
Figure 11:
49
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Figure 12:
1/3
3.5
CONCLUSION
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REFERENCES
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HONG HAO
Hong Hao is Professor of Structural Dynamics and chair of structural
engineering discipline group at the University of Western Australia. He received
his BS degree from Tianjin University, China, and MSc and PhD degrees from
the University of California at Berkeley, USA, with a structural engineering
major, and mathematics and strong motion seismology minors. He worked
in Seismographic Station in UC Berkeley as a postdoctoral researcher, and in
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. His research interests are in the
areas of structural dynamics and its applications to earthquake engineering,
blast engineering and structural condition monitoring. He has published
intensively in these areas. His research publications have been included in
structural dynamics textbooks, in NATO safety principles for storage of military
ammunition and explosives, and are distributed as informal working papers in
the US DoD Explosive Safety Board and in NATO committee AC258. He serves
in the editorial board of four international journals, and has been members of
the scientific and advisory committee of many international conferences.
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