POWER FLOW ANALYSIS The system is assumed to be operating under balanced condition and is represented by a single-phase network The network contains hundreds of nodes and branches with impedances specified in per unit on a common MVA base power flow equation,nonlinear and must be solved by iterative techniques. Power flow studies, commonly referred to as load flow, are the backbone of power system analysis and design. They are necessary for planning, operation, economic scheduling and exchange of power between utilities power flow analysis is required for many other analyses such as transient stability and contingency studies.Shccessful power system operation under normal balanced three-phase steady-state conditions requires the following: 1. Generation supplies the demand (load) plus losses. 2. Bus voltage magnitudes remain close to rated values. 3. Generators operate within specified real and reactive power limits. 4, Transmission lines and transformers are not overloaded. The starting point for a power-flow problem is a single-line diagram of the power system, from which the input data for computer solutions can be obtained. Input data consist of bus data, transmission line data, and trans- former data.As shown in Figure 6.1, the following four variables are associated with each bus k; voltage magnitude V;, phase angle 6, net real power Px, and re- active power Q, supplied to the bus. At each bus, two of these variables ate specified as input data, and the other two are unknowns to be compete by the power-flow program. For convenience, the power delivered to bus & in Figure 6.1 is separated into generator and load terms. That is, To other buses _FIGURE 6.1 Bus variables Vi, dt, Pe, ‘and QeKLASIFIKASI BUS Empat besaran pada masing-masing bus : V, 6, P danQ “L Swing bus (or slack bus)—There is only one swing bus, which for convenience is numbered bus | in this text. The swing bus is a refer- ence bus for which Vj /6), typically 1.0/0° per unit, is input data. The power-flow program computes P, and Q). "2 Load bus—P, and Q, are input data. The power-flow program computes V; and 5;. Most buses in a typical power-flow program are load buses. “3. Voltage controlled bus —P; and Vj are input data. The power-flow program computes Q, and 6,. Examples are buses to which gen- erators, switched shunt capacitors, or static var systems are con- nected. Maximum and minimum var limits Qckmax and Qcimin that this equipment can supply are also input data. Another example is a bus to which a tap-changing transformer is connected; the power- flow program then computes the tap setting.POWER FLOW EQUATION Application of KCL to this bus results in T= y0Vi + yu(Vi- Vi) + yia(Vi — Va) to + yin (Vi = (vio + vin + yin t+ + yin) Vi - yaa — yaaa - or 7 5 h=Vi dow — Duss j#i joeThe real and reactive power at bus i is P+5Q:= Vit or fn a Substituting for Jin Ti = Vi Do yy — Dag Vj j#i_ yields j=0 j=l R-i% ye, 2 a, a eV ow - as j#i ' j=0 j=lGAUSS-SEIDEL POWER FLOW SOLUTION In the power flow study, it is necessary to solve the set of nonlinear equations represented by P- n n “Se lw - iy j#i ‘ =0 j=l for two unknown variables at each node. In the Gauss-Seidel method is solved for V;, and the iterative sequence becomes Pgch—jQuch (k) i + yiyV; viet) i jH#i Lyi current entering bus 4 was assumed positive. Thus, for buses where real and reactive powers are injected into the bus, such as generator buses, P*° and Q3c* have positive values. For load buses where real and reactive powers are flowing away from the bus, Ps and Qs" have negative values, If for P; and Q;, we have n n pet) = ave? Vv) Duy - YD jdi j=0 j=l +1 + r(k) 7 cane ¢ +) -S{V; vii Sy yij i A jHi j=0 j=lThe power flow equation is usually expressed in terms of the elements of the bus admittance matrix. Since the off-diagonal elements of the bus admittance matrix Yj, shown by uppercase letters, are Y; ij = —Yyij, and the diagonal elements are Ys = Do vig Pe—jQr + Dwyv yet) ee j#i : Lyi i : becomes Pgch_jQzeh : -_y(k) yee) ve") Lys Yo; i Vii n af Fone Fe RO VO Yat VV 5 #i j=l jxi n QP) = 91° WP Yat NYO G45 j=t SeteFor P-Q buses, the real and reactive powers P$°* and Q5¢" are known. Start- ing with an initial estimate, PLD REVO VOY + SKY 7 HA set is solved for the real and imaginary components of voltagey-)} 5 ye For the voltage-controlled buses (P-V buses) where = 3h and |V;| are specified, first is solved for Q{**”, and then is used in solve for vi"**). However, since |Vj| is specified, only the imaginary part of V;"* is re- tained, and its real part is selected in order to satisfy (eft)? + (f= MP of) = vim (A? where eft) and per) are the real and imaginary components of the voltage v;**) in the iterative sequence. The rate of convergence is increased by applying an acceleration factor to the approximate solution obtained from each iteration. Ve) — V4 a(V®, — Vi) 4 i i i where a is the acceleration factor. Its value depends upon the system. The range of 1.3 to 1.7 is found to be satisfactory for typical systems.The updated voltages immediately replace the previous values in the solution of the subsequent equations. The process is continued until changes in the real and imaginary components of bus voltages between successive iterations are within a specified accuracy, i.e., left? — P| <6 Uf — 1 jis given by Tj = Te + Tio = vis(Vi — Vj) + Yio Similarly, the line current J;; measured at bus j and defined Positive in the direction j > tis given by Tyi = —Ie + Tio = yis(Vj ~ Vi) + yjoV} The complex powers $j; from bus i to j and Sj; from bus j to i are Si = Vili Shi = Vili The power loss in line i — j is the algebraic sum of the power flows determined Siig = Sig + ShiExample Figure shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100-MVA base and the line charging sus- ceptances are neglected. 1 0.02 + 0.04 7 » 6 MW it i 110.2 0.01 + 70.03 0.0125 + 50.025 }—+> Mvar Slack Bus 3 Vy = 1.0520° 138.6 45.2 MW Mvar ‘One-line diagram (impedances in pu on 100-MVA base).(a) Using the Gauss-Seidel method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3 (P-Q buses) accurate to four decimal places. (b) Find the slack bus real and reactive power. (c) Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a power flow diagram show- ing the direction of line flow. (a) Line impedances are converted to admittances 1 : = gone j00a ~ 10-90 Similarly, y13 = 10 — 730 and y23 = 16 — 732. The admittances are marked on the network shown in Figure 1 2 ye yi2 — 320 256.6 oe MW 13 = 10 — 530 23 = 16 — 732 | -4-> 110.2 Mvar Slack Bus 3 V4 = 1.0520° | 138.6 45.2 MW Mvar One-line diagram (admittances in pu on 100-MVA base)At the P-Q buses, the complex loads expressed in per units are Sh = — 25884509) « ~2.566 — 71.102 pu Soh = _ (138.6 + 745.2) _ _ 5 agg 50.452 pu 100 Since the actual admittances are readily available in Figure, for hand calcu- lation, we use Beir k + yigV; vi on j#i Lyi : : Bus 1 is taken as reference bus (slack bus). Starting from an initial estimate of VA = 1.0 + 70.0 and V{° = 1.0 + 50.0, V5 and V3 arecomputed as follows Pych—jagen (0) ua + y12Vi + yo3V3 yi2 + yrs _ SRT? 4+ (10 — j20)(1.05 + 0) + (16 — 532)(1.0 + j0) (26 — 752) yt) i = = 0.9825 — 70.0310PEch_jQzch “To tsi + u2sVs") ‘ _ Ys + y23 =2S86490452 + (10 — 530)(1.05 + J0) + (16 — 732)(0.9825 — 70.0310) - (26 — 362) vi = = 1.0011 ~ 50.0353 For the second iteration we have yo SaeeGpesG + (10 — 720)(1.05 + 70) + (16 — 732)(1.0011 — 70.0353) (2) (26 — 552) = 0.9816 — 70.0520 and yO — Hoare poses + (10 — 730)(1.05 + 70) + (16 — 732)(0.9816 — 70.052) ces (26 — 762) = 1.0008 — 30.0459‘The process is continued and a solution is converged with an accuracy of 5 x 10-5 per unit in seven iterations as given below. Vs = 0.9808 — 0.0578 V{) = 1.0004 — j0.0488 vg = 0.9803 — 70.0594 Vvé = 1.0002 — 70.0497 VA = 0.9801 — 70.0598 vg = 1.0001 — 70.0499 - V£®) = 0.9801 — 0.0599 Vv = 1.0000 — 50.0500 v£” = 0.9800 — 0.0600 VA? = 1.0000 — 70.0500 The final solution is Ve = 0.9800 — j0.0600 = 0.981834—3.5035° pu V3 = 1.0000 — 70.0500 = 1.00125/—2.8624° pu(b) With the ee of all bus a the slack bus power is obtained Yow cw j#i — §Q1 = Vi [Va (ue + 913) — (y12V2 + yi3V3)) = 1.05[1.05(20 — 350) — (10 — j20)(0.98 — 3.06) — (10 — 730)(1.0 — j0.05)] = 4.095 — 71.890 or the slack bus real and reactive powers are P, = 4.095 pu = 409.5 MW Qi = 1.890 pu = 189 Mvar. (c) To find the line flows, first the line currents are computed. With line charging capacitors neglected, the line currents are Tha = yr2(Vi — Va) = (10 — 520){(1.05 + j0) — (0.98 — 30.06)] = 1.9 - 0.8 Tq = —Ng = -1.9 + 50.8Tis = yis(Vi — Va) = (10 — 530)[(1.05 + 70) ~ (1.0 — 70.05)] = 2.0 — 71.0 Ig, = —hg = -2.0+ j1.0 Txs = yo3(Vo — Va) = (16 — 532){(0.98 — 70.06) — (1 — j0.05)] = -.64 + 5.48 Tyg = —Ing = 0.64 — 0.48 The line flows are Si2 = Vilfg = (1.05 + 70.0)(1.9 + 70.8) = 1.995 + 70.84 pu = 199.5 MW-+ 384.0 Mvar Soi = Valid, = (0.98 — 50.06)(—1.9 — 50.8) = —1.91 — 70.67 pu = —191.0 MW — j67.0 Mvar (1.05 + 70.0)(2.0 + 71.0) = 2.1+ 1.05 pu = 210.0 MW + 7105.0 Mvar Sai = Val, = (1.0 — j0.05)(—2.0 — 71.0) = -2.05 - 70.90 pu = —205.0 MW — j90.0 Mvar S23 = Vals = (0.98 — 70.06)(—0.656 + 70.48) = -0.656 — 70.432 pu = —65.6 MW — j43.2 Mvar S3q = Val = (1.0 ~ j0.05)(0.64 + j0.48) = 0.664 + 70.448 pu = 66.4 MW + j44.8 Mvar Sis = Vilisand the line losses are S112 = Si2 + Soi = 8.5 MW + 17.0 Mvar Siz = Si3 + S31 = 5.0 MW+ 515.0 Mvar S123 = So3 + S32 = 0.8 MW + 71.60 Mvar The power flow diagram is shown, where real power direction is indicated by — and the reactive power direction is indicated by H. The values within parentheses are the real and reactive losses in the line. 1 199.5 19 2 409.5 (8.5) late (17.0) a 138.6 45.2 Power flow diagram (powers in MW and Mar).Example Figure shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with generators at buses 1 and 3, The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base, and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by the Gauss-Seidel method including line flows and line losses. : 0.02 + 70.04 i 400 Of ‘s F 250 0.01 + 30.03 0.0125 + 50.025 a Slack Bus 3 i V, = 1.0520° { 200 Vg |= 1.04 MW One-line diagram (impedances in pu on 100-MVA base).Line impedances converted to admittances are y;2 = 10-320, y13 = 10—330 and y23 = 16 — 732. The load and generation expressed in per units are 008 280) Sieh = =H 40- 72.5 pu 200 ech _ 200 _ 4 > eo Bus 1 is taken as the reference bus (slack bus). Starting from an initial estimate of Vg = 1.0 + 70.0 and VA = 1.04 + 50.0, Vo and Vg are computed Ppsch_. sQsch ke V; = j#i Lyi i : ioe ape + yi + wraV9” ‘i yi2 + y23 __ =EoEG5 + (10 — 720)(1.05 + 70) + (16 — 782)(1.04 + 50) . (26 — 752) v= = 0.97462 — j0.042307Bus 3 is a regulated bus where voltage magnitude and real power are specified. For the voltage-controlled bus, first the reactive power is computed from a ONY = —SIVEO WO Va + SOVGVMD 7H: i ia QL? = 919 (VY Ons + y2s) — 11sVi — wes V9"]} = —S{ (1.04 — 50)|(1.04 + j0)(26 — 562) — (10 — 530)(1.05 + j0) - (16 — j32)(0.97462 — j0.042307)]} = 1.16 The value of Q{" is used as Q§-* for the computation of voltage at bus 3. The complex voltage at bus 3, denoted by V,.), is calculated Pgeh_jQach a) AT + sv + yoaVe — 2 = vis + y23 20-12-16 + (10 — j30)(1.05 + j0) + (16 — 432)(0.97462 — 0.042307) (26 — 762) = 1.03783 — j0.005170Since |Va| is held constant at 1.04 pu, only the imaginary part of vg ) is retained, ie, ff") = —0.005170, and its real part is obtained from ef = \/(1.04)? = (0.005170)? = 1.039987 Vg) = 1.039987 ~ 70.005170 For the second iteration, we have Pgh eh ee + 12Vi + yos Vi ya + 23 arabes pasar + (10 — 520)(1.05) + (16 — 732)(1.039987 + 70.005170) - (26 — 752) uP = = 0.971057 — j0.043432QP = -94V3° IVP (vis + yas) — naVi — yoaV2]} = ~S{(1.039987 + 0.005170) [(1.039987 — j0.005170)(26 — 762) — (10 — 730)(1.05 + 70) — (16 — j32)(0.971057 — 70.043432)}} = 1.38796 — e ae + 43Vi + yosVs Vee vis + y23 . Tasueetesoooer7 + (10 — 730)(1.05) + (16 — j32)(.971057 — 7.043432) (26 — 362) = 1.03908 — 0.00730 Since |Va| is held constant at 1.04 pu, only the imaginary part of V,{) is retained, ?) — 0.00730, and its real part is obtained from ef) = \/(1.04)? — (0.00730)? = 1.039974 ie, or V4?) = 1.039974 — j0.00730The process is continued and a solution is converged with an accuracy of 5 x 10-5 pu in seven iterations as given below. vg = 0.97073 — 0.04479 vg = 0.97065 — 0.04533 vg = 0.97062 — j0.04555 vg® = 0.97061 — 70.04565 vg” = 0.97061 — 0.04569 The final solution is V2 = 0.971682—2.6948° S3 = 2.0+ 71.4617 pu V3 = 1.042—.498° pu Q® = 1.42904 Qh = 1.44833 Q® = 1.45621 Q® = 1.45947 QS? = 1.46082 pu Sy = 2.1842 + 71.4085 pu V{° = 1.03996 — 30.00833 vg) = 1.03996 — 0.00873 VQ = 1.03996 — 0.00893 v4® = 1.03996 — 0.00900 VA? = 1.03996 — j0.00903Line flows and line losses are computed, and the results ex- pressed in MW and Mvar are Si2 = 179.36 + 7118.734 Sp) = —170.97 — j101.947 Sz 12 = 8.39 + 716.79 Siz = 39.06 + j22.118 $3, = —38.88 — 7 21.569 Szp13 = 0.18 + 50.548 Seg = —229.03 — 7148.05 S32 = 238.88 + j167.746 Sz,23 = 9.85 + 719.69 ns! 179.362 (8.393) 170.968 28.03 16.787 —— 118.734 oo 101.947 | 400 S 39.061 (499) 38.878 238,878 (g g47) 229.092 140.852 [7 (58) == (19.693) | 250 22.118 21.569 167.746 148.053, 3 ia 200\_) 146.177 Power flow diagram (powers in MW and Mvar).