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S.Y.B.Sc. Mathematics (Sem II)
MTH 221 . Functions of a Complex Variable.
Authors ;
Prof. M.D.Suryawanshi (Co-ordinator)
Head, Department of Mathematics,
S.S.V.P.S.s L.K.Dr.P.R.Ghogrey Science College , Dhule .
Prof. U.S.Shirole
Department of Mathematics,
S.S.V.P.S.s L.K.Dr.P.R.Ghogrey Science College , Dhule.
Prof. A.G.Patil
Kisan Mahavidyalaya, Parola, Dist.- Jalgaon.
Prof. J.G.Patil
S.S.V.P.S.s Arts , Commerce and Science College, Sindkheda
Dist. Dhule.
Unit 1 :
Functions of a Complex Variable.
I)
Questions of Two marks :
1) The lim [3 x + i( 2 x 4 y )] is - - - - - z 2 + 3i
z
2) Does lim
exist
z
z 0
3) What are the points of discontinuties of f(z) =
2z 3
z 2z + 2
where z = x+iy.
2
3) If f(z) = u iv is analytic in the z-plane , then the C-R equations satisfied by its real and
imaginary parts are ,
(i) u x = u y ; u y = v x
(ii) u x = v y ,u y = v x
7) An analytic function with constant modulus is
(a) Constant , (b) not constant , (c) analytic , (d) None of these.
8) A Milne Thomson method is used to construct
a) analytic function , b) Continuous function
c) differentiable function, d) None of these.
III) Questions for Four marks ;
1) Define he continuity of f(z) at z = z 0 and examine for continuity at z=0 the function
x 4 y( iy x )
;z 0
f(z) =
( x 8 + y 2 )z
1) Define limit of a function f(Z).
z3 + 8
Evaluate ; lim 4
z + 4 z 2 + 16
2i
z
3
2) Prove that a differentiable function is always continuous . Is the converse true ? Justify by an
example.
3) Use the definition of limit to prove that, lim [x + i( 2 x + y )] = 1 + i
z1 i
5) Show that if lim f(z) exists, it is unique
z z0
z
does not exist
z
x 3 y( y ix )
does not exist , where z 0
( x 6 + y 2 ).z
z 0
z5 i
5) Evaluate : lim
z+i
z i
z4 + 4
lim
6) 9) Evaluate :
z 1 i
z1+ i
z4 + 4
10) Examine for continuity the function , f(z) =
at z 2i
z 2i
4) Prove that lim
= 3+4i ; z=2i, at z = 2i
3z 2 z + 8 z 2 z + 5
when z i and f(i) = 2+3i , examine f(z) for continuity
z i
4
11)If f(z) =
At z =i..
12)Show that the function f(z) = z is continuous everywhere but not differentiable .
13) Define an analytic function . Give two examples of an analytic function.
2
14) Show that f(z) = z is not analytic at any point in the z-plane .
2
15) State and prove the necessary condition for the f(z) to be analytic . Are these conditions
sufficient ?
16) State and prove the sufficient conditions for the function f(z) to be analytic.
17) Prove that a necessary condition for a complex function w = f(z) = u(x,y)+iv(x,y) to be analytic
at a point z =x+iy of its domain D is that at (x,y) the first order partial derivatives of u and v with
respect to x and y exist and satisfy the Cauchy Riemann equations : u x = v y and u y = v x .
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
Prove that for the function F(z) = U(x,y) + V(x, y), if the four partial derivatives Ux, Uy, Vxand
Vy exist and are continuous at a point z = x + iy in the domain D and that they satisfy CauchyRiemann equartions: Ux = Vy; Uy = -Vx at (x, y), then F(z) is analytic at the point z = x + iy.
Show that the function defined by F(z) = xy , when z 0 and F(0) = 0, is not analytic at
z = 0 even though the C-R equations are satisfied at z = 0.
Define F(z) = z5 I z I-4 ; if z 0
= 0 ; if z = 0.
Show that F(z) is not analytic at the origin even though it satisfies C-R equations at the origin.
x 3 (1 + i ) ) y 3 (1 i )
Show that the function F(z) =
when z 0 and F(0) = 0 is continuous at
x2 + y2
z = 0 and C-R equations are satisfied at the origin.
_____
If F(z) and F ( z ) are analytic functions of z, show that F(z) is a constant function.
If F(z) is an analytic function with constant modulus, then prove that F(z) is a constant
function.
2
2
2
Show that
+
=
4
.
x 2
y 2
z z
z
2
2
+
F (z)
x 2
y 2
(ii)
UNIT
: 2
= 4 F ( z )
2
2
+
[RF ( z ) ]2 = 2 F ( z )
2
2
x
y
1)
2)
3)
True or False:
___
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
Evaluate
1
dz where C is circle z a = 2.
za
15)
3+ i
Evaluate
1)
2)
3)
(a) e
5)
4)
z e2z dz will be
(b) 1 / 4 (e2 +1)
The value of the integral of 1 / z along a semicircular arc from -1 to 1 in the clockwise direction
will be .
(a) zero
(b) i
(c) i
(d) None of these
Questions of THREE marks
4
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
If F(z) = u + iv is an analytic function then show that u and v both satisfy Laplaces
differential equation.
___
6)
7)
Find an analytic function F(z) = u + iv where the real part is e-2xsin (x2 y2).
8)
9)
f( / 2) = 0.
Show that the function F(z) = e-ysinx is harmonic and find its harmonic conjugate.
cos x + sin x e y
, find F(z) if
2 cos x e y e y
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
y
, then show that u and v satisfy Laplace equation but u + iv is
x + y2
not an analytic function of z.
Show that if the harmonic functions u and v satisfy C.R. equations, then u + iv is an analytic
function.
If u = x2 - y2 and v =
16)
18)
19)
Evaluate
z dz where C is the arc of the parabola y2 = 4ax (a >0) in the first quadrant from
Evaluate
20)
Evaluate
21)
Show that the integral of 1 / z along a semicircular are from -1 to 1 has the value i
according as the arc lies below or above the real axis.
5
or i
Show that if F(z) is an analytic function in a region bounded by two simple closed curves C1
22)
F(z) dz =
C1
F(z) dz .
C2
23)
State Cauchys theorem for integrals and verify it for F(z) = z + 1 rounder the contour z = 1.
24)
25)
dz
where C is the circle with centre at origin and radius a.
Evaluate
z
C
26)
Verify Cauchy-Goursat Theorem for F(z) =z + 2 taken round the unit circle z = 1.
27)
28)
Verify Cauchys Theorem for F(z) = z around a closed curve C. where c is the rectangle
bounded by the lines : x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y= 1,
z = 1.
29)
cos
sin( + sin )d = 0
(ii)
cos
cos( + sin )d = 0 .
UNIT
: 3
1)
2)
3)
4)
Evaluate
z =2
z+2
dz where C is the circle z = 1.
z
2z
e
dz.
( z 1) 3
5)
ze z
dz where C is the circle z 1 = 2.
Evaluate
3
C ( z 1)
6)
ez
dz where C is the circle z 2 = 2.
z2
3z 1
dz where C is the circle z = 4.
( z 2 z 3)
7)
9)
z+3
dz where C is the circle z = 1 / 2. Use Cauchys integral formula.
2
C z =1
Define apower series.
10)
11)
12)
8)
Evaluate
1
for z < 2.
z2
1
valid for z < 2.
z2
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
1)
A power series R =
a ( z a)
n=0
(a) z a <R
converges if
( b) z a >R
(c) z a =R
2)
3)
4)
(a) z <1
5)
1
for its Taylors series expansion about z = 0 is
1+ z
( b) z > 1
(c) z = 1
(d) None of these
1
is valid for
z2
( b) z <2
(c) z > 3
(d) None of these
The expansion of
(a) z <1
1)
sin z
, then z = 0 is its .
z
(a) Removable singularity
( b) Isolated singularity
(c) Essential singularity
(d) None of these
1
Z = 1 is a .. of F(z) =
.
z ( z 1) 2
(a) zero
( b) simple pole
(c) double pole
(d) None of these
1+ z
at a pole of order 2 is
The residue of F(z) = 2
z 2z 4
(a) 1
( b) - 1
(c) 2
(d) None of these
1
The singular points of F(z) =
are..
z ( z 1) 2
(a) 0 , 1, -1
( b) 0 , 1, 1
(c) 1, -1
(d) None of these
III Questions of FOUR marks
State and prove Cauchys integral formula for F(a).
2)
6)
7)
8)
9)
If F(z) =
z+3
dz , where C is
2
+1
i) the circle z =2
ii) the circle z = .
7
4)
5)
6)
7)
sin z 2 + cos z 2
z 2 3z + 2 where C is the circle z =3
C
z +1
dz, where C is the boundary of a square
Use Cauchys integral formula to evaluate 3
2
z
2
z
C
with vertices 1 + i, -1 + i , -1 - i and 1 i traversed counter clock wise.
e2z
State Cauchys integral formula for Fn(a) and use it to evaluate
dz.
4
z = 2 ( z 1)
Evaluate
ez
z dz. And hence deduce
z =2
Evaluate
2
i)
cos
e cos(sin )d = 2 and
ii)
cos
sin(sin )d = 0
8)
State Taylors series for F(z) about z = a and find the Taylors series expansion of F(z) = sinz in
powers of z.
9)
10)
11)
sin z
dz.Expand in Taylors series
2
z 1 = 2 ( z 1)
Evaluate
1
for z < 2.
z2
1
and g(z) = coshz.
1 z
1 2)
Expand in Taylors series about z = 0 the following functions: (i) sin z ,(ii) sinh z , (iii) cos z.
13)
Expand F(x) = ez in Taylors series expansion about z = 0. State the region of its validity.
14)
15)
).
Show that
z3 z5 z7
+
+ ............; z < 1.
3
5
7
Expand in Taylors series:
1
F(z) =
for z <1.
( z 1)( z 2)
1
for z <2 in Taylors series.
Expand F(z) =
z2
1
in Laurents series valid for z <2.
Expand F(z) =
z2
tan 1 z = z
16)
17)
18)
19)
Expand F(z) =
(i) z <1
20)
Expand
z2 4
in powers of z for
( z 2 + 5 z + 4)
z 2 2z + 5
on the annulus 1 < z < 2.
( z 2)( z 2 + 1)
21)
1
z n 1
=
where 0 < z <4.
4 z z 2 n =o 4 n +1
Prove that
z .( z 1)
residues.
ez
2) Find the sum of residues at poles of f(z) = 2
z + a2
z2
at its poles.
3) Find the residues of f(z) =
(z 1)(z 2)(z 3)
(z
1
2
+1
at z = i.
z 2 + 2z + 3
( z i ) 2 .(z + 4)
(z
ii)
3
1
dz , where C is the circle Z =
2
2
+ 1 )( z + 4 )
dz
, Where C is the circle z = 2 .
.( z + 4 )
ze z
dz .
iii)
3
z 1 = 2 ( z 1 )
iv)
(z
dz
, Where C is the circle z i = 2 .
+ 4 )2
8ie 2
e2z
, where C is the circle z = 3.
dz =
4
3
C ( z + 1)
7) Show that
z2 1
in the regions:
8) Expand f(z) =
( z + 2 )( z + 3 )
i) z 2
30) Expand :
ii)2 z 3
, iii) z 3
1
for
z 3z + 2
2
3z 2 + 2
(z 1) z 2 + 9
ez
z ( z 1)
3z 2 + 2
(z 1) z 2 + 9
ez
z ( z 1)
1
z (z + 4)
z 2 2z
( z + 1 )2 ( z 2 + 4 )
1
( 3z + 1 )( z + 3 )
z = 1.
1
lies in the upper half of the z- plane.
z +1
1
which lie in the lower half of the complex
( z + a )( z 2 + b 2 )
2
plane.
z2
and Classify them.
9) Find all zeros and poles of f(z) =
( z 2 + 1 )( z 2 + 4 )
10) Find all zeros and poles of
cos x
x2 +1
x 3 . sin x
( x 2 + a 2 )( x 2 + b 2 )
III)
5z 2
10
3)Evaluate:
i) the circle z 2 = 2 ,
z =4
ez
z (z 1)
z 2 2z
dz by Cauchys Residue Theorem , where Cis the
( z + 1 )2 ( z 2 + 4 )
5) Evaluate :
dz
z = 2 z .( z + 4 )
5 + 3 cos
0
5 + 3 sin
8) Evaluate :
9) Evaluate :
(cos + 2 )
2 d
4 + sin
dx
+1
13) Evaluate :
x2 x + 2
dx
2
4
x + 10 x + 9
dx
; where a 0,b 0
( x + a )( x 2 + b 2 )
2
x2
dx
( x 2 + 1 )( x 2 + 4 )
15) Evaluate :
cos x
dx by using Contour integration.
2
+1
11
x 3 . sin x
dx where a 0 ,b 0 .
( x 2 + a 2 )( x 2 + b 2 )
ez
2 dz
z =1 z
5 + 4 sin
0
3 + 2 cos
0
20) Evaluate
3 + 2 cos + sin
0
cos
5 + 4 cos d
21) Evaluate :
22) Evaluate :
dx
+ 13x 2 + 36
23) Evaluate ,
dx
+ x +1
24) Evaluate :
(x
dx
+ 1 )2
25) Evaluate ;
(x
0
dx
6 x 2 + 25 )
26) Evaluate :
cos x
dx
2
+4
27) Evaluate :
x sin x
dx
2
+ a2
1 + sin
d
29) Show that
=
0 a + b cos
a + b sin
0
12
= 2
a2 b2
cos mx
dx = e ma , m 0 and a 0
2
2
2a
+a
x
0
where a 0,b 0
I)
x. sin ax
dx = e a sin a; a 0
2
2
x + 4
ez
are .- - - - z2 + a2
(z
1
2
+1
are
ez
is
3) The sum of the residues at poles of f(z) = 2
z + a2
a)
1
1
3
sin a , b) , c) , d) None of these.
2
2
a
(z
1
2
+1
is ------
1+ z
at z = 0 is
z 2z 4
2
a) 1 , b) 0 , c ) -1 , d ) None of these.
6) The sum of residues at its poles of f(z) =
1
is -- - - - 2
z ( z 1)
a) 1 , b) 0 , c ) -1 , d ) None of these.
z2 4
are
7) The simple poles of f(z) = 2
z + 5z + 4
a) 1,4 b)-1,4
c) -1,-4
d) None of these.
z2 + 3
, the pole z=0 has order - - - - - z 2 .(z 2 + 4)
13