CONTROL

ENGINEERING

CONTROL ENGINEERING

Dr.N.V.Raghavendra
Professor & Head
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore

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Control Engineering
Syllabus
Sub Code
Hrs / Week
SEE Hrs : 3 Hrs

: ME0457
: 05

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

CIE
:
SEE
:
Max. Marks:

50 %
50 %
100

Course Prerequisites: None

Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
1. Translate various control systems into mathematical models and identify
the similarities.
2. Analyze the transient and steady state response of mechanical control
systems.
3. Compute transfer function of control systems using Block-diagram
reduction technique and Masons gain formula.
4. Appraise the stability of the control systems using graphical methods and
recommend improvements.
5. Demonstrate self learning capabilities.
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Control Engineering
Syllabus

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Unit 1:
Introduction: Concept of automatic controls, open and closed loop systems,
requirements of an ideal control system.
Mathematical Models: Models of Mechanical systems, Thermal systems,
Hydraulic systems and Electrical circuits.
Analogous systems: Force voltage, Force current. Models of DC (armature
controlled and field controlled) and AC motors on load.
SLE: Modelling of Gear train.
08 Hrs
Unit 2:
Transient and Steady State Response Analysis: Introduction, first order and
second order system response to step input, Concepts of time constant,
Accuracy, Error and its importance in speed of response. Characteristics of
under damped systems.
Types of controllers: Proportional, Integral, Differential, Proportional Integral,
Proportional Differential, Proportional Integral Differential controllers.
SLE: Study of various controllers in automated machines.
08 Hrs

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Control Engineering
Syllabus

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Unit 3:
Block Diagrams and Signal Flow Graphs: Transfer Functions definition,
block-diagram representation of system elements, and reduction of block
diagrams.
Signal flow graphs: Masons gain formula.
SLE: Transfer function of Multiple Input Multiple Output control systems.
08 Hrs
Unit 4:
Mathematical Concept of Stability: Rouths-Hurwitz Criterion.
Frequency Response Analysis: Polar plots, Nyquist Stability Criterion,
Stability Analysis, Relative stability concepts, concept of M and N circles.
SLE: Study of various ways of improving phase margin and gain margin.
10 Hrs

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Control Engineering
Syllabus

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Unit 5:
Root locus plots: Definition of root loci, general rules for constructing root
loci, Analysis using root locus plots for open loop transfer functions.
Applications of Root Locus Plot.
SLE: Importance of poles and zeroes for stability.
08 Hrs
Unit 6
Stability Analysis: Bode plots, Relative stability concepts, phase and gain
margin.
System Compensation and State Variables: Series and feedback
compensation, Introduction to state concepts, state equation of linear
continuous data system. Matrix representation of state equations,
Controllability and Observability, Kalman and Gilberts test.
SLE:State equation, and controllability and observability of spring mass
damper system
10 Hrs

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Control Engineering
Syllabus

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Text Book:
1. Automatic Control Systems by Farid Golnaraghi, Benjamin C. Kuo, John
Wiley & Sons, 2010.

Reference Books:
1. Feedback Control Systems: Schaums series 2001.
2. Control Systems Principles and Design: M. Gopal, TMH, 2000
3. Introduction to Automatic Controls, Howard L Harrison, John G Bollinger,
Second Edition July 1970.
CIE Assessment:
Written Tests (Test, Mid Semester Exam & Make Up Test) are Evaluated
for 25 Marks each.
Best of two of these tests will be considered for CIE.

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What is a control system?

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Generally speaking, a control system is a

system that is used to realize a desired
output or objective.

Control systems are everywhere

They appear in our homes, in cars, in industry, in

scientific labs, and in hospital
Principles of control have an impact on diverse fields as
engineering, aeronautics ,economics, biology and
medicine
Wide applicability of control has many advantages (e.g.,
it is a good vehicle for technology transfer)

Slides courtesy: Prof. Bin Jiang & Dr. Ruiyun QI

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A brief history of control

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Two of the earliest examples

Water clock (270 BC)
Self-leveling wine vessel (100BC)

The idea is still

used today, i.e.
flush toilet

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A brief history of control

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Fly-ball governor (James Watt,1769)

the first modern controller

regulated speed of steam engine
reduced effects of variances in load
propelled Industrial Revolution
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A brief history of control

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Birth of mathematical control theory

G. B. Airy (1840)
the first one to discuss instability in a feedback control
system
the first to analyze such a system using differential
equations
J. C. Maxwell (1868)
the first systematic study of the stability of feedback
control
E. J. Routh (1877)
deriving stability criterion for linear systems
A. M. Lyapunov (1892)
deriving stability criterion that can be applied to both
linear and nonlinear differential equations
results not introduced in control literature until about
1958

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A brief history of control

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Birth of classical control design method

H. Nyquist (1932)

developed a relatively simple procedure to determine

stability from a graphical plot of the loop-frequency
response.

H. W. Bode (1945)

frequency-response method

W. R. Evans (1948)
root-locus method

With the above methods, we can design control

systems that are stable, acceptable but not optimal in
any meaningful sense.
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A brief history of control

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Development of modern control design

Late 1950s: designing optimal systems in some

meaningful sense
1960s: digital computers help time-domain
analysis of complex systems, modern control
theory has been developed to cope with the
increased complexity of modern plants
1960s~1980s: optimal control of both
deterministic and stochastic systems; adaptive
control and learning control
1980s~present: robust control, H-inf control

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CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Basic components of a control system

Plant
Controlled
Variable
Expected Value
Controller
Actuator
Sensor

Disturbance
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CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Basic components of a control system

1.Plant: a physical object to be
Plant

Controlled
variable

Expected
value

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controlled such as a mechanical device,

a heating furnace, a chemical reactor or
a spacecraft.

2.Controlled variable: the variable

controlled by Automatic Control
System , generally refers to the
system output.

3.Expected value : the desired

value of controlled variable based on

requirement, often it is used as the
reference input

Basic components of a control system

Controller

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

4.Controller: an agent that can

calculate the required control signal.

5.Actuator: a mechanical device that

Actuator

takes energy, usually created by air,

electricity, or liquid, and converts that
into some kind of motion.

6.Sensor : a device that measures a

Sensor

physical quantity and converts it into a

signal which can be read by an observer
or by an instrument.

7.Disturbance: the unexpected factors

Disturbance
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disturbing the normal functional

relationship between the controlling and
controlled parameter
variations.
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CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Block diagram of a control system

r
Expected
value

e
-

Controller

Actuator

Error

Disturbance

Plant

y
Controlled
variable

Sensor
comparison component
(comparison point) :
its output equals the
algebraic sum of all input
signals.

+: plus; -: minus
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The Block represents

the function and name of its
corresponding mode, we dont
need to draw detailed structure,
and the line guides for the transfer route.
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Open-loop control systems

Open-loop control systems: those systems in which

the output has no effect on the control action.
System
input

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

CONTROLLER

Control
signal

PLANT

System
output

The output is neither measured nor fed back for

comparison with the input.
For each reference input, there corresponds a fixed
operating conditions; the accuracy of the system
depends on calibration.
In the presence of disturbances, an open-loop system
will not perform the desired task.

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Open-loop control systems

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Examples

Washing machine

Traffic signals

Note that control systems

that operate on a time basis
are open-loop.
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Open-loop control systems

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Some

comments on open-loop control

systems
Simple construction and ease of
maintenance.
Less expensive than a closed-loop
system.
No stability problem.
Recalibration is necessary from
time to time.
Sensitive to disturbances, so less
accurate.

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Good

Bad

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Open-loop control systems

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

When

should we apply open-loop

control?

The relationship between the input and

output is exactly known.
There are neither internal nor external
disturbances.
Measuring the output precisely is very
hard or economically infeasible.

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Closed-loop control systems

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Closed-loop control systems are often referred to as

feedback control systems.
The idea of feedback:
Compare the actual output with the expected value.
Take actions based on the difference (error).

Expected
value

Error

CONTROLLER

Control
signal

PLANT

System
output

This seemingly simple idea is tremendously powerful.

Feedback is a key idea in the discipline of control.
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Closed-loop control systems

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

In practice, feedback control system and

closed-loop control system are used
interchangeably
Closed-loop control always implies the use
of feedback control action in order to
reduce system error

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Example 1 : flush toilet

Plant: water tank
Input: water flow
Output: water level h(t )
Expected value: h0
Sensor: float
Controller: lever
Actuator: piston

h0

Controller
Lever

q1(t)

water

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

piston
lever

float

h0
h(t)

Actuator
Piston

Plant
q1 (t ) Water
Tank

h(t )
threshold

q2(t)
Float
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CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Example 2: Cruise control

mv bv ueng uhill
ueng k (vdes v)

Disturbance

Road grade uhill

Desired
velocity vdes
Reference
input

Error

Calculation
element
Controller

Control
signal

Engine

ueng
Actuator

Auto
body

Actual
velocity v

Plant

Sensor
Measured
velocity
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Speedometer

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Sensor noise
Disturbance

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Example 2: Cruise control

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

mv bv uengine uhill
uengine k (vdes v)
Stability/performance

vss vdes as k

Steady state velocity approaches desired velocity as k ;

Smooth response: no overshoot or oscillations

Disturbance rejection

Effect of disturbances (eg, hills) approaches zero as k

Robustness

Results dont depend on the specific values of b, m or k, for k

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sufficiently large
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Example 2: Cruise control

CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Note

In this example, we ignore the dynamic

response of the car and consider only the
steady behavior.

Dynamics will play a major role in later chapters.

There are limits on how high the gain k can

be made.

when dynamics are introduced, the feedback can

make the response worse than before, or even
cause the system to be unstable.

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